As a topic of chemistry, chemical synthesis (or combination) is the artificial execution of chemical reactions to obtain one or several products.[1] This occurs by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern laboratory uses, the process is reproducible and reliable.
A chemical synthesis involves one or more compounds (known as reagents or reactants) that will experience a transformation when subjected to certain conditions. Various reaction types can be applied to formulate a desired product. This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel, such as a chemical reactor or a simple round-bottom flask. Many reactions require some form of processing ("work-up") or purification procedure to isolate the final product.[1]
The amount produced by chemical synthesis is known as the reaction yield. Typically, yields are expressed as a mass in grams (in a laboratory setting) or as a percentage of the total theoretical quantity that could be produced based on the limiting reagent. A side reaction is an unwanted chemical reaction occurring which reduces the desired yield. The word synthesis was used first in a chemical context by the chemist Hermann Kolbe.[2]
Many strategies exist in chemical synthesis that are more complicated than simply converting a reactant A to a reaction product B directly. For multistep synthesis, a chemical compound is synthesized by a series of individual chemical reactions, each with its own work-up.[3] For example, a laboratory synthesis of paracetamol can consist of three sequential parts. For cascade reactions, multiple chemical transformations occur within a single reactant, for multi-component reactions as many as 11 different reactants form a single reaction product and for a "telescopic synthesis" one reactant experiences multiple transformations without isolation of intermediates.
Organic synthesis is a special type of chemical synthesis dealing with the synthesis of organic compounds. For the total synthesis of a complex product, multiple procedures in sequence may be required to synthesize the product of interest, requiring a large amount of time. Skill in organic synthesis is prized among chemists and the synthesis of exceptionally valuable or difficult compounds has won chemists such as Robert Burns Woodward a Nobel Prize for Chemistry. If a chemical synthesis starts from basic laboratory compounds, it is considered a purely synthetic process. If it starts from a product isolated from plants or animals and then proceeds to new compounds, the synthesis is described as a semisynthetic process.
Inorganic synthesis
Inorganic synthesis and organometallic synthesis are applied to the preparation of compounds with significant non-organic content. An illustrative example is the preparation of the anti-cancer drug cisplatin from potassium tetrachloroplatinate.[4]
^Kolbe, H. (1845). "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der gepaarten Verbindungen". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 54 (2): 145–188. doi:10.1002/jlac.18450540202. ISSN 0075-4617.
^Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J. (2013). Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B: Reactions and Synthesis. Springer.
^Alderden, Rebecca A.; Hall, Matthew D.; Hambley, Trevor W. (1 May 2006). "The Discovery and Development of Cisplatin". J. Chem. Educ.83 (5): 728. Bibcode:2006JChEd..83..728A. doi:10.1021/ed083p728.
External links
The Organic Synthesis Archive
Natural product syntheses
April 10, 2023
chemical, synthesis, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, march,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Chemical synthesis news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message As a topic of chemistry chemical synthesis or combination is the artificial execution of chemical reactions to obtain one or several products 1 This occurs by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions In modern laboratory uses the process is reproducible and reliable A chemical synthesis involves one or more compounds known as reagents or reactants that will experience a transformation when subjected to certain conditions Various reaction types can be applied to formulate a desired product This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel such as a chemical reactor or a simple round bottom flask Many reactions require some form of processing work up or purification procedure to isolate the final product 1 The amount produced by chemical synthesis is known as the reaction yield Typically yields are expressed as a mass in grams in a laboratory setting or as a percentage of the total theoretical quantity that could be produced based on the limiting reagent A side reaction is an unwanted chemical reaction occurring which reduces the desired yield The word synthesis was used first in a chemical context by the chemist Hermann Kolbe 2 Contents 1 Strategies 2 Organic synthesis 3 Inorganic synthesis 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksStrategies EditMany strategies exist in chemical synthesis that are more complicated than simply converting a reactant A to a reaction product B directly For multistep synthesis a chemical compound is synthesized by a series of individual chemical reactions each with its own work up 3 For example a laboratory synthesis of paracetamol can consist of three sequential parts For cascade reactions multiple chemical transformations occur within a single reactant for multi component reactions as many as 11 different reactants form a single reaction product and for a telescopic synthesis one reactant experiences multiple transformations without isolation of intermediates Organic synthesis EditMain articles Organic synthesis and biochemistry Organic synthesis is a special type of chemical synthesis dealing with the synthesis of organic compounds For the total synthesis of a complex product multiple procedures in sequence may be required to synthesize the product of interest requiring a large amount of time Skill in organic synthesis is prized among chemists and the synthesis of exceptionally valuable or difficult compounds has won chemists such as Robert Burns Woodward a Nobel Prize for Chemistry If a chemical synthesis starts from basic laboratory compounds it is considered a purely synthetic process If it starts from a product isolated from plants or animals and then proceeds to new compounds the synthesis is described as a semisynthetic process Inorganic synthesis EditInorganic synthesis and organometallic synthesis are applied to the preparation of compounds with significant non organic content An illustrative example is the preparation of the anti cancer drug cisplatin from potassium tetrachloroplatinate 4 See also EditBeilstein database Chemical engineering Click chemistry Electrosynthesis Methods in Organic Synthesis Organic synthesis Peptide synthesis Total synthesis Automated synthesisReferences Edit a b Vogel A I Tatchell A R Furnis B S Hannaford A J Smith P W G 1996 Vogel s Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry 5th ed Prentice Hall ISBN 0 582 46236 3 Kolbe H 1845 Beitrage zur Kenntniss der gepaarten Verbindungen Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 54 2 145 188 doi 10 1002 jlac 18450540202 ISSN 0075 4617 Carey Francis A Sundberg Richard J 2013 Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B Reactions and Synthesis Springer Alderden Rebecca A Hall Matthew D Hambley Trevor W 1 May 2006 The Discovery and Development of Cisplatin J Chem Educ 83 5 728 Bibcode 2006JChEd 83 728A doi 10 1021 ed083p728 External links EditThe Organic Synthesis Archive Natural product syntheses Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chemical synthesis amp oldid 1136448931, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
