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Wikipedia

Bell Labs

January 28, 2023

For buildings named Bell Telephone Laboratories, see Bell Laboratories Building (Manhattan).

Nokia Bell Labs, originally named Bell Telephone Laboratories (1925–1984),[1] then AT&T Bell Laboratories (1984–1996)[2] and Bell Labs Innovations (1996–2007),[3] is an American industrial research and scientific development company owned by Finnish company Nokia. With headquarters located in Murray Hill, New Jersey, the company operates several laboratories in the United States and around the world.

Nokia Bell Labs
Logo since Nokia's acquisition in 2016
Headquarters in Murray Hill, New Jersey (formerly Lucent's head office)
TypeSubsidiary
IndustryTelecommunication, information technology, material science
FoundedJanuary 1925; 98 years ago (1925-01) (as Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.)
HeadquartersMurray Hill, New Jersey, U.S.
Key people
Peter Vetter, Thierry Klein
ParentAT&T Corporation (1925–1996)
Western Electric (1925–1983)
Lucent (1996–2006)
Alcatel-Lucent (2006–2016)
Nokia (2016–present)
Websitewww.bell-labs.com

Researchers working at Bell Laboratories are credited with the development of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the photovoltaic cell, the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Unix operating system, and the programming languages B, C, C++, S, SNOBOL, AWK, AMPL, and others. Nine Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.[4]

Bell Labs had its origin in the complex corporate organization of the Bell System telephone conglomerate. In the late 19th century, the laboratory began as the Western Electric Engineering Department, located at 463 West Street in New York City. In 1925, after years of conducting research and development under Western Electric, a Bell subsidiary, the Engineering Department was reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories and placed under the shared ownership of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) and Western Electric. In the 1960s the laboratory was moved to New Jersey. It was acquired by Nokia in 2016.

Origin and historical locations

Bell's personal research after the telephone

In 1880, when the French government awarded Alexander Graham Bell the Volta Prize of 50,000 francs for the invention of the telephone (equivalent to about US$10,000 at the time, or about $290,000 now),[5] he used the award to fund the Volta Laboratory (also known as the "Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory") in Washington, D.C. in collaboration with Sumner Tainter and Bell's cousin Chichester Bell.[6] The laboratory was variously known as the Volta Bureau, the Bell Carriage House, the Bell Laboratory and the Volta Laboratory.

It focused on the analysis, recording, and transmission of sound. Bell used his considerable profits from the laboratory for further research and education to permit the "[increased] diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf":[6] resulting in the founding of the Volta Bureau (c. 1887) which was located at Bell's father's house at 1527 35th Street N.W. in Washington, D.C. Its carriage house became their headquarters in 1889.[6]

In 1893, Bell constructed a new building close by at 1537 35th Street N.W., specifically to house the lab.[6] This building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972.[7][8][9]

After the invention of the telephone, Bell maintained a relatively distant role with the Bell System as a whole, but continued to pursue his own personal research interests.[10]

 
Bell's 1893 Volta Bureau building in Washington, D.C.

Early antecedent

The Bell Patent Association was formed by Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Sanders, and Gardiner Hubbard when filing the first patents for the telephone in 1876.

Bell Telephone Company, the first telephone company, was formed a year later. It later became a part of the American Bell Telephone Company.

In 1884, the American Bell Telephone Company created the Mechanical Department from the Electrical and Patent Department formed a year earlier.

American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) and its own subsidiary company, took control of American Bell and the Bell System by 1889.

American Bell held a controlling interest in Western Electric (which was the manufacturing arm of the business) whereas AT&T was doing research into the service providers.[11][12]

Formal organization and location changes

 
The original home of Bell Laboratories beginning in 1925, 463 West Street, New York.

In 1896, Western Electric bought property at 463 West Street to station their manufacturers and engineers who had been supplying AT&T with their product. This included everything from telephones, telephone exchange switches, and transmission equipment.

On January 1, 1925, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. was organized to consolidate the development and research activities in the communication field and allied sciences for the Bell System. Ownership was evenly shared between Western Electric and AT&T. The new company had existing personnel of 3600 engineers, scientists, and support staff. In addition to the existing research facilities of 400,000 square feet of space, its space was extended with a new building on about one quarter of a city block.[13]

The first chairman of the board of directors was John J. Carty, the vice-president of AT&T, and the first president was Frank B. Jewett,[13] also a board member, who stayed there until 1940.[14][15][16] The operations were directed by E. B. Craft, executive vice-president, and formerly chief engineer at Western Electric.

By the early 1940s, Bell Labs engineers and scientists had begun to move to other locations away from the congestion and environmental distractions of New York City, and in 1967 Bell Laboratories headquarters was officially relocated to Murray Hill, New Jersey.

Among the later Bell Laboratories locations in New Jersey were Holmdel, Crawford Hill, the Deal Test Site, Freehold, Lincroft, Long Branch, Middletown, Neptune, Princeton, Piscataway, Red Bank, Chester, and Whippany. Of these, Murray Hill and Crawford Hill remain in existence (the Piscataway and Red Bank locations were transferred to and are now operated by Telcordia Technologies and the Whippany site was purchased by Bayer[17]).

The largest grouping of people in the company was in Illinois, at Naperville-Lisle, in the Chicago area, which had the largest concentration of employees (about 11,000) prior to 2001. There also were groups of employees in Indianapolis, Indiana; Columbus, Ohio; North Andover, Massachusetts; Allentown, Pennsylvania; Reading, Pennsylvania; and Breinigsville, Pennsylvania; Burlington, North Carolina (1950s–1970s, moved to Greensboro 1980s) and Westminster, Colorado. Since 2001, many of the former locations have been scaled down or closed.

 
Old Bell Labs Holmdel Complex. Located in New Jersey, about 20 miles south of New York.

The Holmdel site, a 1.9 million square foot structure set on 473 acres, was closed in 2007. The mirrored-glass building was designed by Eero Saarinen. In August 2013, Somerset Development bought the building, intending to redevelop it into a mixed commercial and residential project. A 2012 article expressed doubt on the success of the newly named Bell Works site,[18] but several large tenants had announced plans to move in through 2016 and 2017.[19][20]

Building Complex Location (code) information, past and present

  • Chester (CH) - North Road, Chester, NJ (began 1930, outdoor test site for small size telephone pole preservation, timber-related equipment, cable laying mechanism for the first undersea voice cable, research for loop transmission, Lucent donated land for park)[21]
  • Crawford Hill (HOH) - Crawfords Corner Road, Holmdel, NJ (built 1930s, currently as exhibit and building sold, horn antenna used for "Big Bang" theory)
  • Holmdel (HO) - 101 Crawfords Corner, Holmdel, NJ (built 1959–1962, older structures in the 1920s, currently as private building called Bell Works, discovered extraterrestrial radio emissions, undersea cable research, satellite transmissions systems Telstar 3 and 4)
  • Indian Hill (IH) - 2000 Naperville Road, Naperville, IL (built 1966, currently Nokia, developed switching technology and systems)[22]
  • Murray Hill (MH) - 600 Mountain Ave, Murray Hill, NJ (built 1941–1945, currently Nokia, developed transistor, UNIX operating system and C programming language, anechoic chamber, several building sections demolished)
  • Short Hills (HL) - 101-103 JFK Parkway, Short Hills, NJ (Various departments such as Accounts Payable, IT Purchasing, HR Personnel, Payroll, Telecom and the Government group, and Unix Administration Systems Computer Center. Buildings exist without the overhead walkway between the two buildings and two different companies are located from banking and business analytics.)
  • Summit (SF) - 190 River Road, Summit, NJ (building was part of the UNIX Software Operations and became UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. In December 1991, USL combined with Novell. Location is a banking company.)
  • West St ( ) - 463 West Street, New York, NY (built 1898, 1925 until December 1966 as Bell Labs headquarters, experimental talking movies, wave nature of matter, radar)
  • Whippany (WH) - 67 Whippany Road, Whippany, NJ (built 1920s, demolished and portion building as Bayer, performed military research and development, research and development in radar, in guidance for the Nike missile, and in underwater sound, Telstar 1, wireless technologies)[22]

Bell Labs locations listed in 1974 corporate directory

  • Allentown - Allentown, PA
  • Atlanta - Norcross, GA
  • Centennial Park - Piscataway, NJ
  • Chester - Chester, NJ
  • Columbus - Columbus, OH
  • Crawford Hill - Holmdel, NJ
  • Denver - Denver, CO
  • Grand Forks-MSR - Cavalier, ND [Missile Site Radar (MSR) Site]
  • Grand Forks-PAR - Cavalier, ND [Perimeter Acquisition Radar (PAR) Site]
  • Guilford Center - Greensboro, NC
  • Holmdel - Holmdel, NJ
  • Indianapolis - Indianapolis, IN
  • Indian Hill - Naperville, IL
  • Kwajalein - San Francisco, CA
  • Madison - Madison, NJ
  • Merrimack Valley - North Andover, MA
  • Murray Hill - Murray Hill, NJ
  • Raritan River Center - Piscataway, NJ
  • Reading - Reading, PA
  • Union - Union, NJ
  • Warren Service Center - Warren, NJ
  • Whippany - Whippany, NJ

Discoveries and developments

 
Bell Laboratories logo, used from 1969 until 1983

Bell Laboratories was, and is, regarded by many as the premier research facility of its type, developing a wide range of revolutionary technologies, including radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, information theory, the operating system Unix, the programming languages C and C++, solar cells, the charge-coupled device (CCD), and many other optical, wireless, and wired communications technologies and systems.

1920s

In 1924, Bell Labs physicist Walter A. Shewhart proposed the control chart as a method to determine when a process was in a state of statistical control. Shewhart's methods were the basis for statistical process control (SPC): the use of statistically based tools and techniques to manage and improve processes. This was the origin of the modern quality movement, including Six Sigma.

In 1926, the laboratories invented an early example synchronous-sound motion picture system, in competition with Fox Movietone and DeForest Phonofilm.[23]

In 1927, a Bell team headed by Herbert E. Ives successfully transmitted long-distance 128-line television images of Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover from Washington to New York. In 1928 the thermal noise in a resistor was first measured by John B. Johnson, and Harry Nyquist provided the theoretical analysis; this is now termed Johnson noise. During the 1920s, the one-time pad cipher was invented by Gilbert Vernam and Joseph Mauborgne at the laboratories. Bell Labs' Claude Shannon later proved that it is unbreakable.

In 1928, Harold Black invented the negative feedback commonly used in amplifiers. Later, Harry Nyquist analyzed Black's design rule for negative feedback. This work was published in 1932 and became known as "Nyquist criterion."

1930s

 
Reconstruction of the directional antenna used in the discovery of radio emission of extraterrestrial origin by Karl Guthe Jansky at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1932

In 1931, a foundation for radio astronomy was laid by Karl Jansky during his work investigating the origins of static on long-distance shortwave communications. He discovered that radio waves were being emitted from the center of the galaxy.

In 1931 and 1932, experimental high fidelity, long playing, and even stereophonic recordings were made by the labs of the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Leopold Stokowski.[24]

In 1933, stereo signals were transmitted live from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C.

In 1937, the vocoder, an electronic speech compression device, or codec, and the Voder, the first electronic speech synthesizer, were developed and demonstrated by Homer Dudley, the Voder being demonstrated at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Bell researcher Clinton Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with George Paget Thomson for the discovery of electron diffraction, which helped lay the foundation for solid-state electronics.

1940s

 
The first transistor, a point-contact germanium device, was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947. This image shows a replica.

In the early 1940s, the photovoltaic cell was developed by Russell Ohl. In 1943, Bell developed SIGSALY, the first digital scrambled speech transmission system, used by the Allies in World War II. The British wartime codebreaker Alan Turing visited the labs at this time, working on speech encryption and meeting Claude Shannon.[25]

Bell Labs Quality Assurance Department gave the world and the United States such statisticians as Walter A. Shewhart, W. Edwards Deming, Harold F. Dodge, George D. Edwards, Harry Romig, R. L. Jones, Paul Olmstead, E.G.D. Paterson, and Mary N. Torrey. During World War II, Emergency Technical Committee – Quality Control, drawn mainly from Bell Labs' statisticians, was instrumental in advancing Army and Navy ammunition acceptance and material sampling procedures.

In 1947, the transistor, arguably the most important invention developed by Bell Laboratories, was invented by John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Bradford Shockley (and who subsequently shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956). In 1947, Richard Hamming invented Hamming codes for error detection and correction. For patent reasons, the result was not published until 1950.

In 1948, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", one of the founding works in information theory, was published by Claude Shannon in the Bell System Technical Journal. It built in part on earlier work in the field by Bell researchers Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley, but it greatly extended these. Bell Labs also introduced a series of increasingly complex calculators through the decade. Shannon was also the founder of modern cryptography with his 1949 paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems.

Calculators

[26][27]

  • Model I: A complex number calculator, completed in 1939 and put into operation in 1940, for doing calculations of complex numbers.
  • Model II: Relay Computer / Relay Interpolator,[28] September 1943, for interpolating data points of flight profiles (needed for performance testing of a gun director).[29] This model introduced error detection (self checking).[30][31]
  • Model III: Ballistic Computer,[32] June 1944, for calculations of ballistic trajectories
  • Model IV: Error Detector Mark II, March 1945,[33] improved ballistic computer
  • Model V:[34] General-purpose electromechanical computer, of which two were built, July 1946 and February 1947[35][33][36]
  • Model VI: 1949, an enhanced Model V

1950s

The 1950s also saw developments based upon information theory. The central development was binary code systems. Efforts concentrated on the prime mission of supporting the Bell System with engineering advances, including the N-carrier system, TD microwave radio relay, direct distance dialing, E-repeater, wire spring relay, and the Number Five Crossbar Switching System.

In 1952, William Gardner Pfann revealed the method of zone melting, which enabled semiconductor purification and level doping.

In 1953, Maurice Karnaugh developed the Karnaugh map, used for managing of Boolean algebraic expressions.

In 1954, the first modern solar cell was invented at Bell Laboratories.

In 1956 TAT-1, the first transatlantic communications cable, was laid between Scotland and Newfoundland in a joint effort by AT&T, Bell Laboratories, and British and Canadian telephone companies.

In 1957, Max Mathews created MUSIC, one of the first computer programs to play electronic music. Robert C. Prim and Joseph Kruskal developed new greedy algorithms that revolutionized computer network design.

In 1958, a technical paper by Arthur Schawlow and Charles Hard Townes first described the laser.

In 1959, Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng invented the metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET).[37] The MOSFET has achieved electronic hegemony and sustains the large-scale integration (LSI) of circuits underlying today's information society.[citation needed]

1960s

 
The charge-coupled device was invented by George E. Smith and Willard Boyle

On October 1, 1960, the Kwajalein Field Station was announced as a location for the NIKE-ZEUS test program. Mr. R. W. Benfer was the first director to arrive shortly on October 5 for the program. Bell Labs designed many of the major system elements and conducted fundamental investigations of phase-controlled scanning antenna arrays.[38]

In December 1960, Ali Javan, PhD physicist from the university of Teheran, Iran with help by Rolf Seebach and his associates William Bennett and Donald Heriot, successfully operated the first gas laser, the first continuous-light laser, operating at an unprecedented accuracy and color purity.

In 1962, the electret microphone was invented by Gerhard M. Sessler and James E. West. Also in 1962, John R. Pierce's vision of communications satellites was realized by the launch of Telstar.

On July 10, 1962, the Telstar spacecraft was launched into orbit by NASA and it was designed and built by Bell Laboratories. The first worldwide television broadcast was July 23, 1962 with a press conference by President Kennedy.[39]

In Spring 1964, the building of an electronic switching systems center was planned at Bell Laboratories near Naperville, Illinois. The building in 1966 would be called Indian Hill, and development work from former electronic switching organization at Holmdel and Systems Equipment Engineering organization would occupy the laboratory with engineers from Western Electric Hawthorne Works. Scheduled for work were about 1,200 people when completed in 1966, and peaked at 11,000 before October 2001 Lucent Technologies downsizing occurred.[40]

In 1964, the carbon dioxide laser was invented by Kumar Patel and the discovery/operation of the Nd:YAG laser was demonstrated by J.E. Geusic et al. Experiments by Myriam Sarachik provided the first data that confirmed the Kondo effect.[41] The research of Philip W. Anderson into electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems led to improved understanding of metals and insulators for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1977.[42] In 1965, Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978.[43]

Frank W. Sinden, Edward E. Zajac, Ken Knowlton, and A. Michael Noll made computer-animated movies during the early to mid-1960s. Ken Knowlton invented the computer animation language BEFLIX. The first digital computer art was created in 1962 by Noll.

In 1966, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), a key technology in wireless services, was developed and patented by R. W. Chang.

In December 1966, the New York City site was sold and became the Westbeth Artists Community complex.

In 1968, molecular beam epitaxy was developed by J.R. Arthur and A.Y. Cho; molecular beam epitaxy allows semiconductor chips and laser matrices to be manufactured one atomic layer at a time.

In 1969, Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson created the computer operating system UNIX for the support of telecommunication switching systems as well as general-purpose computing. Also, in 1969, the charge-coupled device (CCD) was invented by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009.

From 1969 to 1971, Aaron Marcus, the first graphic designer involved with computer graphics, researched, designed, and programmed a prototype interactive page-layout system for the Picturephone.

1970s

 
The C programming language was developed in 1972.

The 1970s and 1980s saw more and more computer-related inventions at the Bell Laboratories as part of the personal computing revolution.

The 1970s also saw a major central office technology evolve from crossbar electromechanical relay-based technology and discrete transistor logic to Bell Labs-developed thick film hybrid and transistor–transistor logic (TTL), stored program-controlled switching systems; 1A/#4 TOLL Electronic Switching Systems (ESS) and 2A Local Central Offices produced at the Bell Labs Naperville and Western Electric Lisle, Illinois facilities. This technology evolution dramatically reduced floor space needs. The new ESS also came with its own diagnostic software that needed only a switchman and several frame technicians to maintain.

About 1970, the coax-22 cable was developed by Bell Labs. This coax cable with 22-strands allowed a total capacity of 132,000 phone calls. Previously, there was a 12-strand coax cable used for "L" carrier systems. Both these types of cables were manufactured at Western Electrics' Baltimore Works facility on machines designed by a Western Electric Senior development engineer.[44]

In 1970, A. Michael Noll invented a tactile, force-feedback system, coupled with interactive stereoscopic computer display.

In 1971, an improved task priority system for computerized telephone exchange switching systems for telephone traffic was invented by Erna Schneider Hoover, who received one of the first software patents for it.

In 1972, Dennis Ritchie developed the compiled programming language C as a replacement for the interpreted language B, which was then used in a worse is better rewrite of UNIX. Also, the language AWK was designed and implemented by Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan of Bell Laboratories. Also in 1972, Marc Rochkind invented the Source Code Control System.

In 1976, optical fiber systems were first tested in Georgia and in 1980, the first single-chip 32-bit microprocessor, the Bellmac 32A was demonstrated. It went into production in 1982.

1980s

 
Bell Laboratories logo, used from 1984 until 1995

During the 1980s, the operating system Plan 9 from Bell Labs was developed extending the UNIX model. Also, the Radiodrum, an electronic music instrument played in three space dimensions, was invented.

In 1980, the TDMA digital cellular telephone technology was patented.

The launching of the Bell Labs Fellows Award started in 1982 to recognize and honor scientists and engineers who have made outstanding and sustained R&D contributions at AT&T with a level of distinction. As of the 2021 inductees, only 336 people have received the honor.[45]

Dr. Kenneth Thompson, Ph.D., and Dennis Ritchie were also Bell Labs Fellows for 1982. Dennis started in 1967 at Bell Labs in the Bell Labs Computer Systems Research department.[46] Thompson started in 1966. Both co-inventors of the UNIX operating system and C language were also awarded decades later the 2011 Japan Prize for Information and Communications.

In 1982, fractional quantum Hall effect was discovered by Horst Störmer and former Bell Laboratories researchers Robert B. Laughlin and Daniel C. Tsui; they consequently won a Nobel Prize in 1998 for the discovery.

In 1984, the first photoconductive antennas for picosecond electromagnetic radiation were demonstrated by Auston and others. This type of antenna became an important component in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. In 1984, Karmarkar's algorithm for linear programming was developed by mathematician Narendra Karmarkar. Also in 1984, a divestiture agreement signed in 1982 with the American Federal government forced the break-up of AT&T: Bellcore (now iconectiv) was split off from Bell Laboratories to provide the same R&D functions for the newly created local exchange carriers. AT&T also was limited to using the Bell trademark only in association with Bell Laboratories. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. became a wholly owned company of the new AT&T Technologies unit, the former Western Electric. The 5ESS Switch was developed during this transition.

The National Medal of Technology was awarded to Bell Labs, the first corporation to achieve this honor in February 1985.[47]

In 1985, laser cooling was used to slow and manipulate atoms by Steven Chu and team. In 1985, the modeling language A Mathematical Programming Language, AMPL, was developed by Robert Fourer, David M. Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories. Also in 1985, Bell Laboratories was awarded the National Medal of Technology "For contribution over decades to modern communication systems".

In 1985,[48] the programming language C++ had its first commercial release.[49] Bjarne Stroustrup started developing C++ at Bell Laboratories in 1979 as an extension to the original C language.[49]

Arthur Ashkin invented optical tweezers that grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells with their laser beam fingers. A major breakthrough came in 1987, when Ashkin used the tweezers to capture living bacteria without harming them. He immediately began studying biological systems using the optical tweezers, which are now widely used to investigate the machinery of life.[50] He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (2018) for his work involving optical tweezers and their application to biological systems.

Charles A. Burrus became a Bell Labs Fellow in 1988 for his work done as a Technical Staff member. Prior to this accomplishment, was awarded in 1982 the AT&T Bell Laboratories Distinguished Technical Staff Award. Charles started in 1955 at the Holmdel Bell Labs location and retired in 1996 with consultations to Lucent Technologies up to 2002.[51]

In 1988, TAT-8 became the first transatlantic fiber-optic cable. Bell Labs in Freehold, NJ developed the 1.3-micron fiber, cable, splicing, laser detector, and 280 Mbit/s repeater for 40,000 telephone-call capacity.

In the late 1980s, realizing that voiceband modems were approaching the Shannon limit on bit rate, Richard D. Gitlin, Jean-Jacques Werner, and their colleagues pioneered a major breakthrough by inventing DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) and creating the technology that enabled megabit transmission on installed copper telephone lines, thus facilitating the broadband era.[52]

1990s

 
Lucent Logo bearing the "Bell Labs Innovations" tagline

Bell Labs' John Mayo received the National Medal of Technology in 1990.[53]

In May 1990, Ronald Snare was named AT&T Bell Laboratories Fellow, for “Singular contributions to the development of the common-channel signaling network and the signal transfer points globally.” This system began service in the United States in 1978.[54]

In the early 1990s, approaches to increase modem speeds to 56K were explored at Bell Labs, and early patents were filed in 1992 by Ender Ayanoglu, Nuri R. Dagdeviren and their colleagues.[55]

The scientist, W. Lincoln Hawkins in 1992 received the National Medal of Technology for work done at Bell Labs.[56]

In 1992, Jack Salz, Jack Winters and Richard D. Gitlin provided the foundational technology to demonstrate that adaptive antenna arrays at the transmitter and receiver can substantially increase both the reliability (via diversity) and capacity (via spatial multiplexing) of wireless systems without expanding the bandwidth.[57] Subsequently, the BLAST system proposed by Gerard Foschini and colleagues dramatically expanded the capacity of wireless systems.[58] This technology, known today as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), was a significant factor in the standardization, commercialization, performance improvement, and growth of cellular and wireless LAN systems.

Amos Joel in 1993 received the National Medal of Technology.[59]

Two AT&T Bell Labs scientists, Joel Engel and Richard Frenkiel, were honored with the National Medal of Technology, in 1994.[60]

In 1994, the quantum cascade laser was invented by Federico Capasso, Alfred Cho, Jerome Faist and their collaborators. Also in 1994, Peter Shor devised his quantum factorization algorithm.

In 1996, SCALPEL electron lithography, which prints features atoms wide on microchips, was invented by Lloyd Harriott and his team. The operating system Inferno, an update of Plan 9, was created by Dennis Ritchie with others, using the then-new concurrent programming language Limbo. A high performance database engine (Dali) was developed which became DataBlitz in its product form.[61]

In 1996, AT&T spun off Bell Laboratories, along with most of its equipment manufacturing business, into a new company named Lucent Technologies. AT&T retained a small number of researchers who made up the staff of the newly created AT&T Labs.

Lucy Sanders was the third woman to receive the Bell Labs Fellow award in 1996, for her work in creating a RISC chip that allowed more phone calls using software and hardware on a single server. She started in 1977 and was one of the few woman engineers at Bell Labs.[62]

In 1997, the smallest then-practical transistor (60 nanometers, 182 atoms wide) was built. In 1998, the first optical router was invented.

Rudolph Kazarinov and Federico Capasso received the optoelectronics Rank Prize on December 8, 1998.[63]

In December 1998, Ritchie and Thompson also were honorees of the National Medal of Technology for their work done for pre-Lucent Technologies Bell Labs. The award was presented by U.S. President William Clinton in 1999 in a White House ceremony. [64]

2000s

 
Pre-2013 logo of Alcatel-Lucent, parent company of Bell Labs

2000 was an active year for the Laboratories, in which DNA machine prototypes were developed; progressive geometry compression algorithm made widespread 3-D communication practical; the first electrically powered organic laser was invented; a large-scale map of cosmic dark matter was compiled; and the F-15 (material), an organic material that makes plastic transistors possible, was invented.

In 2002, physicist Jan Hendrik Schön was fired after his work was found to contain fraudulent data. It was the first known case of fraud at Bell Labs.

In 2003, the New Jersey Institute of Technology Biomedical Engineering Laboratory was created at Murray Hill, New Jersey.[65]

In 2004, Lucent Technologies awarded two women the prestigious Bell Labs Fellow Award. Magaly Spector, a director in INS/Network Systems Group, was awarded for "sustained and exceptional scientific and technological contributions in solid-state physics, III-V material for semiconductor lasers, Gallium Arsenide integrated circuits, and the quality and reliability of products used in high speed optical transport systems for next generation high bandwidth communication." Eve Varma, a technical manager in MNS/Network Systems Group, was awarded for her citation in "sustained contributions to digital and optical networking, including architecture, synchronization, restoration, standards, operations and control."

In 2005, Jeong H. Kim, former President of Lucent's Optical Network Group, returned from academia to become the President of Bell Laboratories.

In April 2006, Bell Laboratories' parent company, Lucent Technologies, signed a merger agreement with Alcatel. On December 1, 2006, the merged company, Alcatel-Lucent, began operations. This deal raised concerns in the United States, where Bell Laboratories works on defense contracts. A separate company, LGS Innovations, with an American board was set up to manage Bell Laboratories' and Lucent's sensitive U.S. government contracts. In March 2019, LGS Innovations was purchased by CACI.[66]

In December 2007, it was announced that the former Lucent Bell Laboratories and the former Alcatel Research and Innovation would be merged into one organization under the name of Bell Laboratories. This is the first period of growth following many years during which Bell Laboratories progressively lost manpower due to layoffs and spin-offs making the company shut down briefly.

In February 2008, Alcatel-Lucent continued the Bell Laboratories tradition of awarding the prestigious award for outstanding technical contributors. Martin J. Glapa, a former chief Technical Officer of Lucent's Cable Communications Business Unit and Director of Advanced Technologies,[67] was presented by Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs President Jeong H. Kim with the 2006 Bell Labs Fellow Award in Network Architecture, Network Planning, and Professional Services with particular focus in Cable TV Systems and Broadband Services having "significant resulting Alcatel-Lucent commercial successes." Glapa is a patent holder and has co-written the 2004 technical paper called "Optimal Availability & Security For Voice Over Cable Networks" and co-authored the 2008 "Impact of bandwidth demand growth on HFC networks" published by IEEE.[68]

As of July 2008, however, only four scientists remained in physics research, according to a report by the scientific journal Nature.[69]

On August 28, 2008, Alcatel-Lucent announced it was pulling out of basic science, material physics, and semiconductor research, and it will instead focus on more immediately marketable areas, including networking, high-speed electronics, wireless networks, nanotechnology and software.[70]

In 2009, Willard Boyle and George Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention and development of the charge-coupled device (CCD).[71]

Rob Soni was an Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs Fellow in 2009 as cited for work in winning North American customers wireless business and for helping to define 4G wireless networks with transformative system architectures.[72]

2010s

 
Nokia Bell Labs entrance sign at New Jersey headquarters in 2016

Gee Rittenhouse, former Head of Research, returned from his position as chief operating officer of Alcatel-Lucent's Software, Services, and Solutions business in February 2013, to become the 12th President of Bell Labs.[73]

On November 4, 2013, Alcatel-Lucent announced the appointment of Marcus Weldon as President of Bell Labs. His stated charter was to return Bell Labs to the forefront of innovation in Information and communications technology by focusing on solving the key industry challenges, as was the case in the great Bell Labs innovation eras in the past.[74]

In July 2014, Bell Labs announced it had broken "the broadband Internet speed record" with a new technology dubbed XG-FAST that promises 10 gigabits per second transmission speeds.[75]

In 2014, Eric Betzig shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in super-resolved fluorescence microscopy which he began pursuing while at Bell Labs in the Semiconductor Physics Research Department.[76]

On April 15, 2015, Nokia agreed to acquire Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Labs' parent company, in a share exchange worth $16.6 billion.[77][78] Their first day of combined operations was January 14, 2016.[79]

In September 2016, Nokia Bell Labs, along with Technische Universität Berlin, Deutsche Telekom T-Labs and the Technical University of Munich achieved a data rate of one terabit per second by improving transmission capacity and spectral efficiency in an optical communications field trial with a new modulation technique.[80]

Antero Taivalsaari became a Bell Labs Fellow in 2016 for his specific work.[81]

In 2017, Dragan Samardzija was awarded the Bell Labs Fellow.[82]

In 2018, Arthur Ashkin shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on "the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems"[50] which was developed at Bell Labs in the 1980s.

2020s

In 2020, Alfred Aho and Jeffrey Ullman shared the Turing Award for their work on compilers, starting with their tenure at Bell Labs during 1967–69.

On, November 16, 2021, Nokia presented the 2021 Bell Labs Fellows Award Ceremony, six new members (Igor Curcio, Matthew Andrews, Bjorn Jelonnek, Ed Harstead, Gino Dion, Esa Tiirola) held at Nokia Batvik Mansion, Finland.[83]

The Nokia 2022 Bell Labs Fellows were recognized on November 29, 2022 in a New Jersey ceremony. There was one woman and four men that were inducted to the total of 341 recipients since its' inception by AT&T Bell Labs in 1982. One member was from New Jersey, two were from Cambridge, UK, and two were from Finland representing Espoo and Tampere locations.[84]

Nobel Prizes, Turing Awards

Nine Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.[85]

The Turing Award has been won five times by Bell Labs researchers.

Emmy Awards, Grammy Award, and Academy Award

The Emmy Award has been won five times by Bell Labs: one under Lucent Technologies, one under Alcatel-Lucent, and three under Nokia.

  • 1997: Primetime Engineering Emmy Award for "work on digital television as part of the HDTV Grand Alliance."[92]
  • 2013: Technology and Engineering Emmy for its "Pioneering Work in Implementation and Deployment of Network DVR" [93]
  • 2016: Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for the pioneering invention and deployment of fiber-optic cable.
  • 2020: Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for the CCD (charge-coupled device) was crucial in the development of television, allowing images to be captured digitally for recording transmission.
  • 2021: Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for the "ISO Base Media File Format standardization, in which our multimedia research unit has played a major role."[94]

The inventions of fiber-optics and research done in digital television and media File Format were under former AT&T Bell Labs ownership.

The Grammy Award has been won once by Bell Labs under Alcatel-Lucent.

  • 2006: Technical GRAMMY® Award for outstanding technical contributions to the recording field.

The Academy Award has been won once by E. C. Wente and Bell Labs.

  • 1937: Scientific or Technical Award (Class II) for their multi-cellular high-frequency horn and receiver.

Publications

The American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Western Electric, and other Bell System companies issued numerous publications, such as local house organs, for corporate distribution, for the scientific and industry communities, and for the general public, including telephone subscribers.

The Bell Laboratories Record was a principal house organ, featuring general interest content such as corporate news, support staff profiles and events, reports of facilities upgrades, but also articles of research and development results written for technical or non-technical audiences. The publication commenced in 1925 with the founding of the laboratories.

A prominent journal for the focussed dissemination of original or reprinted scientific research by Bell Labs engineers and scientists was the Bell System Technical Journal, started in 1922 by the AT&T Information Department. Bell researchers also published widely in industry journals.

Some of these articles were reprinted by the Bell System as Monographs, consecutively issued starting in 1920.[95] These reprints, numbering over 5000, comprise a catalog of Bell research over the decades. Research in the Monographs is aided by access to associated indexes,[96] for monographs 1–1199, 1200-2850 (1958), 2851-4050 (1962), and 4051-4650 (1964).

Essentially all of the landmark work done by Bell Labs is memorialized in one or more corresponding monographs. Examples include:

  • Monograph 1598 - Shannon, A Mathematical Theory of Communication, 1948 (reprinted from BSTJ).
  • Monograph 1659 - Bardeen and Brattain, Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action, 1949 (reprinted from BSTJ).
  • Monograph 1757 - Hamming, Error Detecting and Error Correcting Codes, 1950 (reprinted from BSTJ).
  • Monograph 3289 - Pierce, Transoceanic Communications by Means of Satellite, 1959 (reprinted from Proc. I.R.E.).
  • Monograph 3345 - Schawlow & Townes, Infrared and Optical Masers, 1958 (reprinted from Physical Review).

Presidents

Period Name of President Lifetime
1 1925–1940 Frank Baldwin Jewett 1879–1949
2 1940–1951 Oliver Buckley 1887–1959
3 1951–1959 Mervin Kelly 1895–1971
4 1959–1973 James Brown Fisk 1910–1981[97]
5 1973–1979 William Oliver Baker 1915–2005
6 1979–1991 Ian Munro Ross 1927–2013
7 1991–1995 John Sullivan Mayo b. 1930
8 1995–1999 Dan Stanzione b. 1945
9 1999–2001 Arun Netravali b. 1946
10 2001–2005 Bill O'Shea b. 1957
11 2005–2013 Jeong Hun Kim b. 1961
12 2013–2013 Gee Rittenhouse
13 2013–2021 Marcus Weldon b. 1968
2021– Thierry Klein
2021– Peter Vetter b. 1963

Notable alumni

Alumni Notes
Alistair E. Ritchie Bell Labs scientist and co-author of The Design of Switching Circuits on switching circuit theory. Father of Dennis M. Ritchie.
Alfred Aho Advanced compiler theory and wrote the well known Dragon Book with Jeffrey Ullman on compiler design.
  Ali Javan Invented the gas laser in 1960.
  Arno Allan Penzias Discovered background radiation, with Robert W. Wilson, originating from the Big Bang and won the Nobel Prize in 1978 for the discovery.
  Amos E. Joel Jr. Was an American electrical engineer, known for several contributions and over seventy patents related to telecommunications switching systems. Joel worked at Bell Labs (1940–83) where he first undertook cryptology studies (collaboration with Claude Shannon), followed by studies on electronic switching system that resulted in the 1ESS switch (1948–60). He then headed the development of advanced telephone services (1961–68), which led to several patents, including one on Traffic Service Position System[100] and a mechanism for handoff in cellular communication (1972).[101] Received the *National Medal of Technology (1993). Inducted into the *National Inventors Hall of Fame (2008).
Arthur Ashkin Has been considered the father of the topical field of optical tweezers, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018.
Arthur Hebard Noted for leading the discovery of superconductivity in Buckminsterfullerene in 1991.
Arun N. Netravali 2001 National Medal of Technology... Video signal interpolation using motion estimation Patent US4383272A
Bishnu Atal Developed new speech processing and encoding algorithms, including fundamental work on linear prediction of speech and linear predictive coding (LPC), and the development of code-excited linear prediction (CELP) speech encoding, the basis for all speech communication codecs in mobile and Internet voice communications.
  Bjarne Stroustrup Was the head of Bell Labs Large-scale Programming Research department, from its creation until late 2002 and created the C++ programming language.
  Brian Kernighan Helped to create Unix, AWK, AMPL and authored along with Dennis Ritchie influential The C Programming Language book.
Claire F. Gmachl Developed novel designs for solid-state lasers leading to advances in the development of quantum cascade lasers.
 
 Claude Shannon Founded information theory with the publishing of A Mathematical Theory of Communication in 1948. He is perhaps equally well known for founding both digital computer and digital circuit design theory in 1937, when, as a 21-year-old master's degree student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he wrote his thesis demonstrating that electrical applications of Boolean algebra could construct any logical, numerical relationship.[102] Shannon contributed to the field of cryptanalysis for national defense during World War II, including his basic work on codebreaking and secure telecommunications. For two months early in 1943, Shannon came into contact with the leading British cryptanalyst and mathematician Alan Turing. Shannon and Turing met at teatime in the cafeteria.[103] Turing showed Shannon his 1936 paper that defined what is now known as the "Universal Turing machine";[104][105] this impressed Shannon, as many of its ideas complemented his own.
  Clinton Davisson Davisson and Lester Germer performed an experiment showing that electrons were diffracted at the surface of a crystal of nickel. This celebrated Davisson-Germer experiment confirmed the de Broglie hypothesis that particles of matter have a wave-like nature, which is a central tenet of quantum mechanics. Their observation of diffraction allowed the first measurement of a wavelength for electrons. He shared the Nobel Prize in 1937 with George Paget Thomson, who independently discovered electron diffraction at about the same time as Davisson.
Clyde G. Bethea
Corinna Cortes Head of Google Research, New York.
  Daniel Tsui Along with Robert Laughlin and Horst Störmer discovered new form of quantum fluid.
  David A. B. Miller
  Dawon Kahng Invented the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) with Mohamed M. Atalla in 1959.[37][106] It revolutionized the electronics industry,[107][108] and is the most widely used semiconductor device in the world.[109][110]
  Dennis Ritchie Created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the Unix operating system. Received the *National Medal of Technology (1998) with Ken Thompson, presented by President William Clinton.
Donald Cox Received the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal (1993)
  Douglas McIlroy Proposed Unix pipelines and developed several Unix tools. Pioneering researcher of macro processors, code reuse and component-based software engineering. Participated in the design of multiple influential programming languages, particularly PL/I, SNOBOL, ALTRAN, TMG and C++.
  Edward Lawry Norton Famous for Norton's theorem.
Elizabeth Bailey Worked in technical programming at Bell Laboratories from 1960 to 1972, before transferring to the economic research section from 1972 to 1977.
Eric Betzig An American physicist who worked to develop the field of fluorescence microscopy and photoactivated localization microscopy. He was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" along with Stefan Hell and fellow Cornell alumnus William E. Moerner.
  Eric Schmidt Did a complete re-write with Mike Lesk of Lex, a program to generate lexical analysers for the Unix computer operating system.
Erna Schneider Hoover Invented the computerized telephone switching method.
Esther M. Conwell Studied effects of high electric fields on electron transport in semiconductors, member of the National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Evelyn Hu Pioneer in the fabrication of nanoscale electronic and photonic devices.
Everett T. Burton Time Division Multiplexing: Patent US2917583A Time separation communication system.
  George E. Smith Led research into novel lasers and semiconductor devices. During his tenure, Smith was awarded dozens of patents and eventually headed the VLSI device department. George E. Smith shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics with Willard Boyle for "the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor, which has become an electronic eye in almost all areas of photography".[111]
Gil Amelio Amelio was on the team that demonstrated the first working charge-coupled device (CCD). Worked at Fairchild Semiconductor, and the semiconductor division of Rockwell International but is best remembered as a CEO of National Semiconductor and Apple Inc.
Harvey Fletcher As Director of Research at Bell Labs, he oversaw research in electrical sound recording, including more than 100 stereo recordings with conductor Leopold Stokowski in 1931–1932.[112][113]
  Horst Ludwig Störmer Along with Robert Laughlin and Daniel Tsui discovered new form of quantum fluid.
Howard M. Jackson II Electrical engineer at Western Electric Co. where he worked in a manufacturing group of equipment for USAF bombing navigation systems. Employment for Bell Labs took him from Whippany, NJ, to Kwajalein, Marshall Islands, Naperville, IL, and back to Murray Hill, NJ. Worked mainly on computer technology including early missile detection software for Safeguard Anti-Ballistic Missile systems.[114]
  John Hopcroft Received the Turing Award jointly with Robert Tarjan in 1986 for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.
Ian Munro Ross
  Ingrid Daubechies Developed the orthogonal Daubechies wavelet and the biorthogonal Cohen–Daubechies–Feauveau wavelet. She is best known for her work with wavelets in image compression (such as JPEG 2000) and digital cinema.
James West Joined Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1957 and holds more than 250 U.S. and foreign patents. One important patent is foil electret microphone with Gerhard M. Sessler.[115]
Jeffrey Ullman Advanced compiler theory and wrote the well known Dragon Book with Alfred Aho on compiler design.
Jessie MacWilliams Developed the MacWilliams identities in coding theory.
John Mashey Worked on the PWB/UNIX operating system at Bell Labs from 1973 to 1983, authoring the PWB shell, also known as the "Mashey Shell".[116]
John M. Chambers Developed the statistical programming language S, which is the forerunner to R.
  John Bardeen With William Shockley and Walter Brattain, the three scientists invented the point-contact transistor in 1947 and were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.
  Jon Hall Executive Director of Linux International,[117]
  Ken Thompson Designed and implemented the original Unix operating system. He also invented the B programming language, the direct predecessor to the C programming language, and was one of the creators and early developers of the Plan 9 operating systems. With Joseph Henry Condon he designed and built Belle, the first chess machine to earn a master rating. Since 2006, Thompson has worked at Google, where he co-invented the Go programming language. Received the *National Medal of Technology (1998) with Dennis Ritchie, presented by President William Clinton.
Laurie Spiegel Electronic musician and engineer known for developing the algorithmic composition software Music Mouse.
Margaret H. Wright Pioneer in numerical computing and mathematical optimization, head of the Scientific Computing Research Department and Bell Labs Fellow, president of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
Marian Croak
Maurice Karnaugh Famous for the Karnaugh map.
Max Mathews Wrote MUSIC, the first widely used program for sound generation, in 1957.
  Mohamed M. Atalla Developed the silicon surface passivation process in 1957,[106][118] and then invented the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), the first practical implementation of a field-effect transistor, with Dawon Kahng in 1959.[107][108][109][110] This led to a breakthrough in semiconductor technology,[119][120] and revolutionized the electronics industry.[107][108]
Narain Gehani
Narendra Karmarkar Developed Karmarkar's algorithm.
Neil Sloane Created the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.
Osamu Fujimura Japanese physicist, phonetician and linguist, recognized as one of the pioneers of speech science. Invented the C/D model of speech articulation.
  Persi Diaconis Known for tackling mathematical problems involving randomness and randomization, such as coin flipping and shuffling playing cards.
  Philip Warren Anderson In 1977 Anderson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his investigations into the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems, which allowed for the development of electronic switching and memory devices in computers.
Phyllis Fox Co-wrote the DYNAMO simulation programming language, principal author of the first LISP manual, and developed the PORT Mathematical Subroutine Library.
Richard Hamming Created a family of mathematical error-correcting code, which are called Hamming codes. Programmed one of the earliest computers, the IBM 650, and with Ruth A. Weiss developed the L2 programming language, one of the earliest computer languages, in 1956.
  Robert Laughlin Along with Horst Störmer and Daniel Tsui discovered new form of quantum fluid.
Robert W. Lucky
  Rob Pike A member of the Unix team and was involved in the creation of the Plan 9 and Inferno operating systems, as well as the Limbo programming language. Co-authored the books The Unix Programming Environment and The Practice of Programming with Brian Kernighan. Co-created the UTF-8 character encoding standard with Ken Thompson, the Blit graphical terminal with Bart Locanthi Jr. and the sam and acme text editors. Pike has worked at Google, where he co-created the Go and Sawzall programming languages.
  Robert Tarjan Received the Turing Award jointly with John Hopcroft in 1986 for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.
Robert H. "Bob" Shennum He led the satellite design and launch of Telstar I and II at Bell Labs of New Jersey. Directed the research labs for the next 31 years, started 1954, after his Ph.D. in physics and electrical engineering from California Institute of Technology. During the 60s and 70s lead research units for microwave radio design, mathematical analysis and digital systems design. He managed development of SAFEGUARD missile systems and a lab to research and develop new sources of power. In 1974, received the U.S. Army Citation for Patriotic Civilian Service for his contribution to the SAFEGUARD ABM missile systems. This military work would be from the North Carolina Labs.[121]
  Robert W. Wilson Discovered background radiation, with Arno Allan Penzias, originating from the Big Bang and won the Nobel Prize in 1978 for that.
Ron Brachman Later was Director of Artificial Intelligence at DARPA.[122]
Sharon Haynie Developed DuPont's bio-3G product line and adhesives to close wounds.
Shirley Jackson Started in Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1976 as the first African American female with a physics PH.D.. Worked on several areas of theoretical physics that were ground breaking.[115]
  Steve Bourne Created the Bourne shell and the adb debugger, and authored the book The Unix System. He also served as president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) (2000–2002), was made a fellow of the ACM (2005), received the ACM Presidential Award (2008) and the Outstanding Contribution to ACM Award (2017).
  Steven Chu Known for his research at Bell Labs and Stanford University in cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light, which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997, along with his scientific colleagues Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips.[123]
Steven Cundiff Was instrumental in the development of the first frequency comb that led to one half of the 2005 Nobel prize.[124] Also made significant contributions to the ultrafast dynamics of semiconductor nanostructures, including the 2014 discovery of the dropleton quasi-particle.[125]
Stuart Feldman Creator of the computer software program make for Unix systems. He was also an author of the first Fortran 77 compiler, and he was part of the original group at Bell Labs that created the Unix operating system.[126]
Thomas H. Crowley Mathematician and AT&T executive, author of 1967 expository best seller "Understanding Computers". Executive director of the Safeguard anti-ballistic missile system software division of Bell Labs. Also, Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, N.J. He earned several patents for his technical work, headed computer research departments at Bell Labs, including development and marketing of UNIX, and retired in 1985 as software vice-president, AT&T Information Systems.[127]
  Trevor Hastie Known for his contributions to applied statistics, especially in the field of machine learning, data mining, and bioinformatics.
Vernon Stanley Mummert
  Walter Houser Brattain With fellow scientists John Bardeen and William Shockley, invented the point-contact transistor in December 1947.[128] They shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their invention.
Walter Lincoln Hawkins Started in Bell Labs, developed sheathing. Polymer Cable Sheath Patent US 2,967,845 National Inventors Hall of Fame.[129]
Warren P. Mason Founder of distributed-element circuits, inventor of the GT quartz crystal, and many discoveries and inventions in ultrasonics and acoustics.
James Wayne Hunt Started in Bell Labs 1973. In May 1977, published the Hunt-Szymanski Algorithm paper which was an application example of the UNIX diff command.[129]
  Willard Boyle Shares the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics with George E. Smith for "the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor, which has become an electronic eye in almost all areas of photography."
William O. Baker
William A. Massey Bell Labs in 1977.[129]
William B. Snow Made major contributions to acoustics from 1923 to 1940. Fellow of the Audio Engineering Society (AES), received its Gold Medal Award in 1968.
  William Shockley With John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, the three scientists invented the point-contact transistor in 1947 and were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Yann LeCun Recognized as a founding father of convolutional neural networks and for work on optical character recognition and computer vision. He received the Turing Award in 2018 with Geoffrey Hinton and Yoshua Bengio for their work in deep learning.
Yoshua Bengio Received the Turing Award in 2018 with Geoffrey Hinton and Yann LeCun for their work in deep learning.
Zhenan Bao Development of the first all plastic transistor, or organic field-effect transistors which allows for its use in electronic paper.[130]

Programs

On May 20, 2014, Bell Labs announced the Bell Labs Prize, a competition for innovators to offer proposals in information and communication technologies, with cash awards of up to $100,000 for the grand prize.[131]

Bell Labs Technology Showcase

The Murray Hill campus features a 3,000-square-foot (280 m2) exhibit, the Bell Labs Technology Showcase, showcasing the technological discoveries and developments at Bell Labs. The exhibit is located just off the main lobby and is open to the public.[132]

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

  •   Media related to Bell Labs at Wikimedia Commons
  • Official website  
  • Bell Works, the re-imagining of the historic former Bell Labs building in Holmdel, New Jersey
  • <Nokia Bell-Labs Timeline>
  • Bell Laboratories and the Development of Electrical Recording
  • History of Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. (from Bell System Memorial)
  • Bell Communications Around the Globe, public art sculpture, Los Angeles, California
  • The Idea Factory – a video interview with Jon Gertner, author of "The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation, by Dave Iverson of KQED-FM Public Radio, San Francisco

Coordinates: 40°41′00″N 74°24′03″W / 40.683404°N 74.400744°W / 40.683404; -74.400744

January 28, 2023
bell, labs, this, article, section, have, been, copied, pasted, from, another, location, possibly, violation, wikipedia, copyright, policy, please, review, source, remedy, this, editing, this, article, remove, free, copyrighted, content, attributing, free, con. This article or section may have been copied and pasted from another location possibly in violation of Wikipedia s copyright policy Please review the source and remedy this by editing this article to remove any non free copyrighted content and attributing free content correctly or flagging the content for deletion Please be sure that the supposed source of the copyright violation is not itself a Wikipedia mirror January 2023 A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia s content policies particularly neutral point of view Please discuss further on the talk page January 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message For buildings named Bell Telephone Laboratories see Bell Laboratories Building Manhattan Nokia Bell Labs originally named Bell Telephone Laboratories 1925 1984 1 then AT amp T Bell Laboratories 1984 1996 2 and Bell Labs Innovations 1996 2007 3 is an American industrial research and scientific development company owned by Finnish company Nokia With headquarters located in Murray Hill New Jersey the company operates several laboratories in the United States and around the world Nokia Bell LabsLogo since Nokia s acquisition in 2016Headquarters in Murray Hill New Jersey formerly Lucent s head office TypeSubsidiaryIndustryTelecommunication information technology material scienceFoundedJanuary 1925 98 years ago 1925 01 as Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc HeadquartersMurray Hill New Jersey U S Key peoplePeter Vetter Thierry KleinParentAT amp T Corporation 1925 1996 Western Electric 1925 1983 Lucent 1996 2006 Alcatel Lucent 2006 2016 Nokia 2016 present Websitewww wbr bell labs wbr comResearchers working at Bell Laboratories are credited with the development of radio astronomy the transistor the laser the photovoltaic cell the charge coupled device CCD information theory the Unix operating system and the programming languages B C C S SNOBOL AWK AMPL and others Nine Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories 4 Bell Labs had its origin in the complex corporate organization of the Bell System telephone conglomerate In the late 19th century the laboratory began as the Western Electric Engineering Department located at 463 West Street in New York City In 1925 after years of conducting research and development under Western Electric a Bell subsidiary the Engineering Department was reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories and placed under the shared ownership of the American Telephone amp Telegraph Company AT amp T and Western Electric In the 1960s the laboratory was moved to New Jersey It was acquired by Nokia in 2016 Contents 1 Origin and historical locations 1 1 Bell s personal research after the telephone 1 2 Early antecedent 1 3 Formal organization and location changes 1 4 Building Complex Location code information past and present 1 5 Bell Labs locations listed in 1974 corporate directory 2 Discoveries and developments 2 1 1920s 2 2 1930s 2 3 1940s 2 3 1 Calculators 2 4 1950s 2 5 1960s 2 6 1970s 2 7 1980s 2 8 1990s 2 9 2000s 2 10 2010s 2 11 2020s 3 Nobel Prizes Turing Awards 4 Emmy Awards Grammy Award and Academy Award 5 Publications 6 Presidents 7 Notable alumni 8 Programs 9 Bell Labs Technology Showcase 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External linksOrigin and historical locations EditBell s personal research after the telephone Edit In 1880 when the French government awarded Alexander Graham Bell the Volta Prize of 50 000 francs for the invention of the telephone equivalent to about US 10 000 at the time or about 290 000 now 5 he used the award to fund the Volta Laboratory also known as the Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory in Washington D C in collaboration with Sumner Tainter and Bell s cousin Chichester Bell 6 The laboratory was variously known as the Volta Bureau the Bell Carriage House the Bell Laboratory and the Volta Laboratory It focused on the analysis recording and transmission of sound Bell used his considerable profits from the laboratory for further research and education to permit the increased diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf 6 resulting in the founding of the Volta Bureau c 1887 which was located at Bell s father s house at 1527 35th Street N W in Washington D C Its carriage house became their headquarters in 1889 6 In 1893 Bell constructed a new building close by at 1537 35th Street N W specifically to house the lab 6 This building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972 7 8 9 After the invention of the telephone Bell maintained a relatively distant role with the Bell System as a whole but continued to pursue his own personal research interests 10 Bell s 1893 Volta Bureau building in Washington D C Early antecedent Edit The Bell Patent Association was formed by Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Sanders and Gardiner Hubbard when filing the first patents for the telephone in 1876 Bell Telephone Company the first telephone company was formed a year later It later became a part of the American Bell Telephone Company In 1884 the American Bell Telephone Company created the Mechanical Department from the Electrical and Patent Department formed a year earlier American Telephone amp Telegraph Company AT amp T and its own subsidiary company took control of American Bell and the Bell System by 1889 American Bell held a controlling interest in Western Electric which was the manufacturing arm of the business whereas AT amp T was doing research into the service providers 11 12 Formal organization and location changes Edit The original home of Bell Laboratories beginning in 1925 463 West Street New York In 1896 Western Electric bought property at 463 West Street to station their manufacturers and engineers who had been supplying AT amp T with their product This included everything from telephones telephone exchange switches and transmission equipment On January 1 1925 Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc was organized to consolidate the development and research activities in the communication field and allied sciences for the Bell System Ownership was evenly shared between Western Electric and AT amp T The new company had existing personnel of 3600 engineers scientists and support staff In addition to the existing research facilities of 400 000 square feet of space its space was extended with a new building on about one quarter of a city block 13 The first chairman of the board of directors was John J Carty the vice president of AT amp T and the first president was Frank B Jewett 13 also a board member who stayed there until 1940 14 15 16 The operations were directed by E B Craft executive vice president and formerly chief engineer at Western Electric By the early 1940s Bell Labs engineers and scientists had begun to move to other locations away from the congestion and environmental distractions of New York City and in 1967 Bell Laboratories headquarters was officially relocated to Murray Hill New Jersey Among the later Bell Laboratories locations in New Jersey were Holmdel Crawford Hill the Deal Test Site Freehold Lincroft Long Branch Middletown Neptune Princeton Piscataway Red Bank Chester and Whippany Of these Murray Hill and Crawford Hill remain in existence the Piscataway and Red Bank locations were transferred to and are now operated by Telcordia Technologies and the Whippany site was purchased by Bayer 17 The largest grouping of people in the company was in Illinois at Naperville Lisle in the Chicago area which had the largest concentration of employees about 11 000 prior to 2001 There also were groups of employees in Indianapolis Indiana Columbus Ohio North Andover Massachusetts Allentown Pennsylvania Reading Pennsylvania and Breinigsville Pennsylvania Burlington North Carolina 1950s 1970s moved to Greensboro 1980s and Westminster Colorado Since 2001 many of the former locations have been scaled down or closed Old Bell Labs Holmdel Complex Located in New Jersey about 20 miles south of New York The Holmdel site a 1 9 million square foot structure set on 473 acres was closed in 2007 The mirrored glass building was designed by Eero Saarinen In August 2013 Somerset Development bought the building intending to redevelop it into a mixed commercial and residential project A 2012 article expressed doubt on the success of the newly named Bell Works site 18 but several large tenants had announced plans to move in through 2016 and 2017 19 20 Building Complex Location code information past and present Edit Chester CH North Road Chester NJ began 1930 outdoor test site for small size telephone pole preservation timber related equipment cable laying mechanism for the first undersea voice cable research for loop transmission Lucent donated land for park 21 Crawford Hill HOH Crawfords Corner Road Holmdel NJ built 1930s currently as exhibit and building sold horn antenna used for Big Bang theory Holmdel HO 101 Crawfords Corner Holmdel NJ built 1959 1962 older structures in the 1920s currently as private building called Bell Works discovered extraterrestrial radio emissions undersea cable research satellite transmissions systems Telstar 3 and 4 Indian Hill IH 2000 Naperville Road Naperville IL built 1966 currently Nokia developed switching technology and systems 22 Murray Hill MH 600 Mountain Ave Murray Hill NJ built 1941 1945 currently Nokia developed transistor UNIX operating system and C programming language anechoic chamber several building sections demolished Short Hills HL 101 103 JFK Parkway Short Hills NJ Various departments such as Accounts Payable IT Purchasing HR Personnel Payroll Telecom and the Government group and Unix Administration Systems Computer Center Buildings exist without the overhead walkway between the two buildings and two different companies are located from banking and business analytics Summit SF 190 River Road Summit NJ building was part of the UNIX Software Operations and became UNIX System Laboratories Inc In December 1991 USL combined with Novell Location is a banking company West St 463 West Street New York NY built 1898 1925 until December 1966 as Bell Labs headquarters experimental talking movies wave nature of matter radar Whippany WH 67 Whippany Road Whippany NJ built 1920s demolished and portion building as Bayer performed military research and development research and development in radar in guidance for the Nike missile and in underwater sound Telstar 1 wireless technologies 22 Bell Labs locations listed in 1974 corporate directory Edit Allentown Allentown PA Atlanta Norcross GA Centennial Park Piscataway NJ Chester Chester NJ Columbus Columbus OH Crawford Hill Holmdel NJ Denver Denver CO Grand Forks MSR Cavalier ND Missile Site Radar MSR Site Grand Forks PAR Cavalier ND Perimeter Acquisition Radar PAR Site Guilford Center Greensboro NC Holmdel Holmdel NJ Indianapolis Indianapolis IN Indian Hill Naperville IL Kwajalein San Francisco CA Madison Madison NJ Merrimack Valley North Andover MA Murray Hill Murray Hill NJ Raritan River Center Piscataway NJ Reading Reading PA Union Union NJ Warren Service Center Warren NJ Whippany Whippany NJDiscoveries and developments EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Bell Laboratories logo used from 1969 until 1983 Bell Laboratories was and is regarded by many as the premier research facility of its type developing a wide range of revolutionary technologies including radio astronomy the transistor the laser information theory the operating system Unix the programming languages C and C solar cells the charge coupled device CCD and many other optical wireless and wired communications technologies and systems 1920s Edit In 1924 Bell Labs physicist Walter A Shewhart proposed the control chart as a method to determine when a process was in a state of statistical control Shewhart s methods were the basis for statistical process control SPC the use of statistically based tools and techniques to manage and improve processes This was the origin of the modern quality movement including Six Sigma In 1926 the laboratories invented an early example synchronous sound motion picture system in competition with Fox Movietone and DeForest Phonofilm 23 In 1927 a Bell team headed by Herbert E Ives successfully transmitted long distance 128 line television images of Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover from Washington to New York In 1928 the thermal noise in a resistor was first measured by John B Johnson and Harry Nyquist provided the theoretical analysis this is now termed Johnson noise During the 1920s the one time pad cipher was invented by Gilbert Vernam and Joseph Mauborgne at the laboratories Bell Labs Claude Shannon later proved that it is unbreakable In 1928 Harold Black invented the negative feedback commonly used in amplifiers Later Harry Nyquist analyzed Black s design rule for negative feedback This work was published in 1932 and became known as Nyquist criterion 1930s Edit Reconstruction of the directional antenna used in the discovery of radio emission of extraterrestrial origin by Karl Guthe Jansky at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1932 In 1931 a foundation for radio astronomy was laid by Karl Jansky during his work investigating the origins of static on long distance shortwave communications He discovered that radio waves were being emitted from the center of the galaxy In 1931 and 1932 experimental high fidelity long playing and even stereophonic recordings were made by the labs of the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Leopold Stokowski 24 In 1933 stereo signals were transmitted live from Philadelphia to Washington D C In 1937 the vocoder an electronic speech compression device or codec and the Voder the first electronic speech synthesizer were developed and demonstrated by Homer Dudley the Voder being demonstrated at the 1939 New York World s Fair Bell researcher Clinton Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with George Paget Thomson for the discovery of electron diffraction which helped lay the foundation for solid state electronics 1940s Edit The first transistor a point contact germanium device was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947 This image shows a replica In the early 1940s the photovoltaic cell was developed by Russell Ohl In 1943 Bell developed SIGSALY the first digital scrambled speech transmission system used by the Allies in World War II The British wartime codebreaker Alan Turing visited the labs at this time working on speech encryption and meeting Claude Shannon 25 Bell Labs Quality Assurance Department gave the world and the United States such statisticians as Walter A Shewhart W Edwards Deming Harold F Dodge George D Edwards Harry Romig R L Jones Paul Olmstead E G D Paterson and Mary N Torrey During World War II Emergency Technical Committee Quality Control drawn mainly from Bell Labs statisticians was instrumental in advancing Army and Navy ammunition acceptance and material sampling procedures In 1947 the transistor arguably the most important invention developed by Bell Laboratories was invented by John Bardeen Walter Houser Brattain and William Bradford Shockley and who subsequently shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 In 1947 Richard Hamming invented Hamming codes for error detection and correction For patent reasons the result was not published until 1950 In 1948 A Mathematical Theory of Communication one of the founding works in information theory was published by Claude Shannon in the Bell System Technical Journal It built in part on earlier work in the field by Bell researchers Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley but it greatly extended these Bell Labs also introduced a series of increasingly complex calculators through the decade Shannon was also the founder of modern cryptography with his 1949 paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems Calculators Edit 26 27 Model I A complex number calculator completed in 1939 and put into operation in 1940 for doing calculations of complex numbers Model II Relay Computer Relay Interpolator 28 September 1943 for interpolating data points of flight profiles needed for performance testing of a gun director 29 This model introduced error detection self checking 30 31 Model III Ballistic Computer 32 June 1944 for calculations of ballistic trajectories Model IV Error Detector Mark II March 1945 33 improved ballistic computer Model V 34 General purpose electromechanical computer of which two were built July 1946 and February 1947 35 33 36 Model VI 1949 an enhanced Model V1950s Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Bell Labs news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message The 1950s also saw developments based upon information theory The central development was binary code systems Efforts concentrated on the prime mission of supporting the Bell System with engineering advances including the N carrier system TD microwave radio relay direct distance dialing E repeater wire spring relay and the Number Five Crossbar Switching System In 1952 William Gardner Pfann revealed the method of zone melting which enabled semiconductor purification and level doping In 1953 Maurice Karnaugh developed the Karnaugh map used for managing of Boolean algebraic expressions In 1954 the first modern solar cell was invented at Bell Laboratories In 1956 TAT 1 the first transatlantic communications cable was laid between Scotland and Newfoundland in a joint effort by AT amp T Bell Laboratories and British and Canadian telephone companies In 1957 Max Mathews created MUSIC one of the first computer programs to play electronic music Robert C Prim and Joseph Kruskal developed new greedy algorithms that revolutionized computer network design In 1958 a technical paper by Arthur Schawlow and Charles Hard Townes first described the laser In 1959 Mohamed M Atalla and Dawon Kahng invented the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor MOSFET 37 The MOSFET has achieved electronic hegemony and sustains the large scale integration LSI of circuits underlying today s information society citation needed 1960s Edit The charge coupled device was invented by George E Smith and Willard Boyle On October 1 1960 the Kwajalein Field Station was announced as a location for the NIKE ZEUS test program Mr R W Benfer was the first director to arrive shortly on October 5 for the program Bell Labs designed many of the major system elements and conducted fundamental investigations of phase controlled scanning antenna arrays 38 In December 1960 Ali Javan PhD physicist from the university of Teheran Iran with help by Rolf Seebach and his associates William Bennett and Donald Heriot successfully operated the first gas laser the first continuous light laser operating at an unprecedented accuracy and color purity In 1962 the electret microphone was invented by Gerhard M Sessler and James E West Also in 1962 John R Pierce s vision of communications satellites was realized by the launch of Telstar On July 10 1962 the Telstar spacecraft was launched into orbit by NASA and it was designed and built by Bell Laboratories The first worldwide television broadcast was July 23 1962 with a press conference by President Kennedy 39 In Spring 1964 the building of an electronic switching systems center was planned at Bell Laboratories near Naperville Illinois The building in 1966 would be called Indian Hill and development work from former electronic switching organization at Holmdel and Systems Equipment Engineering organization would occupy the laboratory with engineers from Western Electric Hawthorne Works Scheduled for work were about 1 200 people when completed in 1966 and peaked at 11 000 before October 2001 Lucent Technologies downsizing occurred 40 In 1964 the carbon dioxide laser was invented by Kumar Patel and the discovery operation of the Nd YAG laser was demonstrated by J E Geusic et al Experiments by Myriam Sarachik provided the first data that confirmed the Kondo effect 41 The research of Philip W Anderson into electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems led to improved understanding of metals and insulators for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1977 42 In 1965 Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 43 Frank W Sinden Edward E Zajac Ken Knowlton and A Michael Noll made computer animated movies during the early to mid 1960s Ken Knowlton invented the computer animation language BEFLIX The first digital computer art was created in 1962 by Noll In 1966 orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM a key technology in wireless services was developed and patented by R W Chang In December 1966 the New York City site was sold and became the Westbeth Artists Community complex In 1968 molecular beam epitaxy was developed by J R Arthur and A Y Cho molecular beam epitaxy allows semiconductor chips and laser matrices to be manufactured one atomic layer at a time In 1969 Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson created the computer operating system UNIX for the support of telecommunication switching systems as well as general purpose computing Also in 1969 the charge coupled device CCD was invented by Willard Boyle and George E Smith for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009 From 1969 to 1971 Aaron Marcus the first graphic designer involved with computer graphics researched designed and programmed a prototype interactive page layout system for the Picturephone 1970s Edit The C programming language was developed in 1972 The 1970s and 1980s saw more and more computer related inventions at the Bell Laboratories as part of the personal computing revolution The 1970s also saw a major central office technology evolve from crossbar electromechanical relay based technology and discrete transistor logic to Bell Labs developed thick film hybrid and transistor transistor logic TTL stored program controlled switching systems 1A 4 TOLL Electronic Switching Systems ESS and 2A Local Central Offices produced at the Bell Labs Naperville and Western Electric Lisle Illinois facilities This technology evolution dramatically reduced floor space needs The new ESS also came with its own diagnostic software that needed only a switchman and several frame technicians to maintain About 1970 the coax 22 cable was developed by Bell Labs This coax cable with 22 strands allowed a total capacity of 132 000 phone calls Previously there was a 12 strand coax cable used for L carrier systems Both these types of cables were manufactured at Western Electrics Baltimore Works facility on machines designed by a Western Electric Senior development engineer 44 In 1970 A Michael Noll invented a tactile force feedback system coupled with interactive stereoscopic computer display In 1971 an improved task priority system for computerized telephone exchange switching systems for telephone traffic was invented by Erna Schneider Hoover who received one of the first software patents for it In 1972 Dennis Ritchie developed the compiled programming language C as a replacement for the interpreted language B which was then used in a worse is better rewrite of UNIX Also the language AWK was designed and implemented by Alfred Aho Peter Weinberger and Brian Kernighan of Bell Laboratories Also in 1972 Marc Rochkind invented the Source Code Control System In 1976 optical fiber systems were first tested in Georgia and in 1980 the first single chip 32 bit microprocessor the Bellmac 32A was demonstrated It went into production in 1982 1980s Edit Bell Laboratories logo used from 1984 until 1995 During the 1980s the operating system Plan 9 from Bell Labs was developed extending the UNIX model Also the Radiodrum an electronic music instrument played in three space dimensions was invented In 1980 the TDMA digital cellular telephone technology was patented The launching of the Bell Labs Fellows Award started in 1982 to recognize and honor scientists and engineers who have made outstanding and sustained R amp D contributions at AT amp T with a level of distinction As of the 2021 inductees only 336 people have received the honor 45 Dr Kenneth Thompson Ph D and Dennis Ritchie were also Bell Labs Fellows for 1982 Dennis started in 1967 at Bell Labs in the Bell Labs Computer Systems Research department 46 Thompson started in 1966 Both co inventors of the UNIX operating system and C language were also awarded decades later the 2011 Japan Prize for Information and Communications In 1982 fractional quantum Hall effect was discovered by Horst Stormer and former Bell Laboratories researchers Robert B Laughlin and Daniel C Tsui they consequently won a Nobel Prize in 1998 for the discovery In 1984 the first photoconductive antennas for picosecond electromagnetic radiation were demonstrated by Auston and others This type of antenna became an important component in terahertz time domain spectroscopy In 1984 Karmarkar s algorithm for linear programming was developed by mathematician Narendra Karmarkar Also in 1984 a divestiture agreement signed in 1982 with the American Federal government forced the break up of AT amp T Bellcore now iconectiv was split off from Bell Laboratories to provide the same R amp D functions for the newly created local exchange carriers AT amp T also was limited to using the Bell trademark only in association with Bell Laboratories Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc became a wholly owned company of the new AT amp T Technologies unit the former Western Electric The 5ESS Switch was developed during this transition The National Medal of Technology was awarded to Bell Labs the first corporation to achieve this honor in February 1985 47 In 1985 laser cooling was used to slow and manipulate atoms by Steven Chu and team In 1985 the modeling language A Mathematical Programming Language AMPL was developed by Robert Fourer David M Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories Also in 1985 Bell Laboratories was awarded the National Medal of Technology For contribution over decades to modern communication systems In 1985 48 the programming language C had its first commercial release 49 Bjarne Stroustrup started developing C at Bell Laboratories in 1979 as an extension to the original C language 49 Arthur Ashkin invented optical tweezers that grab particles atoms viruses and other living cells with their laser beam fingers A major breakthrough came in 1987 when Ashkin used the tweezers to capture living bacteria without harming them He immediately began studying biological systems using the optical tweezers which are now widely used to investigate the machinery of life 50 He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 for his work involving optical tweezers and their application to biological systems Charles A Burrus became a Bell Labs Fellow in 1988 for his work done as a Technical Staff member Prior to this accomplishment was awarded in 1982 the AT amp T Bell Laboratories Distinguished Technical Staff Award Charles started in 1955 at the Holmdel Bell Labs location and retired in 1996 with consultations to Lucent Technologies up to 2002 51 In 1988 TAT 8 became the first transatlantic fiber optic cable Bell Labs in Freehold NJ developed the 1 3 micron fiber cable splicing laser detector and 280 Mbit s repeater for 40 000 telephone call capacity In the late 1980s realizing that voiceband modems were approaching the Shannon limit on bit rate Richard D Gitlin Jean Jacques Werner and their colleagues pioneered a major breakthrough by inventing DSL Digital Subscriber Line and creating the technology that enabled megabit transmission on installed copper telephone lines thus facilitating the broadband era 52 1990s Edit Lucent Logo bearing the Bell Labs Innovations tagline Bell Labs John Mayo received the National Medal of Technology in 1990 53 In May 1990 Ronald Snare was named AT amp T Bell Laboratories Fellow for Singular contributions to the development of the common channel signaling network and the signal transfer points globally This system began service in the United States in 1978 54 In the early 1990s approaches to increase modem speeds to 56K were explored at Bell Labs and early patents were filed in 1992 by Ender Ayanoglu Nuri R Dagdeviren and their colleagues 55 The scientist W Lincoln Hawkins in 1992 received the National Medal of Technology for work done at Bell Labs 56 In 1992 Jack Salz Jack Winters and Richard D Gitlin provided the foundational technology to demonstrate that adaptive antenna arrays at the transmitter and receiver can substantially increase both the reliability via diversity and capacity via spatial multiplexing of wireless systems without expanding the bandwidth 57 Subsequently the BLAST system proposed by Gerard Foschini and colleagues dramatically expanded the capacity of wireless systems 58 This technology known today as MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output was a significant factor in the standardization commercialization performance improvement and growth of cellular and wireless LAN systems Amos Joel in 1993 received the National Medal of Technology 59 Two AT amp T Bell Labs scientists Joel Engel and Richard Frenkiel were honored with the National Medal of Technology in 1994 60 In 1994 the quantum cascade laser was invented by Federico Capasso Alfred Cho Jerome Faist and their collaborators Also in 1994 Peter Shor devised his quantum factorization algorithm In 1996 SCALPEL electron lithography which prints features atoms wide on microchips was invented by Lloyd Harriott and his team The operating system Inferno an update of Plan 9 was created by Dennis Ritchie with others using the then new concurrent programming language Limbo A high performance database engine Dali was developed which became DataBlitz in its product form 61 In 1996 AT amp T spun off Bell Laboratories along with most of its equipment manufacturing business into a new company named Lucent Technologies AT amp T retained a small number of researchers who made up the staff of the newly created AT amp T Labs Lucy Sanders was the third woman to receive the Bell Labs Fellow award in 1996 for her work in creating a RISC chip that allowed more phone calls using software and hardware on a single server She started in 1977 and was one of the few woman engineers at Bell Labs 62 In 1997 the smallest then practical transistor 60 nanometers 182 atoms wide was built In 1998 the first optical router was invented Rudolph Kazarinov and Federico Capasso received the optoelectronics Rank Prize on December 8 1998 63 In December 1998 Ritchie and Thompson also were honorees of the National Medal of Technology for their work done for pre Lucent Technologies Bell Labs The award was presented by U S President William Clinton in 1999 in a White House ceremony 64 2000s Edit Pre 2013 logo of Alcatel Lucent parent company of Bell Labs 2000 was an active year for the Laboratories in which DNA machine prototypes were developed progressive geometry compression algorithm made widespread 3 D communication practical the first electrically powered organic laser was invented a large scale map of cosmic dark matter was compiled and the F 15 material an organic material that makes plastic transistors possible was invented In 2002 physicist Jan Hendrik Schon was fired after his work was found to contain fraudulent data It was the first known case of fraud at Bell Labs In 2003 the New Jersey Institute of Technology Biomedical Engineering Laboratory was created at Murray Hill New Jersey 65 In 2004 Lucent Technologies awarded two women the prestigious Bell Labs Fellow Award Magaly Spector a director in INS Network Systems Group was awarded for sustained and exceptional scientific and technological contributions in solid state physics III V material for semiconductor lasers Gallium Arsenide integrated circuits and the quality and reliability of products used in high speed optical transport systems for next generation high bandwidth communication Eve Varma a technical manager in MNS Network Systems Group was awarded for her citation in sustained contributions to digital and optical networking including architecture synchronization restoration standards operations and control In 2005 Jeong H Kim former President of Lucent s Optical Network Group returned from academia to become the President of Bell Laboratories In April 2006 Bell Laboratories parent company Lucent Technologies signed a merger agreement with Alcatel On December 1 2006 the merged company Alcatel Lucent began operations This deal raised concerns in the United States where Bell Laboratories works on defense contracts A separate company LGS Innovations with an American board was set up to manage Bell Laboratories and Lucent s sensitive U S government contracts In March 2019 LGS Innovations was purchased by CACI 66 In December 2007 it was announced that the former Lucent Bell Laboratories and the former Alcatel Research and Innovation would be merged into one organization under the name of Bell Laboratories This is the first period of growth following many years during which Bell Laboratories progressively lost manpower due to layoffs and spin offs making the company shut down briefly In February 2008 Alcatel Lucent continued the Bell Laboratories tradition of awarding the prestigious award for outstanding technical contributors Martin J Glapa a former chief Technical Officer of Lucent s Cable Communications Business Unit and Director of Advanced Technologies 67 was presented by Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs President Jeong H Kim with the 2006 Bell Labs Fellow Award in Network Architecture Network Planning and Professional Services with particular focus in Cable TV Systems and Broadband Services having significant resulting Alcatel Lucent commercial successes Glapa is a patent holder and has co written the 2004 technical paper called Optimal Availability amp Security For Voice Over Cable Networks and co authored the 2008 Impact of bandwidth demand growth on HFC networks published by IEEE 68 As of July 2008 however only four scientists remained in physics research according to a report by the scientific journal Nature 69 On August 28 2008 Alcatel Lucent announced it was pulling out of basic science material physics and semiconductor research and it will instead focus on more immediately marketable areas including networking high speed electronics wireless networks nanotechnology and software 70 In 2009 Willard Boyle and George Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention and development of the charge coupled device CCD 71 Rob Soni was an Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs Fellow in 2009 as cited for work in winning North American customers wireless business and for helping to define 4G wireless networks with transformative system architectures 72 2010s Edit Nokia Bell Labs entrance sign at New Jersey headquarters in 2016 Gee Rittenhouse former Head of Research returned from his position as chief operating officer of Alcatel Lucent s Software Services and Solutions business in February 2013 to become the 12th President of Bell Labs 73 On November 4 2013 Alcatel Lucent announced the appointment of Marcus Weldon as President of Bell Labs His stated charter was to return Bell Labs to the forefront of innovation in Information and communications technology by focusing on solving the key industry challenges as was the case in the great Bell Labs innovation eras in the past 74 In July 2014 Bell Labs announced it had broken the broadband Internet speed record with a new technology dubbed XG FAST that promises 10 gigabits per second transmission speeds 75 In 2014 Eric Betzig shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in super resolved fluorescence microscopy which he began pursuing while at Bell Labs in the Semiconductor Physics Research Department 76 On April 15 2015 Nokia agreed to acquire Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs parent company in a share exchange worth 16 6 billion 77 78 Their first day of combined operations was January 14 2016 79 In September 2016 Nokia Bell Labs along with Technische Universitat Berlin Deutsche Telekom T Labs and the Technical University of Munich achieved a data rate of one terabit per second by improving transmission capacity and spectral efficiency in an optical communications field trial with a new modulation technique 80 Antero Taivalsaari became a Bell Labs Fellow in 2016 for his specific work 81 In 2017 Dragan Samardzija was awarded the Bell Labs Fellow 82 In 2018 Arthur Ashkin shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems 50 which was developed at Bell Labs in the 1980s 2020s Edit In 2020 Alfred Aho and Jeffrey Ullman shared the Turing Award for their work on compilers starting with their tenure at Bell Labs during 1967 69 On November 16 2021 Nokia presented the 2021 Bell Labs Fellows Award Ceremony six new members Igor Curcio Matthew Andrews Bjorn Jelonnek Ed Harstead Gino Dion Esa Tiirola held at Nokia Batvik Mansion Finland 83 The Nokia 2022 Bell Labs Fellows were recognized on November 29 2022 in a New Jersey ceremony There was one woman and four men that were inducted to the total of 341 recipients since its inception by AT amp T Bell Labs in 1982 One member was from New Jersey two were from Cambridge UK and two were from Finland representing Espoo and Tampere locations 84 Nobel Prizes Turing Awards EditNine Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories 85 1937 Clinton J Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for demonstrating the wave nature of matter 1956 John Bardeen Walter H Brattain and William Shockley received the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the first transistors 1977 Philip W Anderson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing an improved understanding of the electronic structure of glass and magnetic materials 1978 Arno A Penzias and Robert W Wilson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics Penzias and Wilson were cited for their discovering cosmic microwave background radiation a nearly uniform glow that fills the Universe in the microwave band of the radio spectrum 1997 Steven Chu shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light 1998 Horst Stormer Robert Laughlin and Daniel Tsui were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering and explaining the fractional quantum Hall effect 2009 Willard S Boyle George E Smith shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Charles K Kao Boyle and Smith were cited for inventing charge coupled device CCD semiconductor imaging sensors 2014 Eric Betzig shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in super resolved fluorescence microscopy which he began pursuing while at Bell Labs 2018 Arthur Ashkin shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems 50 which was developed at Bell Labs The Turing Award has been won five times by Bell Labs researchers 1968 Richard Hamming for his work on numerical methods automatic coding systems and error detecting and error correcting codes 86 87 1983 Ken Thompson 88 and Dennis Ritchie 89 for their work on operating system theory and for developing Unix 86 1986 Robert Tarjan 90 with John Hopcroft 91 for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures 2018 Yann LeCun and Yoshua Bengio shared the Turing Award with Geoffrey Hinton for their work in Deep Learning 2020 Alfred Aho and Jeffrey Ullman shared the Turing Award for their work on Compilers Emmy Awards Grammy Award and Academy Award EditThe Emmy Award has been won five times by Bell Labs one under Lucent Technologies one under Alcatel Lucent and three under Nokia 1997 Primetime Engineering Emmy Award for work on digital television as part of the HDTV Grand Alliance 92 2013 Technology and Engineering Emmy for its Pioneering Work in Implementation and Deployment of Network DVR 93 2016 Technology amp Engineering Emmy Award for the pioneering invention and deployment of fiber optic cable 2020 Technology amp Engineering Emmy Award for the CCD charge coupled device was crucial in the development of television allowing images to be captured digitally for recording transmission 2021 Technology amp Engineering Emmy Award for the ISO Base Media File Format standardization in which our multimedia research unit has played a major role 94 The inventions of fiber optics and research done in digital television and media File Format were under former AT amp T Bell Labs ownership The Grammy Award has been won once by Bell Labs under Alcatel Lucent 2006 Technical GRAMMY Award for outstanding technical contributions to the recording field The Academy Award has been won once by E C Wente and Bell Labs 1937 Scientific or Technical Award Class II for their multi cellular high frequency horn and receiver Publications EditThe American Telephone and Telegraph Company Western Electric and other Bell System companies issued numerous publications such as local house organs for corporate distribution for the scientific and industry communities and for the general public including telephone subscribers The Bell Laboratories Record was a principal house organ featuring general interest content such as corporate news support staff profiles and events reports of facilities upgrades but also articles of research and development results written for technical or non technical audiences The publication commenced in 1925 with the founding of the laboratories A prominent journal for the focussed dissemination of original or reprinted scientific research by Bell Labs engineers and scientists was the Bell System Technical Journal started in 1922 by the AT amp T Information Department Bell researchers also published widely in industry journals Some of these articles were reprinted by the Bell System as Monographs consecutively issued starting in 1920 95 These reprints numbering over 5000 comprise a catalog of Bell research over the decades Research in the Monographs is aided by access to associated indexes 96 for monographs 1 1199 1200 2850 1958 2851 4050 1962 and 4051 4650 1964 Essentially all of the landmark work done by Bell Labs is memorialized in one or more corresponding monographs Examples include Monograph 1598 Shannon A Mathematical Theory of Communication 1948 reprinted from BSTJ Monograph 1659 Bardeen and Brattain Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action 1949 reprinted from BSTJ Monograph 1757 Hamming Error Detecting and Error Correcting Codes 1950 reprinted from BSTJ Monograph 3289 Pierce Transoceanic Communications by Means of Satellite 1959 reprinted from Proc I R E Monograph 3345 Schawlow amp Townes Infrared and Optical Masers 1958 reprinted from Physical Review Presidents EditPeriod Name of President Lifetime1 1925 1940 Frank Baldwin Jewett 1879 19492 1940 1951 Oliver Buckley 1887 19593 1951 1959 Mervin Kelly 1895 19714 1959 1973 James Brown Fisk 1910 1981 97 5 1973 1979 William Oliver Baker 1915 20056 1979 1991 Ian Munro Ross 1927 20137 1991 1995 John Sullivan Mayo b 19308 1995 1999 Dan Stanzione b 19459 1999 2001 Arun Netravali b 194610 2001 2005 Bill O Shea b 195711 2005 2013 Jeong Hun Kim b 196112 2013 2013 Gee Rittenhouse13 2013 2021 Marcus Weldon b 19682021 Thierry Klein2021 Peter Vetter b 1963Notable alumni Edit Nobel Prize 98 Turing Award 99 Alumni NotesAlistair E Ritchie Bell Labs scientist and co author of The Design of Switching Circuits on switching circuit theory Father of Dennis M Ritchie Alfred Aho Advanced compiler theory and wrote the well known Dragon Book with Jeffrey Ullman on compiler design Ali Javan Invented the gas laser in 1960 Arno Allan Penzias Discovered background radiation with Robert W Wilson originating from the Big Bang and won the Nobel Prize in 1978 for the discovery Amos E Joel Jr Was an American electrical engineer known for several contributions and over seventy patents related to telecommunications switching systems Joel worked at Bell Labs 1940 83 where he first undertook cryptology studies collaboration with Claude Shannon followed by studies on electronic switching system that resulted in the 1ESS switch 1948 60 He then headed the development of advanced telephone services 1961 68 which led to several patents including one on Traffic Service Position System 100 and a mechanism for handoff in cellular communication 1972 101 Received the National Medal of Technology 1993 Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame 2008 Arthur Ashkin Has been considered the father of the topical field of optical tweezers for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 Arthur Hebard Noted for leading the discovery of superconductivity in Buckminsterfullerene in 1991 Arun N Netravali 2001 National Medal of Technology Video signal interpolation using motion estimation Patent US4383272ABishnu Atal Developed new speech processing and encoding algorithms including fundamental work on linear prediction of speech and linear predictive coding LPC and the development of code excited linear prediction CELP speech encoding the basis for all speech communication codecs in mobile and Internet voice communications Bjarne Stroustrup Was the head of Bell Labs Large scale Programming Research department from its creation until late 2002 and created the C programming language Brian Kernighan Helped to create Unix AWK AMPL and authored along with Dennis Ritchie influential The C Programming Language book Claire F Gmachl Developed novel designs for solid state lasers leading to advances in the development of quantum cascade lasers Claude Shannon Founded information theory with the publishing of A Mathematical Theory of Communication in 1948 He is perhaps equally well known for founding both digital computer and digital circuit design theory in 1937 when as a 21 year old master s degree student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT he wrote his thesis demonstrating that electrical applications of Boolean algebra could construct any logical numerical relationship 102 Shannon contributed to the field of cryptanalysis for national defense during World War II including his basic work on codebreaking and secure telecommunications For two months early in 1943 Shannon came into contact with the leading British cryptanalyst and mathematician Alan Turing Shannon and Turing met at teatime in the cafeteria 103 Turing showed Shannon his 1936 paper that defined what is now known as the Universal Turing machine 104 105 this impressed Shannon as many of its ideas complemented his own Clinton Davisson Davisson and Lester Germer performed an experiment showing that electrons were diffracted at the surface of a crystal of nickel This celebrated Davisson Germer experiment confirmed the de Broglie hypothesis that particles of matter have a wave like nature which is a central tenet of quantum mechanics Their observation of diffraction allowed the first measurement of a wavelength for electrons He shared the Nobel Prize in 1937 with George Paget Thomson who independently discovered electron diffraction at about the same time as Davisson Clyde G BetheaCorinna Cortes Head of Google Research New York Daniel Tsui Along with Robert Laughlin and Horst Stormer discovered new form of quantum fluid David A B Miller Dawon Kahng Invented the MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor with Mohamed M Atalla in 1959 37 106 It revolutionized the electronics industry 107 108 and is the most widely used semiconductor device in the world 109 110 Dennis Ritchie Created the C programming language and with long time colleague Ken Thompson the Unix operating system Received the National Medal of Technology 1998 with Ken Thompson presented by President William Clinton Donald Cox Received the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal 1993 Douglas McIlroy Proposed Unix pipelines and developed several Unix tools Pioneering researcher of macro processors code reuse and component based software engineering Participated in the design of multiple influential programming languages particularly PL I SNOBOL ALTRAN TMG and C Edward Lawry Norton Famous for Norton s theorem Elizabeth Bailey Worked in technical programming at Bell Laboratories from 1960 to 1972 before transferring to the economic research section from 1972 to 1977 Eric Betzig An American physicist who worked to develop the field of fluorescence microscopy and photoactivated localization microscopy He was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of super resolved fluorescence microscopy along with Stefan Hell and fellow Cornell alumnus William E Moerner Eric Schmidt Did a complete re write with Mike Lesk of Lex a program to generate lexical analysers for the Unix computer operating system Erna Schneider Hoover Invented the computerized telephone switching method Esther M Conwell Studied effects of high electric fields on electron transport in semiconductors member of the National Academy of Engineering National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Evelyn Hu Pioneer in the fabrication of nanoscale electronic and photonic devices Everett T Burton Time Division Multiplexing Patent US2917583A Time separation communication system George E Smith Led research into novel lasers and semiconductor devices During his tenure Smith was awarded dozens of patents and eventually headed the VLSI device department George E Smith shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics with Willard Boyle for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit the CCD sensor which has become an electronic eye in almost all areas of photography 111 Gil Amelio Amelio was on the team that demonstrated the first working charge coupled device CCD Worked at Fairchild Semiconductor and the semiconductor division of Rockwell International but is best remembered as a CEO of National Semiconductor and Apple Inc Harvey Fletcher As Director of Research at Bell Labs he oversaw research in electrical sound recording including more than 100 stereo recordings with conductor Leopold Stokowski in 1931 1932 112 113 Horst Ludwig Stormer Along with Robert Laughlin and Daniel Tsui discovered new form of quantum fluid Howard M Jackson II Electrical engineer at Western Electric Co where he worked in a manufacturing group of equipment for USAF bombing navigation systems Employment for Bell Labs took him from Whippany NJ to Kwajalein Marshall Islands Naperville IL and back to Murray Hill NJ Worked mainly on computer technology including early missile detection software for Safeguard Anti Ballistic Missile systems 114 John Hopcroft Received the Turing Award jointly with Robert Tarjan in 1986 for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures Ian Munro Ross Ingrid Daubechies Developed the orthogonal Daubechies wavelet and the biorthogonal Cohen Daubechies Feauveau wavelet She is best known for her work with wavelets in image compression such as JPEG 2000 and digital cinema James West Joined Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1957 and holds more than 250 U S and foreign patents One important patent is foil electret microphone with Gerhard M Sessler 115 Jeffrey Ullman Advanced compiler theory and wrote the well known Dragon Book with Alfred Aho on compiler design Jessie MacWilliams Developed the MacWilliams identities in coding theory John Mashey Worked on the PWB UNIX operating system at Bell Labs from 1973 to 1983 authoring the PWB shell also known as the Mashey Shell 116 John M Chambers Developed the statistical programming language S which is the forerunner to R John Bardeen With William Shockley and Walter Brattain the three scientists invented the point contact transistor in 1947 and were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics Jon Hall Executive Director of Linux International 117 Ken Thompson Designed and implemented the original Unix operating system He also invented the B programming language the direct predecessor to the C programming language and was one of the creators and early developers of the Plan 9 operating systems With Joseph Henry Condon he designed and built Belle the first chess machine to earn a master rating Since 2006 Thompson has worked at Google where he co invented the Go programming language Received the National Medal of Technology 1998 with Dennis Ritchie presented by President William Clinton Laurie Spiegel Electronic musician and engineer known for developing the algorithmic composition software Music Mouse Margaret H Wright Pioneer in numerical computing and mathematical optimization head of the Scientific Computing Research Department and Bell Labs Fellow president of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Marian CroakMaurice Karnaugh Famous for the Karnaugh map Max Mathews Wrote MUSIC the first widely used program for sound generation in 1957 Mohamed M Atalla Developed the silicon surface passivation process in 1957 106 118 and then invented the MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor the first practical implementation of a field effect transistor with Dawon Kahng in 1959 107 108 109 110 This led to a breakthrough in semiconductor technology 119 120 and revolutionized the electronics industry 107 108 Narain GehaniNarendra Karmarkar Developed Karmarkar s algorithm Neil Sloane Created the On Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences Osamu Fujimura Japanese physicist phonetician and linguist recognized as one of the pioneers of speech science Invented the C D model of speech articulation Persi Diaconis Known for tackling mathematical problems involving randomness and randomization such as coin flipping and shuffling playing cards Philip Warren Anderson In 1977 Anderson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his investigations into the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems which allowed for the development of electronic switching and memory devices in computers Phyllis Fox Co wrote the DYNAMO simulation programming language principal author of the first LISP manual and developed the PORT Mathematical Subroutine Library Richard Hamming Created a family of mathematical error correcting code which are called Hamming codes Programmed one of the earliest computers the IBM 650 and with Ruth A Weiss developed the L2 programming language one of the earliest computer languages in 1956 Robert Laughlin Along with Horst Stormer and Daniel Tsui discovered new form of quantum fluid Robert W Lucky Rob Pike A member of the Unix team and was involved in the creation of the Plan 9 and Inferno operating systems as well as the Limbo programming language Co authored the books The Unix Programming Environment and The Practice of Programming with Brian Kernighan Co created the UTF 8 character encoding standard with Ken Thompson the Blit graphical terminal with Bart Locanthi Jr and the sam and acme text editors Pike has worked at Google where he co created the Go and Sawzall programming languages Robert Tarjan Received the Turing Award jointly with John Hopcroft in 1986 for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures Robert H Bob Shennum He led the satellite design and launch of Telstar I and II at Bell Labs of New Jersey Directed the research labs for the next 31 years started 1954 after his Ph D in physics and electrical engineering from California Institute of Technology During the 60s and 70s lead research units for microwave radio design mathematical analysis and digital systems design He managed development of SAFEGUARD missile systems and a lab to research and develop new sources of power In 1974 received the U S Army Citation for Patriotic Civilian Service for his contribution to the SAFEGUARD ABM missile systems This military work would be from the North Carolina Labs 121 Robert W Wilson Discovered background radiation with Arno Allan Penzias originating from the Big Bang and won the Nobel Prize in 1978 for that Ron Brachman Later was Director of Artificial Intelligence at DARPA 122 Sharon Haynie Developed DuPont s bio 3G product line and adhesives to close wounds Shirley Jackson Started in Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1976 as the first African American female with a physics PH D Worked on several areas of theoretical physics that were ground breaking 115 Steve Bourne Created the Bourne shell and the adb debugger and authored the book The Unix System He also served as president of the Association for Computing Machinery ACM 2000 2002 was made a fellow of the ACM 2005 received the ACM Presidential Award 2008 and the Outstanding Contribution to ACM Award 2017 Steven Chu Known for his research at Bell Labs and Stanford University in cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997 along with his scientific colleagues Claude Cohen Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips 123 Steven Cundiff Was instrumental in the development of the first frequency comb that led to one half of the 2005 Nobel prize 124 Also made significant contributions to the ultrafast dynamics of semiconductor nanostructures including the 2014 discovery of the dropleton quasi particle 125 Stuart Feldman Creator of the computer software program make for Unix systems He was also an author of the first Fortran 77 compiler and he was part of the original group at Bell Labs that created the Unix operating system 126 Thomas H Crowley Mathematician and AT amp T executive author of 1967 expository best seller Understanding Computers Executive director of the Safeguard anti ballistic missile system software division of Bell Labs Also Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill N J He earned several patents for his technical work headed computer research departments at Bell Labs including development and marketing of UNIX and retired in 1985 as software vice president AT amp T Information Systems 127 Trevor Hastie Known for his contributions to applied statistics especially in the field of machine learning data mining and bioinformatics Vernon Stanley Mummert Walter Houser Brattain With fellow scientists John Bardeen and William Shockley invented the point contact transistor in December 1947 128 They shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their invention Walter Lincoln Hawkins Started in Bell Labs developed sheathing Polymer Cable Sheath Patent US 2 967 845 National Inventors Hall of Fame 129 Warren P Mason Founder of distributed element circuits inventor of the GT quartz crystal and many discoveries and inventions in ultrasonics and acoustics James Wayne Hunt Started in Bell Labs 1973 In May 1977 published the Hunt Szymanski Algorithm paper which was an application example of the UNIX diff command 129 Willard Boyle Shares the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics with George E Smith for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit the CCD sensor which has become an electronic eye in almost all areas of photography William O BakerWilliam A Massey Bell Labs in 1977 129 William B Snow Made major contributions to acoustics from 1923 to 1940 Fellow of the Audio Engineering Society AES received its Gold Medal Award in 1968 William Shockley With John Bardeen and Walter Brattain the three scientists invented the point contact transistor in 1947 and were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics Yann LeCun Recognized as a founding father of convolutional neural networks and for work on optical character recognition and computer vision He received the Turing Award in 2018 with Geoffrey Hinton and Yoshua Bengio for their work in deep learning Yoshua Bengio Received the Turing Award in 2018 with Geoffrey Hinton and Yann LeCun for their work in deep learning Zhenan Bao Development of the first all plastic transistor or organic field effect transistors which allows for its use in electronic paper 130 Programs EditOn May 20 2014 Bell Labs announced the Bell Labs Prize a competition for innovators to offer proposals in information and communication technologies with cash awards of up to 100 000 for the grand prize 131 Bell Labs Technology Showcase EditThe Murray Hill campus features a 3 000 square foot 280 m2 exhibit the Bell Labs Technology Showcase showcasing the technological discoveries and developments at Bell Labs The exhibit is located just off the main lobby and is open to the public 132 See also EditBell Labs Holmdel Complex Bell Labs Technical Journal Published scientific journal of Bell Laboratories 1996 present Bell Labs Record Industrial laboratory George Stibitz Bell Laboratories engineer father of the modern digital computer History of mobile phones Bell Laboratories conception and development of cellular phones High speed photography amp Wollensak Fastax high speed rotating prism cameras developed by Bell Labs Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory Simplified Message Desk Interface Sound film Westrex sound system for cinema films developed by Bell Labs TWX Magazine A short lived trade periodical published by Bell Laboratories 1944 1952 Experiments in Art and Technology A collaboration between artists and Bell Labs engineers amp scientists to create new forms of artReferences Edit Bell Telephone Laboratories American Institute of Physics Retrieved June 9 2019 AT amp T Bell Laboratories American Institute of Physics Retrieved June 9 2019 Bell Labs Innovations American Institute of Physics Retrieved June 9 2019 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics laureate Arthur Ashkin delivers his Nobel Lecture at Nokia Bell Labs Nokia Retrieved April 9 2020 1634 1699 McCusker J J 1997 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States Addenda et Corrigenda PDF American Antiquarian Society 1700 1799 McCusker J J 1992 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States PDF American Antiquarian Society 1800 present Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Consumer Price Index estimate 1800 Retrieved April 16 2022 a b c d Bruce Robert V Bell Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Ithaca New York Cornell University Press 1990 ISBN 0 8014 9691 8 Volta Bureau National Historic Landmark summary listing National Park Service Archived from the original on October 11 2012 Retrieved May 10 2008 Unsigned n d National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Volta Bureau National Park Service and Accompanying three photos exterior from 1972 920 KB Volta Laboratory amp Bureau Washington D C National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary listing National Park Service Archived from the original on May 12 2008 Retrieved May 10 2008 Mackay James 1997 Alexander Graham Bell A Life USA John Wiley amp Sons Inc Garnet Robert 1985 The Telephone Enterprise Baltimore Maryland The Johns Hopkins University Press pp 1 44 Nokia Bell Labs History Nokia Bell Labs July 20 2018 a b Telephony Volume 87 5 p 20 January 31 1925 Donofrio Angelo May June 1966 West Street Story Bell Labs Reporter 15 Gertner Jon 2012 The Idea Factory New York The Penguin Press Adams Butler 1999 Manufacturing the Future Cambridge Cambridge University Press It s official Bayer buys Alcatel Lucent site in Hanover Twp The Hanover Eagle Retrieved May 21 2012 Future takes shape for Bell Labs site The New York Times Retrieved September 29 2013 iCIMS Plans Move to Landmark Bell Works Building Commits to Continued Growth in NJ ICIMS com July 10 2016 Retrieved October 10 2018 Hundreds of new workers to move into historic Bell Labs building NJ com April 10 2017 Retrieved October 10 2018 Chester Historical Society News amp Views PDF Historicchesternj com 2015 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved July 26 2022 a b Noll A Michael Memories A Personal History of Bell Telephone Laboratories PDF Quello msu edu Archived PDF from the original on August 11 2015 Retrieved July 26 2022 Bell Laboratories Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on May 3 2006 Leopold Stokowski Harvey Fletcher and the Bell Laboratories Experimental Recordings Stokowski org Retrieved March 3 2020 Copeland Jack Bowen Jonathan 2017 Chapter 1 Life and work amp Chapter 18 Delilah encrypting speech The Turing Guide Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0198747833 Irvine M M July 2001 Early digital computers at Bell Telephone Laboratories IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 23 3 22 42 doi 10 1109 85 948904 ISSN 1058 6180 Kaisler Stephen H 2016 Chapter Three Stibitz s Relay Computers Birthing the Computer From Relays to Vacuum Tubes Cambridge Scholars Publishing pp 32 37 ISBN 9781443896313 Cesareo O December 1946 THE RELAY INTERPOLATOR Bell Laboratories Record XXIV 12 457 460 Akera Atsushi 2008 Calculating a Natural World Scientists Engineers and Computers During the Rise of U S Cold War Research MIT Press p 57 ISBN 9780262512039 Belzer Jack Holzman Albert G Kent Allen 1976 Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology Volume 3 Ballistics Calculations to Box Jenkins Approach to Time Series Analysis and Forecasting CRC Press p 197 ISBN 9780824722531 Glen G Jr Langdon December 2 2012 Logic Design A Review Of Theory And Practice p 2 ISBN 9780323160452 Juley Joseph January 1947 THE BALLISTIC COMPUTER Bell Laboratories Record XXV 1 5 9 a b Research United States Office of Naval 1953 A survey of automatic digital computers Model V VI IV Office of Naval Research Dept of the Navy pp 9 10 63 in reader 15 16 69 G Bell Labs Model V G Bell Labs Model V oplib ru in Russian Retrieved October 11 2017 Reilly Edwin D 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that led to silicon integrated circuit technology developments in the second phase and volume production in the third phase Robert H Bob Shennum 82 Dailyinterlake com January 20 2005 Retrieved July 26 2022 The Westfield Leader OUR 115th YEAR ISSUE NO 07 2005 PDF Digifind it com February 17 2005 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Tore Frangsmyr ed 1998 Steven Chu Autobiography The Nobel Prizes 1997 Les Prix Nobel Stockholm The Nobel Foundation Retrieved June 25 2007 Jones David J Diddams Scott A Ranka Jinendra K Stentz Andrew Windeler Robert S Hall John L Cundiff Steven T April 28 2000 Carrier Envelope Phase Control of Femtosecond Mode Locked Lasers and Direct Optical Frequency Synthesis Science 288 5466 635 639 Bibcode 2000Sci 288 635J doi 10 1126 science 288 5466 635 PMID 10784441 Almand Hunter A E Li H Cundiff S T Mootz M Kira M Koch S W February 27 2014 Quantum droplets of electrons and holes Nature 506 7489 471 475 Bibcode 2014Natur 506 471A doi 10 1038 nature12994 PMID 24572422 S2CID 4453076 McIlroy M D 1987 A Research Unix reader annotated excerpts from the Programmer s Manual 1971 1986 PDF Technical report CSTR Bell Labs 139 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Thomas H Crowley Obituary 1924 2014 The Star Ledger Legacy com Retrieved July 26 2022 Walter H Brattain IEEE Global History Network IEEE Retrieved August 10 2011 a b c Black Scientific Renaissance at Bell Labs at Morven 5 17 22 intro Shirley Satterfield Morven Info May 17 2022 Archived from the original on May 25 2022 Retrieved July 5 2022 via YouTube Dagani Ron November 30 1998 An Innovation Engine for Lucent Chemical amp Engineering News 76 48 24 28 doi 10 1021 cen v076n048 p024 Nokia Bell Labs Prize Bell Labs Retrieved January 7 2017 Bell Labs Technology Showcase Alchemystudio com Retrieved January 7 2017 Further reading EditMartin Douglas Ian M Ross a President at Bell Labs Dies at 85 The New York Times March 16 2013 p A23 Jon Gertner 2013 The Idea Factory Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation ISBN 978 0143122791 Gleick James The Information A History a Theory a Flood Vintage Books 2012 544 pages ISBN 978 1400096237 External links Edit Media related to Bell Labs at Wikimedia Commons Official website Bell Works the re imagining of the historic former Bell Labs building in Holmdel New Jersey Timeline of discoveries as of 2006 lt Nokia Bell Labs Timeline gt Bell Labs Murray Hill anechoic chamber Bell Laboratories and the Development of Electrical Recording History of Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc from Bell System Memorial Bell Communications Around the Globe public art sculpture Los Angeles California The Idea Factory a video interview with Jon Gertner author of The Idea Factory Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation by Dave Iverson of KQED FM Public Radio San Francisco Coordinates 40 41 00 N 74 24 03 W 40 683404 N 74 400744 W 40 683404 74 400744 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bell Labs amp oldid 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