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List of African-American inventors and scientists

February 15, 2024

This list of African-American inventors and scientists documents many of the African Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives. These have ranged from practical everyday devices to applications and scientific discoveries in diverse fields, including physics, biology, math, and medicine.

History edit

African Americans have been the victims of oppression, discrimination and persecution throughout American history, with an impact on African-American innovation according to a 2014 study by economist Lisa D. Cook, which linked violence towards African Americans and lack of legal protections over the period from 1870 to 1940 with lowered innovation.[1] Despite this, many black innovators have been responsible for a large number of major inventions.

Among the earliest was George Washington Carver, whose reputation was based on his research into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton, which aided in nutrition for farm families. He wanted poor farmers to grow alternative crops both as a source of their own food and as a source of other products to improve their way of life. The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts.[2] He also developed and promoted about 100 products made from peanuts that were useful for the house and farm. He received numerous honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP.

A later renowned scientist was Percy Lavon Julian, a research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He was the first to synthesize the natural product physostigmine, and a pioneer in the industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones, steroids, progesterone, and testosterone, from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol. His work would lay the foundation for the steroid drug industry's production of cortisone, other corticosteroids, and birth control pills.[3]

A contemporary example of a modern-day inventor is Lonnie George Johnson, an engineer. Johnson invented the Super Soaker water gun, which was the top-selling toy in the United States from 1991 to 1992. In 1980 Johnson formed his own law firm and licensed the Super Soaker water gun to Larami Corporation. Two years later, the Super Soaker generated over $200 million in retail sales and became the best selling toy in North America. Larami Corporation was eventually purchased by Hasbro, the second largest toy manufacturer in the world. Over the years, Super Soaker sales have totaled close to one billion dollars. Johnson reinvested a majority of his earnings from the Super Soaker into research and development for his energy technology companies – "It's who I am, it's what I do."[4] As of 2019, Johnson holds over 120 patents, with more pending, and is the author of several publications on spacecraft power systems.[5][6][7]https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists&action=edit&section=1

List edit

Name Years Occupation(s) Inventions / accomplishments References
Adkins, Rodney 1958– Electrical engineer First African American to serve as a senior vice president at IBM, helped develop IBM ThinkPad
Alcorn, George Edward Jr. 1940– Physicist, inventor Invented a method of fabricating an imaging X-ray spectrometer [8][9]
Alexander, Archie 1888–1958 Civil engineer Responsible for the construction of many roads and bridges, including the Whitehurst Freeway, the Tidal Basin Bridge, and an extension to the Baltimore-Washington Parkway.
Ammons, Virgie December 29, 1908 – July 12, 2000 Inventor Filed the fireplace throat damper patent on August 6, 1974. [10]
Amos, Harold 1918–2003 Microbiologist First African-American department chair at Harvard Medical School [11]
Andrews, James J. 1930–1998 Mathematician Put forth the Andrews–Curtis conjecture in group theory with Morton L. Curtis, still unsolved [12]
Bailey, Leonard C. 1825–1918 Inventor
Collapsible, folding bed
  • (For the cabinet folding bed, forerunner to the "Murphy bed", patented by Sarah E. Goode in 1885, see her entry at Goode, this page.)
 [13][14]
Ball, Alice Augusta 1892–1916 Chemist Developed a technique to make chaulmoogra oil injectable and absorbable, for the first effective treatment of Hansen's disease (leprosy) [15]
Banneker, Benjamin 1731–1806 Almanac author; surveyor; farmer Constructed wooden clock; astronomer; assisted in the survey of the original boundaries of the District of Columbia; authored a series of almanacs and ephemerides; naturalist: recorded observations on emergences of periodical cicadas and on the behavior of honey bees. [16]
Banyaga, Augustin 1947– Mathematician Work on diffeomorphisms and symplectomorphisms [17]
Bashen, Janet 1957– Inventor, entrepreneur, professional consultant First African-American woman to receive a patent for a web-based software invention, LinkLine, an Equal Employment Opportunity case management and tracking software [18]
Bath, Patricia 1942–2019 Ophthalmologist First African-American female physician to receive a patent for a medical invention; inventions relate to cataract surgery and include the Laserphaco Probe, which revolutionized the industry in the 1980s, and an ultrasound technique for treatment [19][20][21]
Beard, Andrew 1849–1921 Farmer, carpenter, blacksmith, railroad worker, businessman, inventor Janney coupler improvements; invented the car device #594,059 dated November 23, 1897; rotary engine patent #478,271 dated July 5, 1892 [22]
Bell, Earl S. 1977– Inventor, entrepreneur, architect, industrial designer Invented chair with sliding skin (2004) and the quantitative display apparatus (2005) [23][24]

[25]

Benjamin, Miriam 1861–1947 Inventor, educator Invented "Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels"; second African-American woman to receive a patent [26]
Berry, Leonidas 1902–1995 Gastroenterologist Gastroscope pioneer [27]
Bharucha-Reid, Albert T. 1927–1985 Mathematician, statistician Probability theory and Markov chain theorist [28]
Black, Keith 1957– Neurosurgeon Brain tumor surgery and research [29][30]
Blackwell, David 1919–2010 Mathematician, statistician First proposed the Blackwell channel model used in coding theory and information theory; one of the eponyms of the Rao–Blackwell theorem, which is a process that significantly improves crude statistical estimators [31]
Blair, Henry 1807–1860 Inventor Second black inventor to issue a patent; invented seed planter and cotton planter. [32][33]
Boahen, Kwabena 1964– Bioengineer Silicon retina able to process images in the same manner as a living retina [34][35]
Boone, Sarah 1832–1905 Inventor Ironing board allowing sleeves of women's garments to be ironed more easily [36][37][38]
Bouchet, Edward 1852–1918 Physicist First African-American to receive a PhD in any subject; received physics doctorate from Yale University in 1876
Bowman, James 1923–2011 Physician Pathologist and geneticist; Professor Emeritus Pritzker School of Medicine; first tenured African-American professor at the University of Chicago Division of Biological Sciences [39][40]
Boykin, Otis 1920–1982 Inventor, engineer Artificial heart pacemaker control unit [41][42][43]
Brady, St. Elmo 1884–1966 Chemist Published three scholarly abstracts in Science; collaborated on a paper published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry [44]
Branson, Herman 1914–1995 Physicist, educator Protein structure research [45][46]
Brooks, Charles 1865– ? Inventor Street sweeper truck and a type of paper punch [47][48][49]
Brown, Henry 1832– ? Inventor Invented fire safe [50]
Brown, Oscar E. 18xx– ? Inventor Received a patent for an improved horseshoe[51]
Brown, Marie Van Brittan 1922–1999 Inventor Invented the home security system [52]
Burr, John Albert 18xx– ? Inventor Rotary-blade lawn mower patent [53]
Cannon, Thomas C. 1943– Inventor Led a group of engineers who developed the Tactical Optical Fiber Connector (TOFC), the first fiber optic connector deployed under battlefield conditions, and the ST Connector that helped make fiber optic communications affordable.
Cardozo, William Warrick 1905–1962 Pediatrician Sickle cell anemia studies; in October 1937 he published "Immunologic Studies in Sickle Cell Anemia" in the Archives of Internal Medicine; many of the findings are still valid today
Carson, Ben 1951– Pediatric neurosurgeon Pediatric neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins University; first surgeon to successfully separate craniopagus twins [54]
Carruthers, George (1931–2020) Astrophysicist Invented ultraviolet camera/spectrograph, which was used by NASA when it launched Apollo 16 in 1972 [52]
Carver, George Washington 1865–1943 Botanical researcher Discovered hundreds of uses for previously useless vegetables and fruits, principally the peanut [55][56][57][58]
Chandler, Edward Marion Augustus 1887–1973 Chemist 2nd African American to obtain a PhD in chemistry in US and part of the founding faculty of Roosevelt College (now Roosevelt University) [59]
Chappelle, Charles W. 1872–1941 Electrician, construction, international businessman, and aviation pioneer Designed long-distance flight airplane; the only African-American to invent and display the airplane at the 1911 First Industrial Air Show held in conjunction with the Auto Show at Grand Central Palace in Manhattan in New York City; president of the African Union Company, Inc. [60][61][62]
Chappelle, Emmett 1925–2019 Scientist and researcher Valuable contributions to several fields: medicine, biology, food science, and astrochemistry
Chin, Karen Paleontologist Considered one of the world's leading experts in coprolites
Clark, Kenneth B. 1917–1983 Psychologist First Black president of the American Psychological Association [63]
Clark, Mamie Phipps 1914–2005 Psychologist Conducted 1940s experiments using dolls to study children's attitudes about race
Crosthwait, David Jr. 1898–1976 Research engineer Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; received some 40 US patents relating to HVAC systems
Curtis, James H. "Nick" 1935– Researcher, chemist (electronics/specialty chemicals) Organic ionogen for aluminum electrolytic capacitors, cationic dialdehyde polysaccharides for wet strength paper and others, US Patent Office US Pat #3609467 US Pat #3547423 and others
Dabiri, John 1980– Biophysicist Expert on jellyfish hydrodynamics and designer of a vertical-axis wind farm adapted from schooling fish
Daly, Marie Maynard 1921–2003 Biochemist First black American woman with a PhD in chemistry
Davis, Chuck ? -2017 Inventor and electrical engineer Inventor of the pROSHI neurofeedback device. [64][65]
Dean, Mark 1957– Computer scientist Led the team that developed the ISA bus, and led the design team responsible for creating the first one-gigahertz computer processor chip [66][67][68]
Drew, Charles 1904–1950 Medical researcher Developed improved techniques for blood storage
Easley, Annie 1933–2011[69] Computer scientist Work at the Lewis Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics [69][70]
Ellis, Clarence "Skip" 1943–2014 Computer scientist First African American with a PhD in computer science; software inventor including OfficeTalk at Xerox PARC [71][72]
Ezerioha, Bisi 1972– Automotive engineer Drag racing engineer and driver
Ferguson, Lloyd Noel 1918–2011 Chemist, educator Chemistry doctorate, first received (1943, University of California, Berkeley) [73][74][75]
Fox, Brian J. 1959– Computer scientist, programmer, technologist Original author of bash, and developer of the first online banking website in the US. [76]
Fryer, Roland G. Jr. 1977– Economist, social scientist, statistician Inequality studies
Gates, Sylvester James 1950– Theoretical physicist Work on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory [77][78]
Gilbert, Juan E. 1969– Computer scientist Awarded the first Presidential Endowed Chair at Clemson University in honor of his accomplishments
Gipson, Mack 1931–1995 Geologist First Black man to receive a Ph.D. in Geology
Goode, Sarah E. 1855–1905 Inventor Folding "cabinet-bed", forerunner of the Murphy bed; first African-American woman to receive a patent in the United States [79][80][81]
Grant, George F. 1846–1910 Dentist, professor The first African-American professor at Harvard, Boston dentist, and inventor of a wooden golf tee. [82]
Graves, Joseph L. 1955– Evolutionary biologist [83][84][85]
Green, Lisa Linguist Specializes in syntax and the study of African American English
Greenaugh, Kevin 1956– Nuclear engineer [86]
Griffin, Bessie Blount 1914–2009 Physical therapist, inventor Amputee self-feeding device [87][88]
Hall, Lloyd 1894–1971 Chemist
Harewood, Ken R. Molecular biologist GlaxoSmithKline Distinguished Professor and Director of the North Carolina Central University (NCCU) Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research institute and recognized for his work in the fields of cancer biology and cancer drug discovery. [89][90]
Harper, Solomon 1893– Inventor Invented first electrically heated hair roller and 28 other inventions [91]
Harris, James A. 1932–2000 Radiochemist Co-discovered Rutherfordium (element 104) and Dubnium (element 105) at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory [92]
Hawkins, Walter Lincoln 1911–1992 Scientist Inventor at Bell Laboratories [93]
Hodge, John E. 1914–1996 Chemist
Holley, Kerrie 1954– Computer scientist IBM's 1st black Distinguished Engineer and 2nd black IBM Fellow. Inventor of several software engineering techniques including system and methods for locating mobile devices using location and presence information [94]
Jackson, John W. Jr. 1953–2007 Electrical engineer, inventor, activist Co-inventor of imaging x-ray spectrometer. NASA engineer. United States of America Army Civilian Engineer.
Jackson, Mary 1921–2005 Mathematician, Aerospace engineer NASA's first black female engineer
Jackson, Shirley 1946– Physicist Distinguished and pioneering scientific career, achieving several "firsts" as a woman and as an African-American[95]
Jackson, William 1936– Laser chemist/photochemist, cometary astrochemist at Howard University and UC Davis Research to unravel the key photochemical sinks of important molecules in planetary atmospheres, in our and other solar systems, around stars, and the interstellar medium. [96]
Jarvis, Erich 1965– Neurobiologist Duke University neuroscience bird songs studies [97][98][99]
Jefferson, Roland 1923– Botanist First African American botanist to work at the United States National Arboretum; played important role in the preservation of Washington, D.C.'s famous flowering cherry trees. [100]
Jennings, Thomas L. 1791–1856 Inventor First African American to be granted a patent (for a dry cleaning process called dry scouring) [101]
Johnson, Isaac 18xx– ? Inventor Held patent for improvements to the bicycle frame, specifically so it could be taken apart for compact storage [102]
Johnson, Katherine 1918–2020 Physicist, mathematician Made contributions to the United States' aeronautics and space programs with the early application of digital electronic computers at NASA.
Johnson, Lonnie 1949– Mechanical engineer, nuclear engineer, inventor Invented Super Soaker while researching thermal energy transfer engines; worked with NASA; holder of over 80 patents [7][103][104][105]
Jones, Frederick McKinley 1893–1961 Inventor Invented refrigerated truck systems [106]
Julian, Percy 1899–1975 Chemist First to synthesize the natural product physostigmine; earned 130 chemical patents; lauded for humanitarian achievements [107][108][109][110]
Just, Ernest 1883–1941 Woods Hole Marine Biology Institute biologist Provided basic and initial descriptions of the structure–function–property relationship of the plasma membrane of biological cells [111][112][113]
Kittles, Rick 1967– Geneticist Work in tracing the ancestry of African Americans via DNA testing [114][115]
Kountz, Samuel L. 1930–1981 Transplant surgeon, researcher Organ transplantation pioneer, particularly renal transplant research and surgery; author or co-author of 172 articles in scientific publications [116][117][118][119]
Land, Adrian Microbiologist Researcher on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus [120][121][122]
Latimer, Lewis 1848–1928 Inventor, draftsman, expert witness Worked as a draftsman for both Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison; invented the more durable filament, which made the incandescent light bulb last long enough to be useful; became a member of Edison's Pioneers and served as an expert witness in many light bulb litigation lawsuits; said to have invented the water closet. [123][124][125][126]
Lawson, Jerry 1940–2011 Computer engineer Designer of Fairchild Channel F, the first programmable ROM cartridge-based video game console [127][128]
Lee, Raphael Carl 1949– Surgeon, biomedical engineer Professor at Pritzker School of Medicine; discovered ways to improve injury repair mechanisms of living cells; holds patents related to scar treatment therapies, tissue engineered ligaments, brain trauma therapies, and protective garments [129][130][131][132][133]
Lynk, Beebe Steven 1872–1948 Chemist Teacher at West Tennessee University
Mahoney, Mary 1845–1926 Nurse First African-American to study and work as a professionally trained nurse in the United States[134]
Martin, Thomas J. 1842–1872 Inventor Awarded a patent in 1872 for improvements to the fire extinguisher [135][136][137][138]
McBay, Henry 1914–1995 Chemist His discoveries allowed chemists around the world to create inexpensive peroxide compounds [139][140]
McCoy, Elijah 1844–1929 Inventor Invented the automatic lubricator for steam engines, McCoy learned a great deal of his skills from a mechanical apprenticeship when he was age fifteen. [141][142]
McLurkin, James 1972– Roboticist [143]
McNair, Ronald 1950–1986 Astronaut and Physicist Specialized in chemical and high-pressure laser physics
McWhorter, John 1965– Linguist Specializes in the study of creole language formation
Mensah, Thomas 1950– Inventor
Miles, Alexander 1838–1918 Inventor Invented electric elevator doors that automatically open and close [144]
Montgomery, Benjamin 1819–1877 Inventor Designed a steam operated propeller to provide propulsion to boats in shallow water
Moore, Willie Hobbs 1934–1994 Physicist First African American woman to earn a PhD in physics (University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1972) on vibrational analysis of secondary chlorides [145]
Morgan, Garrett 1877–1963 Inventor Invented an early version of a gas mask called a smoke hood, and created the first traffic light that included a third "warning" position which is standard today. Morgan also developed a chemical that was used in hair products for hair-straightening. [146][147]
Nriagu, Jerome 1944– Geochemist Studies toxic metals in the environment; supporter of the lead poisoning thesis of the decline of the Roman Empire
Parker, Alice H. 1895–1920 Inventor Furnace for Central Heating
Petters, Arlie 1964– Physicist Work on the mathematical physics of gravitational lensing
Poindexter, Hildrus 1901–1987 Bacteriologist, epidemiologist Work on the epidemiology of tropical diseases, including malaria
Quarterman, Lloyd Albert 1918–1982 Scientist, fluoride chemist Manhattan Project, worked with Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi
Renfroe, Earl 1907–2000 Orthodontist [148][149]
Rillieux, Norbert 1806–1894 Engineer, inventor Inventor of the multiple-effect evaporator [150]
Robinson, Larry 1957– Environmental chemist Investigated possible role of arsenic in the death of Zachary Taylor; interim president of Florida A&M University
Ross, Archia Turn of 20th century Inventor A runner for stoops (1896), bag closure device (1898), a wrinkle-preventing trouser stretcher (1899), a garment-hanger (1903), and a holder for brooms and like articles. [151][152][153][154][155]
Russell, Jesse 1948– Engineer, inventor Wireless communications engineer
Ruth, William Chester 1882–1971 Inventor, machinist Combination baler feeder, self-lifting farm elevator [156]
Sammons, Walter 1890–1973 Inventor Patent for hot comb [157]
Snyder, Window 1976– Computer engineer Security engineer at Microsoft, Mozilla, and Apple
Sowell, Thomas 1930– Economist, social scientist Economist, social theorist and political philosopher [158][159][160][161]
Steele, Claude 1946– Psychologist, social scientist Stereotype threat studies
Stiff, Lee 1941– Mathematician President of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics from 2000 to 2002 [162]
Temple, Lewis 1800–1854 Inventor, blacksmith, abolitionist Inventor of the toggling whaling harpoon head [163]
Thomas, Valerie 1943– Data analyst and inventor Invented the illusion transmitter [164][165]
Thomas, Vivien 1910–1985 Surgical technician Blue baby syndrome treatment in the 1940s [166][167][168]
Turner, Charles Henry 1867–1923 Zoologist First person to prove that insects can hear and can distinguish pitch, that cockroaches can learn by trial and error, and that honeybees can see color; first African-American to receive a PhD from the University of Chicago [169]
Tyree, G. Bernadette 19xx– Biochemist[citation needed] Program Director, Division of Musculoskeletal Diseases, at National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health [170]
Tyson, Neil deGrasse 1958– Astronomer Researcher and popular educator in astronomy and the sciences [171][172][173]
Valerino, Powtawche 1980– Engineer Worked for JPL and NASA at Langley Research Center
Vaughan, Dorothy 1910–2008 Mathematician Worked for NACA and NASA at Langley Research Center
Walker, Arthur B. C. Jr. 1936–2001 Astronomer Developed normal incidence multilayer XUV telescopes to photograph the solar corona [174][175][176]
Walker, C. J. 1867–1919 Inventor Created black cosmetic products [177]
Ward, Dawn N. 1973– Organic chemistry Creates compounds to treat Hepatitis C [178]
Washington, Warren M. 1936– Atmospheric scientist Former chair of the National Science Board [179][180][181][182]
West, James E. 1931– Acoustician, inventor Co-developed the foil electret microphone [183][184][185]
White, Lisa Paleontologist Geologist and Director of Education and Outreach at the University of California Museum of Paleontology
Wilkins, J. Ernest Jr. 1923–2011 Mathematician, engineer, nuclear scientist Entered University of Chicago at age 13; PhD at 19; worked on the Manhattan Project; wrote over 100 scientific papers; helped recruit minorities into the sciences [186][187][188]
Williams, Daniel 1856–1931 Surgeon The first black person on record to have successfully performed pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart) surgery to repair a wound. [189]
Williams, Marguerite Thomas 1895–1991 Geologist First Black person to receive a Ph.D. in Geology
Williams, Scott W. 1943– Mathematician [190]
Williams, Walter E. 1936–2020 Economist, social scientist [191][192][193]
Woods, Granville 1856–1910 Inventor Invented the synchronous multiplex railway telegraph [194]
Wright, Jane C. 1919–2013 Cancer research and surgeon Noted for her contributions to chemotherapy and for pioneering the use of the drug methotrexate to treat breast cancer and skin cancer
Wright, Louis T. 1891–1952 Surgeon Led team that first used Aureomycin as a treatment on humans [195][196][197]
Young, Roger Arliner 1899–1964 Zoologist First African-American woman to receive a doctorate degree in zoology [198][199]

See also edit

References edit

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External links edit

  • The Black Inventor Online Museum
  • Black Lives in Astronomy: Guide to Black Astronomers
  • Top List of Black Inventions That Changed The World

February 15, 2024
list, african, american, inventors, scientists, this, list, african, american, inventors, scientists, documents, many, african, americans, have, invented, multitude, items, made, discoveries, course, their, lives, these, have, ranged, from, practical, everyday. This list of African American inventors and scientists documents many of the African Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives These have ranged from practical everyday devices to applications and scientific discoveries in diverse fields including physics biology math and medicine Contents 1 History 2 List 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory editAfrican Americans have been the victims of oppression discrimination and persecution throughout American history with an impact on African American innovation according to a 2014 study by economist Lisa D Cook which linked violence towards African Americans and lack of legal protections over the period from 1870 to 1940 with lowered innovation 1 Despite this many black innovators have been responsible for a large number of major inventions Among the earliest was George Washington Carver whose reputation was based on his research into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton which aided in nutrition for farm families He wanted poor farmers to grow alternative crops both as a source of their own food and as a source of other products to improve their way of life The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts 2 He also developed and promoted about 100 products made from peanuts that were useful for the house and farm He received numerous honors for his work including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP A later renowned scientist was Percy Lavon Julian a research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants He was the first to synthesize the natural product physostigmine and a pioneer in the industrial large scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones steroids progesterone and testosterone from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol His work would lay the foundation for the steroid drug industry s production of cortisone other corticosteroids and birth control pills 3 A contemporary example of a modern day inventor is Lonnie George Johnson an engineer Johnson invented the Super Soaker water gun which was the top selling toy in the United States from 1991 to 1992 In 1980 Johnson formed his own law firm and licensed the Super Soaker water gun to Larami Corporation Two years later the Super Soaker generated over 200 million in retail sales and became the best selling toy in North America Larami Corporation was eventually purchased by Hasbro the second largest toy manufacturer in the world Over the years Super Soaker sales have totaled close to one billion dollars Johnson reinvested a majority of his earnings from the Super Soaker into research and development for his energy technology companies It s who I am it s what I do 4 As of 2019 Johnson holds over 120 patents with more pending and is the author of several publications on spacecraft power systems 5 6 7 https en wikipedia org w index php title List of African American inventors and scientists amp action edit amp section 1List editName Years Occupation s Inventions accomplishments ReferencesAdkins Rodney 1958 Electrical engineer First African American to serve as a senior vice president at IBM helped develop IBM ThinkPadAlcorn George Edward Jr 1940 Physicist inventor Invented a method of fabricating an imaging X ray spectrometer 8 9 Alexander Archie 1888 1958 Civil engineer Responsible for the construction of many roads and bridges including the Whitehurst Freeway the Tidal Basin Bridge and an extension to the Baltimore Washington Parkway Ammons Virgie December 29 1908 July 12 2000 Inventor Filed the fireplace throat damper patent on August 6 1974 10 Amos Harold 1918 2003 Microbiologist First African American department chair at Harvard Medical School 11 Andrews James J 1930 1998 Mathematician Put forth the Andrews Curtis conjecture in group theory with Morton L Curtis still unsolved 12 Bailey Leonard C 1825 1918 Inventor Collapsible folding bed For the cabinet folding bed forerunner to the Murphy bed patented by Sarah E Goode in 1885 see her entry at Goode this page 13 14 Ball Alice Augusta 1892 1916 Chemist Developed a technique to make chaulmoogra oil injectable and absorbable for the first effective treatment of Hansen s disease leprosy 15 Banneker Benjamin 1731 1806 Almanac author surveyor farmer Constructed wooden clock astronomer assisted in the survey of the original boundaries of the District of Columbia authored a series of almanacs and ephemerides naturalist recorded observations on emergences of periodical cicadas and on the behavior of honey bees 16 Banyaga Augustin 1947 Mathematician Work on diffeomorphisms and symplectomorphisms 17 Bashen Janet 1957 Inventor entrepreneur professional consultant First African American woman to receive a patent for a web based software invention LinkLine an Equal Employment Opportunity case management and tracking software 18 Bath Patricia 1942 2019 Ophthalmologist First African American female physician to receive a patent for a medical invention inventions relate to cataract surgery and include the Laserphaco Probe which revolutionized the industry in the 1980s and an ultrasound technique for treatment 19 20 21 Beard Andrew 1849 1921 Farmer carpenter blacksmith railroad worker businessman inventor Janney coupler improvements invented the car device 594 059 dated November 23 1897 rotary engine patent 478 271 dated July 5 1892 22 Bell Earl S 1977 Inventor entrepreneur architect industrial designer Invented chair with sliding skin 2004 and the quantitative display apparatus 2005 23 24 25 Benjamin Miriam 1861 1947 Inventor educator Invented Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels second African American woman to receive a patent 26 Berry Leonidas 1902 1995 Gastroenterologist Gastroscope pioneer 27 Bharucha Reid Albert T 1927 1985 Mathematician statistician Probability theory and Markov chain theorist 28 Black Keith 1957 Neurosurgeon Brain tumor surgery and research 29 30 Blackwell David 1919 2010 Mathematician statistician First proposed the Blackwell channel model used in coding theory and information theory one of the eponyms of the Rao Blackwell theorem which is a process that significantly improves crude statistical estimators 31 Blair Henry 1807 1860 Inventor Second black inventor to issue a patent invented seed planter and cotton planter 32 33 Boahen Kwabena 1964 Bioengineer Silicon retina able to process images in the same manner as a living retina 34 35 Boone Sarah 1832 1905 Inventor Ironing board allowing sleeves of women s garments to be ironed more easily 36 37 38 Bouchet Edward 1852 1918 Physicist First African American to receive a PhD in any subject received physics doctorate from Yale University in 1876Bowman James 1923 2011 Physician Pathologist and geneticist Professor Emeritus Pritzker School of Medicine first tenured African American professor at the University of Chicago Division of Biological Sciences 39 40 Boykin Otis 1920 1982 Inventor engineer Artificial heart pacemaker control unit 41 42 43 Brady St Elmo 1884 1966 Chemist Published three scholarly abstracts in Science collaborated on a paper published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 44 Branson Herman 1914 1995 Physicist educator Protein structure research 45 46 Brooks Charles 1865 Inventor Street sweeper truck and a type of paper punch 47 48 49 Brown Henry 1832 Inventor Invented fire safe 50 Brown Oscar E 18xx Inventor Received a patent for an improved horseshoe 51 Brown Marie Van Brittan 1922 1999 Inventor Invented the home security system 52 Burr John Albert 18xx Inventor Rotary blade lawn mower patent 53 Cannon Thomas C 1943 Inventor Led a group of engineers who developed the Tactical Optical Fiber Connector TOFC the first fiber optic connector deployed under battlefield conditions and the ST Connector that helped make fiber optic communications affordable Cardozo William Warrick 1905 1962 Pediatrician Sickle cell anemia studies in October 1937 he published Immunologic Studies in Sickle Cell Anemia in the Archives of Internal Medicine many of the findings are still valid todayCarson Ben 1951 Pediatric neurosurgeon Pediatric neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins University first surgeon to successfully separate craniopagus twins 54 Carruthers George 1931 2020 Astrophysicist Invented ultraviolet camera spectrograph which was used by NASA when it launched Apollo 16 in 1972 52 Carver George Washington 1865 1943 Botanical researcher Discovered hundreds of uses for previously useless vegetables and fruits principally the peanut 55 56 57 58 Chandler Edward Marion Augustus 1887 1973 Chemist 2nd African American to obtain a PhD in chemistry in US and part of the founding faculty of Roosevelt College now Roosevelt University 59 Chappelle Charles W 1872 1941 Electrician construction international businessman and aviation pioneer Designed long distance flight airplane the only African American to invent and display the airplane at the 1911 First Industrial Air Show held in conjunction with the Auto Show at Grand Central Palace in Manhattan in New York City president of the African Union Company Inc 60 61 62 Chappelle Emmett 1925 2019 Scientist and researcher Valuable contributions to several fields medicine biology food science and astrochemistryChin Karen Paleontologist Considered one of the world s leading experts in coprolitesClark Kenneth B 1917 1983 Psychologist First Black president of the American Psychological Association 63 Clark Mamie Phipps 1914 2005 Psychologist Conducted 1940s experiments using dolls to study children s attitudes about raceCrosthwait David Jr 1898 1976 Research engineer Heating ventilation and air conditioning received some 40 US patents relating to HVAC systemsCurtis James H Nick 1935 Researcher chemist electronics specialty chemicals Organic ionogen for aluminum electrolytic capacitors cationic dialdehyde polysaccharides for wet strength paper and others US Patent Office US Pat 3609467 US Pat 3547423 and othersDabiri John 1980 Biophysicist Expert on jellyfish hydrodynamics and designer of a vertical axis wind farm adapted from schooling fishDaly Marie Maynard 1921 2003 Biochemist First black American woman with a PhD in chemistryDavis Chuck 2017 Inventor and electrical engineer Inventor of the pROSHI neurofeedback device 64 65 Dean Mark 1957 Computer scientist Led the team that developed the ISA bus and led the design team responsible for creating the first one gigahertz computer processor chip 66 67 68 Drew Charles 1904 1950 Medical researcher Developed improved techniques for blood storageEasley Annie 1933 2011 69 Computer scientist Work at the Lewis Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and its predecessor the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 69 70 Ellis Clarence Skip 1943 2014 Computer scientist First African American with a PhD in computer science software inventor including OfficeTalk at Xerox PARC 71 72 Ezerioha Bisi 1972 Automotive engineer Drag racing engineer and driverFerguson Lloyd Noel 1918 2011 Chemist educator Chemistry doctorate first received 1943 University of California Berkeley 73 74 75 Fox Brian J 1959 Computer scientist programmer technologist Original author of bash and developer of the first online banking website in the US 76 Fryer Roland G Jr 1977 Economist social scientist statistician Inequality studiesGates Sylvester James 1950 Theoretical physicist Work on supersymmetry supergravity and superstring theory 77 78 Gilbert Juan E 1969 Computer scientist Awarded the first Presidential Endowed Chair at Clemson University in honor of his accomplishmentsGipson Mack 1931 1995 Geologist First Black man to receive a Ph D in GeologyGoode Sarah E 1855 1905 Inventor Folding cabinet bed forerunner of the Murphy bed first African American woman to receive a patent in the United States 79 80 81 Grant George F 1846 1910 Dentist professor The first African American professor at Harvard Boston dentist and inventor of a wooden golf tee 82 Graves Joseph L 1955 Evolutionary biologist 83 84 85 Green Lisa Linguist Specializes in syntax and the study of African American EnglishGreenaugh Kevin 1956 Nuclear engineer 86 Griffin Bessie Blount 1914 2009 Physical therapist inventor Amputee self feeding device 87 88 Hall Lloyd 1894 1971 ChemistHarewood Ken R Molecular biologist GlaxoSmithKline Distinguished Professor and Director of the North Carolina Central University NCCU Julius L Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research institute and recognized for his work in the fields of cancer biology and cancer drug discovery 89 90 Harper Solomon 1893 Inventor Invented first electrically heated hair roller and 28 other inventions 91 Harris James A 1932 2000 Radiochemist Co discovered Rutherfordium element 104 and Dubnium element 105 at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory 92 Hawkins Walter Lincoln 1911 1992 Scientist Inventor at Bell Laboratories 93 Hodge John E 1914 1996 ChemistHolley Kerrie 1954 Computer scientist IBM s 1st black Distinguished Engineer and 2nd black IBM Fellow Inventor of several software engineering techniques including system and methods for locating mobile devices using location and presence information 94 Jackson John W Jr 1953 2007 Electrical engineer inventor activist Co inventor of imaging x ray spectrometer NASA engineer United States of America Army Civilian Engineer Jackson Mary 1921 2005 Mathematician Aerospace engineer NASA s first black female engineerJackson Shirley 1946 Physicist Distinguished and pioneering scientific career achieving several firsts as a woman and as an African American 95 Jackson William 1936 Laser chemist photochemist cometary astrochemist at Howard University and UC Davis Research to unravel the key photochemical sinks of important molecules in planetary atmospheres in our and other solar systems around stars and the interstellar medium 96 Jarvis Erich 1965 Neurobiologist Duke University neuroscience bird songs studies 97 98 99 Jefferson Roland 1923 Botanist First African American botanist to work at the United States National Arboretum played important role in the preservation of Washington D C s famous flowering cherry trees 100 Jennings Thomas L 1791 1856 Inventor First African American to be granted a patent for a dry cleaning process called dry scouring 101 Johnson Isaac 18xx Inventor Held patent for improvements to the bicycle frame specifically so it could be taken apart for compact storage 102 Johnson Katherine 1918 2020 Physicist mathematician Made contributions to the United States aeronautics and space programs with the early application of digital electronic computers at NASA Johnson Lonnie 1949 Mechanical engineer nuclear engineer inventor Invented Super Soaker while researching thermal energy transfer engines worked with NASA holder of over 80 patents 7 103 104 105 Jones Frederick McKinley 1893 1961 Inventor Invented refrigerated truck systems 106 Julian Percy 1899 1975 Chemist First to synthesize the natural product physostigmine earned 130 chemical patents lauded for humanitarian achievements 107 108 109 110 Just Ernest 1883 1941 Woods Hole Marine Biology Institute biologist Provided basic and initial descriptions of the structure function property relationship of the plasma membrane of biological cells 111 112 113 Kittles Rick 1967 Geneticist Work in tracing the ancestry of African Americans via DNA testing 114 115 Kountz Samuel L 1930 1981 Transplant surgeon researcher Organ transplantation pioneer particularly renal transplant research and surgery author or co author of 172 articles in scientific publications 116 117 118 119 Land Adrian Microbiologist Researcher on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus 120 121 122 Latimer Lewis 1848 1928 Inventor draftsman expert witness Worked as a draftsman for both Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison invented the more durable filament which made the incandescent light bulb last long enough to be useful became a member of Edison s Pioneers and served as an expert witness in many light bulb litigation lawsuits said to have invented the water closet 123 124 125 126 Lawson Jerry 1940 2011 Computer engineer Designer of Fairchild Channel F the first programmable ROM cartridge based video game console 127 128 Lee Raphael Carl 1949 Surgeon biomedical engineer Professor at Pritzker School of Medicine discovered ways to improve injury repair mechanisms of living cells holds patents related to scar treatment therapies tissue engineered ligaments brain trauma therapies and protective garments 129 130 131 132 133 Lynk Beebe Steven 1872 1948 Chemist Teacher at West Tennessee UniversityMahoney Mary 1845 1926 Nurse First African American to study and work as a professionally trained nurse in the United States 134 Martin Thomas J 1842 1872 Inventor Awarded a patent in 1872 for improvements to the fire extinguisher 135 136 137 138 McBay Henry 1914 1995 Chemist His discoveries allowed chemists around the world to create inexpensive peroxide compounds 139 140 McCoy Elijah 1844 1929 Inventor Invented the automatic lubricator for steam engines McCoy learned a great deal of his skills from a mechanical apprenticeship when he was age fifteen 141 142 McLurkin James 1972 Roboticist 143 McNair Ronald 1950 1986 Astronaut and Physicist Specialized in chemical and high pressure laser physicsMcWhorter John 1965 Linguist Specializes in the study of creole language formationMensah Thomas 1950 InventorMiles Alexander 1838 1918 Inventor Invented electric elevator doors that automatically open and close 144 Montgomery Benjamin 1819 1877 Inventor Designed a steam operated propeller to provide propulsion to boats in shallow waterMoore Willie Hobbs 1934 1994 Physicist First African American woman to earn a PhD in physics University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1972 on vibrational analysis of secondary chlorides 145 Morgan Garrett 1877 1963 Inventor Invented an early version of a gas mask called a smoke hood and created the first traffic light that included a third warning position which is standard today Morgan also developed a chemical that was used in hair products for hair straightening 146 147 Nriagu Jerome 1944 Geochemist Studies toxic metals in the environment supporter of the lead poisoning thesis of the decline of the Roman EmpireParker Alice H 1895 1920 Inventor Furnace for Central HeatingPetters Arlie 1964 Physicist Work on the mathematical physics of gravitational lensingPoindexter Hildrus 1901 1987 Bacteriologist epidemiologist Work on the epidemiology of tropical diseases including malariaQuarterman Lloyd Albert 1918 1982 Scientist fluoride chemist Manhattan Project worked with Albert Einstein and Enrico FermiRenfroe Earl 1907 2000 Orthodontist 148 149 Rillieux Norbert 1806 1894 Engineer inventor Inventor of the multiple effect evaporator 150 Robinson Larry 1957 Environmental chemist Investigated possible role of arsenic in the death of Zachary Taylor interim president of Florida A amp M UniversityRoss Archia Turn of 20th century Inventor A runner for stoops 1896 bag closure device 1898 a wrinkle preventing trouser stretcher 1899 a garment hanger 1903 and a holder for brooms and like articles 151 152 153 154 155 Russell Jesse 1948 Engineer inventor Wireless communications engineerRuth William Chester 1882 1971 Inventor machinist Combination baler feeder self lifting farm elevator 156 Sammons Walter 1890 1973 Inventor Patent for hot comb 157 Snyder Window 1976 Computer engineer Security engineer at Microsoft Mozilla and AppleSowell Thomas 1930 Economist social scientist Economist social theorist and political philosopher 158 159 160 161 Steele Claude 1946 Psychologist social scientist Stereotype threat studiesStiff Lee 1941 Mathematician President of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics from 2000 to 2002 162 Temple Lewis 1800 1854 Inventor blacksmith abolitionist Inventor of the toggling whaling harpoon head 163 Thomas Valerie 1943 Data analyst and inventor Invented the illusion transmitter 164 165 Thomas Vivien 1910 1985 Surgical technician Blue baby syndrome treatment in the 1940s 166 167 168 Turner Charles Henry 1867 1923 Zoologist First person to prove that insects can hear and can distinguish pitch that cockroaches can learn by trial and error and that honeybees can see color first African American to receive a PhD from the University of Chicago 169 Tyree G Bernadette 19xx Biochemist citation needed Program Director Division of Musculoskeletal Diseases at National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases National Institutes of Health 170 Tyson Neil deGrasse 1958 Astronomer Researcher and popular educator in astronomy and the sciences 171 172 173 Valerino Powtawche 1980 Engineer Worked for JPL and NASA at Langley Research CenterVaughan Dorothy 1910 2008 Mathematician Worked for NACA and NASA at Langley Research CenterWalker Arthur B C Jr 1936 2001 Astronomer Developed normal incidence multilayer XUV telescopes to photograph the solar corona 174 175 176 Walker C J 1867 1919 Inventor Created black cosmetic products 177 Ward Dawn N 1973 Organic chemistry Creates compounds to treat Hepatitis C 178 Washington Warren M 1936 Atmospheric scientist Former chair of the National Science Board 179 180 181 182 West James E 1931 Acoustician inventor Co developed the foil electret microphone 183 184 185 White Lisa Paleontologist Geologist and Director of Education and Outreach at the University of California Museum of PaleontologyWilkins J Ernest Jr 1923 2011 Mathematician engineer nuclear scientist Entered University of Chicago at age 13 PhD at 19 worked on the Manhattan Project wrote over 100 scientific papers helped recruit minorities into the sciences 186 187 188 Williams Daniel 1856 1931 Surgeon The first black person on record to have successfully performed pericardium the sac surrounding the heart surgery to repair a wound 189 Williams Marguerite Thomas 1895 1991 Geologist First Black person to receive a Ph D in GeologyWilliams Scott W 1943 Mathematician 190 Williams Walter E 1936 2020 Economist social scientist 191 192 193 Woods Granville 1856 1910 Inventor Invented the synchronous multiplex railway telegraph 194 Wright Jane C 1919 2013 Cancer research and surgeon Noted for her contributions to chemotherapy and for pioneering the use of the drug methotrexate to treat breast cancer and skin cancerWright Louis T 1891 1952 Surgeon Led team that first used Aureomycin as a treatment on humans 195 196 197 Young Roger Arliner 1899 1964 Zoologist First African American woman to receive a doctorate degree in zoology 198 199 See also editLists of African Americans List of inventors History of United States patent law Lemelson MIT Prize NASA spinoff National Inventors Hall of Fame Science and technology in the United States Technological and industrial history of the United States Timeline of United States discoveries Timeline of United States inventions United States patent law United States Patent and Trademark Office Yankee ingenuity African American women in computer science African American women in medicine List of African American women in STEM fields List of African American mathematicians List of African scientists inventors and scholars African American dance Asian Americans in science and technologyReferences edit Cook Lisa D June 1 2014 Violence and economic activity evidence from African American patents 1870 1940 Journal of Economic Growth 19 2 221 257 doi 10 1007 s10887 014 9102 z ISSN 1573 7020 S2CID 153971489 Carver George Washington 1916 How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption Archived December 13 2012 at the Wayback Machine Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 31 Percy Lavon Julian Science History Institute June 1 2016 Retrieved August 3 2020 Interview with CNBC s How I Made my Millions The Life Files Archived from the original on September 24 2010 Retrieved April 2 2018 Lonnie George Johnson www nsbp org Retrieved August 3 2020 Roche Timothy Soaking In Success Time December 4 2000 a b Products Created by Independent Inventors Archived December 31 2010 at the Wayback Machine April 2 2009 Inventors Digest George Edward Alcorn Jr About com Archived from the original on January 16 2013 Retrieved February 27 2008 Alcorn exceled in missile research Pittsburgh Post Gazette February 20 2002 Retrieved February 27 2008 George Edward Alcorn Jr attended Occidental College in Los Angeles where he earned eight letters in basketball and football and was an honors student studying physics He received his bachelor s degree in 1962 and a master s in nuclear physics from Howard University a year later He attended Occidental College in Los Angeles where he earned eight letters in basketball and football and was an honors student studying physics He received his bachelor s degree in 1962 and a master s in nuclear physics from Howard University a year later The Virgie Ammons Fireplace Tool Keeps Heat from Escaping the Chimney Dr Harold Amos 84 Mentor to Aspiring Minority Physicians Los Angeles Times March 8 2003 Retrieved March 11 2011 Andrews J J Curtis M L 1965 Free groups and handlebodies Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 16 2 192 195 doi 10 2307 2033843 JSTOR 2033843 MR 0173241 US RE11830 Bailey Leonard Folding Bed issued June 12 1900 Bailey Leonard C June 2 1900 Original No 629 286 dated July 18 1899 Application for reissue filed March 5 1900 Serial No 7 418 Folding bed Specification forming part of Reissued Letters Patent No 11 830 dated June 12 1900 Reissued June 2 1900 PDF Washington District of Columbia United States Patent Office archived from the original PDF on March 20 2022 retrieved March 20 2022 via Google patents Mendheim Beverly September 2007 Lost and Found Alice Augusta Ball an Extraordinary Woman of Hawai i Nei Northwest Hawaii Times Archived from the original on October 6 2014 Retrieved May 20 2013 Bedini Silvio A 1999 The Life of 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Retrieved February 1 2012 Maisel Merry amp Smart Laura 1997 Lifelong Struggle of a Zoologist Women in Science A selection of sixteen significant contributors The San Diego Supercomputer Center Young R A 1924 On the Excretory Apparatus in Paramecium Science 60 1550 244 Bibcode 1924Sci 60 244Y doi 10 1126 science 60 1550 244 JSTOR 1649643 PMID 17814573 External links editThe Faces of Science African Americans in the Sciences The Black Inventor Online Museum LittleAfrica com website Black Lives in Astronomy Guide to Black Astronomers Top List of Black Inventions That Changed The World Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of African American inventors and scientists amp oldid 1196526879, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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