Traditional processors are typically based on silicon; however, researchers have developed experimental processors based on alternative materials such as carbon nanotubes,[9]graphene,[10]diamond,[11] and alloys made of elements from groups three and five of the periodic table.[12] Transistors made of a single sheet of silicon atoms one atom tall and other 2D materials have been researched for use in processors.[13]Quantum processors have been created; they use quantum superposition to represent bits (called qubits) instead of only an on or off state.[14][15]
Transistor count over time, demonstrating Moore's law
Moore's law, named after Gordon Moore, is the observation and projection via historical trend that the number of transistors in integrated circuits, and therefore processors by extension, doubles every two years.[16] The progress of processors has followed Moore's law closely.[17]
Graphics processing units (GPUs) are present in many computers and designed to efficiently perform computer graphics operations, including linear algebra. They are highly parallel, and CPUs usually perform better on tasks requiring serial processing. Although GPUs were originally intended for use in graphics, over time their application domains have expanded, and they have become an important piece of hardware for machine learning.[18]
Physics processing units (PPUs) are built to efficiently make physics-related calculations, particularly in video games.
Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are specialized circuits that can be reconfigured for different purposes, rather than being locked into a particular application domain during manufacturing.
Processors based on different circuit technology have been developed. One example is quantum processors, which use quantum physics to enable algorithms that are impossible on classical computers (those using traditional circuitry). Another example is photonic processors, which use light to make computations instead of semiconducting electronics.[19] Processing is done by photodetectors sensing light produced by lasers inside the processor.[20]
^. Lexico. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
^Sakdhnagool, Putt (4 September 2018). "Comparative analysis of coprocessors". Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience. 31 (1). doi:10.1002/cpe.4756. S2CID 54473111 – via Wiley Online Library.
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This article is about the computer hardware For software and systems uses see Processor Computing In computing and computer science a processor or processing unit is an electrical component digital circuit that performs operations on an external data source usually memory or some other data stream 1 It typically takes the form of a microprocessor which can be implemented on a single metal oxide semiconductor integrated circuit chip In the past processors were constructed using multiple individual vacuum tubes 2 3 multiple individual transistors 4 or multiple integrated circuits Today processors use built in transistors 5 6 The term is frequently used to refer to the central processing unit CPU the main processor in a system 7 However it can also refer to other coprocessors such as a graphics processing unit GPU 8 Traditional processors are typically based on silicon however researchers have developed experimental processors based on alternative materials such as carbon nanotubes 9 graphene 10 diamond 11 and alloys made of elements from groups three and five of the periodic table 12 Transistors made of a single sheet of silicon atoms one atom tall and other 2D materials have been researched for use in processors 13 Quantum processors have been created they use quantum superposition to represent bits called qubits instead of only an on or off state 14 15 Contents 1 Moore s law 2 Types 3 See also 4 ReferencesMoore s law Edit Transistor count over time demonstrating Moore s law Moore s law named after Gordon Moore is the observation and projection via historical trend that the number of transistors in integrated circuits and therefore processors by extension doubles every two years 16 The progress of processors has followed Moore s law closely 17 Types EditCentral processing units CPUs are the primary processors in most computers They are designed to handle a wide variety of general computing tasks rather than only a few domain specific tasks If based on the von Neumann architecture they contain at least a control unit CU an arithmetic logic unit ALU and processor registers In practice CPUs in personal computers are usually also connected through the motherboard to a main memory bank hard drive or other permanent storage and peripherals such as a keyboard and mouse Graphics processing units GPUs are present in many computers and designed to efficiently perform computer graphics operations including linear algebra They are highly parallel and CPUs usually perform better on tasks requiring serial processing Although GPUs were originally intended for use in graphics over time their application domains have expanded and they have become an important piece of hardware for machine learning 18 There are several forms of processors specialized for machine learning These fall under the category of AI accelerators also known as neural processing units or NPUs and include vision processing units VPUs and Google s Tensor Processing Unit TPU Sound chips and sound cards are used for generating and processing audio Digital signal processors DSPs are designed for processing digital signals Image signal processors are DSPs specialized for processing images in particular Physics processing units PPUs are built to efficiently make physics related calculations particularly in video games Field programmable gate arrays FPGAs are specialized circuits that can be reconfigured for different purposes rather than being locked into a particular application domain during manufacturing The Synergistic Processing Element or Unit SPE or SPU is a component in the Cell microprocessor Processors based on different circuit technology have been developed One example is quantum processors which use quantum physics to enable algorithms that are impossible on classical computers those using traditional circuitry Another example is photonic processors which use light to make computations instead of semiconducting electronics 19 Processing is done by photodetectors sensing light produced by lasers inside the processor 20 See also EditMicroprocessor Multi core processor Central processing unit Graphics processing unit Superscalar processor Hardware acceleration Von Neumann architecture All pages with titles containing processing unitReferences Edit Oxford English Dictionary Lexico Archived from the original on March 25 2020 Retrieved 25 March 2020 Garner Robert Dill Frederick Rick Winter 2010 The Legendary IBM 1401 Data Processing System PDF IEEE Solid State Circuits Magazine 2 1 28 39 doi 10 1109 MSSC 2009 935295 S2CID 31608817 IBM100 The IBM 700 Series www 03 ibm com 2012 03 07 Retrieved 2022 01 28 Megaprocessor www megaprocessor com Retrieved 2022 01 28 Reading The Central Processing Unit Introduction to Computer Applications and Concepts courses lumenlearning com Retrieved 2022 01 28 The Silicon Engine Oxford English Dictionary Lexico Archived from the original on March 25 2020 Retrieved 25 March 2020 Sakdhnagool Putt 4 September 2018 Comparative analysis of coprocessors Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience 31 1 doi 10 1002 cpe 4756 S2CID 54473111 via Wiley Online Library Hills Gage Lau Christian Wright Andrew Fuller Samuel Bishop Mindy D Srimani Tathagata Kanhaiya Pritpal Ho Rebecca Amer Aya Stein Yosi Murphy Denis 2019 08 29 Modern microprocessor built from complementary carbon nanotube transistors Nature 572 7771 595 602 Bibcode 2019Natur 572 595H doi 10 1038 s41586 019 1493 8 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 31462796 S2CID 201658375 Akinwande Deji Huyghebaert Cedric Wang Ching Hua Serna Martha I Goossens Stijn Li Lain Jong Wong H S Philip Koppens Frank H L 2019 09 26 Graphene and two dimensional materials for silicon technology Nature 573 7775 507 518 Bibcode 2019Natur 573 507A doi 10 1038 s41586 019 1573 9 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 31554977 S2CID 202762945 Using artificial intelligence to engineer materials properties Riel Heike Wernersson Lars Erik Hong Minghwei del Alamo Jesus A August 2014 III V compound semiconductor transistors from planar to nanowire structures MRS Bulletin 39 8 668 677 doi 10 1557 mrs 2014 137 hdl 1721 1 99977 ISSN 0883 7694 S2CID 138353703 Li Ming Yang Su Sheng Kai Wong H S Philip Li Lain Jong March 2019 How 2D semiconductors could extend Moore s law Nature 567 7747 169 170 Bibcode 2019Natur 567 169L doi 10 1038 d41586 019 00793 8 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 30862924 S2CID 75136648 quantum computer Description amp Facts Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 2022 01 28 Experimental Implementation of Fast Quantum Searching PDF Moore s law computer science Britannica com Retrieved 2022 01 28 Moore s Law www umsl edu Retrieved 2022 01 28 CPU vs GPU What s the Difference Intel Retrieved 2022 02 27 Sun Chen Wade Mark T Lee Yunsup Orcutt Jason S Alloatti Luca Georgas Michael S Waterman Andrew S Shainline Jeffrey M Avizienis Rimas R Lin Sen Moss Benjamin R December 2015 Single chip microprocessor that communicates directly using light Nature 528 7583 534 538 Bibcode 2015Natur 528 534S doi 10 1038 nature16454 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 26701054 S2CID 205247044 Yang Sarah 2015 12 23 Engineers demo first processor that uses light for ultrafast communications Berkeley News Retrieved 2022 01 28 This computer hardware article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Processor computing amp oldid 1142159410, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
