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Republican insurgency in Afghanistan

Republican insurgency in Afghanistan
Part of the Afghan conflict

Taliban fighters in Panjshir on 11 September 2021
Date17 August 2021[14] – present
(2 years, 8 months, 1 week and 4 days)
Location
Status Ongoing as a hit-and-run campaign[15]
Territorial
changes
Taliban captures the Panjshir Valley, NRF controls no territory[16][17][15]
Belligerents

 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

al-Qaeda (alleged)[1]
Supported by:
 Pakistan (unconfirmed)[2][3][4]

 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan loyalists[note 1]

Supported by:
 Tajikistan (alleged)[10][11]


Independent militias[12] Taliban dissidents[13]
Commanders and leaders
Units involved

Army of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Various pro-Taliban militias
Foreign Mujahideens (possibly affiliated with al-Qaeda)[1]


Pakistan Armed Forces (unconfirmed, rejected by Pakistan)[2][3][4]

National Resistance Front of Afghanistan[7]

Various non-NRF militias[38][39][8][40]

Strength
60,000–260,000 Taliban armed forces overall

2,000–10,000 (Panjshir resistance; estimates)[42]

  • c. 9,000 (Ahmad Massoud's forces; self-claim)[40]
Unknown number of independent militias[40]
Casualties and losses
NRF claim:
950+ killed, 1,500+ captured
(2021)[43][44][45][46][47]
Heavy casualties[48]
IEA claims: Large number of POWs, vehicles and weapons also captured

The republican insurgency in Afghanistan is an ongoing low-level[49][50] guerilla[51][52] war between the National Resistance Front and allied groups which fight under the banner of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on one side,[38] and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (the state controlled by the Taliban) on the other side.[53] On 17 August 2021, former first vice president of Afghanistan Amrullah Saleh declared himself the "caretaker" president of Afghanistan and announced the resistance.[5][54] On 26 August, a brief ceasefire was declared.[55] On 1 September, talks broke down and fighting resumed as the Taliban attacked resistance positions.[56]

As of 3 September 2021, in addition to the opposition in the Panjshir, there were also districts in the centre of Afghanistan that still resisted the Taliban, supported by ethnic and religious minorities.[57] On 6 September, the Taliban took control of most of the Panjshir province, with resistance fighters retreating to the mountains to continue fighting within the province.[17][58] Clashes in the valley mostly ceased mid-September,[59] while resistance leaders Amrullah Saleh and Ahmad Massoud fled to neighboring Tajikistan.[60][61] Despite these developments, NRF holdouts continued to fight, still waging a guerrilla campaign in several provinces including Baghlan, Balkh, Badakhshan, and Faryab by early 2022.[13] In addition, an independent anti-Taliban militia still held territory in Samangan Province as of December 2021.[12][8]

As of December 2022, the NRF controls no territory but continues to carry out hit and run guerrilla attacks.[15] As of December 2023, NRF leader Ahmad Massoud claimed that the NRF was conducting attacks against the Taliban in 20 out of Afghanistan's 34 provinces.[62]

Background

 
Military situation of Afghanistan in 2000, with the Northern Alliance (blue) and other factions including Hazaras (blue striped) resisting the Taliban (red).

Historically, the Panjshir Valley was known for its natural defences. Surrounded by the Hindu Kush mountains, Panjshir never fell to the Soviets during the invasion of the 1980s nor to the Taliban during the civil war of the early 1990s. In the war of 1996–2001, Panjshir was a center of the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance.[36] In these conflicts, Panjshir was under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Massoud who was killed by a suicide bomber in 2001. Soon after, the United States invasion of Afghanistan resulted in the overthrow of the previously dominant, Taliban-led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and the eventual establishment of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.[63] Massoud and his family remained highly respected in Panjshir in the next two decades.[21]

The traditional anti-Taliban sentiment of the Panjshiris has an ethnic dimension: A majority of the population of the Panjshir Valley are ethnic Tajik people, while the majority of the Taliban are Pashtuns.[36] However, these ethnic differences became less pronounced in course of the Taliban insurgency, as the Taliban began to recruit Tajiks into their ranks.[21][36]

In 2021, the Taliban overran most of Afghanistan in a lightning offensive; Panjshir Province was the only area which was able to resist until the offensive's conclusion.[21] However, the valley's ability to withstand future Taliban assaults was hampered by it being cut off from outside support. In the 1980s and 1990s, Panjshir's forces had been able to keep supply lines to Tajikistan open. These were not accessible in the 2021 conflict, as the Taliban had successfully taken most of northern Afghanistan.[64] Regardless, the former Islamic Republic of Afghanistan initially continued to exercise de facto control over the Panjshir Valley, which was described by The Week as "the only region out of [the] Taliban's hands" as of August 2021.[65] Former loyalists to the old republic fled to Panjshir, hoping to transform it into an anti-Taliban stronghold.[63][64]

Saleh and Massoud's announcements

On 17 August 2021, Saleh—citing provisions of the Constitution of Afghanistan—declared himself President of Afghanistan from the Panjshir Valley, and vowed to continue military operations against the Taliban from there.[66] His claim to the presidency was endorsed by Ahmad Massoud and Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Minister of Defence Bismillah Khan Mohammadi along with the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Dushanbe.[66][27] On 23 August 2021, Massoud made contact with unnamed American lawmakers.[67]

Disposition of forces

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and anti-Taliban militias

Prior to the fall of Kabul, Panjshiris began moving military equipment from surrounding areas, including helicopters and armored vehicles, into Panjshir Province.[68] There, they were joined by Afghan National Army commanders and soldiers, including commandos,[68][69] ex-Mujahideen who had previously served Ahmad Massoud's late father, Ahmad Shah Massoud, and other anti-Taliban activists.[29] Most of them regrouped at Baghlan Province's Andarab District before moving to Panjshir after making their escape from Kunduz, Badakhshan, Takhar, and Baghlan.[63] According to a Russian estimate, the disparate Anti-Taliban forces had approximately 7,000 personnel under arms as of mid August 2021.[70] Other estimates place this number as low as 2,000, though Saleh himself claims 10,000 men under arms.[42] By 22 August 2021, Ahmad Massoud claimed to have gathered about 9,000 fighters and at least a "handful of armoured humvees" in the valley.[40]

The republican forces in Panjshir organized as National Resistance Front of Afghanistan (NRF).[9] Within the NRF, there were differences between the forces loyal to Saleh and those loyal to Ahmad Massoud, as the former is hardcore anti-Taliban and anti-Pakistani, whereas the latter maintained good relations with Pakistan which was supportive of the Taliban. As a result, Massoud was more willing to negotiate with the Taliban.[40] By 22 August, the resistance also confirmed that several local militias had begun to fight the Taliban on their own, independent of the Panjshir-based forces.[40] According to Yasin Zia, the resistance has already secured access to five helicopters formerly used by the Afghan military.[71] The NRF was greatly weakened by the fall of most of Panjshir to Taliban troops in September 2021, though the group continued to operate and expanded its activity across northern Afghanistan over the next months. By April 2022, the NRF was estimated to field a few thousand fighters, split into several branches such as the Andarab Resistance Front.[9]

Other pro-republican insurgent groups emerged after the fall of Panjshir.[9] These included the "Ahmad Khan Samangani Front",[8] Afghanistan Freedom Front, "Afghanistan Islamic National & Liberation Movement", the "High Council of National Resistance", the "Freedom Corps", "Liberation Front of Afghanistan", "Soldiers of Hazaristan", the "Freedom and Democracy Front",[9] the "Wolf Unit", "National Front for Free Afghanistan", and the "Turkestan Freedom Tigers".[72]

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

An estimate by the Combating Terrorism Center at the United States Military Academy made prior to the fall of Kabul estimated the strength of the Taliban, throughout the whole of Afghanistan, at 60,000 armed cadre supported by up to 200,000 irregulars.[73] Due to the rapid capitulation of the Afghan National Army, the Taliban have since acquired substantial materiel of US manufacture, including armored vehicles and combat aircraft.[74] The Taliban remain a movement consisting of many different sub-groups whose aims, strategies, beliefs, and loyalties vary.[75]

By March 2022, the Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan had taken over the previous government's land force corps, and deployed their own air force -consisting of helicopters- in combat against the republican rebels.[72]

Timeline

Emergence of Panjshir resistance and first anti-Taliban revolts

 
Military situation of Afghanistan at the start of the conflict. Smaller republican holdouts in various provinces are not included.

Around 17 August 2021, remnants of the Afghan National Army began massing in the Panjshir Valley at the urging of Massoud,[65][76] along with local civilians who had responded to his mobilization calls.[77] At the time, the Panjshir Valley was—according to one observer—"under siege on all sides" but had not come under direct attack.[78] On 18 August, the number of admissions for war injuries was increasing at the Emergency Surgical Centre for War Victims in Anaba in Panjshir.[79][80] By 22 August, Ahmad Massoud's forces were mostly focused on defending Panjshir as well as training.[40]

On 17 August, a negotiated end to the political impasse had been attempted, with Saleh calling for a "peace deal" with the Taliban.[68][81] On 18 August, the possibility of including the Taliban in a coalition government was raised by a top Afghan diplomat as a means of ending the stalemate.[82]

 
Map of the Taliban offensive on Panjshir as of 18 August 2021

On 18 August, local sources from Parwan Province reported that Saleh's forces had taken Charikar from Taliban fighters stationed in the area.[63][83] In addition, there are reports of gunfights taking place near Salang Pass.[84][63] On the following day, videos were released which showcased local fighters with flags of the old, anti-Taliban Northern Alliance parading through the streets of Charikar.[64]

class=notpageimage|
  Approximate locations of fighting, 17–23 August 2021

On 20 August, anti-Taliban fighters reportedly recaptured Andarab, Puli Hisar and Dih Salah districts in Baghlan Province with the Taliban claiming 15 of its soldiers had been killed, while other sources reported that up to 60 Taliban fighters were killed or injured,[85][86][87] and two dozen captured. The three districts had reportedly experienced a revolt, led by a local police chief, after Taliban had conducted unpopular house-to-house searches.[88] Bismillah Khan Mohammadi announced the operational success of the districts being recaptured via Twitter.[89]

Audiovisual reports of the events circulated on social media[85] and were reported by Pajhwok Afghan News. Later on the 20th, it was reported that the forces, led by Abdul Hamid Dadgar, had recaptured Andarab, though the Taliban had not yet commented.[90]

On 21 August, it was reported that Panjshir representatives were meeting with Abdullah Abdullah and Hamid Karzai, members of the Coordination Council, to "discuss the current situation and ways of providing security to Afghans".[91]

A source within the Panjshir resistance consequently confirmed their involvement in the operations in Baghlan Province, and stated that they planned on seizing a northern highway which could allow them to link up with Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.[64] Taliban social media accounts called the counteroffensive a "betrayal" of the amnesty the Taliban had offered.[92] It was reported on 22 August 2021 that Taliban fighters had been sent to the Keshnabad area of Andarab in order to kidnap the children of anti-Taliban forces.[93]

 
As of 18 August 2021, Islamic Republic forces were reportedly battling the Islamic Emirate for the Salang Pass (pictured 2005).

On 22 August, the Russian Embassy in Afghanistan was reportedly asked by a Taliban representative to reach out to Panjshir-based leaders to possibly mediate.[94] Meanwhile, resistance spokesman Ali Maisam Nazary informed the Agence France-Presse that Ahmad Massoud's group would prefer a peaceful resolution of the conflict, under the condition that a future government implemented a system of "decentralisation" and "equal rights" across the country.[40] On 23 August, Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid said that while Taliban fighters are being sent to Panjshir, the Taliban are willing to seek peaceful means to end the conflict.[95]

Simultaneously, the Taliban gave the opposition forces a four-hour ultimatum to surrender.[96] In a statement to Al Arabiya, Massoud rejected the ultimatum.[96] In response, the Taliban announced "hundreds" of its forces had been dispatched to the Panjshir Valley.[97] It was reported on 23 August that talks between Taliban representatives and Panjshir leaders had broken down.[98] Ali Maisam Nazary, spokesman for the resistance, said that the Taliban made demands for Massoud to accept no elections with a centralized government, which Massoud rejected as he wanted a future government to be decentralized, with respect for civil and semi-autonomy rights.[67]

An unidentified Taliban spokesperson proclaimed in a statement that "hundreds of Mujahideen of the Islamic Emirate are heading towards the state of Panjshir to control it, after local state officials refused to hand it over peacefully".[99] It was reported that on 23 August, Taliban commander Qari Fashihuddin was tasked to lead offensive operations in Panjshir.[100] The Taliban reported that several of their fighters were killed and others wounded in ambushes in Jabal Siraj.[100]

On 23 August, the Taliban claimed to have recaptured all 3 districts in Baghlan that fell to the resistance forces a week ago: Dih Salah District, Pul-e-Hisar and Andarab.[101] A Taliban district chief stationed in Andarab was reported to be killed in the fighting.[102] On 24 August, Panjshir resistance fighters reportedly retook control of Banu and Dih Salah districts, while Puli Hisar remained under Taliban control.[103] Saleh publicly warned via Twitter that Taliban fighters in Andarab were blocking humanitarian assistance for civilians trying to escape from the fighting and called it a "humanitarian disaster".[104] On the following day, Massoud's forces claimed to have ambushed a Taliban convoy in Andarab, destroying a critical bridge and inflicting heavy losses on the Islamists.[29]

On 24 August, Major Wazir Akbar, an ex-Afghan commando who joined the Panjshir-based resistance fighters, reported an attempted Taliban incursion at Anjuman Pass through Badakhshan province, which was repelled with heavy Taliban casualties.[105]

Ceasefire and sporadic clashes

On 26 August 2021, a ceasefire was declared with the Taliban and the resistance entering into talks.[55][106] Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid said that he was "80 percent confident of a solution without war in the Panjshir Valley".[107] On 29 August, Panjshir representatives stated that there were no Taliban fighters trying to enter Panjshir, refuting information from Anaamullah Samangani, who is a member of the Taliban's Cultural Commission.[108] On 1 September, it was reported that ceasefire talks failed.[109]

On 26 August, according to a video published by Global Defense Corp, heavy fighting had broken out between anti-Taliban fighters in Panjshir Valley and the Taliban.[14][110] It was reported that more than 200 Taliban fighters were driven out the Panjshir Valley, with some being captured by anti-Taliban forces. The National Resistance Front (NRF) was also able to capture Pol-e-Hesar, Deh Salah and Banu districts.[111][112]

On 28 August, Panjshir fighters engaged Taliban fighters in Sanjan, Kapisa and in Khost Wa Fereng, Baghlan in response to allegations of ceasefire violations conducted by Taliban fighters in the area.[113]

On 29 August, internet and telecommunication services throughout Panjshir province were shut down on orders from the Taliban.[114][115]

On 30 August, Panjshir fighters ambushed Taliban fighters attempting to break into Panjshir from Andarab.[116]

Taliban offensive and revolts in central Afghanistan

 
Panjshir Valley, the center of the anti-Taliban resistance, has been described as being extremely difficult to conquer.[1]

On 31 August 2021, Taliban fighters commenced an offensive against the National Resistance Front in the provinces of Baghlan, Panjshir, and Parwan.[117][1] Anti-Taliban sources claimed that the offensive involved al-Qaeda troops, a statement backed by videos in which pro-Taliban fighters were heard speaking non-native or locally uncommon languages such as Arabic.[1] Sources reported that the offensive started when Taliban fighters were spotted entering Gulbahar and blocked the main road with a container.[117] Taliban forces retook Dih Saleh District in Baghlan, allowing them to directly attack Panjshir. An initial Taliban assault through Khawak Pass connecting the Baghlan and central Panjshir Provinces failed.[1][118] NRFA spokesperson Fahim Dashty said that the attack was likely done to test the area's defenses.[118] Taliban troops also began to attack southern Panjshir from Gulbahar, resulting in heavy fighting. Despite being numerically superior to the defenders, the Taliban failed to break through.[1] A refugee interviewed later by Al Jazeera stated that the Taliban had blocked roads out of Panjshir using shipping containers during their offensive, and the shutdown of internet connections and mobile phone services left residents unable to learn what was happening in other places.[119]

On 1 September, a day after clashes at the entry points of the valley were reported, Mullah Amir Khan Motaqi, the head of the Taliban's commission for guidance & encouragement stated over a Twitter audio message to the people of Panjshir that attempts at reaching a negotiated settlement were "unfortunately all in vain." He lay the blame with the leadership of the resistance in Panjshir, saying there are still some people in the valley who "don't want the problems to be solved peacefully."[120] He went on to say that Taliban has selected a native of the province as their desired governor.[121][120][122] Despite the Taliban shutdown of Panjshir's internet, Fahim Dashti, the spokesperson for the Panjshir Resistance managed to conduct an interview with BBC Persian, in which he stated that the negotiations failed because of a fundamental difference of goals between the two sides. According to him, Panjshir resistance had the intention of extracting commitments and guarantees protecting freedoms and human and political rights of ethnic and religious minorities as well as women, but Taliban's goal in the negotiation was not to negotiate such guarantees, but to negotiate the extent of participation of the Panjshir opposition in a Taliban-led government that would satisfy the resistance.[123]

On 2 September, Panjshir sources claimed that 13 Taliban fighters were killed in an ambush in Chikrinow district.[124] Even though the offensive had stalled by this point,[1] a Taliban spokesman said the valley was surrounded in all four directions and that a Panjshir resistance 'victory was impossible' as well as claiming Taliban territorial gains.[125] Meanwhile, the Taliban claimed to have pushed into the Shotul district of Panjshir, but provided no firm proof for this claim. Analysts[who?] judged that the Taliban had probably advanced for a short time before being pushed back again. A minor Taliban attack on Anjuman Pass in northern Panjshir was reportedly easily repelled by Afghan commandos. In addition, local anti-Taliban forces from Andarab claimed to have retaken the crucial Khawak Pass.[1]

Meanwhile, revolts had erupted in Wardak Province and Daikundi Province which are home to many Hazaras, an ethnic group which had been previously discriminated against by the Taliban.[39] The Taliban had begun reaching out to the Hazara community in the months leading up to their takeover, promising to respect their rights and traditions.[75] Accordingly, the situation in Wardak and Daikundi is complex, as local militia leaders had aided the Taliban takeover despite the disapproval of much of the population. In Daikundi's Khadir District, a revolt erupted as the pro-Taliban Hazara commander Muhammad Ali Sedaqat was ordered to disarm locals, with some fearing that the disarmament was not properly recorded and would expose locals to harassment by the Taliban. Fighting consequently broke out between the Taliban, pro-republic Hazaras, and pro-Taliban Hazaras.[38] Local militias began to ambush Taliban troops.[39]

 
By 4 September, Taliban forces had reached Anaba (pictured 2010).

On 3 September, the Taliban claimed to have captured Panjshir valley, however these claims were described as lies and propaganda by the local resistance leaders such as Saleh as well as international spectators.[126][127] A NRF spokesperson stated that the situation was "difficult", but also that a Taliban push into the valley had resulted in the encirclement of a few hundred Taliban fighters.[128] By the following day, heavy fighting was confirmed to be still continuing in the valley, with Paryan District reportedly being contested.[129] An Italian medical aid organisation operating in the area confirmed that the Taliban had advanced up to Anaba; the Taliban claimed to have seized the districts of Khenj and Unabah. The NRF countered by claiming that they had managed to encircle even more Taliban troops, now numbering thousands, at Khawak Pass and Dashte Rewak.[130]

On 5 September, both sides achieved some successes: The NRF was able to force hundreds of encircled Taliban fighters to surrender in the valley, with the NRF claiming to have captured up to 1,500.[43] In turn, local journalists confirmed that the Taliban had taken both Rukha and Paryan Districts, while NRF spokesman Fahim Dashty was killed in combat. The Taliban also claimed to have advanced into Panjshir's capital Bazarak.[131] A The Times reporter who accompanied the Taliban testified that much of the valley appeared to be under Islamist control at this point, although groups of NRF fighters continued to strike at the Taliban behind the frontlines.[21] Massoud reacted to the Taliban advance by declaring on Facebook that he was endorsing offers by local religious leaders to negotiate a peaceful solution of the conflict.[43] Pakistani journalist and regional expert Ahmed Rashid argued that the Taliban had clearly expressed that they would not "tolerate what [Massoud is] asking for, which is a semi-autonomous region in the Panjshir Valley".[132] The Taliban leadership indeed rejected Massoud's negotiation offer, stating that it would only accept the NRF's surrender.[21]

Siege of final Panjshir Valley holdouts and exile activities

On 6 September, after heavy fighting resulting in high losses on both sides, the Taliban captured the governor's office in Bazarak, and claimed control of the whole Panjshir Valley.[133] The remaining NRF troops had reportedly retreated into the mountains,[134][135][58] with the Taliban stating that many had fled the region.[136] An NRF official then claimed Massoud was at a safe location, while Saleh escaped to Tajikistan.[134][135][58] Ali Nazary, head of foreign affairs for the resistance group, said that Ahmed Massoud was still present inside Afghanistan.[133] The NRF contested the Taliban's conquest of Panjshir,[137] arguing that resistance fighters were still present in strategic positions in the valley, continuing their fight.[138][136][139]

By 7 September, many civilians from Panjshir Valley had fled into the mountains to escape the Taliban, while Massoud made defiant statements and called for a large-scale, nation-wide uprising. The Panjshir locals were also threatened by starvation, as local supply remained cut-off. The remaining NRF troops were reportedly still resisting the Taliban in some areas.[140][141] The NRF also claimed that the Taliban had begun to massacre local civilians.[142]

 
Iranian media interviewing an NRF fighter, 11 September 2021

As of 9 September, OSINT evidence analyzed by Bellingcat researchers shows that the Taliban continue to advance, and control territory at least 60 kilometres (37 mi) into the valley.[143] The Taliban has placed the valley under siege, not allowing journalists or goods to enter, so the extent of their control is difficult to surmise.[143] Panjshir residents who were able to reach Kabul warned that supplies in the province are being exhausted due to the blockade.[144] NRF spokesman Ali Nazary claimed that the Taliban had not conquered all of Panjshir, but only the main road, which allowed them to capture nearby Bazarak as well. He stated that the resistance forces had made a tactical withdrawal from the main road, while retaining 60–65% of the sub-valleys and strategic positions under their control.[145] Mohammad Zahir Aghbar, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan's ambassador to Tajikistan, meanwhile stated that Massoud and Saleh were still in Afghanistan but incommunicado for security reasons and had not fled to Tajikistan, contrary to earlier reports.[146]

 
Taliban fighters near Marshal Fahim stadium in Panjshir, 11 September 2021

By 10 September, the Taliban had captured the residence where Saleh had earlier been hiding and aired his latest video claiming he was still in Panjshir, with photos of a Taliban fighter posing at the same spot where Saleh had recorded the video, being posted on social media it was later claimed that Rohullah Saleh, Amrullah's brother, was killed while trying to escape the region.[147][148] A three-day ceasefire was reported to be in effect, although not confirmed by any side. National Congress Party leader Abdul Latif Pedram meanwhile told TOLO News that NRF forces were present in all mountains of Panjshir. NRF commander Saleh Rigistani vowed that their forces will continue fighting, and added that the province was facing a shortage of food and medicinal supplies. Taliban Cultural Commission member Anaamullah Samangani however claimed that the NRF had no "public presence" in Panjshir and were hiding in caves and valleys, with talks for their surrender ongoing. Residents meanwhile complained that roads in Panjshir were blocked, while electricity and telecommunications were shut.[149]

 
Taliban forces move past a destroyed vehicle in the Panjshir Valley, 12 September 2021

A tribal elder meanwhile stated on 10 September that the Taliban was blocking food supplies and carrying out extrajudicial executions of civilians, adding that eight civilians were reportedly killed by them on 7 September. Ahmad Wali Massoud also accused the Taliban of killing civilians and stated that the NRF still controlled "major areas" in Panjshir.[150] Saleh's son Shuresh stated on 11 September that his father's brother Rohullah Azizi, who had been fighting for the resistance, had been executed alongside his driver on 9 September by the Taliban, after being stopped at a checkpoint in Khanez village of Panjshir.[148]

Also on 11 September, Tasnim News Agency reporters were allowed into Panjshir. They met with a group of Red Unit Taliban fighters who claimed that all of Panjshir was captured and resistance forces may have taken shelter in nearby mountainous areas. They also claimed that the situation was calm despite the expiration of the reported ceasefire. Many civilians were seen fleeing the area fearing of renewed clashes. Reporters also interviewed a NRF supporter who blamed the Taliban for not establishing an inclusive government. He also claimed that the Pakistan Air Force had helped the Taliban.[151]

An investigative report published by the BBC on 13 September found that the Taliban had executed at least 20 civilians in Panjshir since they entered the valley.[152] Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid meanwhile denied the group had committed any human rights violation in the province.[153] Agence France-Presse reporters allowed into Panjshir on 15 September found many villages in the three districts they visited nearly empty. Residents interviewed by them accused the Taliban of executing 19 civilians between the village of Khenj and Bazarak, and preventing civilians from fleeing the province in order to use them as human shields against attacks by resistance fighters.[154] A doctor in Panjshir meanwhile told Al Jazeera that all hospitals in the province had been closed or were operating on limited supplies, except for an Italian-run emergency hospital.[119]

Journalists of The New York Times allowed into Panjshir on 13 September reported that fighting had mostly ceased, as the Taliban controlled much of the valley and the NRF was apparently limited to the nearly inaccessible mountain areas. Some local forces had also left the NRF without surrendering to the Taliban, instead acting as autonomous self-defense groups and controlling parts of the valley.[24] In late September, a United States intelligence official, a US Department of Defense consultant, and two former Afghan government officials confirmed that Massoud and Saleh had fled to Tajikistan shortly after the Taliban took control of most of the valley. Massoud was relocated to a safe house in Dushanbe and Saleh to a nearby location.[155] Regional experts argued that the reports of the exile of the NRF leadership were reliable and believable. Massoud, Saleh, Pedram, and others were reportedly attempting to organize further anti-Taliban resistance from Tajikistan. However, researchers judged their future prospects to be poor, as Tajikistan was supportive of them but probably unwilling to risk cross-border fighting, while the Taliban had managed to gain much international support, entrenching their position.[156] Despite these reports, the NRF continued to claim that its leaders were still in Panjshir, and that the insurgency was continuing.[157]

 
Taliban Humvee and technical drive past defaced Ahmad Shah Massoud placards after the fall of Panjshir Valley.

On 6 October, Abdul Latif Pedram claimed that guerilla warfare continues in Panjshir.[158] TASS reported heavy fighting at Zamankur, Anaba District.[159] By early November 2021, analyst Jacob Zenn argued that there were no more militant forces loyal to Massoud operating in Afghanistan, while the NRF continued its efforts to reorganize an insurgency.[160] The government of Tajikistan was still hosting and supporting the remnants of the anti-Taliban political opposition, although more so to improve its image abroad and domestically than to actually influence the situation in Afghanistan.[161] At this point, the only substantial armed resistance to the Taliban government was offered by the Islamic State's Khorasan Province (IS-KP). Analyst Jacob Zenn argued that IS-KP's insurgency was growing and could potentially allow pro-republican forces to make a comeback as the Taliban and the Islamic State were focused on fighting each other.[160] However, some NRF holdouts continued to be active in Panjshir. On 15 October, Russian news agency Interfax reported NRF forces conducting a guerilla attack in Andarab, Baghlan, with Taliban losses being reported as six killed, four wounded, and two being captured by pro-NRF forces.[162] At the same time, fighting was also reported in Balkh, with both sides suffering unknown casualties.[163] Around late October, a visit by Radio Télévision Suisse into Bazarak would report an armed confrontation between the Taliban and pro-NRF forces occurring in an undisclosed location in the mountains surrounding Bazarak. The latter reportedly gained the upper hand with unknown casualties on both sides, thus confirming that the NRF is still active near Bazarak and in Panjshir despite claims of inactivity by local Taliban officials.[164]

Guerrilla campaign by the NRF and other groups

On 12 November 2021, clashes between republicans and Taliban forces took place at Khoshudara, located in Baghlan Province's Khost wa Fereng District. Both sides suffered several losses. A local informed The Independent that the NRF still held settlements in Khost wa Fereng.[165]

On 29 November, a clash between Taliban and pro-NRF forces reportedly occurred in Samangan Province, with reportedly two republican fighters killed and one wounded from the engagement. The Independent reported that according to local sources a militia of 400 men took control of the mountainous area of Tondruk including 10 villages, located between the Hazrati Sultan District and the provincial capital of Aybak. The same source reported that in October, local Taliban officials attempted to take over the area, although the attack was called off due to the harsh terrain of the region and the military readiness of the local pro-NRF militia.[8][12] The Samangan militia became known as the "Ahmad Khan Samangani Front", and consisted of several groups which were loyal to a commander named Hekmatullah Tour. The group was not part of the NRF, though aligned with it.[8]

 
Destroyed tanks in Panjshir Valley

On 6 and 7 December, NRF and Taliban forces clashed in the Hesa Duwum Kohistan District of Kapisa Province, with five Taliban militants killed or wounded, and two NRF killed (according to Mehr News Agency).[166][167] Islamic World News had reported that according to local sources, NRF forces under the command of Hamed Seifi, General Kouhestani, General Hasibullah and General Munib Amiri, have been carrying out hit and run attacks against Taliban militants in the mountainous areas of Panjshir, Kapisa and Baghlan provinces. They also reported that an assassination of a Taliban member in the Kalafgan District of Takhar Province initially thought to have been carried out by ISKP, might have been perpetrated by the NRF, although the true perpetrators are yet to be confirmed.[166]

On 20 December, a member of the NRF in Baghlan reported to The Independent that the local resistance attacked Taliban positions in the village of Kaftarkhaneh, with the Taliban being driven out of the village and suffering 8 casualties, with four killed and four more wounded. NRF spokesman Sibghatullah Ahmadi would go on to confirm the engagement, also stating that pro-resistance forces had conducted attacks in Badghis Province on the same day, with unknown casualties.[168] The spokesman also claimed on 17 December that the NRF had conducted attacks in 14 Afghan provinces (Kabul, Kapisa, Samangan, Takhar, Parwan, Badghis, Laghman, Balkh, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghor, Herat, Nangarhar, and Kunar provinces), killing 61 Taliban fighters within the last 8 days, while allegedly suffering 43 casualties with one dead and 42 wounded, alleging that more pro-NRF guerilla organizations will "soon announce their presence".[169]

On 26 December, hundreds of civilians from Anaba district, Panjshir went out to protest in response to the killing of Mohammad Agha by Taliban-affiliated militants. The victim was allegedly not associated with the National Resistance Front, however some reports stated that he served as a police officer in the previous Afghan government, who returned to his home believing in the promise of amnesty for those associated with the previous government given by the Taliban after the Fall of Kabul. Local Taliban officials confirmed the killing, claiming it was a misunderstanding, while promising to prosecute the perpetrators of the killing. In response to the killing, hundreds of civilians marched to the governor's office, chanting anti-Taliban slogans like "death to the Taliban" and "long live Ahmad Massoud". While the motives for the killing of Mohammad Agha have not been confirmed, the Taliban had been engaging in numerous summary executions and forced disappearances of former members of Afghan security forces, with the victim count being over 100 as of November, 2021, contrary to the promise of amnesty given to former government associates by the Taliban. The incident also allegedly occurred days after an attack conducted by the NRF in Panjshir against the Taliban. The deputy chief of security of Panjshir Abdul Hamid Khorasani was reported to have clashed with the protesters, although no casualties were reported.[170][171][172][173]

2022

On 2 January 2022, The Independent reported that in the preceding few days, the Ahmad Khan Samangani Front clashed in the village of Kichi Manghar in the Hazrati Sultan district of Samangan, killing at least two members of the Taliban including a commander, while one of the militia's commanders was killed by the Taliban in the engagement. According to the source, a few hours after the end of the clash, Taliban forces attacked the village of Kichi Mungar and killed two of Abdul Halim's relatives who were not associated with the militia. There were also reports of fighting between the NRF and the Taliban in the Ishkamish District, Takhar Province, with one Taliban and one NRF member being killed in the village of Elich during the clashes. The Taliban has so far refused to comment on the attack.[174]

Talks between NRF and Taliban representatives were held in Tehran, Iran on 8 and 9 January, but were ultimately unproductive.[175] On 12 January, Taliban security forces arrested Makhdum Alem, a long-time Uzbek Taliban commander. This sparked protests and a short-lived revolt at Maymana, as his supporters temporarily seized the city. After four days of negotiations, the uprising ended and the locals reaccepted Taliban rule, although Alem remained under arrest. Observers believed the short-lived revolt was a sign of the remaining tensions between the northern ethnic groups and the Pashtun-dominated Taliban, with even Uzbek as well as Tajik Taliban suspicious of the government.[13]

On 21 January, the Taliban leadership announced that its security forces had killed eight resistance fighters in a clash in Balkh Province, and seized their munitions.[176] Three days later, a battle between the NRF and Taliban erupted in Baghlan's Khost wa Fereng District. Both sides lost several fighters, with the Taliban reportedly trying to arrest suspected pro-NRF civilians and besieging the village of Kazar.[177] By the end of January, local media claimed that NRF guerrillas were still operating and occasionally attacking Taliban groups in the provinces of Baghlan, Balkh, Badakhshan, and Faryab. In contrast, combat was no longer reported in Panjshir at the time.[13]

On 13 February, a group affiliated with the NRF announced its existence in Farah Province, one of the first pro-NRF groups to emerge in a predominantly Pashtun province. It is commanded by Idris Mobarez, who is the son of Mohammad Salim Mobarez, a former commander of Ahmad Shah Massoud. Around that time, the NRF had increased its attacks against the Taliban. On 19 February, fighting resumed in Panjshir as NRF-aligned forces launched a missile attack into Darah, while pro-NRF troops located in the mountains of Panjshir clashed with local Taliban forces. The latter confirmed the engagement, but did not provide any further details. At the same time, local Afghan media had reported that the Taliban had launched air and ground attacks against resistance positions in the Andarab District, with unknown casualties.[178]

On 16 February, the Afghanistan Islamic National & Liberation movement announced its existence, which is believed to be the only Pashtun-led anti-Taliban insurgent group so far.[179] It is led by former Afghan Army special forces commander Abdul Mateen Sulaimankhail.[179] On 13 April, in an interview with the Afghanistan International TV network, Sulaimankhail claimed his group was engaged in "military and political activities" in 26 out of Afghanistan's 34 provinces, although researchers[who?] questioned that claim. The group was most likely responsible for the assassination of Taliban commander Maulvi Hanzala in Lashkargah, Helmand Province on 13 March.[9]

On 12 March, a new anti-Taliban insurgent and civil group, the Afghanistan Freedom Front (AFF), had emerged, after reports of its existence started circulating in early February 2022. The group is separate from the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan, and mainly composed of former Afghan soldiers. As of early March, the AFF had already launched ambushes in Baghlan, Kapisa, Parwan, and Panjshir, with the Taliban reportedly using heavy weapons and air operations to suppress AFF-aligned resistance cells.[180]

On 22 April, two people including the nephew of Atta Muhammad Nur were killed in a firefight in Balkh against local Taliban forces.[181] This incident was possibly connected to the emergence of the High Council of National Resistance, a rebel group which was reportedly led by Nur,[9] and backed by many former anti-Taliban warlords and politicians such as Abdul Rashid Dostum, Muhammad Mohaqiq, and Abdul Rasul Sayyaf. The High Council received support from NRF leader Ahmad Massoud.[182]

On 30 April, NRF forces led by Khari Mohammad Andarabi carried out attacks against Taliban bases in the villages of Taghanak and Paskundi in the Pul-e-Hesar district, in the Andharab region of Baghlan. Casualties were reported on both sides, with 11 Taliban fighters and one NRF commander, Sabzali Andarabi, killed in the fighting, according to Hasht-e Subh Daily. Over the preceding weeks, the NRF had carried out attacks across the northern provinces.[183]

In May 2022, the NRF announced a new offensive against the Taliban in Panjshir.[184]

On September 15, 2022, a video circulated online showed captured individuals executed for supposedly being with the NRF.[185]

Rebellion in Balkhab and expanded NRF operations

On 6 May 2022, the NRF launched an offensive, reportedly capturing three districts in Panjshir Province. The NRF spokesman Ali Nazary stated that the NRF had taken control of the three district's roads, villages, and outposts, after which they besieged the local Taliban offices. He also stated that "Many Taliban fighters have asked for time to surrender. The enemy has suffered heavy casualties." Taliban officials denied any fighting in the area. Local Panjshir residents reported heavy fighting during the night. The NRF also stated that the group would continue their presence across 12 provinces, mostly in the north.[186][187] On 9 May, the NRF ambushed a Taliban vehicle in Qala-e-Olang and killed an unknown number of Taliban fighters, which they responded by firing on civilians in Qasan village as retaliation for the ambush.[188] Approximately 30 Taliban fighters had been killed in the NRF offensive as of 12 May. The Taliban subsequently sent reinforcements from other provinces to bolster their garrisons in Panjshir. Fighting was concentrated at Abdullah Khel which the NRF temporarily seized before retreating.[189][190] On 17 May, the first meeting of the Supreme Council of National Resistance took place in Ankara, Turkey with Abdul Rashid Dostum being involved.[191]

On 31 May, four NRF fighters were executed by the Taliban in the Tagab District, Badakhshan, while destroying an NRF hideout in the district according to Taliban security officials.[192]

By early June, NRF guerrilla attacks in Panjshir were taking place "regular[ly]"[34] or "nearly daily".[193] Despite the growing number of losses on both sides, the Taliban still claimed that there was no more resistance in the valley,[34] even as they sent up to 10,000 reinforcements to strengthen their positions in Panjshir.[193] The NRF claimed that it had expanded its operations into 12 provinces. However, researcher Roshni Kapur argued that the different anti-Taliban rebel groups were still too fractured and divided to pose an existential threat to the Taliban government.[179]

On 10 June, local sources reported heavy clashes in the Karaman valley area in Dara District, Panjshir between the NRF and the Taliban, after the latter attacked several positions of the former. It occurred after a "two-day break" in the fighting. No casualties were reported in that instance. Two days prior, a clash occurred in the Paryan district, Panjshir, with reportedly 20 Taliban fighters and one NRF fighter killed.[194]

On 11 June 2022, a Hazara Taliban commander, Mehdi Mujahid, rebelled against the Islamic Emirate, citing anti-Hazara policies by the Taliban. As Mehdi Mujahid's forces controlled Balkhab District, the entire district consequently passed under insurgent control.[32] Pro-republican forces, including the NRF, voiced support for Mehdi Mujahid's forces.[195] In the following weeks, Taliban forces repeatedly attempted to retake Balkhab, but were repelled.[196] On 16 June 2022, the NRF shot down a Taliban Mil Mi-17 in the Arezoo valley. During the shootdown of the helicopter, NRF fighters killed two Taliban fighters and captured four more.[197] By 25 June, according to anti-Taliban sources, Mehdi Mujahid's forces had surrounded "hundreds of Taliban fighters" in the Bakhlab district, with dozens of Taliban fighters killed or wounded during the preceding days.[198] By the end of June, NRF attacks were confirmed in Badakhshan, Kabul, Panjshir, Kapisa, and Takhar Provinces. The Taliban imposed a blockade on Kohistan District, Kapisa, as the NRF had launched an offensive there. Besides Mehdi Mujahid's rebellion, clashes between different Taliban factions were also reported in Baghlan, Bamyan, and Faryab Provinces.[199]

Between 16 and 17 June, the Taliban carried out multiple operations against NRF bases in Rokha, Anaba, and Shotul districts. In the Chamalwarda area of Rokha district alone, 51 Taliban fighters were killed or wounded, while two NRF fighters were killed and another wounded.[200]

On 22 June, an audio tape was published in which the Taliban acting minister of defence Mullah Yaqoob mentioned that several Taliban outposts in the Khavash valley in the Khost wa Fereng District were evacuated and capture by NRF forces, while complaining about the Taliban's purported lack of obedience and organization.[201]

On 8 July, NRF fighters engaged Taliban forces in the Khost district, Baghlan and took control of several areas.[202] On 10 July, NRF forces attacked a Taliban outpost in Baghlan, killing two Taliban fighters and destroying a military vehicle.[203]

Sometime around early July, the Taliban captured Golwarz village near Bakhlab as part of a general campaign against the Bakhlab insurgents. Several war crimes were reportedly committed by the Taliban against the mostly Hazara population throughout the campaign, causing refugees to flee to neighboring provinces.[204]

Starting on 13 July, the Taliban and the NRF clashed in the Khenj and Shotul Districts of Panjshir.[205] On 16 July, a planned offensive by the Taliban in the Arzoo valley of the Shotul district was met with an NRF counterattack led by Haseeb Qowai Markaz, which resulted in 12 Taliban dead and 9 wounded. This came after the Taliban had reportedly launched several attacks on NRF positions in the valley, only to be repelled by NRF forces.[206]

On 16 July, fighting flared up in the Qasan valley of Andarab as part of a series of clashes in Baghlan province.[207] By the next day, the Taliban reportedly lost 17 fighters with 10 more injured, while NRF casualties were not reported besides three being injured.[208] Fighting would continue up to 21 July, during which Taliban fighters committed war crimes including beheading a 17-year-old boy despite no confirmed affiliation with any resistance group.[209]

On 20 July, the Taliban launched an offensive against NRF positions in Warsaj District, Takhar province, reportedly gathering over 300 fighters for the job.[210] On 23 July, according to Iranian state-owned news Pars Today, the Taliban discovered and confiscated an ammunition warehouse in Varsaj District, Takhar province.[211]

On 25 July, NRF forces based in Kapisa province attacked Taliban positions in the Kohistan District, reportedly killing three Taliban fighters and wounding two.[212] On 27 July, a senior NRF member had announced that it had carried out an offensive against a Taliban base in the Kalahan village, Kapisa on the night of 26 July. According to the NRF, five Taliban members were killed and one was wounded in the attack.[213]

On 10 August, fighting flared up in Panjshir between the NRF and Taliban, with the latter reportedly losing 25 fighters, while no casualties were reported for the NRF side.[214]

On 15 August, the one year anniversary since the fall of Afghanistan, the NRF launched an offensive in Panjshir, reportedly capturing seven villages in the Bazarak, Dara, Annaba, Shotul, Paryan, and Khenj districts, while surrounding Taliban fighters in several positions.[215] Up to 40 Taliban fighters were captured in the Dara district, a statement which was backed by former Vice President Amrullah Saleh.[216] By 16 August, 58 Taliban fighters were reportedly killed, with another 12 wounded, while casualty figures for the NRF were not reported.[217] At the same time, the Taliban launched an operation in the Ishkashim District, Takhar, only to be besieged by the NRF in the village of Anjiristan on 15 August.[218] On the next day, clashes occurred in the Ishkashim and Chal Districts, with the Taliban reportedly suffering heavy casualties according to the NRF. In the previous two weeks, the NRF had reportedly carried out several offensive attacks in the Farkhar District.[219]

On 17 August, the Hazara anti-Taliban rebel Mehdi Mujahid was captured and executed by the Taliban in the Kohsan District of Herat Province, who was reportedly attempting to travel to Iran prior to his execution.[220][221][222]

On 18 August, the NRF and Taliban clashed in the Taghanak village of Pul-e-Hesar district in Baghlan, resulting in 10 Taliban fighters killed and 8 wounded. At the same time, more NRF-Taliban clashes reportedly occurred in the Qeshlaq village of the Rustaq District of Takhar province, in which a local member of the Taliban intelligence was killed. Simultaneously, a fight broke out in the Raghistan District of Badakhshan, with the Taliban claiming three NRF killed.[223]

On 19 August, the NRF reportedly attacked a Taliban checkpoint in the Darah District of Panjshir, resulting in 10 Taliban fighters killed according to the NRF.[224]

On 21 August, Abdul Qayyum Zakir was appointed as the military commander of Panjshir province. Long War Journal notes that Zakir appointment to lead the fight against National Resistance Front (NRF) in Panjshir and the district of Andarab is a clear indication that the NRF is challenging the Taliban's primacy in central and northern Afghanistan.[19] At the same time, several local sources had reported that the Taliban had converted 32 schools across Panjshir into military bases, likely as a result of the increased clashes in Panjshir.[225] On the same day, the NRF claimed that 7 Taliban members were killed and 5 others wounded as a result of a Taliban convoy hitting a roadside mine in the Rukha district of Panjshir.[226]

On 6 September 2022, the Taliban mobilized 500 fighters from Herat to be deployed in Panjshir.[227] Young people in Jowzjan were paid by the Taliban to fight against the NRF.[228]

On 10 September, there were gunfights between NRF and Taliban forces in Hesarak, Parian, Abshar, Dara and Hessa I districts.[229] Taliban forces in Paryan have told villagers to leave.[230]

On 14 September, the Taliban claimed to have killed 40 rebels during an anti-insurgency operation in the province.[231]

In mid-September, a video was released by Taliban militants showing the execution of at least 27 men, allegedly captured rebels somewhere in Panjshir. Afghan Witness (AW) - an open-source project based in the United Kingdom opened an investigation into the mass execution.[232]

On 21 September, a Taliban attack on an anti-Taliban base in Yakawlang district of Bamyan and Balkhab was repulsed by fighters under Mohammad Tahir Zahir with reports of four Taliban fighters wounded.[233]

On 13 December, the NRF reported three commanders were captured by Taliban fighters due to one of their own fighters having links with the Taliban government.[234]

On 26 December, NRF forces in Andarab repelled attacks from Taliban in Taghanak, Khej and Bagh Dara villages, with unconfirmed reports of casualties on both sides, which included NRF commander Khair Mohammad Andrabi.[235] The NRF released statements to condemn Andarabi's death, who was killed while holding off a Taliban advance.[33]

2023

On 25 January 2023, NRF forces attacked a Taliban camp in Kapisa, killing three fighters and wounding two with no casualties from the NRF.[236]

On 30 January, a SIGAR quarterly report noted the presence of NRF-Taliban clashes in Badakhshan, Baghlan, Kapisa, Kunduz, Nangarhar, Nuristan, Panjshir, Parwan, Sar-e Pul, and Takhar, stating that the NRF had expanded their operations outside of the eastern and north-eastern regions, but the most significant clashes occurring in Panjshir, according to UNAMA. They also noted other anti-Taliban groups clashing with the Taliban, including the Afghanistan Liberation Movement in Kandahar, the Afghanistan Freedom Front in Kandahar and Zabul, and Watandost Front in Ghazni. They also state that according to UNAMA, 22 anti-Taliban groups claimed to operate in Afghanistan, but none control significant territory. As of yet, no anti-Taliban group are considered an existential threat to the Taliban.[237]

On 23 February, a Taliban commander named Mullah Samiullah Mewand was killed in a mine explosion in the Sartepe Karte No district of Kabul. The Independent Persian reports that the mine was planted by NRF guerillas, and that Mewand was a senior commander who had arrested members of the NRF in Kabul.[238]

On 28 February, the NRF raided Taliban headquarters in Takhar's Dashti Qala District.[239]

On 15 March, locals in Baghlan reported 8 Taliban fighters killed by the NRF.[240]

On 29 March, Sibghatullah Ahmadi announced that a new season is starting with fresh raids on Taliban forces. On the same day, Admadi also claimed that an attack was carried out by the NRF against a Taliban educational centre in the Pol-e Chakri area of Kabul, resulting in significant Special Taliban Unit casualties, although no concrete number was given.[241]

On 10 April, clashes in the Shatal District of Panjshir resulted in the death of AFF commander Akmal Amir and 8 of his subordinates. 5 Taliban were killed in the fighting. The fighting reportedly started due to the Taliban launching a major military operation against AFF and NRF positions in the village of Henroh-Bala in Koklamy valley of Salang district in Parwan province.[242] Fighting continued in the Salang district for the next few days, resulting in the death of AFF member Fahim Salangi and six other members of the group on 11 April. Another identified NRF commander found dead was Nasir Ahmad Andarabi. In response to the clashes, on 14 April, the Taliban detained 100 individuals in the district for suspected collaboration with anti-Taliban groups.[243][244]

On 1 May, the NRF claimed its fighters killed two Taliban soldiers in an assault on a Taliban outpost in Parwan Province. The attack came two days after insurgents from the AFF killed two Taliban fighters and wounded another in an attack on a police station in Kabul.[245]

On 7 May, the NRF claimed that its fighters had killed 8 Taliban fighters and injured 15 losing 4 NRF fighters in Khost district of Baghlan Province. The clashes came after the Taliban conducted house to house searches in the Jangalak village causing a skirmish to break out between NRF and Taliban forces lasting up to 10 hours. The NRF also confirmed that the Taliban were using heavy weapons and barrel bombs during the attacks.[246]

On 4 June, the AFF conducted an attack in Baglan province, resulting in two Taliban deaths and four injuries.[247]

On 4 July, the AFF announced the killing of a Taliban member and the injuring of three other members in Kapisa Province.[248]

On 28 July, the NRF attacked Taliban positions in Kapisa province, resulting in three Taliban deaths caused by snipers, with unknown casualties due to rocket fire. The NRF had also announced it carried out attacks in Takhar, Badakhshan, Kapisa, Parwan, and Kabul provinces. This series of attacks represented a shift in strategy in the NRF and AFF from frontal attacks to guerilla attacks, including the use of weapons equipped with night-vision cameras to attack the Taliban.[249] On 31 July, the NRF conducted another attack in the same area, resulting in further two Taliban deaths, with unknown NRF casualties.[250]

On 5 August, the NRF claimed an attack on Taliban intelligence agents, killing four in Kabul and wounding one.[251] In Takhar province, NRF fighters killed two Taliban fighters, including a local commander.[252] On 14 August, NRF forces in Badakhshan province attacked a Taliban base at Sina village, Jurm district with three Taliban fighters killed and seizing their weapons and ammo.[253]

On 16 August, NRF fighters in Takhar province killed two Taliban fighters and wounded two.[254] On 17 August, locals in Badakhshan province reported the deaths of four NRF fighters, including a commander, during a gunfight with Taliban forces.[255]

On 2 September, the NRF reported killing two Taliban fighters in Baghlan and Kapisa provinces.[256] On 5 September, the NRF reported the death of Qamaruddin Andarabi, a senior commander in Andarab district, Baghlan by an alleged mole working for the Taliban.[257] On 20 September, the AFF claimed to have killed a senior Taliban commander in Puli Khumri, along with four other Taliban members.[258]

The NRF and Afghanistan Freedom Front claimed to have killed at least 50 Taliban officials and soldiers during November. Analysts noted that the NRF lacked the strength to topple the Taliban at least for the near future, but appear to be creating political and governance challenges for the Taliban.[259] Additionally, former Afghan military officials opened the office of Afghanistan's United Front in the United States and Sami Sadat, a former Afghan general, asked for U.S. help during a hearing with the U.S. House of Representatives.

On 12 December, the Afghanistan Freedom Front claimed to have killed three Taliban fighters and wounded two others by attacking a Taliban outpost in Aybak city of Samangan province. The AFF had been increasing their attacks across Afghanistan in recent weeks.[260]

2024

On 11 January, the Afghanistan Freedom Front claimed responsibility for an attack on a Taliban intelligence forces' convoy in Kabul's Khairkhana area, killing three Taliban and wounding another two.[261] The Taliban convoy was allegedly targeting girls and detaining them in the Panjsad Family neighbourhood, something which the AFF condemned as the AFF pledged to stand up for womens' rights in Afghanistan.

It was reported on 26 February that NRF fighters targeted Kabul International Airport, killing four Taliban fighters and wounding three others.[262]

On 9 March 2024, the NRF reported carrying out attacks against Taliban fighters in Parwan and Herat with four Taliban fighters killed, including the chief of staff of Bagram division.[263]

On 5 April 2024, the NRF claimed responsibility for an assault on a Taliban base in Takhar, which killed one Taliban fighter.[264]

On 17 April 2024, it was reported that the Afghanistan Freedom Front had resumed guerrilla attacks on Taliban targets. The NRF also claimed responsibility for an attack on a vehicle in Kabul's fourth police district which killed three Taliban fighters.[265]

Foreign involvement

Neutral

As of 23 August 2021, there was no public support for the resistance from the international community. At the start of the conflict, the US and other potential allies were focused on the concurrent Kabul airlift, which required the Taliban's cooperation. Massoud's op-ed in The Washington Post requesting Western support may be evidence of a lack of enthusiasm (for the resistance) in the US government.[266]

On 21 August 2021, former Indian Chief of the Army Staff Shankar Roychowdhury said that the Government of India must reach out to Panjshir-based resistance forces alongside Taliban factions that may be friendly to India.[267]

Pro-NRF

On 25 August 2021, Bilal Y. Saab, an ex-Pentagon senior advisor, and Mick Mulroy, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East, Marine veteran and ex-CIA Special Activities Center operator, argued in a Time editorial that Washington, D.C. should provide support in Afghanistan by allowing the CIA to station its officers with counterterrorism responsibilities to secretly assist anti-Taliban resistance groups.[268] U.S. senator Lindsey Graham and representative Michael Waltz advocated for giving NRF support so that they can hold their ground against the Taliban after they captured Kabul.[269]

On 27 August, Tajiks from Kulob, Tajikistan volunteered to prepare to fight against the Taliban, despite warnings from Tajik officials that it can be deemed illegal.[270] In an interview on 2 September, Erika Simpson, president of the Canadian Peace Research Association, said that it was potentially risky for a country to publicly support the resistance from inside Afghanistan and suggested that it was better to support anti-Taliban resistance groups based overseas.[271]

On 6 September, Iran's Foreign Ministry spokesman Saeed Khatibzadeh strongly condemned the Taliban assault on the Panjshir Valley.[272] On 10 September, a road named Panjshir Alley in Tehran was officially named and approved by the Tehran City Council.[273]

In mid-September 2021, in a move aimed at increasing inclusivity in the Taliban government, 20 European Parliament members filed a motion to invite NRF leader Ahmad Massoud to address the European Council and the EP, just as his father did 20 years earlier.[274]

Pro-Taliban

Following the death of Fahim Dashti, a journalist with the Afghanistan National Journalists Union and spokesperson for the National Resistance Front, officials from the NRF accused Pakistan of aiding the Taliban and stated that Dashti had died in a drone strike carried out by the Pakistan Air Force.[3] The former parliamentary representative of Samangan Province, Zia Arianjad reiterated the claim to the Iranian Aamaj News, stating that PAF was assisting the Taliban in Panjshir with drone strikes using smart bombs.[275][4] According to defense analyst Babak Taghvaee, Pakistan was using CH-4 drones to assist the Taliban in Panjshir.[4] Faiz Hameed, the head of the Inter-Services Intelligence, the military intelligence agency of Pakistan, had visited Kabul prior to Dashti's death,[2] to assist the Taliban in reorganising the Afghan military according to a senior Pakistani official.[276]

Tajuden Soroush, a correspondent with Iran International, stated that Kamaluddin Nezami, the governor of Panjshir, had told him that drones were used to target the resistance on several occasions.[4] Fox News reported that a CENTCOM source had identified Pakistani special forces accompanied with drone strikes were assisting the Taliban. Republican Congressman Adam Kinzinger stated that if the report were confirmed then the United States should sanction Pakistan for creating and protecting the Taliban.[35] According to the Austrian public broadcaster Österreichischer Rundfunk, the reports are unconfirmed.[2] The Taliban denied the claim that Dashti had died in a drone strike,[277] and the Pakistani Foreign Office has rejected the reports that allege Pakistani involvement in Panjshir.[278]

Analysis

Shortly after the fall of Kabul, journalists Carlotta Gall and Adam Nossiter wrote in The New York Times that the international community would be in a bind if they showed some form of support for the resistance because of the airlift operations that were then ongoing.[29] Abdul Matin Beyk suggested that other anti-Taliban forces were waiting to see if the Panjshir-based fighters would either resist to the end or keep considering negotiations with Taliban representatives.[29] He suggested that their successes could inspire others to do the same.[29]

Analysts Bill Roggio and Andrew Tobin speculated that the eventual success of the Taliban offensive against the Panjshir Valley in early September 2021 might have been related to the previous attempts of the NRF to expand into neighbouring districts. Accordingly, the NRF would have been overextended and had not prepared its defences well enough.[17]

The Institute for the Study of War assessed that the NRF controlled at least five villages in Tagab District, Badakhshan Province for a few days in June 2022, and a valley in Khost wa Fereng District, Baghlan Province for less than one month in July 2022.[279][280] In 17 November 2022, FDD's Long War Journal assessed that the NRF controlled a small number of bases, villages, and valleys across eight districts in northeastern Afghanistan.[281][282] In 29 November 2022, the Institute for the Study of War assessed that the NRF conducted defensive maneuvers in several areas of northeastern Afghanistan.[283] As of 15 August 2023, FDD's Long War Journal assesses that the NRF and allies conduct guerilla operations but do not control territory.[284]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Though the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ceased to exist on 15 August 2021, many soldiers, officials and other loyalists relocated to Panjshir and rallied under its banner. These elements and exiled officials claimed to maintain the republic in some form,[5][6] with Amrullah Saleh styling himself "caretaker" president.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Roggio, Bill (2 September 2021). "National Resistance Front repels multi-day Taliban assault on Panjshir | FDD's Long War Journal". www.longwarjournal.org. from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Afghanistan: Taliban wollen Panjshir-Tal erobert haben". ORF (in German). 6 September 2021. from the original on 6 March 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d Rasooli, Shirshah (6 September 2021). "Well-Known Journalist Fahim Dashti Killed in Panjshir". TOLOnews. from the original on 6 September 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Pakistan Air Force drones bombed Panjshir resistance?". The Week. 6 September 2021. from the original on 19 April 2023.
  5. ^ a b c "Afghan vice president says he is "caretaker" president". reuters.com. 17 August 2021. from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  6. ^ Ghosh, Poulomi (30 September 2021). . msn. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  7. ^ a b "'Panjshir stands strong': Afghanistan's last holdout against the Taliban". The Guardian. 18 August 2021. from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "چه کسانی در سمنگان با طالبان می‌جنگند؟". ایندیپندنت فارسی (in Persian). 8 December 2021. from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Farivar, Masood (27 April 2022). "Afghan 'Fighting Season' Ushers in New Anti-Taliban Groups". Voice of America. from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  10. ^ "Afghan resistance has sanctuary in Tajikistan, but fighting Taliban a 'non-viable prospect'". France24. 10 October 2021. from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  11. ^ "Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan diverge on approaches to Afghanistan". eurasianet. 24 September 2021. from the original on 19 April 2022.
  12. ^ a b c Wafai, Mukhtar (1 December 2021). "درگیری میان نیروهای جبهه مقاومت ملی و طالبان در سمنگان". ایندیپندنت فارسی (in Persian). from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
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republican, insurgency, afghanistan, panjshir, conflict, redirects, here, soviet, afghan, conflict, panjshir, area, panjshir, offensives, soviet, afghan, part, afghan, conflicttaliban, fighters, panjshir, september, 2021date17, august, 2021, present, years, mo. Panjshir conflict redirects here For the Soviet Afghan conflict in Panjshir area see Panjshir offensives Soviet Afghan War Republican insurgency in AfghanistanPart of the Afghan conflictTaliban fighters in Panjshir on 11 September 2021Date17 August 2021 14 present 2 years 8 months 1 week and 4 days LocationPanjshir Parwan Baghlan Wardak Daykundi Samangan and Balkh provinces AfghanistanStatusOngoing as a hit and run campaign 15 TerritorialchangesTaliban captures the Panjshir Valley NRF controls no territory 16 17 15 Belligerents Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Taliban al Qaeda alleged 1 Supported by Pakistan unconfirmed 2 3 4 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan loyalists note 1 National Resistance Front NRF 7 Ahmad Khan Samangani Front 8 Afghanistan Freedom Front 9 Afghanistan Islamic National amp Liberation Movement 9 Many smaller factions 9 Supported by Tajikistan alleged 10 11 Independent militias 12 Taliban dissidents 13 Commanders and leadersHibatullah Akhundzada Mohammad Yaqoob Abdul Ghani Baradar Qari Fasihuddin 18 Abdul Qayyum Zakir 19 Abdul Hameed Khurasani 20 Mohammed Faruq 21 Hidayatullah Badar 22 Sanaullah Sangin Fatih 23 Sabawoon 24 Mullah Samiullah Mewand 25 Ahmad Massoud Amrullah Saleh Bismillah Khan Ahmad Zia Massoud 26 Yasin Zia 27 Fahim Dashty 28 Hamid Saifi 29 Abdul Wadud 28 Saleh Mohammed Raigistani Hasib Qoway Markaz 30 Munib Amiri 31 Gul Haider Khan 31 Mehdi Mujahid 32 Khair Mohammad Andrabi 33 Akmal Amir Nasir Ahmad Andarabi Units involvedArmy of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Badri 313 Battalion 22 Taliban special forces including ex Red Unit 34 Various pro Taliban militiasForeign Mujahideens possibly affiliated with al Qaeda 1 Pakistan Armed Forces unconfirmed rejected by Pakistan 2 3 4 Pakistan Air Force unconfirmed rejected by Pakistan 2 3 4 Special Forces unconfirmed 35 National Resistance Front of Afghanistan 7 Afghan National Security Forces remnants Afghan National Army remnants 36 29 Afghan Air Force remnants 37 Ahmad Massoud s militia 36 Andarab Resistance Front 9 Various non NRF militias 38 39 8 40 Anti Taliban Hazara militias 38 39 41 Mehdi Mujahid s militia 32 Strength60 000 260 000 Taliban armed forces overall2 000 10 000 Panjshir resistance estimates 42 c 9 000 Ahmad Massoud s forces self claim 40 Unknown number of independent militias 40 Casualties and lossesNRF claim 950 killed 1 500 captured 2021 43 44 45 46 47 Heavy casualties 48 IEA claims Large number of POWs vehicles and weapons also captured The republican insurgency in Afghanistan is an ongoing low level 49 50 guerilla 51 52 war between the National Resistance Front and allied groups which fight under the banner of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on one side 38 and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan the state controlled by the Taliban on the other side 53 On 17 August 2021 former first vice president of Afghanistan Amrullah Saleh declared himself the caretaker president of Afghanistan and announced the resistance 5 54 On 26 August a brief ceasefire was declared 55 On 1 September talks broke down and fighting resumed as the Taliban attacked resistance positions 56 As of 3 September 2021 update in addition to the opposition in the Panjshir there were also districts in the centre of Afghanistan that still resisted the Taliban supported by ethnic and religious minorities 57 On 6 September the Taliban took control of most of the Panjshir province with resistance fighters retreating to the mountains to continue fighting within the province 17 58 Clashes in the valley mostly ceased mid September 59 while resistance leaders Amrullah Saleh and Ahmad Massoud fled to neighboring Tajikistan 60 61 Despite these developments NRF holdouts continued to fight still waging a guerrilla campaign in several provinces including Baghlan Balkh Badakhshan and Faryab by early 2022 13 In addition an independent anti Taliban militia still held territory in Samangan Province as of December 2021 12 8 As of December 2022 update the NRF controls no territory but continues to carry out hit and run guerrilla attacks 15 As of December 2023 NRF leader Ahmad Massoud claimed that the NRF was conducting attacks against the Taliban in 20 out of Afghanistan s 34 provinces 62 Contents 1 Background 2 Saleh and Massoud s announcements 3 Disposition of forces 3 1 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and anti Taliban militias 3 2 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 4 Timeline 4 1 Emergence of Panjshir resistance and first anti Taliban revolts 4 2 Ceasefire and sporadic clashes 4 3 Taliban offensive and revolts in central Afghanistan 4 4 Siege of final Panjshir Valley holdouts and exile activities 4 5 Guerrilla campaign by the NRF and other groups 4 6 2022 4 6 1 Rebellion in Balkhab and expanded NRF operations 4 7 2023 4 8 2024 5 Foreign involvement 5 1 Neutral 5 2 Pro NRF 5 3 Pro Taliban 6 Analysis 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9 1 Works citedBackgroundMain articles War in Afghanistan 2001 2021 and Taliban insurgency Further information 2021 Taliban offensive nbsp Military situation of Afghanistan in 2000 with the Northern Alliance blue and other factions including Hazaras blue striped resisting the Taliban red Historically the Panjshir Valley was known for its natural defences Surrounded by the Hindu Kush mountains Panjshir never fell to the Soviets during the invasion of the 1980s nor to the Taliban during the civil war of the early 1990s In the war of 1996 2001 Panjshir was a center of the anti Taliban Northern Alliance 36 In these conflicts Panjshir was under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Massoud who was killed by a suicide bomber in 2001 Soon after the United States invasion of Afghanistan resulted in the overthrow of the previously dominant Taliban led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and the eventual establishment of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 63 Massoud and his family remained highly respected in Panjshir in the next two decades 21 The traditional anti Taliban sentiment of the Panjshiris has an ethnic dimension A majority of the population of the Panjshir Valley are ethnic Tajik people while the majority of the Taliban are Pashtuns 36 However these ethnic differences became less pronounced in course of the Taliban insurgency as the Taliban began to recruit Tajiks into their ranks 21 36 In 2021 the Taliban overran most of Afghanistan in a lightning offensive Panjshir Province was the only area which was able to resist until the offensive s conclusion 21 However the valley s ability to withstand future Taliban assaults was hampered by it being cut off from outside support In the 1980s and 1990s Panjshir s forces had been able to keep supply lines to Tajikistan open These were not accessible in the 2021 conflict as the Taliban had successfully taken most of northern Afghanistan 64 Regardless the former Islamic Republic of Afghanistan initially continued to exercise de facto control over the Panjshir Valley which was described by The Week as the only region out of the Taliban s hands as of August 2021 65 Former loyalists to the old republic fled to Panjshir hoping to transform it into an anti Taliban stronghold 63 64 Saleh and Massoud s announcementsOn 17 August 2021 Saleh citing provisions of the Constitution of Afghanistan declared himself President of Afghanistan from the Panjshir Valley and vowed to continue military operations against the Taliban from there 66 His claim to the presidency was endorsed by Ahmad Massoud and Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Minister of Defence Bismillah Khan Mohammadi along with the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Dushanbe 66 27 On 23 August 2021 Massoud made contact with unnamed American lawmakers 67 Disposition of forcesIslamic Republic of Afghanistan and anti Taliban militias Further information National Resistance Front of Afghanistan nbsp Amrullah Saleh nbsp Ahmad Massoud Prior to the fall of Kabul Panjshiris began moving military equipment from surrounding areas including helicopters and armored vehicles into Panjshir Province 68 There they were joined by Afghan National Army commanders and soldiers including commandos 68 69 ex Mujahideen who had previously served Ahmad Massoud s late father Ahmad Shah Massoud and other anti Taliban activists 29 Most of them regrouped at Baghlan Province s Andarab District before moving to Panjshir after making their escape from Kunduz Badakhshan Takhar and Baghlan 63 According to a Russian estimate the disparate Anti Taliban forces had approximately 7 000 personnel under arms as of mid August 2021 70 Other estimates place this number as low as 2 000 though Saleh himself claims 10 000 men under arms 42 By 22 August 2021 Ahmad Massoud claimed to have gathered about 9 000 fighters and at least a handful of armoured humvees in the valley 40 The republican forces in Panjshir organized as National Resistance Front of Afghanistan NRF 9 Within the NRF there were differences between the forces loyal to Saleh and those loyal to Ahmad Massoud as the former is hardcore anti Taliban and anti Pakistani whereas the latter maintained good relations with Pakistan which was supportive of the Taliban As a result Massoud was more willing to negotiate with the Taliban 40 By 22 August the resistance also confirmed that several local militias had begun to fight the Taliban on their own independent of the Panjshir based forces 40 According to Yasin Zia the resistance has already secured access to five helicopters formerly used by the Afghan military 71 The NRF was greatly weakened by the fall of most of Panjshir to Taliban troops in September 2021 though the group continued to operate and expanded its activity across northern Afghanistan over the next months By April 2022 the NRF was estimated to field a few thousand fighters split into several branches such as the Andarab Resistance Front 9 Other pro republican insurgent groups emerged after the fall of Panjshir 9 These included the Ahmad Khan Samangani Front 8 Afghanistan Freedom Front Afghanistan Islamic National amp Liberation Movement the High Council of National Resistance the Freedom Corps Liberation Front of Afghanistan Soldiers of Hazaristan the Freedom and Democracy Front 9 the Wolf Unit National Front for Free Afghanistan and the Turkestan Freedom Tigers 72 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Main article Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan An estimate by the Combating Terrorism Center at the United States Military Academy made prior to the fall of Kabul estimated the strength of the Taliban throughout the whole of Afghanistan at 60 000 armed cadre supported by up to 200 000 irregulars 73 Due to the rapid capitulation of the Afghan National Army the Taliban have since acquired substantial materiel of US manufacture including armored vehicles and combat aircraft 74 The Taliban remain a movement consisting of many different sub groups whose aims strategies beliefs and loyalties vary 75 By March 2022 the Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan had taken over the previous government s land force corps and deployed their own air force consisting of helicopters in combat against the republican rebels 72 TimelineEmergence of Panjshir resistance and first anti Taliban revolts nbsp Military situation of Afghanistan at the start of the conflict Smaller republican holdouts in various provinces are not included Around 17 August 2021 remnants of the Afghan National Army began massing in the Panjshir Valley at the urging of Massoud 65 76 along with local civilians who had responded to his mobilization calls 77 At the time the Panjshir Valley was according to one observer under siege on all sides but had not come under direct attack 78 On 18 August the number of admissions for war injuries was increasing at the Emergency Surgical Centre for War Victims in Anaba in Panjshir 79 80 By 22 August Ahmad Massoud s forces were mostly focused on defending Panjshir as well as training 40 On 17 August a negotiated end to the political impasse had been attempted with Saleh calling for a peace deal with the Taliban 68 81 On 18 August the possibility of including the Taliban in a coalition government was raised by a top Afghan diplomat as a means of ending the stalemate 82 nbsp Map of the Taliban offensive on Panjshir as of 18 August 2021 On 18 August local sources from Parwan Province reported that Saleh s forces had taken Charikar from Taliban fighters stationed in the area 63 83 In addition there are reports of gunfights taking place near Salang Pass 84 63 On the following day videos were released which showcased local fighters with flags of the old anti Taliban Northern Alliance parading through the streets of Charikar 64 nbsp nbsp Charikar nbsp Andarab nbsp Dih Salah nbsp Puli Hisar nbsp Kabul nbsp Salang Pass nbsp Jalalabadclass notpageimage nbsp Approximate locations of fighting 17 23 August 2021 On 20 August anti Taliban fighters reportedly recaptured Andarab Puli Hisar and Dih Salah districts in Baghlan Province with the Taliban claiming 15 of its soldiers had been killed while other sources reported that up to 60 Taliban fighters were killed or injured 85 86 87 and two dozen captured The three districts had reportedly experienced a revolt led by a local police chief after Taliban had conducted unpopular house to house searches 88 Bismillah Khan Mohammadi announced the operational success of the districts being recaptured via Twitter 89 Audiovisual reports of the events circulated on social media 85 and were reported by Pajhwok Afghan News Later on the 20th it was reported that the forces led by Abdul Hamid Dadgar had recaptured Andarab though the Taliban had not yet commented 90 On 21 August it was reported that Panjshir representatives were meeting with Abdullah Abdullah and Hamid Karzai members of the Coordination Council to discuss the current situation and ways of providing security to Afghans 91 A source within the Panjshir resistance consequently confirmed their involvement in the operations in Baghlan Province and stated that they planned on seizing a northern highway which could allow them to link up with Tajikistan and Uzbekistan 64 Taliban social media accounts called the counteroffensive a betrayal of the amnesty the Taliban had offered 92 It was reported on 22 August 2021 that Taliban fighters had been sent to the Keshnabad area of Andarab in order to kidnap the children of anti Taliban forces 93 nbsp As of 18 August 2021 Islamic Republic forces were reportedly battling the Islamic Emirate for the Salang Pass pictured 2005 On 22 August the Russian Embassy in Afghanistan was reportedly asked by a Taliban representative to reach out to Panjshir based leaders to possibly mediate 94 Meanwhile resistance spokesman Ali Maisam Nazary informed the Agence France Presse that Ahmad Massoud s group would prefer a peaceful resolution of the conflict under the condition that a future government implemented a system of decentralisation and equal rights across the country 40 On 23 August Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid said that while Taliban fighters are being sent to Panjshir the Taliban are willing to seek peaceful means to end the conflict 95 Simultaneously the Taliban gave the opposition forces a four hour ultimatum to surrender 96 In a statement to Al Arabiya Massoud rejected the ultimatum 96 In response the Taliban announced hundreds of its forces had been dispatched to the Panjshir Valley 97 It was reported on 23 August that talks between Taliban representatives and Panjshir leaders had broken down 98 Ali Maisam Nazary spokesman for the resistance said that the Taliban made demands for Massoud to accept no elections with a centralized government which Massoud rejected as he wanted a future government to be decentralized with respect for civil and semi autonomy rights 67 An unidentified Taliban spokesperson proclaimed in a statement that hundreds of Mujahideen of the Islamic Emirate are heading towards the state of Panjshir to control it after local state officials refused to hand it over peacefully 99 It was reported that on 23 August Taliban commander Qari Fashihuddin was tasked to lead offensive operations in Panjshir 100 The Taliban reported that several of their fighters were killed and others wounded in ambushes in Jabal Siraj 100 On 23 August the Taliban claimed to have recaptured all 3 districts in Baghlan that fell to the resistance forces a week ago Dih Salah District Pul e Hisar and Andarab 101 A Taliban district chief stationed in Andarab was reported to be killed in the fighting 102 On 24 August Panjshir resistance fighters reportedly retook control of Banu and Dih Salah districts while Puli Hisar remained under Taliban control 103 Saleh publicly warned via Twitter that Taliban fighters in Andarab were blocking humanitarian assistance for civilians trying to escape from the fighting and called it a humanitarian disaster 104 On the following day Massoud s forces claimed to have ambushed a Taliban convoy in Andarab destroying a critical bridge and inflicting heavy losses on the Islamists 29 On 24 August Major Wazir Akbar an ex Afghan commando who joined the Panjshir based resistance fighters reported an attempted Taliban incursion at Anjuman Pass through Badakhshan province which was repelled with heavy Taliban casualties 105 Ceasefire and sporadic clashes On 26 August 2021 a ceasefire was declared with the Taliban and the resistance entering into talks 55 106 Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid said that he was 80 percent confident of a solution without war in the Panjshir Valley 107 On 29 August Panjshir representatives stated that there were no Taliban fighters trying to enter Panjshir refuting information from Anaamullah Samangani who is a member of the Taliban s Cultural Commission 108 On 1 September it was reported that ceasefire talks failed 109 On 26 August according to a video published by Global Defense Corp heavy fighting had broken out between anti Taliban fighters in Panjshir Valley and the Taliban 14 110 It was reported that more than 200 Taliban fighters were driven out the Panjshir Valley with some being captured by anti Taliban forces The National Resistance Front NRF was also able to capture Pol e Hesar Deh Salah and Banu districts 111 112 On 28 August Panjshir fighters engaged Taliban fighters in Sanjan Kapisa and in Khost Wa Fereng Baghlan in response to allegations of ceasefire violations conducted by Taliban fighters in the area 113 On 29 August internet and telecommunication services throughout Panjshir province were shut down on orders from the Taliban 114 115 On 30 August Panjshir fighters ambushed Taliban fighters attempting to break into Panjshir from Andarab 116 Taliban offensive and revolts in central Afghanistan nbsp Panjshir Valley the center of the anti Taliban resistance has been described as being extremely difficult to conquer 1 On 31 August 2021 Taliban fighters commenced an offensive against the National Resistance Front in the provinces of Baghlan Panjshir and Parwan 117 1 Anti Taliban sources claimed that the offensive involved al Qaeda troops a statement backed by videos in which pro Taliban fighters were heard speaking non native or locally uncommon languages such as Arabic 1 Sources reported that the offensive started when Taliban fighters were spotted entering Gulbahar and blocked the main road with a container 117 Taliban forces retook Dih Saleh District in Baghlan allowing them to directly attack Panjshir An initial Taliban assault through Khawak Pass connecting the Baghlan and central Panjshir Provinces failed 1 118 NRFA spokesperson Fahim Dashty said that the attack was likely done to test the area s defenses 118 Taliban troops also began to attack southern Panjshir from Gulbahar resulting in heavy fighting Despite being numerically superior to the defenders the Taliban failed to break through 1 A refugee interviewed later by Al Jazeera stated that the Taliban had blocked roads out of Panjshir using shipping containers during their offensive and the shutdown of internet connections and mobile phone services left residents unable to learn what was happening in other places 119 On 1 September a day after clashes at the entry points of the valley were reported Mullah Amir Khan Motaqi the head of the Taliban s commission for guidance amp encouragement stated over a Twitter audio message to the people of Panjshir that attempts at reaching a negotiated settlement were unfortunately all in vain He lay the blame with the leadership of the resistance in Panjshir saying there are still some people in the valley who don t want the problems to be solved peacefully 120 He went on to say that Taliban has selected a native of the province as their desired governor 121 120 122 Despite the Taliban shutdown of Panjshir s internet Fahim Dashti the spokesperson for the Panjshir Resistance managed to conduct an interview with BBC Persian in which he stated that the negotiations failed because of a fundamental difference of goals between the two sides According to him Panjshir resistance had the intention of extracting commitments and guarantees protecting freedoms and human and political rights of ethnic and religious minorities as well as women but Taliban s goal in the negotiation was not to negotiate such guarantees but to negotiate the extent of participation of the Panjshir opposition in a Taliban led government that would satisfy the resistance 123 On 2 September Panjshir sources claimed that 13 Taliban fighters were killed in an ambush in Chikrinow district 124 Even though the offensive had stalled by this point 1 a Taliban spokesman said the valley was surrounded in all four directions and that a Panjshir resistance victory was impossible as well as claiming Taliban territorial gains 125 Meanwhile the Taliban claimed to have pushed into the Shotul district of Panjshir but provided no firm proof for this claim Analysts who judged that the Taliban had probably advanced for a short time before being pushed back again A minor Taliban attack on Anjuman Pass in northern Panjshir was reportedly easily repelled by Afghan commandos In addition local anti Taliban forces from Andarab claimed to have retaken the crucial Khawak Pass 1 Meanwhile revolts had erupted in Wardak Province and Daikundi Province which are home to many Hazaras an ethnic group which had been previously discriminated against by the Taliban 39 The Taliban had begun reaching out to the Hazara community in the months leading up to their takeover promising to respect their rights and traditions 75 Accordingly the situation in Wardak and Daikundi is complex as local militia leaders had aided the Taliban takeover despite the disapproval of much of the population In Daikundi s Khadir District a revolt erupted as the pro Taliban Hazara commander Muhammad Ali Sedaqat was ordered to disarm locals with some fearing that the disarmament was not properly recorded and would expose locals to harassment by the Taliban Fighting consequently broke out between the Taliban pro republic Hazaras and pro Taliban Hazaras 38 Local militias began to ambush Taliban troops 39 nbsp By 4 September Taliban forces had reached Anaba pictured 2010 On 3 September the Taliban claimed to have captured Panjshir valley however these claims were described as lies and propaganda by the local resistance leaders such as Saleh as well as international spectators 126 127 A NRF spokesperson stated that the situation was difficult but also that a Taliban push into the valley had resulted in the encirclement of a few hundred Taliban fighters 128 By the following day heavy fighting was confirmed to be still continuing in the valley with Paryan District reportedly being contested 129 An Italian medical aid organisation operating in the area confirmed that the Taliban had advanced up to Anaba the Taliban claimed to have seized the districts of Khenj and Unabah The NRF countered by claiming that they had managed to encircle even more Taliban troops now numbering thousands at Khawak Pass and Dashte Rewak 130 On 5 September both sides achieved some successes The NRF was able to force hundreds of encircled Taliban fighters to surrender in the valley with the NRF claiming to have captured up to 1 500 43 In turn local journalists confirmed that the Taliban had taken both Rukha and Paryan Districts while NRF spokesman Fahim Dashty was killed in combat The Taliban also claimed to have advanced into Panjshir s capital Bazarak 131 A The Times reporter who accompanied the Taliban testified that much of the valley appeared to be under Islamist control at this point although groups of NRF fighters continued to strike at the Taliban behind the frontlines 21 Massoud reacted to the Taliban advance by declaring on Facebook that he was endorsing offers by local religious leaders to negotiate a peaceful solution of the conflict 43 Pakistani journalist and regional expert Ahmed Rashid argued that the Taliban had clearly expressed that they would not tolerate what Massoud is asking for which is a semi autonomous region in the Panjshir Valley 132 The Taliban leadership indeed rejected Massoud s negotiation offer stating that it would only accept the NRF s surrender 21 Siege of final Panjshir Valley holdouts and exile activities On 6 September after heavy fighting resulting in high losses on both sides the Taliban captured the governor s office in Bazarak and claimed control of the whole Panjshir Valley 133 The remaining NRF troops had reportedly retreated into the mountains 134 135 58 with the Taliban stating that many had fled the region 136 An NRF official then claimed Massoud was at a safe location while Saleh escaped to Tajikistan 134 135 58 Ali Nazary head of foreign affairs for the resistance group said that Ahmed Massoud was still present inside Afghanistan 133 The NRF contested the Taliban s conquest of Panjshir 137 arguing that resistance fighters were still present in strategic positions in the valley continuing their fight 138 136 139 By 7 September many civilians from Panjshir Valley had fled into the mountains to escape the Taliban while Massoud made defiant statements and called for a large scale nation wide uprising The Panjshir locals were also threatened by starvation as local supply remained cut off The remaining NRF troops were reportedly still resisting the Taliban in some areas 140 141 The NRF also claimed that the Taliban had begun to massacre local civilians 142 nbsp Iranian media interviewing an NRF fighter 11 September 2021 As of 9 September OSINT evidence analyzed by Bellingcat researchers shows that the Taliban continue to advance and control territory at least 60 kilometres 37 mi into the valley 143 The Taliban has placed the valley under siege not allowing journalists or goods to enter so the extent of their control is difficult to surmise 143 Panjshir residents who were able to reach Kabul warned that supplies in the province are being exhausted due to the blockade 144 NRF spokesman Ali Nazary claimed that the Taliban had not conquered all of Panjshir but only the main road which allowed them to capture nearby Bazarak as well He stated that the resistance forces had made a tactical withdrawal from the main road while retaining 60 65 of the sub valleys and strategic positions under their control 145 Mohammad Zahir Aghbar the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan s ambassador to Tajikistan meanwhile stated that Massoud and Saleh were still in Afghanistan but incommunicado for security reasons and had not fled to Tajikistan contrary to earlier reports 146 nbsp Taliban fighters near Marshal Fahim stadium in Panjshir 11 September 2021 By 10 September the Taliban had captured the residence where Saleh had earlier been hiding and aired his latest video claiming he was still in Panjshir with photos of a Taliban fighter posing at the same spot where Saleh had recorded the video being posted on social media it was later claimed that Rohullah Saleh Amrullah s brother was killed while trying to escape the region 147 148 A three day ceasefire was reported to be in effect although not confirmed by any side National Congress Party leader Abdul Latif Pedram meanwhile told TOLO News that NRF forces were present in all mountains of Panjshir NRF commander Saleh Rigistani vowed that their forces will continue fighting and added that the province was facing a shortage of food and medicinal supplies Taliban Cultural Commission member Anaamullah Samangani however claimed that the NRF had no public presence in Panjshir and were hiding in caves and valleys with talks for their surrender ongoing Residents meanwhile complained that roads in Panjshir were blocked while electricity and telecommunications were shut 149 nbsp Taliban forces move past a destroyed vehicle in the Panjshir Valley 12 September 2021 A tribal elder meanwhile stated on 10 September that the Taliban was blocking food supplies and carrying out extrajudicial executions of civilians adding that eight civilians were reportedly killed by them on 7 September Ahmad Wali Massoud also accused the Taliban of killing civilians and stated that the NRF still controlled major areas in Panjshir 150 Saleh s son Shuresh stated on 11 September that his father s brother Rohullah Azizi who had been fighting for the resistance had been executed alongside his driver on 9 September by the Taliban after being stopped at a checkpoint in Khanez village of Panjshir 148 Also on 11 September Tasnim News Agency reporters were allowed into Panjshir They met with a group of Red Unit Taliban fighters who claimed that all of Panjshir was captured and resistance forces may have taken shelter in nearby mountainous areas They also claimed that the situation was calm despite the expiration of the reported ceasefire Many civilians were seen fleeing the area fearing of renewed clashes Reporters also interviewed a NRF supporter who blamed the Taliban for not establishing an inclusive government He also claimed that the Pakistan Air Force had helped the Taliban 151 An investigative report published by the BBC on 13 September found that the Taliban had executed at least 20 civilians in Panjshir since they entered the valley 152 Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid meanwhile denied the group had committed any human rights violation in the province 153 Agence France Presse reporters allowed into Panjshir on 15 September found many villages in the three districts they visited nearly empty Residents interviewed by them accused the Taliban of executing 19 civilians between the village of Khenj and Bazarak and preventing civilians from fleeing the province in order to use them as human shields against attacks by resistance fighters 154 A doctor in Panjshir meanwhile told Al Jazeera that all hospitals in the province had been closed or were operating on limited supplies except for an Italian run emergency hospital 119 Journalists of The New York Times allowed into Panjshir on 13 September reported that fighting had mostly ceased as the Taliban controlled much of the valley and the NRF was apparently limited to the nearly inaccessible mountain areas Some local forces had also left the NRF without surrendering to the Taliban instead acting as autonomous self defense groups and controlling parts of the valley 24 In late September a United States intelligence official a US Department of Defense consultant and two former Afghan government officials confirmed that Massoud and Saleh had fled to Tajikistan shortly after the Taliban took control of most of the valley Massoud was relocated to a safe house in Dushanbe and Saleh to a nearby location 155 Regional experts argued that the reports of the exile of the NRF leadership were reliable and believable Massoud Saleh Pedram and others were reportedly attempting to organize further anti Taliban resistance from Tajikistan However researchers judged their future prospects to be poor as Tajikistan was supportive of them but probably unwilling to risk cross border fighting while the Taliban had managed to gain much international support entrenching their position 156 Despite these reports the NRF continued to claim that its leaders were still in Panjshir and that the insurgency was continuing 157 nbsp Taliban Humvee and technical drive past defaced Ahmad Shah Massoud placards after the fall of Panjshir Valley On 6 October Abdul Latif Pedram claimed that guerilla warfare continues in Panjshir 158 TASS reported heavy fighting at Zamankur Anaba District 159 By early November 2021 analyst Jacob Zenn argued that there were no more militant forces loyal to Massoud operating in Afghanistan while the NRF continued its efforts to reorganize an insurgency 160 The government of Tajikistan was still hosting and supporting the remnants of the anti Taliban political opposition although more so to improve its image abroad and domestically than to actually influence the situation in Afghanistan 161 At this point the only substantial armed resistance to the Taliban government was offered by the Islamic State s Khorasan Province IS KP Analyst Jacob Zenn argued that IS KP s insurgency was growing and could potentially allow pro republican forces to make a comeback as the Taliban and the Islamic State were focused on fighting each other 160 However some NRF holdouts continued to be active in Panjshir On 15 October Russian news agency Interfax reported NRF forces conducting a guerilla attack in Andarab Baghlan with Taliban losses being reported as six killed four wounded and two being captured by pro NRF forces 162 At the same time fighting was also reported in Balkh with both sides suffering unknown casualties 163 Around late October a visit by Radio Television Suisse into Bazarak would report an armed confrontation between the Taliban and pro NRF forces occurring in an undisclosed location in the mountains surrounding Bazarak The latter reportedly gained the upper hand with unknown casualties on both sides thus confirming that the NRF is still active near Bazarak and in Panjshir despite claims of inactivity by local Taliban officials 164 Guerrilla campaign by the NRF and other groups On 12 November 2021 clashes between republicans and Taliban forces took place at Khoshudara located in Baghlan Province s Khost wa Fereng District Both sides suffered several losses A local informed The Independent that the NRF still held settlements in Khost wa Fereng 165 On 29 November a clash between Taliban and pro NRF forces reportedly occurred in Samangan Province with reportedly two republican fighters killed and one wounded from the engagement The Independent reported that according to local sources a militia of 400 men took control of the mountainous area of Tondruk including 10 villages located between the Hazrati Sultan District and the provincial capital of Aybak The same source reported that in October local Taliban officials attempted to take over the area although the attack was called off due to the harsh terrain of the region and the military readiness of the local pro NRF militia 8 12 The Samangan militia became known as the Ahmad Khan Samangani Front and consisted of several groups which were loyal to a commander named Hekmatullah Tour The group was not part of the NRF though aligned with it 8 nbsp Destroyed tanks in Panjshir Valley On 6 and 7 December NRF and Taliban forces clashed in the Hesa Duwum Kohistan District of Kapisa Province with five Taliban militants killed or wounded and two NRF killed according to Mehr News Agency 166 167 Islamic World News had reported that according to local sources NRF forces under the command of Hamed Seifi General Kouhestani General Hasibullah and General Munib Amiri have been carrying out hit and run attacks against Taliban militants in the mountainous areas of Panjshir Kapisa and Baghlan provinces They also reported that an assassination of a Taliban member in the Kalafgan District of Takhar Province initially thought to have been carried out by ISKP might have been perpetrated by the NRF although the true perpetrators are yet to be confirmed 166 On 20 December a member of the NRF in Baghlan reported to The Independent that the local resistance attacked Taliban positions in the village of Kaftarkhaneh with the Taliban being driven out of the village and suffering 8 casualties with four killed and four more wounded NRF spokesman Sibghatullah Ahmadi would go on to confirm the engagement also stating that pro resistance forces had conducted attacks in Badghis Province on the same day with unknown casualties 168 The spokesman also claimed on 17 December that the NRF had conducted attacks in 14 Afghan provinces Kabul Kapisa Samangan Takhar Parwan Badghis Laghman Balkh Faryab Ghazni Ghor Herat Nangarhar and Kunar provinces killing 61 Taliban fighters within the last 8 days while allegedly suffering 43 casualties with one dead and 42 wounded alleging that more pro NRF guerilla organizations will soon announce their presence 169 On 26 December hundreds of civilians from Anaba district Panjshir went out to protest in response to the killing of Mohammad Agha by Taliban affiliated militants The victim was allegedly not associated with the National Resistance Front however some reports stated that he served as a police officer in the previous Afghan government who returned to his home believing in the promise of amnesty for those associated with the previous government given by the Taliban after the Fall of Kabul Local Taliban officials confirmed the killing claiming it was a misunderstanding while promising to prosecute the perpetrators of the killing In response to the killing hundreds of civilians marched to the governor s office chanting anti Taliban slogans like death to the Taliban and long live Ahmad Massoud While the motives for the killing of Mohammad Agha have not been confirmed the Taliban had been engaging in numerous summary executions and forced disappearances of former members of Afghan security forces with the victim count being over 100 as of November 2021 contrary to the promise of amnesty given to former government associates by the Taliban The incident also allegedly occurred days after an attack conducted by the NRF in Panjshir against the Taliban The deputy chief of security of Panjshir Abdul Hamid Khorasani was reported to have clashed with the protesters although no casualties were reported 170 171 172 173 2022 On 2 January 2022 The Independent reported that in the preceding few days the Ahmad Khan Samangani Front clashed in the village of Kichi Manghar in the Hazrati Sultan district of Samangan killing at least two members of the Taliban including a commander while one of the militia s commanders was killed by the Taliban in the engagement According to the source a few hours after the end of the clash Taliban forces attacked the village of Kichi Mungar and killed two of Abdul Halim s relatives who were not associated with the militia There were also reports of fighting between the NRF and the Taliban in the Ishkamish District Takhar Province with one Taliban and one NRF member being killed in the village of Elich during the clashes The Taliban has so far refused to comment on the attack 174 Talks between NRF and Taliban representatives were held in Tehran Iran on 8 and 9 January but were ultimately unproductive 175 On 12 January Taliban security forces arrested Makhdum Alem a long time Uzbek Taliban commander This sparked protests and a short lived revolt at Maymana as his supporters temporarily seized the city After four days of negotiations the uprising ended and the locals reaccepted Taliban rule although Alem remained under arrest Observers believed the short lived revolt was a sign of the remaining tensions between the northern ethnic groups and the Pashtun dominated Taliban with even Uzbek as well as Tajik Taliban suspicious of the government 13 On 21 January the Taliban leadership announced that its security forces had killed eight resistance fighters in a clash in Balkh Province and seized their munitions 176 Three days later a battle between the NRF and Taliban erupted in Baghlan s Khost wa Fereng District Both sides lost several fighters with the Taliban reportedly trying to arrest suspected pro NRF civilians and besieging the village of Kazar 177 By the end of January local media claimed that NRF guerrillas were still operating and occasionally attacking Taliban groups in the provinces of Baghlan Balkh Badakhshan and Faryab In contrast combat was no longer reported in Panjshir at the time 13 On 13 February a group affiliated with the NRF announced its existence in Farah Province one of the first pro NRF groups to emerge in a predominantly Pashtun province It is commanded by Idris Mobarez who is the son of Mohammad Salim Mobarez a former commander of Ahmad Shah Massoud Around that time the NRF had increased its attacks against the Taliban On 19 February fighting resumed in Panjshir as NRF aligned forces launched a missile attack into Darah while pro NRF troops located in the mountains of Panjshir clashed with local Taliban forces The latter confirmed the engagement but did not provide any further details At the same time local Afghan media had reported that the Taliban had launched air and ground attacks against resistance positions in the Andarab District with unknown casualties 178 On 16 February the Afghanistan Islamic National amp Liberation movement announced its existence which is believed to be the only Pashtun led anti Taliban insurgent group so far 179 It is led by former Afghan Army special forces commander Abdul Mateen Sulaimankhail 179 On 13 April in an interview with the Afghanistan International TV network Sulaimankhail claimed his group was engaged in military and political activities in 26 out of Afghanistan s 34 provinces although researchers who questioned that claim The group was most likely responsible for the assassination of Taliban commander Maulvi Hanzala in Lashkargah Helmand Province on 13 March 9 On 12 March a new anti Taliban insurgent and civil group the Afghanistan Freedom Front AFF had emerged after reports of its existence started circulating in early February 2022 The group is separate from the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan and mainly composed of former Afghan soldiers As of early March the AFF had already launched ambushes in Baghlan Kapisa Parwan and Panjshir with the Taliban reportedly using heavy weapons and air operations to suppress AFF aligned resistance cells 180 On 22 April two people including the nephew of Atta Muhammad Nur were killed in a firefight in Balkh against local Taliban forces 181 This incident was possibly connected to the emergence of the High Council of National Resistance a rebel group which was reportedly led by Nur 9 and backed by many former anti Taliban warlords and politicians such as Abdul Rashid Dostum Muhammad Mohaqiq and Abdul Rasul Sayyaf The High Council received support from NRF leader Ahmad Massoud 182 On 30 April NRF forces led by Khari Mohammad Andarabi carried out attacks against Taliban bases in the villages of Taghanak and Paskundi in the Pul e Hesar district in the Andharab region of Baghlan Casualties were reported on both sides with 11 Taliban fighters and one NRF commander Sabzali Andarabi killed in the fighting according to Hasht e Subh Daily Over the preceding weeks the NRF had carried out attacks across the northern provinces 183 In May 2022 the NRF announced a new offensive against the Taliban in Panjshir 184 On September 15 2022 a video circulated online showed captured individuals executed for supposedly being with the NRF 185 Rebellion in Balkhab and expanded NRF operations Further information Balkhab uprising On 6 May 2022 the NRF launched an offensive reportedly capturing three districts in Panjshir Province The NRF spokesman Ali Nazary stated that the NRF had taken control of the three district s roads villages and outposts after which they besieged the local Taliban offices He also stated that Many Taliban fighters have asked for time to surrender The enemy has suffered heavy casualties Taliban officials denied any fighting in the area Local Panjshir residents reported heavy fighting during the night The NRF also stated that the group would continue their presence across 12 provinces mostly in the north 186 187 On 9 May the NRF ambushed a Taliban vehicle in Qala e Olang and killed an unknown number of Taliban fighters which they responded by firing on civilians in Qasan village as retaliation for the ambush 188 Approximately 30 Taliban fighters had been killed in the NRF offensive as of 12 May The Taliban subsequently sent reinforcements from other provinces to bolster their garrisons in Panjshir Fighting was concentrated at Abdullah Khel which the NRF temporarily seized before retreating 189 190 On 17 May the first meeting of the Supreme Council of National Resistance took place in Ankara Turkey with Abdul Rashid Dostum being involved 191 On 31 May four NRF fighters were executed by the Taliban in the Tagab District Badakhshan while destroying an NRF hideout in the district according to Taliban security officials 192 By early June NRF guerrilla attacks in Panjshir were taking place regular ly 34 or nearly daily 193 Despite the growing number of losses on both sides the Taliban still claimed that there was no more resistance in the valley 34 even as they sent up to 10 000 reinforcements to strengthen their positions in Panjshir 193 The NRF claimed that it had expanded its operations into 12 provinces However researcher Roshni Kapur argued that the different anti Taliban rebel groups were still too fractured and divided to pose an existential threat to the Taliban government 179 On 10 June local sources reported heavy clashes in the Karaman valley area in Dara District Panjshir between the NRF and the Taliban after the latter attacked several positions of the former It occurred after a two day break in the fighting No casualties were reported in that instance Two days prior a clash occurred in the Paryan district Panjshir with reportedly 20 Taliban fighters and one NRF fighter killed 194 On 11 June 2022 a Hazara Taliban commander Mehdi Mujahid rebelled against the Islamic Emirate citing anti Hazara policies by the Taliban As Mehdi Mujahid s forces controlled Balkhab District the entire district consequently passed under insurgent control 32 Pro republican forces including the NRF voiced support for Mehdi Mujahid s forces 195 In the following weeks Taliban forces repeatedly attempted to retake Balkhab but were repelled 196 On 16 June 2022 the NRF shot down a Taliban Mil Mi 17 in the Arezoo valley During the shootdown of the helicopter NRF fighters killed two Taliban fighters and captured four more 197 By 25 June according to anti Taliban sources Mehdi Mujahid s forces had surrounded hundreds of Taliban fighters in the Bakhlab district with dozens of Taliban fighters killed or wounded during the preceding days 198 By the end of June NRF attacks were confirmed in Badakhshan Kabul Panjshir Kapisa and Takhar Provinces The Taliban imposed a blockade on Kohistan District Kapisa as the NRF had launched an offensive there Besides Mehdi Mujahid s rebellion clashes between different Taliban factions were also reported in Baghlan Bamyan and Faryab Provinces 199 Between 16 and 17 June the Taliban carried out multiple operations against NRF bases in Rokha Anaba and Shotul districts In the Chamalwarda area of Rokha district alone 51 Taliban fighters were killed or wounded while two NRF fighters were killed and another wounded 200 On 22 June an audio tape was published in which the Taliban acting minister of defence Mullah Yaqoob mentioned that several Taliban outposts in the Khavash valley in the Khost wa Fereng District were evacuated and capture by NRF forces while complaining about the Taliban s purported lack of obedience and organization 201 On 8 July NRF fighters engaged Taliban forces in the Khost district Baghlan and took control of several areas 202 On 10 July NRF forces attacked a Taliban outpost in Baghlan killing two Taliban fighters and destroying a military vehicle 203 Sometime around early July the Taliban captured Golwarz village near Bakhlab as part of a general campaign against the Bakhlab insurgents Several war crimes were reportedly committed by the Taliban against the mostly Hazara population throughout the campaign causing refugees to flee to neighboring provinces 204 Starting on 13 July the Taliban and the NRF clashed in the Khenj and Shotul Districts of Panjshir 205 On 16 July a planned offensive by the Taliban in the Arzoo valley of the Shotul district was met with an NRF counterattack led by Haseeb Qowai Markaz which resulted in 12 Taliban dead and 9 wounded This came after the Taliban had reportedly launched several attacks on NRF positions in the valley only to be repelled by NRF forces 206 On 16 July fighting flared up in the Qasan valley of Andarab as part of a series of clashes in Baghlan province 207 By the next day the Taliban reportedly lost 17 fighters with 10 more injured while NRF casualties were not reported besides three being injured 208 Fighting would continue up to 21 July during which Taliban fighters committed war crimes including beheading a 17 year old boy despite no confirmed affiliation with any resistance group 209 On 20 July the Taliban launched an offensive against NRF positions in Warsaj District Takhar province reportedly gathering over 300 fighters for the job 210 On 23 July according to Iranian state owned news Pars Today the Taliban discovered and confiscated an ammunition warehouse in Varsaj District Takhar province 211 On 25 July NRF forces based in Kapisa province attacked Taliban positions in the Kohistan District reportedly killing three Taliban fighters and wounding two 212 On 27 July a senior NRF member had announced that it had carried out an offensive against a Taliban base in the Kalahan village Kapisa on the night of 26 July According to the NRF five Taliban members were killed and one was wounded in the attack 213 On 10 August fighting flared up in Panjshir between the NRF and Taliban with the latter reportedly losing 25 fighters while no casualties were reported for the NRF side 214 On 15 August the one year anniversary since the fall of Afghanistan the NRF launched an offensive in Panjshir reportedly capturing seven villages in the Bazarak Dara Annaba Shotul Paryan and Khenj districts while surrounding Taliban fighters in several positions 215 Up to 40 Taliban fighters were captured in the Dara district a statement which was backed by former Vice President Amrullah Saleh 216 By 16 August 58 Taliban fighters were reportedly killed with another 12 wounded while casualty figures for the NRF were not reported 217 At the same time the Taliban launched an operation in the Ishkashim District Takhar only to be besieged by the NRF in the village of Anjiristan on 15 August 218 On the next day clashes occurred in the Ishkashim and Chal Districts with the Taliban reportedly suffering heavy casualties according to the NRF In the previous two weeks the NRF had reportedly carried out several offensive attacks in the Farkhar District 219 On 17 August the Hazara anti Taliban rebel Mehdi Mujahid was captured and executed by the Taliban in the Kohsan District of Herat Province who was reportedly attempting to travel to Iran prior to his execution 220 221 222 On 18 August the NRF and Taliban clashed in the Taghanak village of Pul e Hesar district in Baghlan resulting in 10 Taliban fighters killed and 8 wounded At the same time more NRF Taliban clashes reportedly occurred in the Qeshlaq village of the Rustaq District of Takhar province in which a local member of the Taliban intelligence was killed Simultaneously a fight broke out in the Raghistan District of Badakhshan with the Taliban claiming three NRF killed 223 On 19 August the NRF reportedly attacked a Taliban checkpoint in the Darah District of Panjshir resulting in 10 Taliban fighters killed according to the NRF 224 On 21 August Abdul Qayyum Zakir was appointed as the military commander of Panjshir province Long War Journal notes that Zakir appointment to lead the fight against National Resistance Front NRF in Panjshir and the district of Andarab is a clear indication that the NRF is challenging the Taliban s primacy in central and northern Afghanistan 19 At the same time several local sources had reported that the Taliban had converted 32 schools across Panjshir into military bases likely as a result of the increased clashes in Panjshir 225 On the same day the NRF claimed that 7 Taliban members were killed and 5 others wounded as a result of a Taliban convoy hitting a roadside mine in the Rukha district of Panjshir 226 On 6 September 2022 the Taliban mobilized 500 fighters from Herat to be deployed in Panjshir 227 Young people in Jowzjan were paid by the Taliban to fight against the NRF 228 On 10 September there were gunfights between NRF and Taliban forces in Hesarak Parian Abshar Dara and Hessa I districts 229 Taliban forces in Paryan have told villagers to leave 230 On 14 September the Taliban claimed to have killed 40 rebels during an anti insurgency operation in the province 231 In mid September a video was released by Taliban militants showing the execution of at least 27 men allegedly captured rebels somewhere in Panjshir Afghan Witness AW an open source project based in the United Kingdom opened an investigation into the mass execution 232 On 21 September a Taliban attack on an anti Taliban base in Yakawlang district of Bamyan and Balkhab was repulsed by fighters under Mohammad Tahir Zahir with reports of four Taliban fighters wounded 233 On 13 December the NRF reported three commanders were captured by Taliban fighters due to one of their own fighters having links with the Taliban government 234 On 26 December NRF forces in Andarab repelled attacks from Taliban in Taghanak Khej and Bagh Dara villages with unconfirmed reports of casualties on both sides which included NRF commander Khair Mohammad Andrabi 235 The NRF released statements to condemn Andarabi s death who was killed while holding off a Taliban advance 33 2023 On 25 January 2023 NRF forces attacked a Taliban camp in Kapisa killing three fighters and wounding two with no casualties from the NRF 236 On 30 January a SIGAR quarterly report noted the presence of NRF Taliban clashes in Badakhshan Baghlan Kapisa Kunduz Nangarhar Nuristan Panjshir Parwan Sar e Pul and Takhar stating that the NRF had expanded their operations outside of the eastern and north eastern regions but the most significant clashes occurring in Panjshir according to UNAMA They also noted other anti Taliban groups clashing with the Taliban including the Afghanistan Liberation Movement in Kandahar the Afghanistan Freedom Front in Kandahar and Zabul and Watandost Front in Ghazni They also state that according to UNAMA 22 anti Taliban groups claimed to operate in Afghanistan but none control significant territory As of yet no anti Taliban group are considered an existential threat to the Taliban 237 On 23 February a Taliban commander named Mullah Samiullah Mewand was killed in a mine explosion in the Sartepe Karte No district of Kabul The Independent Persian reports that the mine was planted by NRF guerillas and that Mewand was a senior commander who had arrested members of the NRF in Kabul 238 On 28 February the NRF raided Taliban headquarters in Takhar s Dashti Qala District 239 On 15 March locals in Baghlan reported 8 Taliban fighters killed by the NRF 240 On 29 March Sibghatullah Ahmadi announced that a new season is starting with fresh raids on Taliban forces On the same day Admadi also claimed that an attack was carried out by the NRF against a Taliban educational centre in the Pol e Chakri area of Kabul resulting in significant Special Taliban Unit casualties although no concrete number was given 241 On 10 April clashes in the Shatal District of Panjshir resulted in the death of AFF commander Akmal Amir and 8 of his subordinates 5 Taliban were killed in the fighting The fighting reportedly started due to the Taliban launching a major military operation against AFF and NRF positions in the village of Henroh Bala in Koklamy valley of Salang district in Parwan province 242 Fighting continued in the Salang district for the next few days resulting in the death of AFF member Fahim Salangi and six other members of the group on 11 April Another identified NRF commander found dead was Nasir Ahmad Andarabi In response to the clashes on 14 April the Taliban detained 100 individuals in the district for suspected collaboration with anti Taliban groups 243 244 On 1 May the NRF claimed its fighters killed two Taliban soldiers in an assault on a Taliban outpost in Parwan Province The attack came two days after insurgents from the AFF killed two Taliban fighters and wounded another in an attack on a police station in Kabul 245 On 7 May the NRF claimed that its fighters had killed 8 Taliban fighters and injured 15 losing 4 NRF fighters in Khost district of Baghlan Province The clashes came after the Taliban conducted house to house searches in the Jangalak village causing a skirmish to break out between NRF and Taliban forces lasting up to 10 hours The NRF also confirmed that the Taliban were using heavy weapons and barrel bombs during the attacks 246 On 4 June the AFF conducted an attack in Baglan province resulting in two Taliban deaths and four injuries 247 On 4 July the AFF announced the killing of a Taliban member and the injuring of three other members in Kapisa Province 248 On 28 July the NRF attacked Taliban positions in Kapisa province resulting in three Taliban deaths caused by snipers with unknown casualties due to rocket fire The NRF had also announced it carried out attacks in Takhar Badakhshan Kapisa Parwan and Kabul provinces This series of attacks represented a shift in strategy in the NRF and AFF from frontal attacks to guerilla attacks including the use of weapons equipped with night vision cameras to attack the Taliban 249 On 31 July the NRF conducted another attack in the same area resulting in further two Taliban deaths with unknown NRF casualties 250 On 5 August the NRF claimed an attack on Taliban intelligence agents killing four in Kabul and wounding one 251 In Takhar province NRF fighters killed two Taliban fighters including a local commander 252 On 14 August NRF forces in Badakhshan province attacked a Taliban base at Sina village Jurm district with three Taliban fighters killed and seizing their weapons and ammo 253 On 16 August NRF fighters in Takhar province killed two Taliban fighters and wounded two 254 On 17 August locals in Badakhshan province reported the deaths of four NRF fighters including a commander during a gunfight with Taliban forces 255 On 2 September the NRF reported killing two Taliban fighters in Baghlan and Kapisa provinces 256 On 5 September the NRF reported the death of Qamaruddin Andarabi a senior commander in Andarab district Baghlan by an alleged mole working for the Taliban 257 On 20 September the AFF claimed to have killed a senior Taliban commander in Puli Khumri along with four other Taliban members 258 The NRF and Afghanistan Freedom Front claimed to have killed at least 50 Taliban officials and soldiers during November Analysts noted that the NRF lacked the strength to topple the Taliban at least for the near future but appear to be creating political and governance challenges for the Taliban 259 Additionally former Afghan military officials opened the office of Afghanistan s United Front in the United States and Sami Sadat a former Afghan general asked for U S help during a hearing with the U S House of Representatives On 12 December the Afghanistan Freedom Front claimed to have killed three Taliban fighters and wounded two others by attacking a Taliban outpost in Aybak city of Samangan province The AFF had been increasing their attacks across Afghanistan in recent weeks 260 2024 On 11 January the Afghanistan Freedom Front claimed responsibility for an attack on a Taliban intelligence forces convoy in Kabul s Khairkhana area killing three Taliban and wounding another two 261 The Taliban convoy was allegedly targeting girls and detaining them in the Panjsad Family neighbourhood something which the AFF condemned as the AFF pledged to stand up for womens rights in Afghanistan It was reported on 26 February that NRF fighters targeted Kabul International Airport killing four Taliban fighters and wounding three others 262 On 9 March 2024 the NRF reported carrying out attacks against Taliban fighters in Parwan and Herat with four Taliban fighters killed including the chief of staff of Bagram division 263 On 5 April 2024 the NRF claimed responsibility for an assault on a Taliban base in Takhar which killed one Taliban fighter 264 On 17 April 2024 it was reported that the Afghanistan Freedom Front had resumed guerrilla attacks on Taliban targets The NRF also claimed responsibility for an attack on a vehicle in Kabul s fourth police district which killed three Taliban fighters 265 Foreign involvementNeutral As of 23 August 2021 there was no public support for the resistance from the international community At the start of the conflict the US and other potential allies were focused on the concurrent Kabul airlift which required the Taliban s cooperation Massoud s op ed in The Washington Post requesting Western support may be evidence of a lack of enthusiasm for the resistance in the US government 266 On 21 August 2021 former Indian Chief of the Army Staff Shankar Roychowdhury said that the Government of India must reach out to Panjshir based resistance forces alongside Taliban factions that may be friendly to India 267 Pro NRF On 25 August 2021 Bilal Y Saab an ex Pentagon senior advisor and Mick Mulroy former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East Marine veteran and ex CIA Special Activities Center operator argued in a Time editorial that Washington D C should provide support in Afghanistan by allowing the CIA to station its officers with counterterrorism responsibilities to secretly assist anti Taliban resistance groups 268 U S senator Lindsey Graham and representative Michael Waltz advocated for giving NRF support so that they can hold their ground against the Taliban after they captured Kabul 269 On 27 August Tajiks from Kulob Tajikistan volunteered to prepare to fight against the Taliban despite warnings from Tajik officials that it can be deemed illegal 270 In an interview on 2 September Erika Simpson president of the Canadian Peace Research Association said that it was potentially risky for a country to publicly support the resistance from inside Afghanistan and suggested that it was better to support anti Taliban resistance groups based overseas 271 On 6 September Iran s Foreign Ministry spokesman Saeed Khatibzadeh strongly condemned the Taliban assault on the Panjshir Valley 272 On 10 September a road named Panjshir Alley in Tehran was officially named and approved by the Tehran City Council 273 In mid September 2021 in a move aimed at increasing inclusivity in the Taliban government 20 European Parliament members filed a motion to invite NRF leader Ahmad Massoud to address the European Council and the EP just as his father did 20 years earlier 274 Pro Taliban Following the death of Fahim Dashti a journalist with the Afghanistan National Journalists Union and spokesperson for the National Resistance Front officials from the NRF accused Pakistan of aiding the Taliban and stated that Dashti had died in a drone strike carried out by the Pakistan Air Force 3 The former parliamentary representative of Samangan Province Zia Arianjad reiterated the claim to the Iranian Aamaj News stating that PAF was assisting the Taliban in Panjshir with drone strikes using smart bombs 275 4 According to defense analyst Babak Taghvaee Pakistan was using CH 4 drones to assist the Taliban in Panjshir 4 Faiz Hameed the head of the Inter Services Intelligence the military intelligence agency of Pakistan had visited Kabul prior to Dashti s death 2 to assist the Taliban in reorganising the Afghan military according to a senior Pakistani official 276 Tajuden Soroush a correspondent with Iran International stated that Kamaluddin Nezami the governor of Panjshir had told him that drones were used to target the resistance on several occasions 4 Fox News reported that a CENTCOM source had identified Pakistani special forces accompanied with drone strikes were assisting the Taliban Republican Congressman Adam Kinzinger stated that if the report were confirmed then the United States should sanction Pakistan for creating and protecting the Taliban 35 According to the Austrian public broadcaster Osterreichischer Rundfunk the reports are unconfirmed 2 The Taliban denied the claim that Dashti had died in a drone strike 277 and the Pakistani Foreign Office has rejected the reports that allege Pakistani involvement in Panjshir 278 AnalysisShortly after the fall of Kabul journalists Carlotta Gall and Adam Nossiter wrote in The New York Times that the international community would be in a bind if they showed some form of support for the resistance because of the airlift operations that were then ongoing 29 Abdul Matin Beyk suggested that other anti Taliban forces were waiting to see if the Panjshir based fighters would either resist to the end or keep considering negotiations with Taliban representatives 29 He suggested that their successes could inspire others to do the same 29 Analysts Bill Roggio and Andrew Tobin speculated that the eventual success of the Taliban offensive against the Panjshir Valley in early September 2021 might have been related to the previous attempts of the NRF to expand into neighbouring districts Accordingly the NRF would have been overextended and had not prepared its defences well enough 17 The Institute for the Study of War assessed that the NRF controlled at least five villages in Tagab District Badakhshan Province for a few days in June 2022 and a valley in Khost wa Fereng District Baghlan Province for less than one month in July 2022 279 280 In 17 November 2022 FDD s Long War Journal assessed that the NRF controlled a small number of bases villages and valleys across eight districts in northeastern Afghanistan 281 282 In 29 November 2022 the Institute for the Study of War assessed that the NRF conducted defensive maneuvers in several areas of northeastern Afghanistan 283 As of 15 August 2023 update FDD s Long War Journal assesses that the NRF and allies conduct guerilla operations but do not control territory 284 See alsoWar in Afghanistan 2001 2021 2021 Taliban offensive 2021 2022 Afghan protests 2021 anti Pakistan protestsNotes Though the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 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claim Panjshir captured resistance forces vow to carry on fighting Hindustan Times Retrieved 6 September 2021 Taliban claim they have control of last Afghan holdout province euronews 6 September 2021 Kazmin Amy Findlay Stephanie Bokhari Farhan 6 September 2021 Taliban take full control of Afghanistan as final province falls The Irish Times Archived from the original on 4 October 2021 Gannon Kathy 7 September 2021 Taliban say they took Panjshir last holdout Afghan province AP Retrieved 7 September 2021 Doherty Ben 7 September 2021 Civilians in Afghanistan s Panjshir valley face humanitarian crisis as Taliban attack The Guardian Retrieved 7 September 2021 Taliban massacring civilians across Panjshir Resistance forces seek help from UN India Today 8 September 2021 Retrieved 8 September 2021 a b Kumar Ankit 9 September 2021 How far inside the Panjshir valley have Taliban breached India Today Retrieved 10 September 2021 Resources drying up Panjshir bastion of Afghan resistance forces stares 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شدند روزنامه ۸صبح in Persian Archived from the original on 6 July 2022 Retrieved 12 July 2022 ACLED Regional Overview South Asia and Afghanistan 18 24 June 2022 ACLED 30 June 2022 Retrieved 4 July 2022 NRF Manages to Inflict Heavy Casualties on Taliban in Panjshir Hasht e Subh Daily 17 June 2022 Retrieved 25 March 2023 صبح هشت 13 July 2022 سراسیمه گی ملا یعقوب از شکست صفوف طالبان روزنامه ۸صبح in Persian Archived from the original on 13 July 2022 Retrieved 16 August 2022 EXCLUSIVE Afghan Resistance Forces Declare Victory Against Taliban in Baghlan Province U S State Dept Condemns Afghans Fighting Back the Foreign Desk by Lisa Daftari 8 July 2022 2 Taliban Members Killed by NRF Forces in Baghlan Hasht e Subh Daily 10 July 2022 Retrieved 25 March 2023 Defeated and Encircled the Hazara Community in Balkhab Scrambling to Escape Atrocity Crimes Committed by Vengeful Taliban Hasht e Subh Daily 11 July 2022 Retrieved 25 March 2023 Panjshir Taliban Bombs Peshghor Village in Khenj District Hasht 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February 2023 Retrieved 7 April 2023 NRF Troops Launch Attack on Taliban HQ in Takhar s Dashti Qala District 28 February 2023 8 Taliban Fighters Killed by NRF Troops in Baghlan 15 March 2023 New Season of NRF Operations Ahmadi Claims Attack on Taliban Educational Center in Kabul 29 March 2023 Subh Hasht E 11 April 2023 Two Commanders and Eight Members of Freedom Front Killed in Clashes with Taliban in Panjshir Hasht e Subh Daily Retrieved 15 April 2023 Subh Hasht E 14 April 2023 Taliban Detains Around 100 People Following Recent Clashes in Salang District Hasht e Subh Daily Retrieved 15 April 2023 Taliban Raid Kills 8 Afghan Opposition Fighters VOA 11 April 2023 Retrieved 19 August 2023 Subh Hasht E 1 May 2023 National Resistance Front Strikes Back Two Taliban Fighters Killed in Parwan Hasht e Subh Daily Retrieved 4 May 2023 NRF Confirms Death of 4 Fighters in Baghlan Afghanistan International Archived from the original on 13 May 2023 Retrieved 11 May 2023 در حمله جبهه آزادی در بغلان 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kills four NRF fighters in a clash in Badakhshan province KabulNow 17 August 2023 Archived from the original on 17 August 2023 NRF claims killing and injuring 8 Taliban forces in recent attacks 2 September 2023 Senior commander of NRF killed in Baghlan s Andarab 5 September 2023 Taliban Commander Killed In Baghlan Claims AFF Afghanistan International 3 October 2023 Retrieved 3 October 2023 Dawi Akmal 5 December 2023 Afghan Insurgent Groups Step Up Attacks Political Campaign Against Taliban VOA Retrieved 12 December 2023 Three Taliban Members Killed in Samangan Attack Claims Afghanistan Freedom Front Afghanistan International Retrieved 20 December 2023 Afghanistan Freedom Front Targets Taliban s Convoy in Kabul Afghanistan International Retrieved 12 January 2024 Afghan rebels say four Taliban fighters killed in operation against Kabul airport Independent co uk 27 February 2024 Military Official Among 4 Taliban Members Killed Says NRF Afghanistan International 9 March 2024 Retrieved 11 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Anti Taliban Militias in Afghanistan rferl org 27 August 2021 Archived from the original on 29 August 2021 Retrieved 29 August 2021 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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