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Wikipedia

Tinnitus

November 03, 2023

For the Norwegian radio show, see Tinitus (radio show).

Tinnitus is a variety of sound that is heard when no corresponding external sound is present.[1] Nearly everyone experiences faint "normal tinnitus" in a completely quiet room; but it is of concern only if it is bothersome, interferes with normal hearing, or is associated with other problems.[6] The word tinnitus comes from the Latin tinnire, "to ring".[3] In some people, it interferes with concentration, and can be associated with anxiety and depression.[7][8]

Tinnitus
Pronunciation
SpecialtyOtorhinolaryngology, audiology, neurology
SymptomsHearing sound when no external sound is present[1]
ComplicationsPoor concentration, anxiety, depression[2]
Usual onsetGradual[3]
CausesNoise-induced hearing loss, ear infections, disease of the heart or blood vessels, Ménière's disease, brain tumors, inner ear tumors, emotional stress, traumatic brain injury, excessive earwax[2][4]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms, audiogram, neurological exam[1][3]
TreatmentCounseling, sound generators, hearing aids[2][5]
Frequency~12.5%[5]

Tinnitus is usually associated with hearing loss and decreased comprehension of speech in noisy environments.[2] It is common, affecting about 10–15% of people. Most tolerate it well, and it is a significant problem in only 1–2% of people.[5] It can trigger a fight-or-flight response, as the brain may perceive it as dangerous and important.[9][10][11]

Rather than a disease, tinnitus is a symptom that may result from a variety of underlying causes and may be generated at any level of the auditory system as well as outside that system. The most common causes are hearing damage, noise-induced hearing loss, or age-related hearing loss, known as presbycusis.[2] Other causes include ear infections, disease of the heart or blood vessels, Ménière's disease, brain tumors, acoustic neuromas (tumors on the auditory nerves of the ear), migraines, temporomandibular joint disorders, exposure to certain medications, a previous head injury, and earwax. It can suddenly emerge during a period of emotional stress.[4][3][2][12][13] It is more common in those with depression.[3]

The diagnosis of tinnitus is usually based on a patient's description of the symptoms they are experiencing.[3] Such a diagnosis is commonly supported by an audiogram, and an otolaryngological and neurological examination.[1][3] How much tinnitus interferes with a person's life may be quantified with questionnaires.[3] If certain problems are found, medical imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be performed. Other tests are suitable when tinnitus occurs with the same rhythm as the heartbeat.[3] Rarely, the sound may be heard by someone other than the patient by using a stethoscope, in which case it is known as "objective tinnitus."[3] Occasionally, spontaneous otoacoustic emissions, sounds produced normally by the inner ear, may result in tinnitus.[14]

Measures to prevent tinnitus include avoiding chronic or extended exposure to loud noise, and limiting exposure to ototoxic drugs and substances.[2][15] If there is an underlying cause, treating that cause may lead to improvements.[3] Otherwise, typically, tinnitus management involves psychoeducation or counseling, such as talk therapy.[5] Sound generators or hearing aids may help.[2] No medication directly targets tinnitus.

Signs and symptoms

Tinnitus is often described as ringing, but it may also sound like clicking, buzzing, hissing, or roaring.[4] It may be soft or loud, low- or high-pitched, and may seem to come from either one or both ears, or from the head itself. It may be intermittent or continuous. In some individuals, its intensity may be changed by shoulder, neck, head, tongue, jaw, or eye movements.[16]

Course

Due to variations in study designs, data on the course of tinnitus shows few consistent results. Generally, prevalence increases with age in adults, and the ratings of annoyance decreases with duration[clarification needed].[17][18][19]

Psychological effects

Although it is an annoying condition to which most people adapt, persistent tinnitus may cause anxiety and depression in some people.[20][21] Tinnitus annoyance is more strongly associated with the psychological condition of the person than the loudness or frequency range of the perceived sound.[22][23] Psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and concentration difficulties are common in those with strongly annoying tinnitus.[24][25] 45% of people with tinnitus have an anxiety disorder at some time in their lives.[26]

Psychological research has focused on the tinnitus distress reaction to account for differences in tinnitus severity.[24][27][28][29] The research indicates that conditioning at the initial perception of tinnitus linked it with negative emotions, such as fear and anxiety.[30]

Types

Commonly tinnitus is classified into "subjective and objective tinnitus".[3] Tinnitus is usually subjective, meaning that the sounds the person hears are not detectable by means currently available to physicians and hearing technicians.[3] Subjective tinnitus has also been called "tinnitus aurium", "non-auditory", or "non-vibratory" tinnitus. In rare cases, tinnitus can be heard by someone else using a stethoscope. Even more rarely, in some cases it can be measured as a spontaneous otoacoustic emission (SOAE) in the ear canal. This is classified as objective tinnitus,[3] also called "pseudo-tinnitus" or "vibratory" tinnitus.

Subjective tinnitus

Subjective tinnitus is the most frequent type. It can have many causes, but most commonly it results from hearing loss. When it is caused by disorders of the inner ear or auditory nerve, it can be called "otic" (from the Greek word for ear).[31] These otological or neurological disorders include those triggered by infections, drugs, or trauma.[32] A frequent cause is traumatic noise exposure that damages hair cells in the inner ear.[citation needed]. Some evidence suggests that long-term exposure to noise pollution from heavy traffic may increase the risk of developing tinnitus.[33]

When there does not seem to be a connection with a disorder of the inner ear or auditory nerve, tinnitus can be called "non-otic". In 30% of cases, tinnitus is influenced by the somatosensory system; for instance, people can increase or decrease their tinnitus by moving their face, head, jaw, or neck.[34] This type is called somatic or craniocervical tinnitus, since it is only head or neck movements that have an effect.[31]

Some tinnitus may be caused by neuroplastic changes in the central auditory pathway. In this theory, the disturbance of sensory input caused by hearing loss results in such changes[35] as a homeostatic response of neurons in the central auditory system, causing tinnitus.[36] When some frequencies of sound are lost to hearing loss, the auditory system compensates by amplifying those frequencies, eventually producing sound sensations at those frequencies constantly even when there is no corresponding external sound.

Hearing loss

The most common cause of tinnitus is hearing loss. Hearing loss may have many different causes, but among those with tinnitus, the major cause is cochlear injury.[35]

In many cases no underlying cause is identified.[2][37]

Ototoxic drugs also may cause subjective tinnitus, as they may cause hearing loss,[15] or increase the damage done by exposure to loud noise.[38] This damage may occur even at doses not considered ototoxic.[39] More than 260 medications have been reported to cause tinnitus as a side effect.[40]

Tinnitus can also occur from the discontinuation of therapeutic doses of benzodiazepines. It can sometimes be a protracted symptom of benzodiazepine withdrawal and may persist for many months.[41][42] Medications such as bupropion may also cause tinnitus.[43]

Associated factors

Factors associated with tinnitus include:[44]

Objective tinnitus

A specific type of tinnitus, objective tinnitus, is characterized by hearing the sounds of one's own muscle contractions or pulse, typically a result of sounds that have been created by the movement of jaw muscles or sounds related to blood flow in the neck or face.[49] It is sometimes caused by an involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles (myoclonus) or by a vascular condition. In some cases, tinnitus is generated by muscle spasms around the middle ear.[49]

Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs)—faint high-frequency tones that are produced in the inner ear and can be measured in the ear canal with a sensitive microphone—may also cause tinnitus.[14] About 8% of those with SOAEs and tinnitus have SOAE-linked tinnitus,[need quotation to verify] while the percentage of all cases of tinnitus caused by SOAEs is estimated at 4%.[14]

Pediatric tinnitus

Children may be subject to pulsatile or continuous tinnitus, involving anomalies and variants of the vascular parts[50] affecting the middle/inner ear structures. CT scans may be used to check the integrity of the structures, and MR scans can evaluate nerves and potential masses or malformations. Early diagnosis can prevent long-term impairments to development.[51]

Pulsatile tinnitus

Some people experience a sound that beats in time with their pulse, known as pulsatile tinnitus or vascular tinnitus.[52] Pulsatile tinnitus is usually objective in nature, resulting from altered blood flow or increased blood turbulence near the ear, such as from atherosclerosis or venous hum,[53] but it can also arise as a subjective phenomenon from an increased awareness of blood flow in the ear.[52] Rarely, pulsatile tinnitus may be a symptom of potentially life-threatening conditions such as carotid artery aneurysm[54] or carotid artery dissection.[55] Pulsatile tinnitus may also indicate vasculitis, or more specifically, giant cell arteritis. Pulsatile tinnitus may also indicate idiopathic intracranial hypertension.[56] Pulsatile tinnitus can be a symptom of intracranial vascular abnormalities and should be evaluated for irregular noises of blood flow (bruits).[57]

Pathophysiology

Tinnitus may be caused by increased neural activity in the auditory brainstem, where the brain processes sounds, causing some auditory nerve cells to become overexcited. The basis of this theory is that many with tinnitus also have hearing loss.[58]

Three reviews in 2016 emphasized the large range and possible combinations of pathologies involved in tinnitus, which result in a great variety of symptoms and specifically adapted therapies.[59][60][61][62]

Diagnosis

The diagnostic approach is based on a history of the condition and an examination of the head, neck, and neurological system.[37] Typically an audiogram is done, and occasionally medical imaging or electronystagmography.[37] Treatable conditions may include middle ear infection, acoustic neuroma, concussion, and otosclerosis.[63]

Evaluation of tinnitus can include a hearing test (audiogram), measurement of acoustic parameters of the tinnitus like pitch and loudness, and psychological assessment of comorbid conditions like depression, anxiety, and stress that are associated with severity of the tinnitus.[citation needed]

One definition of tinnitus, in contrast to normal ear noise experience, is that tinnitus lasts five minutes at least twice a week.[64] However, people with tinnitus often experience the noise more frequently than this. Tinnitus can be present constantly or intermittently. Some people with constant tinnitus might not be aware of it all the time, but only, for example, during the night when there is less environmental noise to mask it. Chronic tinnitus can be defined as tinnitus with a duration of six months or more.[65]

Audiology

Since most people with tinnitus also have hearing loss, a pure tone hearing test resulting in an audiogram may help diagnose a cause. An audiogram may also facilitate fitting of a hearing aid in those cases where hearing loss is significant. The pitch of tinnitus is often in the range of the hearing loss.

Psychoacoustics

Acoustic qualification of tinnitus includes measurement of several acoustic parameters like frequency in cases of monotone tinnitus or frequency range and bandwidth in cases of narrow band noise tinnitus, loudness in dB above hearing threshold at the indicated frequency, mixing-point, and minimum masking level.[66] In most cases, tinnitus pitch or frequency range is between 5 kHz and 10 kHz,[67] and loudness between 5 and 15 dB above the hearing threshold.[68]

Another relevant parameter of tinnitus is residual inhibition: the temporary suppression or disappearance of tinnitus following a period of masking. The degree of residual inhibition may indicate how effective tinnitus maskers would be as treatment.[69][70]

An assessment of hyperacusis, a frequent accompaniment of tinnitus,[71] may also be made.[72] Hyperacusis is related to negative reactions to sound and can take many forms. One parameter that can be measured is Loudness Discomfort Level (LDL) in dB, the subjective level of acute discomfort at specified frequencies over the frequency range of hearing. This defines a dynamic range between the hearing threshold at that frequency and the loudness discomfort level. A compressed dynamic range over a particular frequency range can be associated with hyperacusis. Normal hearing threshold is generally defined as 0–20 decibels (dB). Normal loudness discomfort levels are 85–90+ dB, with some authorities citing 100 dB. A dynamic range of 55 dB or less is indicative of hyperacusis.[73][74]

Severity

Tinnitus is often rated on a scale from "slight" to "severe" according to the effects it has, such as interference with sleep, quiet activities, and normal daily activities.[75]

Assessment of psychological processes related to tinnitus involves measurement of tinnitus severity and distress, as measured subjectively by validated self-report tinnitus questionnaires.[24] Such questionnaires measure the degree of psychological distress and handicap associated with tinnitus, including effects on hearing, lifestyle, health, and emotional functioning.[76][77][78] A broader assessment of general functioning, such as levels of anxiety, depression, stress, life stressors, and sleep difficulties, is also important in the assessment of tinnitus due to higher risk of negative well-being across these areas, which may be affected by or exacerbate the tinnitus symptoms.[79] Current assessment measures aim to identify levels of distress and interference, coping responses, and perceptions of tinnitus to inform treatment and monitor progress. However, wide variability, inconsistencies, and lack of consensus regarding assessment methodology are evidenced in the literature, limiting comparison of treatment effectiveness.[80] Developed to guide diagnosis or classify severity, most tinnitus questionnaires have been shown to be treatment-sensitive outcome measures.[81]

Pulsatile tinnitus

If examination reveals a bruit (sound due to turbulent blood flow), imaging studies such as transcranial doppler (TCD) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) should be performed.[82][83][84]

Differential diagnosis

Other potential sources of the sounds normally associated with tinnitus should be ruled out. For instance, two recognized sources of high-pitched sounds might be electromagnetic fields common in modern wiring and various sound signal transmissions. A common and often misdiagnosed condition that mimics tinnitus is radio frequency (RF) hearing, in which subjects hear objectively audible high-pitched transmission frequencies that sound similar to tinnitus.[85][86]

Prevention

 
Safety sign from the UK Government Regulations requiring ear protection

Prolonged exposure to loud sound or noise levels can lead to tinnitus.[87] Custom made ear plugs or other measures can help with prevention. Employers may use hearing loss prevention programs to help educate and prevent dangerous levels of exposure to noise. Government organizations set regulations to ensure employees, if following the protocol, should have minimal risk to permanent damage to their hearing.[88]

Certain groups are advised to wear ear plugs to avoid the risk of tinnitus, such as that caused by overexposure to loud noises like wind noise for motorcycle riders.[89] This includes military personnel,[38] musicians,[90] DJs,[91] agricultural workers,[92] and construction workers [93] as people in those occupations are at a greater risk compared to the general population.

Several medicines have ototoxic effects, which can have a cumulative effect that increases the damage done by noise.[38] If ototoxic medications must be administered, close attention by the physician to prescription details, such as dose and dosage interval, can reduce the damage done.[15][94][95][96]

Management

If a specific underlying cause is determined, treating it may lead to improvements.[3] Otherwise, the primary treatment for tinnitus is talk therapy,[5] sound therapy, or hearing aids. There are no effective drugs that treat tinnitus.[3][97][98]

Psychological

The best-supported treatment for tinnitus is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).[5][81][99] It decreases the stress those with tinnitus feel.[100] This appears to be independent of any effect on depression or anxiety.[99] Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) also shows promise in the treatment of tinnitus.[101] Relaxation techniques may also help.[3] A clinical protocol called Progressive Tinnitus Management has been developed by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.[102]

Sound-based interventions

The application of sound therapy by either hearing aids or tinnitus maskers may help the brain ignore the specific tinnitus frequency. Although these methods are poorly supported by evidence, there are no negative effects.[3][103][104] There are several approaches for tinnitus sound therapy. The first is sound modification to compensate for the individual's hearing loss. The second is a signal spectrum notching[jargon] to eliminate energy close to the tinnitus frequency.[105][106] There is some tentative evidence supporting tinnitus retraining therapy, which aims to reduce tinnitus-related neuronal activity.[3][107][106] An alternative tinnitus treatment uses mobile applications that include various methods including masking, sound therapy, and relaxation exercises.[108][109] Such applications can work as a separate device or as a hearing aid control system.[110]

Neuromonics is another sound-based intervention. Its protocol follows the principle of systematic desensitization and involves a structured rehabilitation program lasting 12 months. Neuromonics therapy employs customized sound signals delivered through a device worn by the patient, which aims to target the specific frequency range associated with their tinnitus perception.[111]

Medications

As of 2018 there were no medications effective for idiopathic tinnitus.[3][87][112] There is not enough evidence to determine if antidepressants[113] or acamprosate are useful.[114] There is no high-quality evidence to support the use of benzodiazepines for tinnitus.[3][112][115] Usefulness of melatonin, as of 2015, is unclear.[116] It is unclear if anticonvulsants are useful for treating tinnitus.[3][117] Steroid injections into the middle ear also do not seem to be effective.[118][119] There is no evidence to suggest that the use of betahistine to treat tinnitus is effective.[120]

Botulinum toxin injection has succeeded in some of the rare cases of objective tinnitus from a palatal tremor.[121]

Caroverine is used in a few countries to treat tinnitus.[122] The evidence for its usefulness is very weak.[123]

Neuromodulation

In 2020, information about clinical trials indicated that bimodal neuromodulation may reduce the symptoms of tinnitus. It is a noninvasive technique that involves applying an electrical stimulus to the tongue while also administering sounds.[124] Equipment associated with the treatments is available through physicians. Studies with it and similar devices continue in several research centers.[citation needed]

Some evidence supports neuromodulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation,[3][125] transcranial direct current stimulation, and neurofeedback.

Alternative medicine

Ginkgo biloba does not appear to be effective.[112][126] The American Academy of Otolaryngology recommends against taking melatonin or zinc supplements to relieve symptoms of tinnitus, and reported that evidence for the efficacy of many dietary supplements (such as lipoflavonoids, garlic, traditional Chinese/Korean herbal medicine, honeybee larvae, and various other vitamins and minerals, as well as homeopathic preparations) did not exist.[87] A 2016 Cochrane Review also concluded that evidence was not sufficient to support taking zinc supplements to reduce symptoms associated with tinnitus.[127]

Prognosis

While there is no cure, most people with tinnitus get used to it over time; for a minority, it remains a significant problem.[5]

Epidemiology

Adults

Tinnitus affects 10–15% of people.[5] About a third of North Americans over 55 experience it.[128] It affects one third of adults at some time in their lives, whereas 10–15% are disturbed enough to seek medical evaluation.[129] 70 million people in Europe are estimated to have tinnitus.[130][131]

Children

Tinnitus is commonly thought of as a symptom of adulthood, and is often overlooked in children. Children with hearing loss have a high incidence of pediatric tinnitus, even though they do not express the condition or its effect on their lives.[132][133] Children do not generally report tinnitus spontaneously and their complaints may not be taken seriously.[134] Among those who do complain, there is an increased likelihood of associated otological or neurological pathology such as migraine, juvenile Meniere's disease, or chronic suppurative otitis media.[135] Its reported prevalence varies from 12 to 36% in children with normal hearing thresholds, and up to 66% in children with a hearing loss. Approximately 3–10% of children have been reported to be troubled by tinnitus.[136]

See also

References

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  136. ^ Shetye, A.; Kennedy, V. (1 August 2010). "Tinnitus in children: an uncommon symptom?". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 95 (8): 645–648. doi:10.1136/adc.2009.168252. PMID 20371585. S2CID 34443303.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tinnitus.
  • Tinnitus at Curlie
  • Baguley, David; Andersson, Gerhard; McFerran, Don; McKenna, Laurence (2013) [2004]. Tinnitus: A Multidisciplinary Approach (2nd ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9989-6. LCCN 2012032714. OCLC 712915603.
  • Langguth, B; Hajak, G; Kleinjung, T; Cacace, A; Møller, AR, eds. (2007). Tinnitus: pathophysiology and treatment. Progress in brain research no. 166 (1st ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-53167-4. LCCN 2012471552. OCLC 648331153. Retrieved 5 November 2012. Alt URL
  • Møller, Aage R; Langguth, Berthold; Ridder, Dirk; et al., eds. (2011). Textbook of Tinnitus. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-145-5. ISBN 978-1-60761-144-8. LCCN 2010934377. OCLC 695388693, 771366370, 724696022. (subscription required)

November 03, 2023
tinnitus, norwegian, radio, show, tinitus, radio, show, variety, sound, that, heard, when, corresponding, external, sound, present, nearly, everyone, experiences, faint, normal, tinnitus, completely, quiet, room, concern, only, bothersome, interferes, with, no. For the Norwegian radio show see Tinitus radio show Tinnitus is a variety of sound that is heard when no corresponding external sound is present 1 Nearly everyone experiences faint normal tinnitus in a completely quiet room but it is of concern only if it is bothersome interferes with normal hearing or is associated with other problems 6 The word tinnitus comes from the Latin tinnire to ring 3 In some people it interferes with concentration and can be associated with anxiety and depression 7 8 TinnitusPronunciation ˈ t ɪ n ɪ t e s or t ɪ ˈ n aɪ t e s SpecialtyOtorhinolaryngology audiology neurologySymptomsHearing sound when no external sound is present 1 ComplicationsPoor concentration anxiety depression 2 Usual onsetGradual 3 CausesNoise induced hearing loss ear infections disease of the heart or blood vessels Meniere s disease brain tumors inner ear tumors emotional stress traumatic brain injury excessive earwax 2 4 Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms audiogram neurological exam 1 3 TreatmentCounseling sound generators hearing aids 2 5 Frequency 12 5 5 Tinnitus is usually associated with hearing loss and decreased comprehension of speech in noisy environments 2 It is common affecting about 10 15 of people Most tolerate it well and it is a significant problem in only 1 2 of people 5 It can trigger a fight or flight response as the brain may perceive it as dangerous and important 9 10 11 Rather than a disease tinnitus is a symptom that may result from a variety of underlying causes and may be generated at any level of the auditory system as well as outside that system The most common causes are hearing damage noise induced hearing loss or age related hearing loss known as presbycusis 2 Other causes include ear infections disease of the heart or blood vessels Meniere s disease brain tumors acoustic neuromas tumors on the auditory nerves of the ear migraines temporomandibular joint disorders exposure to certain medications a previous head injury and earwax It can suddenly emerge during a period of emotional stress 4 3 2 12 13 It is more common in those with depression 3 The diagnosis of tinnitus is usually based on a patient s description of the symptoms they are experiencing 3 Such a diagnosis is commonly supported by an audiogram and an otolaryngological and neurological examination 1 3 How much tinnitus interferes with a person s life may be quantified with questionnaires 3 If certain problems are found medical imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging MRI may be performed Other tests are suitable when tinnitus occurs with the same rhythm as the heartbeat 3 Rarely the sound may be heard by someone other than the patient by using a stethoscope in which case it is known as objective tinnitus 3 Occasionally spontaneous otoacoustic emissions sounds produced normally by the inner ear may result in tinnitus 14 Measures to prevent tinnitus include avoiding chronic or extended exposure to loud noise and limiting exposure to ototoxic drugs and substances 2 15 If there is an underlying cause treating that cause may lead to improvements 3 Otherwise typically tinnitus management involves psychoeducation or counseling such as talk therapy 5 Sound generators or hearing aids may help 2 No medication directly targets tinnitus Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1 1 Course 1 2 Psychological effects 2 Types 2 1 Subjective tinnitus 2 1 1 Hearing loss 2 1 2 Associated factors 2 2 Objective tinnitus 2 3 Pediatric tinnitus 2 4 Pulsatile tinnitus 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4 1 Audiology 4 2 Psychoacoustics 4 3 Severity 4 4 Pulsatile tinnitus 4 5 Differential diagnosis 5 Prevention 6 Management 6 1 Psychological 6 2 Sound based interventions 6 3 Medications 6 4 Neuromodulation 6 5 Alternative medicine 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 8 1 Adults 8 2 Children 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksSigns and symptomsTinnitus is often described as ringing but it may also sound like clicking buzzing hissing or roaring 4 It may be soft or loud low or high pitched and may seem to come from either one or both ears or from the head itself It may be intermittent or continuous In some individuals its intensity may be changed by shoulder neck head tongue jaw or eye movements 16 Course Due to variations in study designs data on the course of tinnitus shows few consistent results Generally prevalence increases with age in adults and the ratings of annoyance decreases with duration clarification needed 17 18 19 Psychological effects Although it is an annoying condition to which most people adapt persistent tinnitus may cause anxiety and depression in some people 20 21 Tinnitus annoyance is more strongly associated with the psychological condition of the person than the loudness or frequency range of the perceived sound 22 23 Psychological problems such as depression anxiety sleep disturbances and concentration difficulties are common in those with strongly annoying tinnitus 24 25 45 of people with tinnitus have an anxiety disorder at some time in their lives 26 Psychological research has focused on the tinnitus distress reaction to account for differences in tinnitus severity 24 27 28 29 The research indicates that conditioning at the initial perception of tinnitus linked it with negative emotions such as fear and anxiety 30 TypesCommonly tinnitus is classified into subjective and objective tinnitus 3 Tinnitus is usually subjective meaning that the sounds the person hears are not detectable by means currently available to physicians and hearing technicians 3 Subjective tinnitus has also been called tinnitus aurium non auditory or non vibratory tinnitus In rare cases tinnitus can be heard by someone else using a stethoscope Even more rarely in some cases it can be measured as a spontaneous otoacoustic emission SOAE in the ear canal This is classified as objective tinnitus 3 also called pseudo tinnitus or vibratory tinnitus Subjective tinnitus Subjective tinnitus is the most frequent type It can have many causes but most commonly it results from hearing loss When it is caused by disorders of the inner ear or auditory nerve it can be called otic from the Greek word for ear 31 These otological or neurological disorders include those triggered by infections drugs or trauma 32 A frequent cause is traumatic noise exposure that damages hair cells in the inner ear citation needed Some evidence suggests that long term exposure to noise pollution from heavy traffic may increase the risk of developing tinnitus 33 When there does not seem to be a connection with a disorder of the inner ear or auditory nerve tinnitus can be called non otic In 30 of cases tinnitus is influenced by the somatosensory system for instance people can increase or decrease their tinnitus by moving their face head jaw or neck 34 This type is called somatic or craniocervical tinnitus since it is only head or neck movements that have an effect 31 Some tinnitus may be caused by neuroplastic changes in the central auditory pathway In this theory the disturbance of sensory input caused by hearing loss results in such changes 35 as a homeostatic response of neurons in the central auditory system causing tinnitus 36 When some frequencies of sound are lost to hearing loss the auditory system compensates by amplifying those frequencies eventually producing sound sensations at those frequencies constantly even when there is no corresponding external sound Hearing loss The most common cause of tinnitus is hearing loss Hearing loss may have many different causes but among those with tinnitus the major cause is cochlear injury 35 In many cases no underlying cause is identified 2 37 Ototoxic drugs also may cause subjective tinnitus as they may cause hearing loss 15 or increase the damage done by exposure to loud noise 38 This damage may occur even at doses not considered ototoxic 39 More than 260 medications have been reported to cause tinnitus as a side effect 40 Tinnitus can also occur from the discontinuation of therapeutic doses of benzodiazepines It can sometimes be a protracted symptom of benzodiazepine withdrawal and may persist for many months 41 42 Medications such as bupropion may also cause tinnitus 43 Associated factors Factors associated with tinnitus include 44 Ear problems and hearing loss Conductive hearing loss Acoustic shock Loud noise or music 45 Middle ear effusion Otitis Otosclerosis Eustachian tube dysfunction Sensorineural hearing loss Excessive or loud noise e g acoustic trauma Presbycusis age associated hearing loss Meniere s disease Endolymphatic hydrops Superior canal dehiscence Acoustic neuroma Mercury or lead poisoning Ototoxic medications Neurologic disorders Arnold Chiari malformation Multiple sclerosis Head injury Giant cell arteritis Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Metabolic disorders Vitamin B12 deficiency 46 Iron deficiency anemia Psychiatric disorders Depression Anxiety disorders Other factors Vasculitis Some psychedelic drugs can produce temporary tinnitus like symptoms as a side effect 5 MeO DET 47 Diisopropyltryptamine DiPT 48 Benzodiazepine withdrawal 41 42 Intracranial hyper or hypotension caused by for example encephalitis or a cerebrospinal fluid leakObjective tinnitus A specific type of tinnitus objective tinnitus is characterized by hearing the sounds of one s own muscle contractions or pulse typically a result of sounds that have been created by the movement of jaw muscles or sounds related to blood flow in the neck or face 49 It is sometimes caused by an involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles myoclonus or by a vascular condition In some cases tinnitus is generated by muscle spasms around the middle ear 49 Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions SOAEs faint high frequency tones that are produced in the inner ear and can be measured in the ear canal with a sensitive microphone may also cause tinnitus 14 About 8 of those with SOAEs and tinnitus have SOAE linked tinnitus need quotation to verify while the percentage of all cases of tinnitus caused by SOAEs is estimated at 4 14 Pediatric tinnitus Children may be subject to pulsatile or continuous tinnitus involving anomalies and variants of the vascular parts 50 affecting the middle inner ear structures CT scans may be used to check the integrity of the structures and MR scans can evaluate nerves and potential masses or malformations Early diagnosis can prevent long term impairments to development 51 Pulsatile tinnitus Some people experience a sound that beats in time with their pulse known as pulsatile tinnitus or vascular tinnitus 52 Pulsatile tinnitus is usually objective in nature resulting from altered blood flow or increased blood turbulence near the ear such as from atherosclerosis or venous hum 53 but it can also arise as a subjective phenomenon from an increased awareness of blood flow in the ear 52 Rarely pulsatile tinnitus may be a symptom of potentially life threatening conditions such as carotid artery aneurysm 54 or carotid artery dissection 55 Pulsatile tinnitus may also indicate vasculitis or more specifically giant cell arteritis Pulsatile tinnitus may also indicate idiopathic intracranial hypertension 56 Pulsatile tinnitus can be a symptom of intracranial vascular abnormalities and should be evaluated for irregular noises of blood flow bruits 57 PathophysiologyTinnitus may be caused by increased neural activity in the auditory brainstem where the brain processes sounds causing some auditory nerve cells to become overexcited The basis of this theory is that many with tinnitus also have hearing loss 58 Three reviews in 2016 emphasized the large range and possible combinations of pathologies involved in tinnitus which result in a great variety of symptoms and specifically adapted therapies 59 60 61 62 DiagnosisThe diagnostic approach is based on a history of the condition and an examination of the head neck and neurological system 37 Typically an audiogram is done and occasionally medical imaging or electronystagmography 37 Treatable conditions may include middle ear infection acoustic neuroma concussion and otosclerosis 63 Evaluation of tinnitus can include a hearing test audiogram measurement of acoustic parameters of the tinnitus like pitch and loudness and psychological assessment of comorbid conditions like depression anxiety and stress that are associated with severity of the tinnitus citation needed One definition of tinnitus in contrast to normal ear noise experience is that tinnitus lasts five minutes at least twice a week 64 However people with tinnitus often experience the noise more frequently than this Tinnitus can be present constantly or intermittently Some people with constant tinnitus might not be aware of it all the time but only for example during the night when there is less environmental noise to mask it Chronic tinnitus can be defined as tinnitus with a duration of six months or more 65 Audiology Since most people with tinnitus also have hearing loss a pure tone hearing test resulting in an audiogram may help diagnose a cause An audiogram may also facilitate fitting of a hearing aid in those cases where hearing loss is significant The pitch of tinnitus is often in the range of the hearing loss Psychoacoustics Acoustic qualification of tinnitus includes measurement of several acoustic parameters like frequency in cases of monotone tinnitus or frequency range and bandwidth in cases of narrow band noise tinnitus loudness in dB above hearing threshold at the indicated frequency mixing point and minimum masking level 66 In most cases tinnitus pitch or frequency range is between 5 kHz and 10 kHz 67 and loudness between 5 and 15 dB above the hearing threshold 68 Another relevant parameter of tinnitus is residual inhibition the temporary suppression or disappearance of tinnitus following a period of masking The degree of residual inhibition may indicate how effective tinnitus maskers would be as treatment 69 70 An assessment of hyperacusis a frequent accompaniment of tinnitus 71 may also be made 72 Hyperacusis is related to negative reactions to sound and can take many forms One parameter that can be measured is Loudness Discomfort Level LDL in dB the subjective level of acute discomfort at specified frequencies over the frequency range of hearing This defines a dynamic range between the hearing threshold at that frequency and the loudness discomfort level A compressed dynamic range over a particular frequency range can be associated with hyperacusis Normal hearing threshold is generally defined as 0 20 decibels dB Normal loudness discomfort levels are 85 90 dB with some authorities citing 100 dB A dynamic range of 55 dB or less is indicative of hyperacusis 73 74 Severity Tinnitus is often rated on a scale from slight to severe according to the effects it has such as interference with sleep quiet activities and normal daily activities 75 Assessment of psychological processes related to tinnitus involves measurement of tinnitus severity and distress as measured subjectively by validated self report tinnitus questionnaires 24 Such questionnaires measure the degree of psychological distress and handicap associated with tinnitus including effects on hearing lifestyle health and emotional functioning 76 77 78 A broader assessment of general functioning such as levels of anxiety depression stress life stressors and sleep difficulties is also important in the assessment of tinnitus due to higher risk of negative well being across these areas which may be affected by or exacerbate the tinnitus symptoms 79 Current assessment measures aim to identify levels of distress and interference coping responses and perceptions of tinnitus to inform treatment and monitor progress However wide variability inconsistencies and lack of consensus regarding assessment methodology are evidenced in the literature limiting comparison of treatment effectiveness 80 Developed to guide diagnosis or classify severity most tinnitus questionnaires have been shown to be treatment sensitive outcome measures 81 Pulsatile tinnitus If examination reveals a bruit sound due to turbulent blood flow imaging studies such as transcranial doppler TCD or magnetic resonance angiography MRA should be performed 82 83 84 Differential diagnosis Other potential sources of the sounds normally associated with tinnitus should be ruled out For instance two recognized sources of high pitched sounds might be electromagnetic fields common in modern wiring and various sound signal transmissions A common and often misdiagnosed condition that mimics tinnitus is radio frequency RF hearing in which subjects hear objectively audible high pitched transmission frequencies that sound similar to tinnitus 85 86 Prevention nbsp Safety sign from the UK Government Regulations requiring ear protectionProlonged exposure to loud sound or noise levels can lead to tinnitus 87 Custom made ear plugs or other measures can help with prevention Employers may use hearing loss prevention programs to help educate and prevent dangerous levels of exposure to noise Government organizations set regulations to ensure employees if following the protocol should have minimal risk to permanent damage to their hearing 88 Certain groups are advised to wear ear plugs to avoid the risk of tinnitus such as that caused by overexposure to loud noises like wind noise for motorcycle riders 89 This includes military personnel 38 musicians 90 DJs 91 agricultural workers 92 and construction workers 93 as people in those occupations are at a greater risk compared to the general population Several medicines have ototoxic effects which can have a cumulative effect that increases the damage done by noise 38 If ototoxic medications must be administered close attention by the physician to prescription details such as dose and dosage interval can reduce the damage done 15 94 95 96 ManagementIf a specific underlying cause is determined treating it may lead to improvements 3 Otherwise the primary treatment for tinnitus is talk therapy 5 sound therapy or hearing aids There are no effective drugs that treat tinnitus 3 97 98 Psychological The best supported treatment for tinnitus is cognitive behavioral therapy CBT 5 81 99 It decreases the stress those with tinnitus feel 100 This appears to be independent of any effect on depression or anxiety 99 Acceptance and commitment therapy ACT also shows promise in the treatment of tinnitus 101 Relaxation techniques may also help 3 A clinical protocol called Progressive Tinnitus Management has been developed by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs 102 Sound based interventions The application of sound therapy by either hearing aids or tinnitus maskers may help the brain ignore the specific tinnitus frequency Although these methods are poorly supported by evidence there are no negative effects 3 103 104 There are several approaches for tinnitus sound therapy The first is sound modification to compensate for the individual s hearing loss The second is a signal spectrum notching jargon to eliminate energy close to the tinnitus frequency 105 106 There is some tentative evidence supporting tinnitus retraining therapy which aims to reduce tinnitus related neuronal activity 3 107 106 An alternative tinnitus treatment uses mobile applications that include various methods including masking sound therapy and relaxation exercises 108 109 Such applications can work as a separate device or as a hearing aid control system 110 Neuromonics is another sound based intervention Its protocol follows the principle of systematic desensitization and involves a structured rehabilitation program lasting 12 months Neuromonics therapy employs customized sound signals delivered through a device worn by the patient which aims to target the specific frequency range associated with their tinnitus perception 111 Medications As of 2018 update there were no medications effective for idiopathic tinnitus 3 87 112 There is not enough evidence to determine if antidepressants 113 or acamprosate are useful 114 There is no high quality evidence to support the use of benzodiazepines for tinnitus 3 112 115 Usefulness of melatonin as of 2015 is unclear 116 It is unclear if anticonvulsants are useful for treating tinnitus 3 117 Steroid injections into the middle ear also do not seem to be effective 118 119 There is no evidence to suggest that the use of betahistine to treat tinnitus is effective 120 Botulinum toxin injection has succeeded in some of the rare cases of objective tinnitus from a palatal tremor 121 Caroverine is used in a few countries to treat tinnitus 122 The evidence for its usefulness is very weak 123 Neuromodulation In 2020 information about clinical trials indicated that bimodal neuromodulation may reduce the symptoms of tinnitus It is a noninvasive technique that involves applying an electrical stimulus to the tongue while also administering sounds 124 Equipment associated with the treatments is available through physicians Studies with it and similar devices continue in several research centers citation needed Some evidence supports neuromodulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation 3 125 transcranial direct current stimulation and neurofeedback Alternative medicine Ginkgo biloba does not appear to be effective 112 126 The American Academy of Otolaryngology recommends against taking melatonin or zinc supplements to relieve symptoms of tinnitus and reported that evidence for the efficacy of many dietary supplements such as lipoflavonoids garlic traditional Chinese Korean herbal medicine honeybee larvae and various other vitamins and minerals as well as homeopathic preparations did not exist 87 A 2016 Cochrane Review also concluded that evidence was not sufficient to support taking zinc supplements to reduce symptoms associated with tinnitus 127 PrognosisWhile there is no cure most people with tinnitus get used to it over time for a minority it remains a significant problem 5 EpidemiologyAdults Tinnitus affects 10 15 of people 5 About a third of North Americans over 55 experience it 128 It affects one third of adults at some time in their lives whereas 10 15 are disturbed enough to seek medical evaluation 129 70 million people in Europe are estimated to have tinnitus 130 131 Children Tinnitus is commonly thought of as a symptom of adulthood and is often overlooked in children Children with hearing loss have a high incidence of pediatric tinnitus even though they do not express the condition or its effect on their lives 132 133 Children do not generally report tinnitus spontaneously and their complaints may not be taken seriously 134 Among those who do complain there is an increased likelihood of associated otological or neurological pathology such as migraine juvenile Meniere s disease or chronic suppurative otitis media 135 Its reported prevalence varies from 12 to 36 in children with normal hearing thresholds and up to 66 in children with a hearing loss Approximately 3 10 of children have been reported to be troubled by tinnitus 136 See also nbsp Medicine portalAuditory hallucination Form of hallucination that involves perceiving sounds without auditory stimulus Health effects from noise Health consequences of exposure to elevated sound levels List of people with tinnitus List of unexplained sounds List of unidentified or formerly unidentified sounds Safe listening Avoiding hearing damage from intentionally heard sounds Phantom vibration syndrome False belief of one s mobile phone vibrating or ringing Zwicker tone Short term auditory illusionReferences a b c d Levine Robert A Oron Yahav 2015 Tinnitus The Human Auditory System Fundamental Organization and Clinical Disorders Handbook of Clinical Neurology Vol 129 pp 409 431 doi 10 1016 B978 0 444 62630 1 00023 8 ISBN 978 0 444 62630 1 PMID 25726282 a b c d e f g h i Tinnitus NIH National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders NIDCD 6 March 2017 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systematic review of literature European Archives of Oto Rhino Laryngology 273 9 2271 2278 doi 10 1007 s00405 015 3689 3 PMID 26100030 S2CID 36037973 Hall Deborah A Wegner Inge Smit Adriana Leni McFerran Don Stegeman Inge 2018 Cochrane ENT Group ed Betahistine for tinnitus Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 12 8 CD013093 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD013093 PMC 6513648 PMID 30908589 Slengerik Hansen J Ovesen T 2016 Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Objective Tinnitus Because of Essential Palatal Tremor A Systematic Review Otology amp Neurotology 37 7 820 828 doi 10 1097 MAO 0000000000001090 PMID 27273401 S2CID 23675169 Sweetman Sean C ed 2009 Martindale 36th ed Pharmaceutical Press p 2277 ISBN 978 0 85369 840 1 Langguth B Salvi R Elgoyhen AB December 2009 Emerging pharmacotherapy of tinnitus Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 14 4 687 702 doi 10 1517 14728210903206975 PMC 2832848 PMID 19712015 Kwon Diana 7 October 2020 New Tinnitus Treatment Alleviated Annoying Ringing in the Ears Scientific 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Transkribering av 89 Varfor far man tinnitus in Swedish Karolinska Institutet Archived from the original on 1 December 2022 Almost 15 of Europe s adults have a ringing in their ears say researchers European Commission CORDIS Archived from the original on 1 December 2022 Celik N Bajin MD Aksoy S 2009 Tinnitus incidence and characteristics in children with hearing loss Journal of International Advanced Otology 5 3 363 369 hdl 11655 17046 OCLC 695291085 Lee Doh Young Kim Young Ho June 2018 Risk factors of pediatric tinnitus Systematic review and meta analysis The Laryngoscope 128 6 1462 1468 doi 10 1002 lary 26924 PMID 29094364 S2CID 24633085 Mills RP Albert D Brain C 1986 Tinnitus in childhood Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences 11 6 431 434 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2273 1986 tb02033 x PMID 3815868 Ballantyne JC 2009 Graham JM Baguley D eds Ballantyne s Deafness Seventh ed Chichester Wiley Blackwell OCLC 275152841 Shetye A Kennedy V 1 August 2010 Tinnitus in children an uncommon symptom Archives of Disease in Childhood 95 8 645 648 doi 10 1136 adc 2009 168252 PMID 20371585 S2CID 34443303 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tinnitus Tinnitus at Curlie Baguley David Andersson Gerhard McFerran Don McKenna Laurence 2013 2004 Tinnitus A Multidisciplinary Approach 2nd ed Indianapolis IN Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 1 4051 9989 6 LCCN 2012032714 OCLC 712915603 Langguth B Hajak G Kleinjung T Cacace A Moller AR eds 2007 Tinnitus pathophysiology and treatment Progress in brain research no 166 1st ed Amsterdam Boston Elsevier ISBN 978 0 444 53167 4 LCCN 2012471552 OCLC 648331153 Retrieved 5 November 2012 Alt URL Moller Aage R Langguth Berthold Ridder Dirk et al eds 2011 Textbook of Tinnitus New York Springer doi 10 1007 978 1 60761 145 5 ISBN 978 1 60761 144 8 LCCN 2010934377 OCLC 695388693 771366370 724696022 subscription required Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tinnitus amp oldid 1182537797, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, 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