Roger Arliner Young

Roger Arliner Young (1899 – November 9, 1964) was an American scientist of zoology, biology, and marine biology. She was the first African American woman to receive a doctorate degree in zoology.^{[1] [2]}

Roger Arliner Young
Born	1899 Clifton Forge, Virginia, US
Died	November 9, 1964(1964-11-09) (aged 64–65) New Orleans, Louisiana
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Howard University University of Chicago University of Pennsylvania
Scientific career
Fields	zoology, biology, marine biology
Institutions	marine biological laboratory

Early years

Born in Clifton Forge, Virginia in 1899, Young soon moved with her family to Burgettstown, Pennsylvania. The family was poor and much time and resources were expended in the care of her disabled mother.

In 1916, Young enrolled at Howard University in Washington, D.C. to study music. She wrote in the yearbook: "Not failure, but low aim is a crime."^[3] She did not take her first science course until 1921.^[4] Though her grades were poor at the beginning of her college career, some of her teachers saw promise in her. One of these was Ernest Everett Just, a prominent black biologist and head of the Zoology department at Howard. Young graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1923. Just tried unsuccessfully to help her to gain funding for graduate school,^[3] but in 1924 Young began studying for her master's degree at the University of Chicago, which she received in 1926.^[1]

Young worked with Ernest Everett Just for many years, teaching as an assistant professor at Howard University from 1923 to 1935.^[5] Research was done during the summers. Young assisted Just in his research from 1927 through 1930, but although her assistance was noted in his grant applications, her name does not appear as a coauthor in the resulting publications.^[5]

While studying at Chicago, she was asked to join Sigma Xi, a scientific research society, which was an unusual honor for a master's student. In 1924 her first article, "On the excretory apparatus in Paramecium" was published in the journal Science,^[6] making her the first African American woman to research and professionally publish in this field.

Career

Ernest Everett Just invited Young to work with him during summers at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts beginning in 1927. While there, they worked on researching the fertilization process in marine organisms, as well as the process of hydration and dehydration in living cells. In 1929, Young became interim department head for the zoology department at Howard University for the time while Just was in Europe seeking grant money. Young's eyes were permanently damaged by the ultraviolet rays used in the experiments conducted at Howard for Just.^[3]

In the fall of 1929, Young returned to the University of Chicago to begin her doctorate degree under the direction of Frank Rattray Lillie. Lillie had been a mentor of Just while both were involved with the Marine Biological Laboratory. However, in 1930 she failed to pass her qualifying exams, and for a time, disappeared from the scientific community. She returned to Howard University to teach and continued working with Just at the Marine Biological Laboratory during the summers.

However, around 1935, rumors started circulating that there was a romance between Just and Young, and in 1936 they had a huge confrontation. Later that year she was fired, ostensibly because she missed classes. In her words, "The situation here is so cruel and cowardly that every spark of sentiment that I have held for Howard is cold."^[3] She used this setback as an opportunity to try again to obtain a Ph.D. In June 1937, she went to the University of Pennsylvania, studying with Lewis Victor Heilbrunn (another scientist she met at the Marine Biological Laboratory) and graduated with her doctorate in 1940.

After obtaining her doctorate, Young became an assistant professor at the North Carolina College for Negroes and Shaw University (1940–1947),^[5] and held teaching positions in Texas, Mississippi and Louisiana until 1959.^[5]

Young contributed a great deal of work to science. She studied the effects of direct and indirect radiation on sea urchin eggs, on the structures that control the salt concentration in paramecium, as well as hydration and dehydration of living cells.

Personal life

Young was never married. In addition to the occupation-related damage to her eyes, she had financial struggles, and was the sole support for her ill mother, Lillie Young, until she died.^[3] Away from Howard, her options as an African-American woman scientist were limited to teaching positions without access to research facilities and support.^[3] In the 1950s, she hospitalized herself for mental health problems.^[3] Roger Arliner Young died on November 9, 1964^[1] in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Honors

Roger Arliner Young was recognized in 2005 in a Congressional Resolution along with four other African American women "who have broken through many barriers to achieve greatness in science."^[7] The others honored were Ruth Ella Moore ("who in 1933 became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in natural science from the Ohio State University"), Euphemia Lofton Haynes ("who in 1943 became the first African American woman to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics from the Catholic University of America"), Shirley Ann Jackson ("who in 1973 became the first African American woman to receive a Ph.D. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology"), and Mae Jemison ("a physician and the first African American woman in space").

A group of environmental and conservation groups established the Roger Arliner Young (RAY) Marine Conservation Diversity Fellowship in Young's honor, to support young African Americans who want to become involved in marine environmental conservation work.^[8]

Works

• Young, RA (September 12, 1924). "On the Excretory Apparatus in Paramecium". Science. 60 (1550): 244. Bibcode:1924Sci....60..244Y. doi:10.1126/science.60.1550.244. PMID 17814573.
• L. V. Heilbrunn & R. A. Young (1930). "The action of ultra-violet rays on Arbacia egg protoplasm". Physiological Zoology. 3 (3): 330–341. doi:10.1086/physzool.3.3.30151104. JSTOR 30151104. S2CID 88314531.
• Heilbrunn, L.V.; Young, R.A. (1935). "Indirect Effects Of Radiation On Sea Urchin Eggs". The Biological Bulletin. 69 (2): 274–278. doi:10.2307/1537426. JSTOR 1537426.
• Costello, D.P. & R. A. Young (1939). "The mechanism of membrane elevation in the egg of Nereis (abstract)". Biological Bulletin. 77: 311.
• Young, Roger Arliner (1940). The indirect effects of roentgen rays on certain marine eggs. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania.

See also

• List of Howard University people
• Ruth Ella Moore, the first black woman in the United States to receive a doctoral degree in bacteriology (in 1933, from Ohio State University)

References

1. Merry Maisel & Laura Smart (1997). "Lifelong Struggle of a Zoologist". Women in Science: A selection of sixteen significant contributors. The San Diego Supercomputer Center.
2. McNeill, Leila. "How a brilliant biologist was failed by science". www.bbc.com. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
3. Warren, Wini (1999). Black women scientists in the United States. Bloomington, Ind. [u.a.]: Indiana University Press. pp. 287–295. ISBN 978-0-253-33603-3.
4. "Roger A. Young, A Ground Breaking Zoologist". The African American Registry. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
5. Ogilvie, Marilyn; Joy Harvey (2000). The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92040-7.
6. Young, R.A. (1924). "On the Excretory Apparatus in Paramecium". Science. 60 (1550): 244. Bibcode:1924Sci....60..244Y. doi:10.1126/science.60.1550.244. JSTOR 1649643. PMID 17814573.
7. US Senate and Congress concurrently (April 27, 2005). "H.Con.Res.96 — 109th Congress (2005-2006)". U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
8. "About the Fellowship". RAY Conservation Fellows. Retrieved February 17, 2018.

• Roger Arliner Young, a brief bio from Infoplease.
• Black Biography: Roger Arliner Young from Answers.com.
• Kenneth R. Manning (1983). Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199763337.
• Roger Arliner Young, Scientist, by Kenneth R. Manning for Sage: A Scholarly Journal of Black Women, 6: 3-7, 1989.
• Black Stars: African American Women Scientists and Inventors, by Otha Richard Sullivan, Jossey-Bass Publishers, 2001.