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Wikipedia

Antifungal

August 21, 2023

Not to be confused with Antifungal protein.

An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others. Such drugs are usually obtained by a doctor's prescription, but a few are available over the counter (OTC). The evolution of antifungal resistance is a growing threat to health globally.[1]

Antifungal
Drug class
Canesten (clotrimazole) antifungal cream
Synonymsantimycotic medication
In Wikidata

Routes of administration

Ocular

Indicated when the fungal infection is located in the eye. There is currently only one ocular antifungal available. This is Natamycin. However, various other antifungal agents could be compounded in this formulation.[2]

Intrathecal

Used occasionally when there's an infection of the central nervous system and other systemic options cannot reach the concentration required in that region for therapeutic benefit. Example(s): amphotericin B.[3]

Vaginal

This may be used to treat some fungal infections of the vaginal region. An example of a condition they are sometimes used for is candida vulvovaginitis which is treated with intravaginal Clotrimazole[4]

Topical

This is sometimes indicated when there's a fungal infection on the skin. An example is tinea pedis; this is sometimes treated with topical terbinafine.[5]

Oral

if the antifungal has good bioavailability, this is a common route to handle a fungal infection. An example is the use of ketoconazole to treat coccidioidomycosis.[6]

Intravenous

Like the oral route, this will reach the bloodstream and distribute throughout the body. However, it is faster and a good option if the drug has poor bioavailability. An example of this is IV amphotericin B for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis.[6]

Classes

The available classes of antifungal drugs are still limited but as of 2021 novel classes of antifungals are being developed and are undergoing various stages of clinical trials to assess performance.[7]

Polyenes

Main article: Polyene antimycotic

A polyene is a molecule with multiple conjugated double bonds. A polyene antifungal is a macrocyclic polyene with a heavily hydroxylated region on the ring opposite the conjugated system. This makes polyene antifungals amphiphilic. The polyene antimycotics bind with sterols in the fungal cell membrane, principally ergosterol. This changes the transition temperature (Tg) of the cell membrane, thereby placing the membrane in a less fluid, more crystalline state. (In ordinary circumstances membrane sterols increase the packing of the phospholipid bilayer making the plasma membrane more dense.) As a result, the cell's contents including monovalent ions (K+, Na+, H+, and Cl−) and small organic molecules leak, which is regarded as one of the primary ways a cell dies.[8] Animal cells contain cholesterol instead of ergosterol and so they are much less susceptible. However, at therapeutic doses, some amphotericin B may bind to animal membrane cholesterol, increasing the risk of human toxicity. Amphotericin B is nephrotoxic when given intravenously. As a polyene's hydrophobic chain is shortened, its sterol binding activity is increased. Therefore, further reduction of the hydrophobic chain may result in it binding to cholesterol, making it toxic to animals.[citation needed]

Azoles

Azole antifungals inhibit conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol by inhibition of lanosterol 14α-demethylase.[9] These compounds have a five-membered ring containing two or three nitrogen atoms.[10] The imidazole antifungals contain a 1,3-diazole (imidazole) ring (two nitrogen atoms), whereas the triazole antifungals have a ring with three nitrogen atoms.[11][10]

Imidazoles

Triazoles

Thiazoles

Allylamines

Allylamines[12] inhibit squalene epoxidase, another enzyme required for ergosterol synthesis. Examples include butenafine, naftifine, and terbinafine.[13][14][15]

Echinocandins

Echinocandins inhibit the creation of glucan in the fungal cell wall by inhibiting 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase:

Echinocandins are administered intravenously, particularly for the treatment of resistant Candida species.[16][17]

Triterpenoids

Others

Side effects

Incidents of liver injury or failure among modern antifungal medicines are very low to non-existent. However, some can cause allergic reactions in people.[32]

There are also many drug interactions. Patients must read in detail the enclosed data sheet(s) of any medicine. For example, the azole antifungals such as ketoconazole or itraconazole can be both substrates and inhibitors of the P-glycoprotein, which (among other functions) excretes toxins and drugs into the intestines.[33] Azole antifungals also are both substrates and inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 family CYP3A4,[33] causing increased concentration when administering, for example, calcium channel blockers, immunosuppressants, chemotherapeutic drugs, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, macrolides and SSRIs.[34]

Before oral antifungal therapies are used to treat nail disease, a confirmation of the fungal infection should be made.[35] Approximately half of suspected cases of fungal infection in nails have a non-fungal cause.[35] The side effects of oral treatment are significant and people without an infection should not take these drugs.[35]

Azoles are the group of antifungals which act on the cell membrane of fungi. They inhibit the enzyme 14-alpha-sterol demethylase, a microsomal CYP, which is required for biosynthesis of ergosterol for the cytoplasmic membrane. This leads to the accumulation of 14-alpha-methylsterols resulting in impairment of function of certain membrane-bound enzymes and disruption of close packing of acyl chains of phospholipids, thus inhibiting growth of the fungi. Some azoles directly increase permeability of the fungal cell membrane.[citation needed]

Resistance

Antifungal resistance is a subset of antimicrobial resistance, that specifically applies to fungi that have become resistant to antifungals. Resistance to antifungals can arise naturally, for example by genetic mutation or through aneuploidy. Extended use of antifungals leads to development of antifungal resistance through various mechanisms.[1]

Some fungi (e.g. Candida krusei and fluconazole) exhibit intrinsic resistance to certain antifungal drugs or classes, whereas some species develop antifungal resistance to external pressures. Antifungal resistance is a One Health concern, driven by multiple extrinsic factors, including extensive fungicidal use, overuse of clinical antifungals, environmental change and host factors.[1]

Unlike resistance to antibacterials, antifungal resistance can be driven by antifungal use in agriculture. Currently there is no regulation on the use of similar antifungal classes in agriculture and the clinic.[1][36]

The emergence of Candida auris as a potential human pathogen that sometimes exhibits multi-class antifungal drug resistance is concerning and has been associated with several outbreaks globally. The WHO has released a priority fungal pathogen list, including pathogens with antifungal resistance.[37]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Fisher, Matthew C.; Alastruey-Izquierdo, Ana; Berman, Judith; Bicanic, Tihana; Bignell, Elaine M.; Bowyer, Paul; Bromley, Michael; Brüggemann, Roger; Garber, Gary; Cornely, Oliver A.; Gurr, Sarah. J.; Harrison, Thomas S.; Kuijper, Ed; Rhodes, Johanna; Sheppard, Donald C. (29 March 2022). "Tackling the emerging threat of antifungal resistance to human health". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 20 (9): 557–571. doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00720-1. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 8962932. PMID 35352028.
  2. ^ Mcgee, Karen (2019). "Chapter 68 - Ocular pharmacology". Naplex review guide (3rd ed.). United states: McGraw Hill Medical. ISBN 978-1-260-13592-3.
  3. ^ Nau, Roland; Blei, Claudia; Eiffert, Helmut (17 June 2020). "Intrathecal Antibacterial and Antifungal Therapies". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 33 (3): e00190–19. doi:10.1128/CMR.00190-19. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 7194852. PMID 32349999.
  4. ^ Sobel, Jack. "Candida vulvovaginitis: Treatment". UpToDate.
  5. ^ Ward, Harry; Parkes, Nicholas; Smith, Carolyn; Kluzek, Stefan; Pearson, Richard (April 2022). "Consensus for the Treatment of Tinea Pedis: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials". Journal of Fungi. 8 (4): 351. doi:10.3390/jof8040351. ISSN 2309-608X. PMC 9027577. PMID 35448582.
  6. ^ a b Carver, Peggy. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiological approach (11th ed.).
  7. ^ Hoenigl, Martin; Sprute, Rosanne; Egger, Matthias; Arastehfar, Amir; Cornely, Oliver A.; Krause, Robert; Lass-Flörl, Cornelia; Prattes, Juergen; Spec, Andrej; Thompson, George R.; Wiederhold, Nathan; Jenks, Jeffrey D. (9 October 2021). "The Antifungal Pipeline: Fosmanogepix, Ibrexafungerp, Olorofim, Opelconazole, and Rezafungin". Drugs. 81 (15): 1703–1729. doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01611-0. ISSN 0012-6667. PMC 8501344. PMID 34626339.
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  13. ^ "As Fungal Infections Expand, so Does Market | GEN Magazine Articles | GEN". GEN. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  14. ^ "Research and Markets: Global Antifungal Therapeutics (Polyenes, Azoles, Echinocandins, Allylamines) Market:Trends and Opportunities (2014-2019) | Business Wire". www.businesswire.com. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  15. ^ . nurse-practitioners-and-physician-assistants.advanceweb.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
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  18. ^ Polak, Annemarie (1983). "Antifungal activity in vitro of Ro 14-4767/002, a phenylpropyl-morpholine". Medical Mycology. 21 (3): 205–213. doi:10.1080/00362178385380321. ISSN 1369-3786. PMID 6635894.
  19. ^ Sutton CL, Taylor ZE, Farone MB, Handy ST (February 2017). "Antifungal activity of substituted aurones". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 27 (4): 901–903. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.012. PMID 28094180.
  20. ^ Wilson G, Block B (2004). Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-3481-9.
  21. ^ Long, Scott F. . Southwestern Oklahoma State University. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008.
  22. ^ Borkow G (August 2014). "Using Copper to Improve the Well-Being of the Skin". Current Chemical Biology. 8 (2): 89–102. doi:10.2174/2212796809666150227223857. PMC 4556990. PMID 26361585.
  23. ^ Docampo R, Moreno SN (1990). "The metabolism and mode of action of gentian violet". Drug Metabolism Reviews. 22 (2–3): 161–78. doi:10.3109/03602539009041083. PMID 2272286.
  24. ^ Vermes A, Guchelaar HJ, Dankert J (August 2000). "Flucytosine: a review of its pharmacology, clinical indications, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and drug interactions". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 46 (2): 171–9. doi:10.1093/jac/46.2.171. PMID 10933638.
  25. ^ Olson, Jazmine M.; Troxell, Todd (2021). "Griseofulvin". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30726008. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
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  27. ^ Brilhante RS, Caetano EP, Lima RA, Castelo Branco DS, Serpa R, Oliveira JS, Monteiro AJ, Rocha MF, Cordeiro RA, Sidrim JJ (October 2015). "In vitro antifungal activity of miltefosine and levamisole: their impact on ergosterol biosynthesis and cell permeability of dimorphic fungi". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 119 (4): 962–9. doi:10.1111/jam.12891. PMID 26178247. S2CID 206011501.
  28. ^ Oliver JD, Sibley GE, Beckmann N, Dobb KS, Slater MJ, McEntee L, du Pré S, Livermore J, Bromley MJ, Wiederhold NP, Hope WW, Kennedy AJ, Law D, Birch M (November 2016). "F901318 represents a novel class of antifungal drug that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (45): 12809–12814. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11312809O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1608304113. PMC 5111691. PMID 27791100.
  29. ^ Hope WW, McEntee L, Livermore J, Whalley S, Johnson A, Farrington N, Kolamunnage-Dona R, Schwartz J, Kennedy A, Law D, Birch M, Rex JH (August 2017). "Aspergillus fumigatus: New Opportunities for Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Fungal Disease". mBio. 8 (4): e01157-17. doi:10.1128/mBio.01157-17. PMC 5565967. PMID 28830945.
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  31. ^ Gendimenico, Gerard J. (2007). "Dermatotherapeutic Agents". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.). doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_301.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  32. ^ Kyriakidis I, Tragiannidis A, Munchen S, Groll AH (February 2017). "Clinical hepatotoxicity associated with antifungal agents". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 16 (2): 149–165. doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1270264. PMID 27927037. S2CID 43198078.
  33. ^ a b Lewis, Russell E. . doctorfungus. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  34. ^ Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (24 August 2022). "Drug Development and Drug Interactions | Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers". FDA.
  35. ^ a b c American Academy of Dermatology (February 2013). "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question". Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 December 2013., which cites
    • Roberts DT, Taylor WD, Boyle J (March 2003). "Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis". The British Journal of Dermatology. 148 (3): 402–10. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05242.x. PMID 12653730. S2CID 33750748.
    • Mehregan DR, Gee SL (December 1999). "The cost effectiveness of testing for onychomycosis versus empiric treatment of onychodystrophies with oral antifungal agents". Cutis. 64 (6): 407–10. PMID 10626104.
  36. ^ Verweij, Paul E.; Arendrup, Maiken C.; Alastruey-Izquierdo, Ana; Gold, Jeremy A.W.; Lockhart, Shawn R.; Chiller, Tom; White, P.Lewis (20 October 2022). "Dual use of antifungals in medicine and agriculture: How do we help prevent resistance developing in human pathogens?". Drug Resistance Updates. 65: 100885. doi:10.1016/j.drup.2022.100885. PMID 36283187. S2CID 253052170.
  37. ^ WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action (PDF). 25 October 2022. ISBN 978-92-4-006024-1. from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

External links

  • Antifungal Drugs – Detailed information on antifungals from the Fungal Guide written by R. Thomas and K. Barber
  • "Clotrimazole". Clotrimazole (Canesten). Bayer Philippines.

August 21, 2023
antifungal, confused, with, protein, antifungal, medication, also, known, antimycotic, medication, pharmaceutical, fungicide, fungistatic, used, treat, prevent, mycosis, such, athlete, foot, ringworm, candidiasis, thrush, serious, systemic, infections, such, c. Not to be confused with Antifungal protein An antifungal medication also known as an antimycotic medication is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete s foot ringworm candidiasis thrush serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis and others Such drugs are usually obtained by a doctor s prescription but a few are available over the counter OTC The evolution of antifungal resistance is a growing threat to health globally 1 AntifungalDrug classCanesten clotrimazole antifungal creamSynonymsantimycotic medicationIn Wikidata Contents 1 Routes of administration 1 1 Ocular 1 2 Intrathecal 1 3 Vaginal 1 4 Topical 1 5 Oral 1 6 Intravenous 2 Classes 2 1 Polyenes 2 2 Azoles 2 2 1 Imidazoles 2 2 2 Triazoles 2 2 3 Thiazoles 2 3 Allylamines 2 4 Echinocandins 2 5 Triterpenoids 2 6 Others 3 Side effects 4 Resistance 5 References 6 External linksRoutes of administration EditOcular Edit Indicated when the fungal infection is located in the eye There is currently only one ocular antifungal available This is Natamycin However various other antifungal agents could be compounded in this formulation 2 Intrathecal Edit Used occasionally when there s an infection of the central nervous system and other systemic options cannot reach the concentration required in that region for therapeutic benefit Example s amphotericin B 3 Vaginal Edit This may be used to treat some fungal infections of the vaginal region An example of a condition they are sometimes used for is candida vulvovaginitis which is treated with intravaginal Clotrimazole 4 Topical Edit This is sometimes indicated when there s a fungal infection on the skin An example is tinea pedis this is sometimes treated with topical terbinafine 5 Oral Edit if the antifungal has good bioavailability this is a common route to handle a fungal infection An example is the use of ketoconazole to treat coccidioidomycosis 6 Intravenous Edit Like the oral route this will reach the bloodstream and distribute throughout the body However it is faster and a good option if the drug has poor bioavailability An example of this is IV amphotericin B for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis 6 Classes EditThe available classes of antifungal drugs are still limited but as of 2021 novel classes of antifungals are being developed and are undergoing various stages of clinical trials to assess performance 7 Polyenes Edit Main article Polyene antimycotic A polyene is a molecule with multiple conjugated double bonds A polyene antifungal is a macrocyclic polyene with a heavily hydroxylated region on the ring opposite the conjugated system This makes polyene antifungals amphiphilic The polyene antimycotics bind with sterols in the fungal cell membrane principally ergosterol This changes the transition temperature Tg of the cell membrane thereby placing the membrane in a less fluid more crystalline state In ordinary circumstances membrane sterols increase the packing of the phospholipid bilayer making the plasma membrane more dense As a result the cell s contents including monovalent ions K Na H and Cl and small organic molecules leak which is regarded as one of the primary ways a cell dies 8 Animal cells contain cholesterol instead of ergosterol and so they are much less susceptible However at therapeutic doses some amphotericin B may bind to animal membrane cholesterol increasing the risk of human toxicity Amphotericin B is nephrotoxic when given intravenously As a polyene s hydrophobic chain is shortened its sterol binding activity is increased Therefore further reduction of the hydrophobic chain may result in it binding to cholesterol making it toxic to animals citation needed Amphotericin B Candicidin Filipin 35 carbons binds to cholesterol toxic Hamycin Natamycin 33 carbons binds well to ergosterol Nystatin RimocidinAzoles Edit Azole antifungals inhibit conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol by inhibition of lanosterol 14a demethylase 9 These compounds have a five membered ring containing two or three nitrogen atoms 10 The imidazole antifungals contain a 1 3 diazole imidazole ring two nitrogen atoms whereas the triazole antifungals have a ring with three nitrogen atoms 11 10 Imidazoles Edit Bifonazole Butoconazole Clotrimazole Econazole Fenticonazole Isoconazole Ketoconazole Luliconazole Miconazole Omoconazole Oxiconazole Sertaconazole Sulconazole TioconazoleTriazoles Edit Albaconazole Efinaconazole Epoxiconazole Fluconazole Isavuconazole Itraconazole Posaconazole Propiconazole Ravuconazole Terconazole VoriconazoleThiazoles Edit AbafunginAllylamines Edit Allylamines 12 inhibit squalene epoxidase another enzyme required for ergosterol synthesis Examples include butenafine naftifine and terbinafine 13 14 15 Echinocandins Edit Echinocandins inhibit the creation of glucan in the fungal cell wall by inhibiting 1 3 Beta glucan synthase Anidulafungin Caspofungin MicafunginEchinocandins are administered intravenously particularly for the treatment of resistant Candida species 16 17 Triterpenoids Edit IbrexafungerpOthers Edit Acrisorcin Amorolfine a morpholine derivative used topically in dermatophytosis 18 Aurones possess antifungal properties 19 Benzoic acid has antifungal properties such as in Whitfield s ointment Friar s Balsam and Balsam of Peru 20 Carbol fuchsin Castellani s paint Ciclopirox ciclopirox olamine a hydroxypyridone antifungal that interferes with active membrane transport cell membrane integrity and fungal respiratory processes It is most useful against tinea versicolour 21 Clioquinol Coal tar Copper II sulfate 22 Crystal violet a triarylmethane dye It has antibacterial antifungal and anthelmintic properties and was formerly important as a topical antiseptic 23 Chlorophetanol Diiodohydroxyquinoline Iodoquinol Flucytosine 5 fluorocytosine an antimetabolite pyrimidine analog 24 Fumagillin Griseofulvin binds to microtubules and inhibits mitosis 25 Haloprogin discontinued due to the emergence of antifungals with fewer side effects 26 Miltefosine works by damaging fungal cell membranes 27 Nikkomycin blocks formation of chitin present in the cell wall of fungus Orotomide F901318 pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor 28 29 Piroctone olamine Pentanenitrile Potassium iodide preferred treatment for lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis and subcutaneous zygomycosis basidiobolomycosis The mode of action is obscure 30 Potassium permanganate for use only on thicker more insensitive skin such as the soles of the feet Selenium disulfide Sodium thiosulfate Sulfur Tolnaftate a thiocarbamate antifungal which inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase similar mechanism to allylamines like terbinafine medical citation needed Triacetin hydrolysed to acetic acid by fungal esterases 31 Undecylenic acid an unsaturated fatty acid derived from natural castor oil fungistatic antibacterial antiviral and inhibits Candida morphogenesis citation needed Zinc pyrithioneSide effects EditIncidents of liver injury or failure among modern antifungal medicines are very low to non existent However some can cause allergic reactions in people 32 There are also many drug interactions Patients must read in detail the enclosed data sheet s of any medicine For example the azole antifungals such as ketoconazole or itraconazole can be both substrates and inhibitors of the P glycoprotein which among other functions excretes toxins and drugs into the intestines 33 Azole antifungals also are both substrates and inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 family CYP3A4 33 causing increased concentration when administering for example calcium channel blockers immunosuppressants chemotherapeutic drugs benzodiazepines tricyclic antidepressants macrolides and SSRIs 34 Before oral antifungal therapies are used to treat nail disease a confirmation of the fungal infection should be made 35 Approximately half of suspected cases of fungal infection in nails have a non fungal cause 35 The side effects of oral treatment are significant and people without an infection should not take these drugs 35 Azoles are the group of antifungals which act on the cell membrane of fungi They inhibit the enzyme 14 alpha sterol demethylase a microsomal CYP which is required for biosynthesis of ergosterol for the cytoplasmic membrane This leads to the accumulation of 14 alpha methylsterols resulting in impairment of function of certain membrane bound enzymes and disruption of close packing of acyl chains of phospholipids thus inhibiting growth of the fungi Some azoles directly increase permeability of the fungal cell membrane citation needed Resistance EditAntifungal resistance is a subset of antimicrobial resistance that specifically applies to fungi that have become resistant to antifungals Resistance to antifungals can arise naturally for example by genetic mutation or through aneuploidy Extended use of antifungals leads to development of antifungal resistance through various mechanisms 1 Some fungi e g Candida krusei and fluconazole exhibit intrinsic resistance to certain antifungal drugs or classes whereas some species develop antifungal resistance to external pressures Antifungal resistance is a One Health concern driven by multiple extrinsic factors including extensive fungicidal use overuse of clinical antifungals environmental change and host factors 1 Unlike resistance to antibacterials antifungal resistance can be driven by antifungal use in agriculture Currently there is no regulation on the use of similar antifungal classes in agriculture and the clinic 1 36 The emergence of Candida auris as a potential human pathogen that sometimes exhibits multi class antifungal drug resistance is concerning and has been associated with several outbreaks globally The WHO has released a priority fungal pathogen list including pathogens with antifungal resistance 37 References Edit a b c d Fisher Matthew C Alastruey Izquierdo Ana Berman Judith Bicanic Tihana Bignell Elaine M Bowyer Paul Bromley Michael Bruggemann Roger Garber Gary Cornely Oliver A Gurr Sarah J Harrison Thomas S Kuijper Ed Rhodes Johanna Sheppard Donald C 29 March 2022 Tackling the emerging threat of antifungal resistance to human health Nature Reviews Microbiology 20 9 557 571 doi 10 1038 s41579 022 00720 1 ISSN 1740 1526 PMC 8962932 PMID 35352028 Mcgee Karen 2019 Chapter 68 Ocular pharmacology Naplex review guide 3rd ed United states McGraw Hill Medical ISBN 978 1 260 13592 3 Nau Roland Blei Claudia Eiffert Helmut 17 June 2020 Intrathecal Antibacterial and Antifungal Therapies Clinical Microbiology Reviews 33 3 e00190 19 doi 10 1128 CMR 00190 19 ISSN 0893 8512 PMC 7194852 PMID 32349999 Sobel Jack Candida vulvovaginitis Treatment UpToDate Ward Harry Parkes Nicholas Smith Carolyn Kluzek Stefan Pearson Richard April 2022 Consensus for the Treatment of Tinea Pedis A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials Journal of Fungi 8 4 351 doi 10 3390 jof8040351 ISSN 2309 608X PMC 9027577 PMID 35448582 a b Carver Peggy Pharmacotherapy a pathophysiological approach 11th ed Hoenigl Martin Sprute Rosanne Egger Matthias Arastehfar Amir Cornely Oliver A Krause Robert Lass Florl Cornelia Prattes Juergen Spec Andrej Thompson George R Wiederhold Nathan Jenks Jeffrey D 9 October 2021 The Antifungal Pipeline Fosmanogepix Ibrexafungerp Olorofim Opelconazole and Rezafungin Drugs 81 15 1703 1729 doi 10 1007 s40265 021 01611 0 ISSN 0012 6667 PMC 8501344 PMID 34626339 Baginski M Czub J June 2009 Amphotericin B and its new derivatives mode of action Current Drug Metabolism 10 5 459 69 doi 10 2174 138920009788898019 PMID 19689243 Sheehan DJ Hitchcock CA Sibley CM January 1999 Current and emerging azole antifungal agents Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12 1 40 79 doi 10 1128 cmr 12 1 40 PMC 88906 PMID 9880474 a b Dixon Dennis M Walsh Thomas J 1996 Baron Samuel ed Antifungal Agents Medical Microbiology 4th ed Galveston TX University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston ISBN 978 0 9631172 1 2 PMID 21413319 retrieved 2 December 2022 PubChem Imidazole pubchem ncbi nlm nih gov Retrieved 2 December 2022 Ameen M March 2010 Epidemiology of superficial fungal infections Clinics in Dermatology Elsevier Inc 28 2 197 201 doi 10 1016 j clindermatol 2009 12 005 PMID 20347663 As Fungal Infections Expand so Does Market GEN Magazine Articles GEN GEN 15 February 2012 Retrieved 17 October 2015 Research and Markets Global Antifungal Therapeutics Polyenes Azoles Echinocandins Allylamines Market Trends and Opportunities 2014 2019 Business Wire www businesswire com 28 August 2014 Retrieved 17 October 2015 Tinea Cruris nurse practitioners and physician assistants advanceweb com Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 Retrieved 17 October 2015 Echinocandins for the treatment of systemic fungal infection Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance CARA PDF Cappelletty D Eiselstein McKitrick K March 2007 The echinocandins Pharmacotherapy 27 3 369 88 doi 10 1592 phco 27 3 369 PMID 17316149 S2CID 32016049 Polak Annemarie 1983 Antifungal activity in vitro of Ro 14 4767 002 a phenylpropyl morpholine Medical Mycology 21 3 205 213 doi 10 1080 00362178385380321 ISSN 1369 3786 PMID 6635894 Sutton CL Taylor ZE Farone MB Handy ST February 2017 Antifungal activity of substituted aurones Bioorganic amp Medicinal Chemistry Letters 27 4 901 903 doi 10 1016 j bmcl 2017 01 012 PMID 28094180 Wilson G Block B 2004 Wilson and Gisvold s Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Philadelphia Pa Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins ISBN 0 7817 3481 9 Long Scott F Anti Fungals Southwestern Oklahoma State University Archived from the original on 17 June 2008 Borkow G August 2014 Using Copper to Improve the Well Being of the Skin Current Chemical Biology 8 2 89 102 doi 10 2174 2212796809666150227223857 PMC 4556990 PMID 26361585 Docampo R Moreno SN 1990 The metabolism and mode of action of gentian violet Drug Metabolism Reviews 22 2 3 161 78 doi 10 3109 03602539009041083 PMID 2272286 Vermes A Guchelaar HJ Dankert J August 2000 Flucytosine a review of its pharmacology clinical indications pharmacokinetics toxicity and drug interactions The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 46 2 171 9 doi 10 1093 jac 46 2 171 PMID 10933638 Olson Jazmine M Troxell Todd 2021 Griseofulvin StatPearls StatPearls Publishing PMID 30726008 Retrieved 22 June 2021 Haloprogin DrugBank University of Alberta 6 November 2006 Retrieved 17 February 2007 Brilhante RS Caetano EP Lima RA Castelo Branco DS Serpa R Oliveira JS Monteiro AJ Rocha MF Cordeiro RA Sidrim JJ October 2015 In vitro antifungal activity of miltefosine and levamisole their impact on ergosterol biosynthesis and cell permeability of dimorphic fungi Journal of Applied Microbiology 119 4 962 9 doi 10 1111 jam 12891 PMID 26178247 S2CID 206011501 Oliver JD Sibley GE Beckmann N Dobb KS Slater MJ McEntee L du Pre S Livermore J Bromley MJ Wiederhold NP Hope WW Kennedy AJ Law D Birch M November 2016 F901318 represents a novel class of antifungal drug that inhibits dihydroorotate 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doctorfungus Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 Retrieved 23 January 2010 Research Center for Drug Evaluation and 24 August 2022 Drug Development and Drug Interactions Table of Substrates Inhibitors and Inducers FDA a b c American Academy of Dermatology February 2013 Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question Choosing Wisely an initiative of the ABIM Foundation American Academy of Dermatology Retrieved 5 December 2013 which cites Roberts DT Taylor WD Boyle J March 2003 Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis The British Journal of Dermatology 148 3 402 10 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2133 2003 05242 x PMID 12653730 S2CID 33750748 Mehregan DR Gee SL December 1999 The cost effectiveness of testing for onychomycosis versus empiric treatment of onychodystrophies with oral antifungal agents Cutis 64 6 407 10 PMID 10626104 Verweij Paul E Arendrup Maiken C Alastruey Izquierdo Ana Gold Jeremy A W Lockhart Shawn R Chiller Tom White P Lewis 20 October 2022 Dual use of antifungals in medicine and agriculture How do we help prevent resistance developing in human pathogens Drug Resistance Updates 65 100885 doi 10 1016 j drup 2022 100885 PMID 36283187 S2CID 253052170 WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research development and public health action PDF 25 October 2022 ISBN 978 92 4 006024 1 Archived from the original on 26 October 2022 Retrieved 27 October 2022 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help External links EditAntifungal Drugs Detailed information on antifungals from the Fungal Guide written by R Thomas and K Barber Clotrimazole Clotrimazole Canesten Bayer Philippines Portal Medicine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Antifungal amp oldid 1170842300, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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