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Blood lipids

Blood lipids (or blood fats) are lipids in the blood, either free or bound to other molecules. They are mostly transported in a protein capsule, and the density of the lipids and type of protein determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism. The concentration of blood lipids depends on intake and excretion from the intestine, and uptake and secretion from cells. Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood, and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Fatty acids

Intestine intake

Short- and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein. Long-chain fatty acids, on the other hand, are too large to be directly released into the tiny intestine capillaries. Instead they are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat of lipoproteins) into a compound called a chylomicron. The chylomicron enters a lymphatic capillary and enters into the bloodstream first at the left subclavian vein (having bypassed the liver).

In any case, the concentration of blood fatty acids increase temporarily after a meal.

Cell uptake

After a meal, when the blood concentration of fatty acids rises, there is an increase in uptake of fatty acids in different cells of the body, mainly liver cells, adipocytes and muscle cells. This uptake is stimulated by insulin from the pancreas. As a result, the blood concentration of fatty acid stabilizes again after a meal.

Cell secretion

After a meal, some of the fatty acids taken up by the liver is converted into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and again secreted into the blood.[1]

In addition, when a long time has passed since the last meal, the concentration of fatty acids in the blood decreases, which triggers adipocytes to release stored fatty acids into the blood as free fatty acids, in order to supply e.g. muscle cells with energy.

In any case, also the fatty acids secreted from cells are anew taken up by other cells in the body, until entering fatty acid metabolism[clarification needed].

Cholesterol

The fate of cholesterol in the blood is highly determined by its constitution of lipoproteins, where some types favour transport towards body tissues and others towards the liver for excretion into the intestines.

The 1987 report of National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panels suggest the total blood cholesterol level should be: <200 mg/dl normal blood cholesterol, 200–239 mg/dl borderline-high, >240 mg/dl high cholesterol.[2]

The average amount of blood cholesterol varies with age, typically rising gradually until one is about 60 years old. There appear to be seasonal variations in cholesterol levels in humans, more, on average, in winter.[3] These seasonal variations seem to be inversely linked to vitamin C intake.[4][5]

Intestine intake

In lipid digestion, cholesterol is packed into Chylomicrons in the small intestine, which are delivered to the Portal vein and Lymph. The chylomicrons are ultimately taken up by liver hepatocytes via interaction between apolipoproteinE and the LDL receptor or Lipoprotein receptor-related proteins.

In lipoproteins

Cholesterol is minimally soluble in water; it cannot dissolve and travel in the water-based bloodstream. Instead, it is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins that are water-soluble and carry cholesterol and triglycerides internally. The apolipoproteins forming the surface of the given lipoprotein particle determine from what cells cholesterol will be removed and to where it will be supplied.

The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly fats in the form of triglycerides. In the liver, chylomicron particles release triglycerides and some cholesterol. The liver converts unburned food metabolites into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and secretes them into plasma where they are converted to intermediate-density lipoproteins(IDL), which thereafter are converted to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and non-esterified fatty acids, which can affect other body cells. In healthy individuals, the relatively few LDL particles are large. In contrast, large numbers of small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles are strongly associated with the presence of atheromatous disease within the arteries. For this reason, LDL is referred to as "bad cholesterol".

Intestine excretion

After being transported to the liver by HDL, cholesterol is delivered to the intestines via bile production. However, 92-97% is reabsorbed in the intestines and recycled via enterohepatic circulation.

Cell uptake

Cholesterol circulates in the blood in low-density lipoproteins and these are taken into the cell by LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis in clathrin-coated pits, and then hydrolysed in lysosomes.

Cell secretion

In response to low blood cholesterol, different cells of the body, mainly in the liver and intestines, start to synthesize cholesterol from acetyl-CoA by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. This is then released into the blood.

Related medical conditions

Hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood.

Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are extremely common in the general population, and are regarded as a highly modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In addition, some forms may predispose to acute pancreatitis. One of the most clinically relevant lipid substances is cholesterol, especially on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood is called hypercholesterolemia.[6]

Hyperlipoproteinemia is elevated levels of lipoproteins.

Hypertriglyceridemia

Hypercholesterolemia

Hypercholesterolemia is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.[6] It is not a disease but a metabolic derangement that can be secondary to many diseases and can contribute to many forms of disease, most notably cardiovascular disease. Familial hypercholesterolemia is a rare genetic disorder that can occur in families, where sufferers cannot properly metabolise cholesterol.

Hypocholesterolemia

Abnormally low levels of cholesterol are called hypocholesterolemia.

See also

References

  1. ^ Molecular cell biology. Lodish, Harvey F. 5. ed. : - New York : W. H. Freeman and Co., 2003. Page 321. b ill. ISBN 0-7167-4366-3
  2. ^ "Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. The Expert Panel". Arch. Intern. Med. 148 (1): 36–69. 1988. doi:10.1001/archinte.148.1.36. PMID 3422148.
  3. ^ Ockene IS, Chiriboga DE, Stanek EJ, Harmatz MG, Nicolosi R, Saperia G, Well AD, Freedson P, Merriam PA, Reed G, Ma Y, Matthews CE, Hebert JR (2004). "Seasonal variation in serum cholesterol levels: treatment implications and possible mechanisms". Arch Intern Med. 164 (8): 863–70. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.8.863. PMID 15111372.
  4. ^ MacRury, SM; Muir, M; Hume, R (1992). "Seasonal and climatic variation in cholesterol and vitamin C: effect of vitamin C supplementation". Scottish Medical Journal. 37 (2): 49–52. doi:10.1177/003693309203700208. PMID 1609267.
  5. ^ Dobson, HM; Muir, MM; Hume, R (1984). "The effect of ascorbic acid on the seasonal variations in serum cholesterol levels". Scottish Medical Journal. 29 (3): 176–82. doi:10.1177/003693308402900308. PMID 6533789.
  6. ^ a b Durrington P (2003). "Dyslipidaemia". Lancet. 362 (9385): 717–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1. PMID 12957096.

blood, lipids, blood, fats, lipids, blood, either, free, bound, other, molecules, they, mostly, transported, protein, capsule, density, lipids, type, protein, determines, fate, particle, influence, metabolism, concentration, blood, lipids, depends, intake, exc. Blood lipids or blood fats are lipids in the blood either free or bound to other molecules They are mostly transported in a protein capsule and the density of the lipids and type of protein determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism The concentration of blood lipids depends on intake and excretion from the intestine and uptake and secretion from cells Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and or lipoproteins in the blood and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease Contents 1 Fatty acids 1 1 Intestine intake 1 2 Cell uptake 1 3 Cell secretion 2 Cholesterol 2 1 Intestine intake 2 2 In lipoproteins 2 3 Intestine excretion 2 4 Cell uptake 2 5 Cell secretion 3 Related medical conditions 3 1 Hyperlipidemia 3 2 Hypertriglyceridemia 3 3 Hypercholesterolemia 3 4 Hypocholesterolemia 4 See also 5 ReferencesFatty acids EditIntestine intake Edit Main article Fat digestion Short and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein Long chain fatty acids on the other hand are too large to be directly released into the tiny intestine capillaries Instead they are coated with cholesterol and protein protein coat of lipoproteins into a compound called a chylomicron The chylomicron enters a lymphatic capillary and enters into the bloodstream first at the left subclavian vein having bypassed the liver In any case the concentration of blood fatty acids increase temporarily after a meal Cell uptake Edit After a meal when the blood concentration of fatty acids rises there is an increase in uptake of fatty acids in different cells of the body mainly liver cells adipocytes and muscle cells This uptake is stimulated by insulin from the pancreas As a result the blood concentration of fatty acid stabilizes again after a meal Cell secretion Edit After a meal some of the fatty acids taken up by the liver is converted into very low density lipoproteins VLDL and again secreted into the blood 1 In addition when a long time has passed since the last meal the concentration of fatty acids in the blood decreases which triggers adipocytes to release stored fatty acids into the blood as free fatty acids in order to supply e g muscle cells with energy In any case also the fatty acids secreted from cells are anew taken up by other cells in the body until entering fatty acid metabolism clarification needed Cholesterol EditMain article Cholesterol The fate of cholesterol in the blood is highly determined by its constitution of lipoproteins where some types favour transport towards body tissues and others towards the liver for excretion into the intestines The 1987 report of National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panels suggest the total blood cholesterol level should be lt 200 mg dl normal blood cholesterol 200 239 mg dl borderline high gt 240 mg dl high cholesterol 2 The average amount of blood cholesterol varies with age typically rising gradually until one is about 60 years old There appear to be seasonal variations in cholesterol levels in humans more on average in winter 3 These seasonal variations seem to be inversely linked to vitamin C intake 4 5 Intestine intake Edit Main article Synthesis and intake In lipid digestion cholesterol is packed into Chylomicrons in the small intestine which are delivered to the Portal vein and Lymph The chylomicrons are ultimately taken up by liver hepatocytes via interaction between apolipoproteinE and the LDL receptor or Lipoprotein receptor related proteins In lipoproteins Edit Main article Lipoprotein Cholesterol is minimally soluble in water it cannot dissolve and travel in the water based bloodstream Instead it is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins that are water soluble and carry cholesterol and triglycerides internally The apolipoproteins forming the surface of the given lipoprotein particle determine from what cells cholesterol will be removed and to where it will be supplied The largest lipoproteins which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver are called chylomicrons They carry mostly fats in the form of triglycerides In the liver chylomicron particles release triglycerides and some cholesterol The liver converts unburned food metabolites into very low density lipoproteins VLDL and secretes them into plasma where they are converted to intermediate density lipoproteins IDL which thereafter are converted to low density lipoprotein LDL particles and non esterified fatty acids which can affect other body cells In healthy individuals the relatively few LDL particles are large In contrast large numbers of small dense LDL sdLDL particles are strongly associated with the presence of atheromatous disease within the arteries For this reason LDL is referred to as bad cholesterol Intestine excretion Edit After being transported to the liver by HDL cholesterol is delivered to the intestines via bile production However 92 97 is reabsorbed in the intestines and recycled via enterohepatic circulation Cell uptake Edit Main article Synthesis and intake Cholesterol circulates in the blood in low density lipoproteins and these are taken into the cell by LDL receptor mediated endocytosis in clathrin coated pits and then hydrolysed in lysosomes Cell secretion Edit Main article Synthesis and intake In response to low blood cholesterol different cells of the body mainly in the liver and intestines start to synthesize cholesterol from acetyl CoA by the enzyme HMG CoA reductase This is then released into the blood Related medical conditions EditHyperlipidemia Edit Main article Hyperlipidemia Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and or lipoproteins in the blood Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are extremely common in the general population and are regarded as a highly modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease In addition some forms may predispose to acute pancreatitis One of the most clinically relevant lipid substances is cholesterol especially on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease The presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood is called hypercholesterolemia 6 Hyperlipoproteinemia is elevated levels of lipoproteins Hypertriglyceridemia Edit Main article Hypertriglyceridemia Hypercholesterolemia Edit Main article Hypercholesterolemia Hypercholesterolemia is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood 6 It is not a disease but a metabolic derangement that can be secondary to many diseases and can contribute to many forms of disease most notably cardiovascular disease Familial hypercholesterolemia is a rare genetic disorder that can occur in families where sufferers cannot properly metabolise cholesterol Hypocholesterolemia Edit Abnormally low levels of cholesterol are called hypocholesterolemia See also EditLipid hypothesisReferences Edit Molecular cell biology Lodish Harvey F 5 ed New York W H Freeman and Co 2003 Page 321 b ill ISBN 0 7167 4366 3 Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults The Expert Panel Arch Intern Med 148 1 36 69 1988 doi 10 1001 archinte 148 1 36 PMID 3422148 Ockene IS Chiriboga DE Stanek EJ Harmatz MG Nicolosi R Saperia G Well AD Freedson P Merriam PA Reed G Ma Y Matthews CE Hebert JR 2004 Seasonal variation in serum cholesterol levels treatment implications and possible mechanisms Arch Intern Med 164 8 863 70 doi 10 1001 archinte 164 8 863 PMID 15111372 MacRury SM Muir M Hume R 1992 Seasonal and climatic variation in cholesterol and vitamin C effect of vitamin C supplementation Scottish Medical Journal 37 2 49 52 doi 10 1177 003693309203700208 PMID 1609267 Dobson HM Muir MM Hume R 1984 The effect of ascorbic acid on the seasonal variations in serum cholesterol levels Scottish Medical Journal 29 3 176 82 doi 10 1177 003693308402900308 PMID 6533789 a b Durrington P 2003 Dyslipidaemia Lancet 362 9385 717 31 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 03 14234 1 PMID 12957096 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Blood lipids amp oldid 1136781500, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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