fbpx
Wikipedia

Symphytum

January 01, 1970

This article is about the genus of plants known as comfrey. For the place, see Comfrey, Minnesota.

Symphytum is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae, known by the common name comfrey (pronounced /ˈkʌmfri/). There are 59 recognized species.[1] Some species and hybrids, particularly S. officinale, Symphytum grandiflorum, and S. × uplandicum, are used in gardening and herbal medicine. They are not to be confused with Andersonglossum virginianum, known as wild comfrey, another member of the borage family.[2]

Symphytum
Symphytum caucasicum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Boraginales
Family: Boraginaceae
Subfamily: Boraginoideae
Genus: Symphytum
L.
Type species
Symphytum officinale
L.
Species

See text.

Species edit

Species include:

 
Russian comfrey (Symphytum × uplandicum)
 
Flowers of Russian comfrey

Cultivation edit

The Russian comfrey 'Bocking 14' cultivar was developed during the 1950s by Lawrence D. Hills, the founder of the Henry Doubleday Research Association (the organic gardening organization itself named after Henry Doubleday, who first introduced Russian comfrey into Britain in the nineteenth century) following trials at Bocking, Essex.[4]

Propagation edit

Bocking 14 is sterile, and therefore will not set seed (one of its advantages over other cultivars as it will not spread out of control); thus, it is propagated from root cuttings. The gardener can produce "offsets" from mature, strongly growing plants by driving a spade horizontally through the leaf clumps about 7 cm (2.8 in) below the soil surface. This removes the crown, which can then be split into pieces. The original plant will quickly recover, and each piece can be replanted with the growing points just below the soil surface, and will quickly grow into new plants. Offsets can also be purchased by mail order from specialist nurseries in order to initially build up a stock of plants.[5]

Phytochemistry, folk medicine, and toxicity edit

Folk medicine names for comfrey include knitbone, boneset, and the derivation of its Latin name Symphytum (from the Greek symphis, meaning growing together of bones, and phyton, a plant), referring to its ancient uses. Similarly, the common French name is consoude, meaning to weld together. The tradition in different cultures and languages suggest a common belief in its usefulness for mending bones.

Comfrey contains mixed phytochemicals in varying amounts, including allantoin, mucilage, saponins, tannins, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and inulin, among others.[6] Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are responsible for comfrey's hepatotoxicity.[7] Liver toxicity is associated with consuming this plant or its extracts.[6] In modern herbalism, comfrey is most commonly used topically.[6][8][9]

In 2001, the United States Food and Drug Administration issued a ban of comfrey products marketed for internal use, and a warning label for those intended for external use. [10] [11] Comfrey is particularly contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation, in infants, and in people with liver, kidney, or vascular diseases.[6][12]

References edit

  1. ^ WFO (2022): Symphytum L. Published on the Internet; http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000037231. Accessed on: 14 Dec 2022
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Cynoglossum virginianum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  3. ^ "Symphytum ibericum". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  4. ^ Alfrey, Paul (3 June 2016). "Comfrey – BELIEVE the HYPE!". Permaculture Research Institute. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  5. ^ Teynor, Putnam, Doll, Kelling, Oelke, Undersander, and Oplinger. "Comfrey". Alternative Field Crops Manual. University of Wisconsin, Extension, Cooperative-Extension. Retrieved 25 March 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c d "Comfrey". Drugs.com. 17 July 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  7. ^ Mei, Nan; Guo, Lei; Fu, Peter P.; Fuscoe, James C.; Luan, Yang; Chen, Tao (October 2010). "Metabolism, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of Comfrey". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews. 13 (7–8): 509–526. doi:10.1080/10937404.2010.509013. PMC 5894094. PMID 21170807.
  8. ^ Grant, G; Nolan, M; Ellis, N (July 1990). "A reappraisal of the Malaise Inventory". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 25 (4): 170–8. doi:10.1007/BF00782957. PMC 2399473. PMID 2399473.
  9. ^ Miller, Lucinda G. (9 November 1998). "Herbal Medicinals: Selected Clinical Considerations Focusing on Known or Potential Drug-Herb Interactions". Archives of Internal Medicine. 158 (20): 2200–2211. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.20.2200. PMID 9818800.
  10. ^ "FDA/CFSAN – FDA Advises Dietary Supplement Manufacturers to Remove Comfrey Products From the Market (archived copy)". Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2023-06-12.
  11. ^ Koll, R; Klingenburg, S (2002). "Therapeutische Eigenschaften und Verträglichkeit topischer Beinwellzubereitungen bei Prellungen, Zerrungen, Verstauchungen sowie bei schmerzhaften Muskel- und Gelenkbeschwerden: Ergebnisse einer Beobachtungsstudie an Patienten" [Therapeutic characteristance and tolerance of topical comfrey preparations. Results of an observational study of patients]. Fortschritte der Medizin (in German). 120 (1): 1–9. PMID 14518351.
  12. ^ Yeong, Mee Ling; Swinburn, Boyd; Kennedy, Mark; Nicholson, Gordon (March 1990). "Hepatic veno-occlusive disease associated with comfrey ingestion". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 5 (2): 211–214. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1990.tb01827.x. PMID 2103401. S2CID 42511497.

External links edit

  • Giannetti, B. M.; Staiger, C.; Bulitta, M.; Predel, H.-G. (1 July 2010). "Efficacy and safety of comfrey root extract ointment in the treatment of acute upper or lower back pain: results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 44 (9): 637–641. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1030.3598. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.058677. PMID 19460762. S2CID 5432523.

January 01, 1970
symphytum, this, article, about, genus, plants, known, comfrey, place, comfrey, minnesota, genus, flowering, plants, borage, family, boraginaceae, known, common, name, comfrey, pronounced, there, recognized, species, some, species, hybrids, particularly, offic. This article is about the genus of plants known as comfrey For the place see Comfrey Minnesota Symphytum is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family Boraginaceae known by the common name comfrey pronounced ˈ k ʌ m f r i There are 59 recognized species 1 Some species and hybrids particularly S officinale Symphytum grandiflorum and S uplandicum are used in gardening and herbal medicine They are not to be confused with Andersonglossum virginianum known as wild comfrey another member of the borage family 2 Symphytum Symphytum caucasicum Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Boraginales Family Boraginaceae Subfamily Boraginoideae Genus SymphytumL Type species Symphytum officinaleL Species See text Contents 1 Species 2 Cultivation 2 1 Propagation 3 Phytochemistry folk medicine and toxicity 4 References 5 External linksSpecies editSpecies include Symphytum asperum prickly comfrey rough comfrey Symphytum bulbosum bulbous comfrey Symphytum brachycalyx Palestine comfrey Symphytum caucasicum Caucasian comfrey Symphytum grandiflorum creeping comfrey Symphytum ibericum Iberian comfrey 3 Symphytum officinale comfrey Symphytum orientale white comfrey Symphytum tauricum Crimean comfrey Symphytum tuberosum tuberous comfrey Symphytum uplandicum S asperum S officinale synonym S peregrinum Russian comfrey healing herb blackwort bruisewort wallwort gum plant nbsp Russian comfrey Symphytum uplandicum nbsp Flowers of Russian comfreyCultivation editThe Russian comfrey Bocking 14 cultivar was developed during the 1950s by Lawrence D Hills the founder of the Henry Doubleday Research Association the organic gardening organization itself named after Henry Doubleday who first introduced Russian comfrey into Britain in the nineteenth century following trials at Bocking Essex 4 Propagation edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Symphytum news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Bocking 14 is sterile and therefore will not set seed one of its advantages over other cultivars as it will not spread out of control thus it is propagated from root cuttings The gardener can produce offsets from mature strongly growing plants by driving a spade horizontally through the leaf clumps about 7 cm 2 8 in below the soil surface This removes the crown which can then be split into pieces The original plant will quickly recover and each piece can be replanted with the growing points just below the soil surface and will quickly grow into new plants Offsets can also be purchased by mail order from specialist nurseries in order to initially build up a stock of plants 5 Phytochemistry folk medicine and toxicity editFolk medicine names for comfrey include knitbone boneset and the derivation of its Latin name Symphytum from the Greek symphis meaning growing together of bones and phyton a plant referring to its ancient uses Similarly the common French name is consoude meaning to weld together The tradition in different cultures and languages suggest a common belief in its usefulness for mending bones Comfrey contains mixed phytochemicals in varying amounts including allantoin mucilage saponins tannins pyrrolizidine alkaloids and inulin among others 6 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are responsible for comfrey s hepatotoxicity 7 Liver toxicity is associated with consuming this plant or its extracts 6 In modern herbalism comfrey is most commonly used topically 6 8 9 In 2001 the United States Food and Drug Administration issued a ban of comfrey products marketed for internal use and a warning label for those intended for external use 10 11 Comfrey is particularly contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation in infants and in people with liver kidney or vascular diseases 6 12 References edit WFO 2022 Symphytum L Published on the Internet http www worldfloraonline org taxon wfo 4000037231 Accessed on 14 Dec 2022 USDA NRCS n d Cynoglossum virginianum The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 2018 11 20 Symphytum ibericum rhs org uk Retrieved 23 April 2017 Alfrey Paul 3 June 2016 Comfrey BELIEVE the HYPE Permaculture Research Institute Retrieved 1 June 2021 Teynor Putnam Doll Kelling Oelke Undersander and Oplinger Comfrey Alternative Field Crops Manual University of Wisconsin Extension Cooperative Extension Retrieved 25 March 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c d Comfrey Drugs com 17 July 2017 Retrieved 22 May 2018 Mei Nan Guo Lei Fu Peter P Fuscoe James C Luan Yang Chen Tao October 2010 Metabolism genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Comfrey Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B Critical Reviews 13 7 8 509 526 doi 10 1080 10937404 2010 509013 PMC 5894094 PMID 21170807 Grant G Nolan M Ellis N July 1990 A reappraisal of the Malaise Inventory Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 25 4 170 8 doi 10 1007 BF00782957 PMC 2399473 PMID 2399473 Miller Lucinda G 9 November 1998 Herbal Medicinals Selected Clinical Considerations Focusing on Known or Potential Drug Herb Interactions Archives of Internal Medicine 158 20 2200 2211 doi 10 1001 archinte 158 20 2200 PMID 9818800 FDA CFSAN FDA Advises Dietary Supplement Manufacturers to Remove Comfrey Products From the Market archived copy Food and Drug Administration Retrieved 2023 06 12 Koll R Klingenburg S 2002 Therapeutische Eigenschaften und Vertraglichkeit topischer Beinwellzubereitungen bei Prellungen Zerrungen Verstauchungen sowie bei schmerzhaften Muskel und Gelenkbeschwerden Ergebnisse einer Beobachtungsstudie an Patienten Therapeutic characteristance and tolerance of topical comfrey preparations Results of an observational study of patients Fortschritte der Medizin in German 120 1 1 9 PMID 14518351 Yeong Mee Ling Swinburn Boyd Kennedy Mark Nicholson Gordon March 1990 Hepatic veno occlusive disease associated with comfrey ingestion Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 5 2 211 214 doi 10 1111 j 1440 1746 1990 tb01827 x PMID 2103401 S2CID 42511497 External links editGiannetti B M Staiger C Bulitta M Predel H G 1 July 2010 Efficacy and safety of comfrey root extract ointment in the treatment of acute upper or lower back pain results of a double blind randomised placebo controlled multicentre trial British Journal of Sports Medicine 44 9 637 641 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 1030 3598 doi 10 1136 bjsm 2009 058677 PMID 19460762 S2CID 5432523 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Symphytum amp oldid 1188097842, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.