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Wikipedia

Kristiansand

March 15, 2023

Not to be confused with Kristiansund, a city in Møre og Romsdal, western Norway.
Kristiansand municipality underwent a municipal merger on 1 January 2020.

Kristiansand is a seaside resort city and municipality in Agder county, Norway. The city is the fifth-largest and the municipality the sixth-largest in Norway, with a population of around 112,000 as of January 2020, following the incorporation of the municipalities of Søgne and Songdalen into the greater Kristiansand municipality.[2] In addition to the city itself, Statistics Norway counts four other densely populated areas in the municipality: Skålevik in Flekkerøy with a population of 3,526 in the Vågsbygd borough, Strai with a population of 1,636 in the Grim borough, Justvik with a population of 1,803 in the Lund borough,[3] and Tveit with a population of 1,396 (as of January 2012) in the Oddernes borough. Kristiansand is divided into five boroughs: Grim, which is located northwest in Kristiansand with a population of 15,000; Kvadraturen, which is the centre and downtown Kristiansand with a population of 5,200; Lund, the second largest borough; Søgne, with a population of around 12,000 and incorporated into the municipality of Kristiansand as of January 2020; Oddernes, a borough located in the west; and Vågsbygd, the largest borough with a population of 36,000, located in the southwest.

Kristiansand kommune
City & Municipality
Descending, from top: Area photo of Kvadraturen, Street at Kvadraturen, Fiskebrygga, Bystranda, Flekkerøy, Varoddbrua E18
Flag
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
Port of Norway
Kristiansand kommune
Location in Norway
Coordinates: 58°8′50″N 7°59′50″E / 58.14722°N 7.99722°E / 58.14722; 7.99722Coordinates: 58°8′50″N 7°59′50″E / 58.14722°N 7.99722°E / 58.14722; 7.99722
Country Norway
MunicipalityKristiansand
CountyAgder
DistrictKristiansandregionen
Established1641
Government
 • MayorJan Oddvar Skisland (Ap)
Area
 • City & Municipality428.21 km2 (165.33 sq mi)
 • Urban
25.03 km2 (9.66 sq mi)
 • Metro
1,892.8 km2 (730.8 sq mi)
Population
 (30 September 2019)
 • City & Municipality93,205
 • Urban
112,000
 • Urban density4,500/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
155,648
 • Metro density82/km2 (210/sq mi)
 • Municipality/Urban rank
6th/8th
 • Metro rank
5th
Demonym(s)Kristiansander[a], kristiansandar[b][1]
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Websitewww.kristiansand.kommune.no

Kristiansand is connected by four main roads: European Route E18 from Oslo, Aust-Agder and covers the eastern part of Kristiansand; European route E39 from Stavanger, Flekkefjord and the coast towns and villages in Vest-Agder; Norwegian National Road 9 from Evje, Setesdal and Grim; and Norwegian National Road 41 from Telemark, northern Aust-Agder, Birkeland, Tveit and the airport Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik. Varodd Bridge is a large bridge and a part of E18, which stretches over Topdalsfjorden.

Tourism is important in Kristiansand, and the summer season is the most popular for tourists. Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement park is the largest zoo in Norway. It receives over 900,000 visitors every year. Markens Street is the main pedestrian street in downtown Kristiansand. Bystranda is a city beach located in Kvadraturen; Hamresanden beach is the longest beach in Kristiansand. Hamresanden Camping is a popular family camp during the summer season. The city hosts a free weekly concert in downtown Kristiansand in the summertime. Outside the city is the industrial park Sørlandsparken, which includes Sørlandssenteret, Norway's largest mall.

Name

The city is named after the Dano-Norwegian King King Christian IV, who founded it on 5 July 1641. The second part of the city's name, sand, refers to the sandy headland the city was built on (see also Lillesand).

The name was often written Christianssand until 1877, although the map of the mapmaker Pontoppidan from 1785 spelled the name Christiansand (with a single 's'). That year, an official spelling reform aimed at making city names "more Norwegian" changed it to Kristianssand. Kristiansund and Kristiania, now Oslo, had their spellings changed under the same reform. Despite that, a number of businesses and associations retain the "Ch" spelling. The name was again changed to its present form, Kristiansand (single "s"), in 1889.

In 2012, the city's mayor, Arvid Grundekjøn, proposed that the city be renamed Christianssand, arguing that "Kristiansand" is grammatically meaningless and that Christianssand stands for tradition.[4] This proposal was not well received by the locals and the mayor has not pushed this further.

History

 
Oddernes Church in Lund, Kristiansand, erected around 1040
 
Kristiansand in summer 1800, painted by J. W. Edy

Prehistory and early history

The Kristiansand area has been inhabited since prehistoric times. In 1996, the well-preserved skeleton of a woman dating to approximately 6500 BC was discovered in Søgne in western Kristiansand. This demonstrates very early habitation of the archipelago. Grauthelleren (Grathelleren), located on Fidjane, is believed to be a Stone Age settlement. The first discovery in Norway of a Sarup enclosure (a Neolithic form of ritual enclosure first identified at Sarup on the Danish island of Funen) was made in 2010 at Hamresanden and dates to c. 3400 BC. Archaeological excavations to the east of Oddernes Church have uncovered rural settlements that existed during the centuries immediately before and after the start of the common era. Together with a corresponding discovery in Rogaland, these settlements are unique in the Norwegian context; isolated farms, rather than villages, were the norm in ancient Norway. Other discoveries in grave mounds around the church, in the Lund section of the city, indicate habitation beginning c. 400 AD, and 25 cooking pits that were found immediately outside the church wall in 1907 are probably even older. One of the largest pre-Christian burial grounds in South Norway was formerly located to the south and west of the church. A royal centre is thought to have existed at Oddernes before 800, and the church was built around 1040.

Before the stone church was built, one or perhaps two wooden post churches are believed to have stood on the same spot. A few years ago, excavations were carried out under and around the runestone when it was moved to the church porch; the grave finds indicated that the churchyard must already have been unusually large in the High Middle Ages. This means that the area must have had a large population before it was reduced by the Black Death.

In the 14th and 15th centuries, there was already a busy port and a small village on the Otra at the lowest point of today's Lund neighbourhood (Lahelle). Another important element in the development of Kristiansand was the harbor on the island of Flekkerøy, which was the most important on the Skagerrak beginning in the 16th century and was first fortified under King Christian III in 1555. In 1635, King Christian IV ordered his feudal seigneur, Palle Rosenkrantz, to move from Nedenes and build a royal palace on the island.

Foundation to 1900

 
Monument of King Christian IV in Kristiansand on which 1641 year has been mentioned.

Christian IV (renowned for having founded many towns) visited the location in 1630 and 1635, and on 5 July 1641 formally founded the town of Christianssand on the "sand" on the opposite bank of the Torridalselva (Otra). The town was laid out in Renaissance style on a grid plan (the central section now known as Kvadraturen = The Quarters), and merchants throughout Agder were commanded to move to the new town. In return, they were to receive a variety of trading privileges and a ten-year tax exemption.

In 1666, Christianssand became a garrison town and was heavily fortified. In 1682, King Christian V decided to relocate the bishopric there from Stavanger. Hence, the young city became the main city of the Christiansand Stift.

Christianssand experienced its first fire in 1734, which was devastating to the city. Later in the 18th century, after the American Revolutionary War, the town's shipbuilders experienced a boom that lasted until the Napoleonic Wars, when the continental blockade and naval warfare struck a severe blow to trade. Denmark–Norway supported France in the Wars and was therefore subjected to relentless attack by Britain, as recounted in Ibsen's Terje Vigen. Only in the 1830s did the economy begin to recover, and the growth in the Norwegian shipping industry was important for Christianssand. It was the only part of Norway where oak trees flourished, a major resource for the shipbuilding industry. Large numbers of lobsters were taken off the coast and sent to the London market by the mid 19th century. The population was about 12,000 by 1848.[5]

The City of Kristiansand had a quarantine station for maritime traffic and hospital at Odderøy Island for cholera patients that opened in 1804. The city had far fewer deaths than the surrounding area, largely attributable to the quarantine station and the hospital. For example, during the period of 1833–1866, Drammen had 544 cholera patients, of which 336 died. During this same period, Kristiansand only experienced 15 deaths from cholera.[6]

 
Map of downtown Kristiansand from 1887

Another important development during the 19th century was the foundation in 1881 of Eg Sindssygeasyl, the second central psychiatric institution in Norway (after Gaustad). The psychiatric hospital drew highly specialized doctors to the city and also provided many jobs for women.

The most recent major fire, in 1892, left half the original section of the city in ashes. It burned buildings as far as the cathedral, which had been rebuilt in brick after a previous fire in 1880.

1900 onward

With the development of hydropower in southern Norway, the city gradually developed an industrial base, particularly with the establishment in 1910 of the nickel refinery Kristiansands Nikkelraffineringsverk AS (later Falconbridge Nikkelverk, now Glencore Nikkelverk). From an economic perspective, the First World War was a good time for Kristiansand, as a neutral shipping city. The crises that followed with the gold standard politics of the 1920s and the world economic crisis of the 1930s were also deeply felt in a trading city like Kristiansand.

The labour movement had important pioneers in the city, and Leon Trotsky spent about a year of his exile in the archipelago offshore from Kristiansand. Arnulf Øverland took him from Randesund to Ny-Hellesund in Søgne in 1936.[7] In the interwar period Kristiansand was a centre for intellectuals, especially after the architect Thilo Schoder settled there in 1932.

Kristiansand was attacked by German naval forces and the Luftwaffe during the Operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940. The naval forces met fierce resistance from Norwegian coastal artillery at Odderøya. Bombs and grenades also hit the downtown and the 70 meter high church tower of the Kristiansand Cathedral was hit by accident. The third attack attempt on the city succeeded because a signal flag was confused with a French national flag and the misunderstanding was not discovered until it was too late. The city was occupied by a force of 800 men.

Post-war construction included further development of the Lund section, and in the 1960s and 1970s Vågsbygd to the west was developed into a section with 20,000 inhabitants. In the 1980s, industry and business in the city declined, in part because of the 1986 fire at the Hotel Caledonien. But beginning in the second half of the 1990s, business increased in momentum with the development of enterprises for marine and offshore equipment, security technology and drilling.

The older municipal archives for Kristiansand (and the former municipalities) are currently held at the Inter-Municipal Archives in Vest-Agder (IKAVA). This includes documents concerning, for example, local councils, chairmanships, poor boards, school boards and archives including among other things personal documents in the form of client records, tax records, and also school records.

On 1 January 2020, the three neighbouring municipalities of Kristiansand, Songdalen, and Søgne were merged to form one large municipality called Kristiansand.[8]

Coat-of-arms

The arms of Kristiansand were granted on 8 December 1909 and are based on the oldest seal of the city, dating from 1643. In 1643 King Christian IV granted the young town the right to use a seal with the Norwegian lion and the royal crown. The crown indicates that the city was founded by the king. The other major element in the arms is a tree. As the species of tree is not specified, there are several known versions with differently shaped trees. A second seal, from 1658, shows a tree with leaves and what look like pine cones.[9] On the base of the crown are the letters R. F. P., standing for Regna Firma Pietas, "Piety strengthens the realm"; this was Christian IV's motto. Around the seal of the city is its motto, Cavsa Triumphat Tandem Bona, "A good cause prevails in the end".[10]

Geography

Kristiansand is strategically located on the Skagerrak, and until the opening of the Kiel Canal between the North Sea and the Baltic was very important militarily and geopolitically. This meant that for centuries it served as a military stronghold, first as Harald Fairhair's royal residence, then as a Danish-Norwegian fortress, and later as a garrison town. Kristiansand is a gateway to and from the continent, with ferry service to Denmark and a terminus of the railway line along the southern edge of South Norway.

 
The Posebyen section of old Kristiansand is Northern Europe's longest sequence of attached wooden buildings.

Geologically, this part of Agder is part of the Swedo-Norwegian Base Mountain Shield, the southwestern section of the Baltic Shield, and consists of two main geological formations of Proterozoic rocks that were formed in the Gothic and later Swedo-Norwegian orogenies, with significant metamorphism during the latter.[11] There is a substrate of 1,600–1,450 million-year-old slate, quartzite, marble and amphibolite with some hornblende gneiss, and overlaid on this acidic surface structures of both granite and granodiorite (in general 1,250–1,000 million years old, in some places 1,550–1,480 million years old). The Bamblefelt geological area starts to the east of the municipality and extends to Grenland.

The last Swedo-Norwegian formations are evident in large formations of granite. There are also incidences of gabbro and diorite, less commonly eclogite. The Caledonian orogeny did not affect this area. Faults run southwest–northeast.[12] In ancient times there was a volcano off Flekkeroy, which left deposits of volcanic rock just north of central Kristiansand, on the site of the estate of Eg, now occupied by the Hospital of Southern Norway.

Near the city, there are deep woods. In Baneheia and at the former coastal artillery fortress on Odderøya, there are lighted ski trails and walking paths specially prepared for wheelchair users.

Two major rivers, the Otra and the Tovdalselva, flow into the Skagerrak at Kristiansand.

Climate

Kristiansand has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) in the 1991-2020 period. The coastal parts of the Skagerrak coast, which includes Kristiansand, is the sunniest part of Norway. Snow generally occurs in late December and in January and February; it may be heavy (the snow record at Kjevik airport is 170 centimetres (67 in)) but rarely stays long on the coast; see Climate of Norway. Due to warming in the more recent decades, snow often melts after a few days. In the summer most locals go to the Fiskebrygga, the archipelago opposite the city, and Hamresanden Beach, which is located about 10 minutes from the city centre near Kjevik airport. People from Denmark, Sweden, Germany, the UK and other European countries also visit this beach in the summer during their travels.

The all-time high 32.6 °C (90.7 °F) at Kristiansand airport was recorded August 1975. The all-time low at the airport −28.2 °C (−18.8 °F) was recorded January 1982. The temperature seldom reaches 30 °C (86 °F), but most days in July reaches 21 °C (70 °F) or more. The warmest month ever was July 1901 with mean 21.6 °C (71 °F) at an earlier weather station (Kristiansand S - Eg). The warmest month at the airport was July 2018 with 24-hr average 19.9 °C (68 °F) and average daily high 25.8 °C (78 °F). July 2018 was also the sunniest month on record with 422 sunhours, and the year 2018 recorded 2126 sunhours - despite December recording just 1 sunhr as cloudiest month on record in Kristiansand. The cloudiest July recorded 156 sunhours (2007). Kristiansand has the national record for the sunniest February (153 sunhrs in 1986), sunniest April (323 hrs in 2021), sunniest August (343 hrs in 1995) and sunniest September (241 hrs in 1959). The wettest month on record was October 1976 with 560 mm precipitation, and the driest was April 1974 with no precipitation at all.

Climate data for Kristiansand Airport Kjevik 1991-2020 (12 m, extremes 1946-2021, sunhrs 1961-1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		21.9
(71.4) 		23.7
(74.7) 		26.1
(79.0) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.2
(88.2) 		32.6
(90.7) 		27.5
(81.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		17.1
(62.8) 		13.6
(56.5) 		32.6
(90.7)
Average high °C (°F) 3
(37) 		3
(37) 		6
(43) 		11.0
(51.8) 		15
(59) 		19
(66) 		21
(70) 		20
(68) 		17
(63) 		12
(54) 		7
(45) 		4
(39) 		11.5
(52.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		0.2
(32.4) 		2.3
(36.1) 		6
(43) 		10.7
(51.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.6
(61.9) 		15.9
(60.6) 		12.4
(54.3) 		7.9
(46.2) 		4
(39) 		0.9
(33.6) 		7.6
(45.7)
Average low °C (°F) −2
(28) 		−3
(27) 		−1
(30) 		2
(36) 		6
(43) 		10
(50) 		13
(55) 		12
(54) 		9
(48) 		5
(41) 		2
(36) 		−1
(30) 		4
(40)
Record low °C (°F) −28.2
(−18.8) 		−27.9
(−18.2) 		−21.7
(−7.1) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		0
(32) 		3.7
(38.7) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−18.8
(−1.8) 		−22.9
(−9.2) 		−28.2
(−18.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 147.2
(5.80) 		98.2
(3.87) 		87.5
(3.44) 		64.8
(2.55) 		80.3
(3.16) 		85.5
(3.37) 		80.6
(3.17) 		120.7
(4.75) 		134.3
(5.29) 		169.7
(6.68) 		161.3
(6.35) 		151.4
(5.96) 		1,381.5
(54.39)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 45 84 121 187 228 274 269 231 150 93 57 39 1,778
Source 1: Seklima[13]
Source 2: yr.no/Meteorologisk Institutt[14]

Source 3: Weatheronline.co.uk (avg high/low)[15]

Climate data for Kristiansand (1960-1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		21.9
(71.4) 		23.7
(74.7) 		27.7
(81.9) 		30.4
(86.7) 		32.0
(89.6) 		34.2
(93.6) 		28.0
(82.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		17.1
(62.8) 		13.6
(56.5) 		34.2
(93.6)
Average high °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3) 		1.9
(35.4) 		4.4
(39.9) 		8.9
(48.0) 		14.3
(57.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		15.6
(60.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		6.2
(43.2) 		3.0
(37.4) 		10.4
(50.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.8
(28.8) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		1.1
(34.0) 		4.8
(40.6) 		10.0
(50.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.6
(60.1) 		14.9
(58.8) 		11.7
(53.1) 		8.0
(46.4) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		6.6
(44.0)
Average low °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		0.7
(33.3) 		5.6
(42.1) 		9.4
(48.9) 		11.1
(52.0) 		10.4
(50.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		4.7
(40.5) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		2.9
(37.2)
Record low °C (°F) −25.0
(−13.0) 		−27.3
(−17.1) 		−18.5
(−1.3) 		−14.3
(6.3) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		2.0
(35.6) 		3.0
(37.4) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−19.0
(−2.2) 		−27.3
(−17.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 121
(4.8) 		80
(3.1) 		87
(3.4) 		59
(2.3) 		86
(3.4) 		75
(3.0) 		88
(3.5) 		118
(4.6) 		141
(5.6) 		164
(6.5) 		164
(6.5) 		116
(4.6) 		1,380
(54.3)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 15
(5.9) 		20
(7.9) 		5
(2.0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0.5
(0.2) 		15
(5.9) 		50.5
(19.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13 10 8 8 9 9 9 11 10 15 14 13 129
Average snowy days 8 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 25
Mean monthly sunshine hours 55.8 89.0 134.9 186.9 245.8 279.9 256.7 212.9 153.0 95.6 50.0 32.6 1,793.1
Source: [1], The Weather Network,[16][17] Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Kristiansand[18]

Popular beaches

  • Bystranda is a beach located at the city centre. It is east on Kvadraturen and at Tangen. Nearby the beach is the swimming complex Aquarama with both outdoor and indoor pools. Aquarama is next door to the "Scandic Hotel Bystranda", which is Southern Norway's largest hotel. Some of Kristiansand's most expensive apartments are located east of the beach and near to Tangen. Some of Bystranda's facilities are beach volleyball, playgrounds, skateparks, stairs to the water at deeper ground and its easy design for handicapped people and children. In the middle of the bay, there is a sculpture in the water. Palmesus is a yearly beach festival held on Bystranda, it is Scandinavia's largest beach festival.
  • Hamresanden is located between Hånes and the airport Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik. It is 3 km (2 mi) long which makes it the longest beach in Kristiansand. There are three camping places and an apartment hotel at the beach. The name comes from the nearby subpart Hamre.
  • Sømstranda is a nudist beach in Kristiansand located at Søm.

Boroughs

 
Vågsbygd
Kristiansand boroughs area (city-parts)
Nr Boroughs Parts Population[19]
1 Vågsbygd Flekkerøy, Vågsbygd, Slettheia, Voiebyen 36,281
2 Grim Grim, Hellemyr, Mosby, Strai, Tinnheia 16,020
3 Kvadraturen Eg, Kvadraturen 5,200
4 Lund Gimlekollen, Justvik, Lund, Ålefjær 30,830
5 Oddernes Hånes, Randesund, Søm, Tveit 19,080
- West Vågsbygd, Grim, Kvadraturen 57,501
- East Lund, Randesund 49,910

Parts

Kristiansand parts area[19]
Nr Parts Population
1 Flekkerøy 3,270
2 Voiebyen 6,520
3 Vågsbygd 22,000
4 Slettheia 4,460
5 Hellemyr 2,990
6 Tinnheia 3,880
7 Grim 5,200
8 Kvadraturen 5,200
9 Lund 10,950
10 Gimlekollen 5,750
11 Strai 1,860
12 Mosby 2,090
13 Justvik 2,770
14 Ålefjær 410
15 Tveit 2,980
16 Hånes 4,210
17 Søm 9,410
18 Randesund 2,480

Kristiansand is partitioned into 18 parts and 217 subparts. Kristiansand is also divided into 5 boroughs.

Kvadraturen is the city center of Kristiansand. The area belonged to the farms Eg and Grim, and was a sandy plain covered with forest, and was called Sanden or Grimsmoen. Settlements were before the city was founded focused on loading and dumps at Lund, along Otra or Torridalselven and along Topdalsfjorden by Odderøya and Flekkeroy port. Christian IV's town plan outlined the city center with 56 rectangular squares with five long blocks and eight cross streets. It was the squares along the Otra and east and west harbor, which was built first. Today Kvadraturen is a part of Kvadraturen/Eg, which has (as of 1 January 2005) 5510 inhabitants. The area Posebyen in Kvadraturen is Northern Europe's longest continuous wooden buildings. In the parts are among others Kristiansand Cathedral, Kristiansand City Hall, Wergeland Park, and the terminal for ferries to Hirtshals and Kristiansand Station is located in the parts western corner. Vågsbygd has considerable industry, who has survived major changes. The largest employer is all the same Elkem Solar producing super clean Silicon for solar cells, which are located in premises that Elkem previous Ferrosilicon factory Fiskå Verk. On Andøya it established a significant and advanced mechanical industry which produces offshore and marine cranes and other marine equipment in Andøya Industrial Park. Amfi Vågsbygd is a major shopping center in Vågsbygd. Outside of Andøya in Vågsbygd is Bredalsholmen Shipyard and Preservation Centre, a Centre for protection of vessels at the former Bredalsholmen yard. Bredalsholmen Shipyard and Preservation Centre is a national hub for maintenance of museum ships and cherish worthy coastal culture, and a drydock with considerable capacity.

 
Streets of Lund during the night.

Lund is the second largest borough in Kristiansand with a population of 9,000 inhabitants in 2012. 14 June 1921 was the first 2.75 km2 of Lund transferred to Kristiansand and 1 January 1965 was also the rest of Lund part of Kristiansand in the municipal amalgamation. In Lund, there are traces of humans dating back to the early Iron Age, the Viking Age until the early Middle Ages various locations. There has been a settlement here since the Stone Age. During the Viking Age there was a great man's farm here. A Runestone at Oddernes church provides a connection to this farm. A large field with burial mounds formerly existed south and west of the church, and may also be associated with this farm. In 1492 robbers from the sea came and attacked Lund. This is mentioned in two letters located in the National Archives. The letters describe the attack that took place with a lot of violence against both women and men and that on both sides suffered casualties. No one know who the robbers were, but their centurion was named Per Syvertsen. The name suggests that he and his crew came from Norway or Denmark.

Indre and Ytre Randesund is located between Kvåsefjorden in Høvåg and the Topdalsfjord in Oddernes. Several small islands are situated alongside the cost of Randesund, among them Randøya and Herøya, both popular with summer tourists. The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the island, Randøen (now known as Randøya). The first part of the name is rand (Old Norse: rǫnd) which means "boundary" or "edge" and the last part of the name is sund which means "strait". The name was previously spelled Randøsund.

Tveit is a village and a former municipality in Vest-Agder county. It is located in the present-day municipality of Kristiansand. Tveit is home to Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik. Tveit is located along the lower part of the Tovdalselva river, known as Topdalselva from the border with Aust-Agder. The population of Tveit is approximately 2,900 (2014).

 
Tinnheia is a part in the Grim borough
 
Nedre Lund

Subparts

 
Kuholmen
 
Hamreheia

Some of the most populous basic unions in the following boroughs:

Flekkerøy

Voiebyen

Vågsbygd

Slettheia

Hellemyr

Tinnheia

Grim

Kvadraturen

Lund

  • Agder Allé
  • Bertesbukta
  • Freyasdalen
  • Gimle
  • Gimlemoen
  • Gimlevang
  • Hamreheia
  • Høivold
  • Kjøita
  • Kuholmen
  • Kongsgård Allé
  • Louvisenlund
  • Lund torv
  • Marvika
  • Narviga
  • Oddemarka
  • Prestevik
  • Skaugo
  • Steinkleiva
  • Sødal
  • Tobienborg
  • Vallhalla
  • Vige

Gimlekollen

  • Fagerholt
  • Gimlekollen midtre
  • Gimlekollen vest
  • Gimlekollen øst
  • Hestnestangen
  • Prestheia
  • Tretjønn
  • Vollevannet
  • Volleåsen
  • Vige
  • Øvre Kongsgård

Strai

  • Aukland
  • Gangdalslia
  • Haslevollen
  • Kulia
  • Sagebekk
  • Straismoen
  • Torridal
  • Ytre Strai
  • Øvre Strai

Mosby

  • Hauslia
  • Høie
  • Høielia
  • Høietun
  • Kiledalen
  • Lillefjell
  • Ravnåsen
  • Rismoen
  • Saga
  • Ytre Mosby
  • Øvre Mosby

Justvik

  • Gjustvik
  • Havlimyra
  • Justlia
  • Justnes
  • Jærnesheia
  • Kvernhusheia
  • Skinnerheia

Ålefjær

  • Bjåvannet
  • Einerhaven
  • Kostøl
  • Ålefjær

Søm

  • Bliksheia
  • Fuglevik
  • Gudbrandslia
  • Haumyrheia
  • Kjellevik
  • Knarrevik
  • Korsvik
  • Liane
  • Nordlia
  • Rona
  • Saltbustad
  • Strømme
  • Sømslia
  • Torsvik
  • Torsvikkleiva
  • Vardåsen

Tveit

  • Brattvollshei
  • Boen
  • Drangsholt
  • Dønnestad
  • Foss
  • Hamre
  • Hamresanden
  • Kråkebumoen
  • Moneheia
  • Ryen
  • Solsletta
  • Ve

Hånes

Randesund

  • Bjørkestøl
  • Butangen
  • Drange
  • Drangeskauen
  • Dvergsnes
  • Eftevåg
  • Fidje
  • Frikstad
  • Hestehagen
  • Holte
  • Kirkevik
  • Kongshavn
  • Kvarnes
  • Lykkedrag
  • Odderhei
  • Rabbersvik
  • Skaupemyr
  • Sommerro
  • Stangenes
  • Tømmerstø
  • Tømmeråsen
  • Vadvik
  • Vrånes

Søgne

Main article: Søgne

Søgne was a former municipality, located west of Kristiansand. The municipality was merged into a large municipality with the former municipality of Songdalen and the city of Kristiansand on January 1, 2020.

Songdalen

Main article: Songdalen

Songdalen was a former municipality, located northwest of Kristiansand. The municipality was merged into a large municipality with the former municipality of Søgne and the city of Kristiansand on January 1, 2020.

Notable streets

 
Markens Pedestrian Street
 
Kongens gate
  • Dronningens gate (Queens street) is a street that has its run from Havnegata Vestre harbor to Lund Bridge and is 980 meters long. 86 properties are matrikulert to the street. The street had in the 1700s the name Sand Alley.
  • Elvegata (River street) has its run from Østre Strandgate to Tordenskjolds gate. It has a mix of newer business and residential buildings schools and nursing homes as well as a large percentage of older residential buildings in wood and masonry. On the south side of Østre Strandgate called extension of Elvegata for Tangen. 70 meters of the street, in the quarter between Dronningens gate and Tollbodgata is designated county road 26.
  • Festningsgata is a street in Kvadraturen. The name is connected with Christiansholm Fortress from 1672 located in the street race extension towards the east harbor. The street stretches from Østre Strandgate to Tordenskjoldsgate and originally had the name Northern gate. The extension of the street during north of Tordenskjolds street is named Stener Heyerdahl street. The park south of Tordenskjolds street called Stener Heyerdahl park. This street stump and Festningsgata from Tordenskjolds street to Dronningens gate is part of the county road 28. From Vestre Strandgata to Tollbodgata buildings are listed by the walled green was introduced immediately after the fire in 1892 and forward.
  • Henrik Wergelands gate is a street in Kvadraturen in Kristiansand. The street has its run from Vestre Strandgate to Elvegata. 118 properties are matrikulert to the street. It had previously named Consumer Julia Street. The street is named in honor of Norwegian poet Henrik Wergeland. In 1808 he had his early childhood in the town until he at nine moved with her family to Eidsvold.
  • Tollbodgata (Tollbooth street) has its run from Senior wharf at Vestre port to Elvegata by Otra and is identical with Route 27 in Vest-Agder. 77 properties are matrikulert to the street. The street has previously had the name Sten Alley. Tolbooth.
  • Vestre Strandgate (Western Beach Street) is a street that has its run from Gravane to roundabout at Gartnerløkka where it meets E18 and continue to run in Rv9 (Setesdalsveien). It is part of the county road 471 from the roundabout at Gartnerløkka the junction with Dronnings gata. From Rådhusgata to Gravane has two parallel paths, an extension of Fv471 and a container that separates the harbor from including Tolbooth. The street has a number of key meeting places and city functions in terms of Radisson Hotel,[20] Agder Theater, cinema, Clarion Hotel,[21] Kristiansand Bus Terminal and Kristiansand Station. The street is characterized by restaurants, pubs and eating places, a number of shops and offices and a few apartments.

Government

All municipalities in Norway, including Kristiansand, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elects a mayor.[22] Kristiansand has no local parliamentary government, but is managed by the municipal council and an executive committee. The mayor is the spokesman for the city, head of the council and leader of the executive committee. In Kristiansand the mayor has represented the center-right parties since the late 1940s. The municipality falls under the Kristiansand District Court and the Agder Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

The municipal council (Bystyre) of Kristiansand is made up of 71 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:

Kristiansand bystyre 2020–2023 [23]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)13
 The Democrats (Demokratene)10
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)4
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)6
 Conservative Party (Høyre)13
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)8
 The Christians Party (Partiet De Kristne)1
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)1
 Red Party (Rødt)2
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)3
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)4
 Liberal Party (Venstre)2
 Cross-party people's list for all Kristiansand
 (Tverrpolitisk Folkeliste For Hele Kristiansand)		4
Total number of members:71
Kristiansand bystyre 2015–2019 [24]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)15
 The Democrats (Demokratene)2
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)4
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)3
 Conservative Party (Høyre)13
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)8
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)1
 Red Party (Rødt)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Total number of members:53
Kristiansand bystyre 2012–2015 [25]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)14
 The Democrats (Demokratene)2
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)6
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)1
 Conservative Party (Høyre)14
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)9
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)2
 Red Party (Rødt)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Total number of members:53
Kristiansand bystyre 2008–2011 [24]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)11
 The Democrats (Demokratene)2
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)9
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)1
 Conservative Party (Høyre)11
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)10
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)3
 Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:53
Kristiansand bystyre 2004–2007 [24]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)8
 The Democrats (Demokratene)2
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)8
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)2
 Conservative Party (Høyre)11
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)10
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)8
 Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:53
Kristiansand bystyre 2000–2003 [24]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)9
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)10
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)1
 Conservative Party (Høyre)15
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)10
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)4
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Total number of members:53
Kristiansand bystyre 1996–1999 [26]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)11
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)8
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)1
 Conservative Party (Høyre)12
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)11
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)3
 Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Total number of members:53
Kristiansand bystyre 1992–1995 [27]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)12
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)8
 Conservative Party (Høyre)19
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)14
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)10
 Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)3
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)6
 Liberal Party (Venstre)2
 Joint list of the Green Party and Kristiansand city and environmental protection list (Miljøpartiet De Grønne/Kristiansand By og Miljøvernliste)2
Total number of members:77
Kristiansand bystyre 1988–1991 [28]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)15
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)10
 Conservative Party (Høyre)17
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)12
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)6
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)8
 Kristiansand city and environmental protection list
 (Kristiansand By og Miljøvernliste)		6
Total number of members:77
Kristiansand bystyre 1984–1987 [29]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)22
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)5
 Conservative Party (Høyre)25
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)15
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)2
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)4
 Kristiansand city and environmental protection list
 (Kristiansand By og Miljøvernliste)		2
Total number of members:77
Kristiansand bystyre 1980–1983 [30]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)18
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)1
 Conservative Party (Høyre)27
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)16
 Liberal People's Party (Liberale Folkepartiet)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)3
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)5
 Kristiansand city and environmental protection list
 (Kristiansand By og Miljøvernliste)		4
Total number of members:77
Kristiansand bystyre 1976–1979 [31]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)20
 Anders Lange's Party (Anders Langes parti)2
 Conservative Party (Høyre)19
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)20
 New People's Party (Nye Folkepartiet)5
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)2
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)6
Total number of members:77
Kristiansand bystyre 1972–1975 [32]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)24
 Conservative Party (Høyre)13
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)13
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)4
 Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti)5
 Liberal Party (Venstre)18
Total number of members:77
Kristiansand bystyre 1968–1971 [33]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)26
 Conservative Party (Høyre)14
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)9
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)3
 Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)23
Total number of members:77
Kristiansand bystyre 1964–1967 [34]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)25
 Conservative Party (Høyre)11
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)6
 Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti)1
 Liberal Party (Venstre)18
Total number of members:61
Kristiansand bystyre 1960–1963 [35]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)23
 Conservative Party (Høyre)10
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)1
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)6
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)1
 Liberal Party (Venstre)20
Total number of members:61
Kristiansand bystyre 1956–1959 [36]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)24
 Conservative Party (Høyre)11
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)1
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)6
 Liberal Party (Venstre)19
Total number of members:61
Kristiansand bystyre 1952–1955 [37]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)23
 Conservative Party (Høyre)10
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)2
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)4
 Liberal Party (Venstre)18
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)3
Total number of members:60
Kristiansand bystyre 1948–1951 [38]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)21
 Conservative Party (Høyre)11
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)3
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)5
 Liberal Party (Venstre)14
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)6
Total number of members:60
Kristiansand bystyre 1945–1947 [39]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)24
 Conservative Party (Høyre)9
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)13
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)11
Total number of members:60
Kristiansand bystyre 1938–1941* [40]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)20
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)10
 Conservative Party (Høyre)10
 Liberal Party (Venstre)20
Total number of members:60
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.
Kristiansand bystyre 1935–1937 [41]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)19
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)9
 Conservative Party (Høyre)11
 Liberal Party (Venstre)21
Total number of members:60
Kristiansand bystyre 1932–1934 [42]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)18
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)11
 Liberal Party (Venstre)18
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre)
and the Free-minded People's Party (Frisinnede Folkeparti)		13
Total number of members:60
Kristiansand bystyre 1929–1931 [43]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)21
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)12
 Conservative Party (Høyre)17
 Liberal Party (Venstre)10
Total number of members:60
Kristiansand bystyre 1926–1928 [44]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)12
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)12
 Social Democratic Labour Party
(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)		7
 Liberal Party (Venstre)9
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre)
and the Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre)		20
Total number of members:60
Kristiansand bystyre 1923–1925 [45]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)14
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)11
 Social Democratic Labour Party
(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)		4
 Liberal Party (Venstre)11
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre)
and the Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre)		20
Total number of members:60
Kristiansand bystyre 1920–1922 [46]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)14
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)17
 Liberal Party (Venstre)11
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre)
and the Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre)		18
Total number of members:60

Demographics

 
A Vietnamese grocery store in Kristiansand
Minority populations in Kristiansand by country of origin as of 1 January 2013[47]
Rank Ancestry Number
1   Poland 1,940
2   Vietnam 1,890
3   Iraq 1,390
4   Chile 1,300
5   Kosovo 1,280
6   Denmark 1,160
7   Somalia 1,070
8   Bosnia and Herzegovina 940
9   Germany 880
10   Afghanistan 880
11   Russia 840
12   Iran 790
13   Sweden 700
14   Pakistan 550
15   Eritrea 540
16   United Kingdom 500
17   United States 420
18   Thailand 390
19   Iceland 390
20   Turkey 380
21   Palestine 360
22   Philippines 350
23   Syria 320
24   Ethiopia 330
25   Lithuania 320
26   Cambodia 320
27 Other countries 5,880

Kristiansand has the third largest Vietnamese community in Norway.

 
Slettheia has most immigrants in Kristiansand
The five districts with the highest proportion of immigrants
Nr District Percent[19]
1 Slettheia 36%
2 Kvadraturen 24%
3 Grim 22%
4 Hellemyr 20%
5 Tinnheia 19%
 
Flekkerøy has fewest immigrants, but the most Christians
The five districts with the lowest proportion of immigrants
Nr District Percent[19]
1 Flekkerøy 7%
2 Randesund 7%
3 Gimlekollen 8%
4 Søm 10%
5 Tveit 10%

Religion

 
Kristiansand Cathedral, rebuilt in brick in 1885 after several fires ravaged the city in the 19th century

Christianity

See also: Christianity

Kristiansand Cathedral is the largest church in Kristiansand. It is located in Kvadraturen with the town hall and Wergelandsparken. The church was built in 1885 and have the capacity of 1500 people. The church is the seat of the Bishop of Agder and Telemark in the Church of Norway. Grim Church was built in 1969 and has a capacity of 750 people. Vågsbygd Church is the church of Vågsbygd, it is located in the centrum of Vågsbygd and was built in 1967 and has a capacity of 650. Lund Church was built in 1987 and has a capacity of 600 people. Søm Church was built in 2004 and has a capacity of 600. The church was Kristiansand municipality 1000 year building and is the largest church in Oddernes. The windows of Søm Church was designed by Kjell Nupen.

There are also churches located at Flekkerøy, Hellemyr, Hånes, Justvik, Oddemarka (Oddernes), Randesund, Strai (Torridal), Tveit and Voie. There are chapeaus all over the city. Christianity are strongest in Flekkerøy and Søm, even though Southern Norway is called the Norwegian Bible belt, Christianity doesn't play a big part in the rest of the city.

There is a Catholic church in Kvadraturen, St. Ansgar's Church. At Slettheia, there is a Latter-day Saint church and at Tinnheia, there is an Orthodox church.

The Church of Norway has twelve parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Kristiansand. It is part of the Kristiansand arch-deanery in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark.

Churches in Kristiansand [48]
Parish (Sokn) Church Name Location of the Church Year Built
Kristiansand domkirke Kristiansand Cathedral Kvadraturen 1884
Flekkerøy Flekkerøy Church Flekkerøya 1960
Grim Grim Church Grim 1969
Hellemyr Hellemyr Church Hellemyr 1988
Hånes Hånes Church Hånes 1986
Lund Lund Church Lund 1987
Oddernes Justvik Church Justvik 1985
Oddernes Church Oddernes c. 1040
Randesund Randesund Church Randesund 1864
Søm Church Søm 2004
Torridal Torridal Church Aukland 1978
Tveit Tveit Church Tveit c. 1100
Voie Voie Church Voie 1990
Vågsbygd Vågsbygd Church Vågsbygd 1967

Buddhism

See also: Buddhism

There is a Buddhist centre in Vågsbygd with Ternevig. There is also a Buddhist meditation centre located in the neighbouring municipality Songdalen.

Islam

See also: Islam in Norway

There is a mosque in Kvadraturen.

Economy

Christianssands Bryggeri is a producer of beer and soft drinks with a long history in the city. The brewery was established in 1859, and all products are made with spring water from the company's own spring, called Christian IVs kilde (Christian IV's spring).

Hennig-Olsen is an ice cream factory with headquarters and manufacturing facilities in Kristiansand. The factory opened in 1960, but the Hennig-Olsen family has produced ice cream in Kristiansand since 1924, when Sven Hennig-Olsen started doing so in the back of his tobacco kiosk.

Glencore Nikkelverk (nickel factory) was founded in 1910 as Kristiansand Nikkelraffineringsverk A/S. The company is owned by the Anglo-Swiss company Glencore and has about 500 employees.[49]

The Korsvik industrial area on the east side of the Kristiansandsfjord is home to companies working on drilling technology, cranes, winches and other equipment for the worldwide petroleum industry, among them National Oilwell Varco and Aker MH. Elkem, owned by China National Bluestar since 2011, operated a refining plant for ferrosilicon and microsilica at Fiskå in Vågsbygd for many years and was replaced in the beginning of the 20th century by Elkem Solar which produces polycrystalline silicon for wafers used in the solar cell industry. It has about 225 employees.[50]

Sørlandschips is a Norwegian produced crisps brand. The potatoes often come from Denmark. Sørlandschips owned by Scandza AS and is one of Norway's most popular potato chip brands today. It has a variety of tastes and spices.

 
Hannevika with Hennig-Olsen Iskremfabrikk

Dampbageriet is a large bakery chain based in Vest-Agder, it was established in Kristiansand in 1862 and has 4 stores in Kristiansand.

Sparebanken Sør is a savings bank serving Vest-Agder, Aust-Agder and Telemark. It was established in 1824 when Christiansand Sparebank opened up, it was one of the first in Norway.

Hennig-Olsen Iskremfabrikk is a major Norwegian ice-cream company based and started up in Kristiansand. The factory is located in Hannevika.

As a relatively large shipping town, Kristiansand was a profitable location for shipbuilders Kristiansands Mekaniske Verksted and P. Høivolds Mekaniske Verksted. At one time, shipping companies were the backbone of the local economy, but not many survive. The Rasmussen Group, previously a shipping firm, is now an investment company.[51][52] Kristiansand continues to have major shipbuilding and repair facilities that support Norway's North Sea oil industry. The static inverter plant of the HVDC Cross-Skagerrak is located near Kristiansand.

Kristiansand Dyrepark is the zoo that sells most giraffe in Europe.

 
Kjøita Park with Telenor main offices for Southern Norway to the left and Kristiansand Roklubb in the center and apartments to the right

Sørlandsparken

Main article: Sørlandsparken
 
Sørlandssenteret is Norway's largest mall

Sørlandsparken (The Southern Norway Park) is an industrial shopping park outside of Kristiansand city in the municipality. The park is also 17 kilometers from Lillesand. The park has an area of 670,000 m2 (7,211,820 sq ft) and over 5,000 workplaces.

The main part of the industrial park is in Kristiansand, including the mall Sørlandssenteret with 195 stores and Kristiansand Zoo, it is the largest mall and zoo in Norway. The racetrack of Southern Norway is also located in Kristiansand while IKEA is located technically in Lillesand municipality.

Others large chainstores is also located around the mall.

There are two hotels located in Sørlandsparken and some resorts nearby the zoo.

E18 goes past Sørlandsparken before continuing to downtown Kristiansand. Buses are available 6-8 times in the hours all day.

Culture

 
Kaptein Sabeltann world in Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park

The Kristiansand Symphony Orchestra, Chamber Orchestra and Wind Ensemble merged in 2003. The orchestra now performs at the Kilden Performing Arts Centre, which opened in January 2012.[53] This is also the new home of Agder Theatre, founded in 1991.

Sørlandets Art Museum is in the centre of Kristiansand, in the former buildings of the cathedral school. It was established in 1995 building on the former collection of Christiansands billedgalleri, and is the second-largest regional art museum in Norway. It includes both fine art and crafts and runs an extensive programme of activities that includes exhibitions of the permanent collection, temporary exhibitions of contemporary art, and touring exhibitions to schools and child-care facilities.[54]

Christianssands Kunstforening, now renamed Kristiansand Kunsthall, is one of the oldest and largest art associations in Norway, founded in 1881, and has approximately 650 square metres (7,000 sq ft) of exhibition space for contemporary art in central Kristiansand. The association began assembling a permanent collection in 1902; this is now housed in Sørlandets Art Museum.

Cultiva, a local foundation, was established to ensure a portion of the profits made from selling shares in Agder Energy Ltd have lasting benefits to the community, focusing on art, culture, creativity and building competence; it supported projects in Kristiansand until the financial crisis forced cut-backs in 2011. In addition the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage endowed a cultural free port, Porto Rico, as one of the pilot projects of its "value creation project" in the 2000s.

In 2007 Kristiansand was awarded the designation Norges kulturkommune (Norway's culture municipality), a distinction awarded every other year by the Norwegian Culture Forum.

Fiskebrygga is a former fish landing on either side of the Gravane Canal, which separates the city centre from Odderøya; it was refurbished in the 1990s and now has wood-fronted buildings housing restaurants and shops including a fish market. It is very popular in summer, when the canal is also heavily used by boats.

The island of Odderøya is a former fortress and quarantine station, now used for recreation and excursion purposes. At times there are also concerts and festivals on the island.

The municipality millennium is Tresse - Retranchement, the city party space in front of Christiansholm Fortress, bottom Festningsgata the Baltic sea. The millennium was celebrated here include a large sign. A small sign to mark the Millennium for the future are made, but per. 2011 not installed in anticipation of the festival grounds shall be given a facelift. It should also dug a channel within the fortress, so this again is left on an island. These projects are waiting for political consideration and funding. Tusenårstreet were planted on the lawn between the festival grounds and playground/ice rink in Tresse.

Sport

The city's best known football team, IK Start, moved in 2007 to a new home stadium, Sør Arena. The city is also home to other football teams, including Flekkerøy IL, FK Vigør, IK Våg, and FK Donn.

Kristiansand is also known for its handball teams (Kristiansands IF and Vipers Kristiansand), ice hockey (Kristiansand Ishockeyklubb), basketball (Kristiansand Pirates) and volleyball (Grim VBK) clubs and has a baseball team (Kristiansand Suns).

Tourism

 
Kristiansand Marina
 
Faithless in concert at Palmesus, Scandinavia's largest beach festival

Kristiansand is a summer tourist destination, attracting many visitors in particular to its zoo, Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park, just east of the city. This is the second most visited attraction in Norway, after Holmenkollen, and had 925,000 visitors in 2012. Its animals, most of which are housed in natural habitats, include wolves, tigers, lions and the lynx. The zoo is open 365 days a year, while the amusement park is open during the summer season only.

The Quart festival was an annual music festival that took place in Kristiansand over five days in early July. There were large stages on Odderøya and smaller venues around the city. Founded in 1991 as Qvadradurmusivalen, the festival changed its name to the more catchy Quart Festival the following year. It included internationally known performers and was also known for booking acts that later became internationally known. For several years it was the largest music festival in Norway, but beginning in summer 2007 it was challenged by the Hovefestivalen on Tromøya, Arendal, and some Oslo-based festivals. In early June 2008 the organization declared bankruptcy; the festival returned in 2009 under the name Quart, but again went bankrupt.

Kristiansand is home to many other festivals as well, running throughout the year.[55] Protestfestival, held in September, was launched in 2000 and aims to address apathy and indifference in politics, and includes debates, concerts and lectures combined with performance art and documentaries. Protestfestival claims to attract anarchists, communists, hippies as well as conservative Christians and capitalists and to encourage communication among these radically different groups.[56] Others include Southern Discomfort, also in September, the Bragdøya Blues Festival in June, the Dark Season Festival in October, and Cultural Night and the International Children's Film Festival in April.

Crime

Kristiansand has three police stations. The one in the city center, the main one for Southern Norway, Agder Police District. While on less serious crimes only covers some these parts of Kristiansand, Kvadraturen, Grim and Lund. Vågsbygd police station covers the Vågsbygd district while Randesund police station covers Randesund, Søm, Hånes and Tveit.

Most crim-cases reported in Kristiansand takes place on Kvadraturen. In south of Markens gate with Tollbodgata and Dronningens gate which host stores that are open 24 hours as well as many nightclubs. In 2014 it was most reported cases there in the entire city.

There were over 56 cases reported in this area and 123 on Kvadraturen in 2013, a decrease from 150 cases in 2012 reported on Kvadraturen. In the Vågsbygd police district it was reported that there were over 50 cases, going down 27% since 2012. At Randesund police station it was 61 cases reported, so had gone down 9% from 2012 to 2013. Outside of Kvadraturen, Vågsbygd and Randesund there were 110 cases reported in the municipality, mostly from Grim.

As of 2014, there were over 350 cases reported for all of Kristiansand. Of these, 34% were committed by minors on Kvadraturen. Most cases on Kvadraturen are narcotics, violence and nonprofit crimes; the majority being shop lifting. Six of the violent crime cases were against police and most violent acts were performed with knives. [57]

Minors

 
Agder Police District headquarter in Kristiansand

In crime performed by people under 18, there were most reported 16-year-old boys in 2013. Although adding the numbers of boys and girls together, the largest number of crime for the age was 14. It is simultaneously more that reports a mixed sex image where girls show an equal activity as boys. Some Instead there are also girls who are leading the way. Several executives tells increased used of bullying, intimidation and violence among girls. It looks including out that girls make greater use of social media such behavior. Some also report increased cannabis use among girls. The figures from the police show that nearly one in three young people who commit crimes have minority backgrounds. Of the 163 youths who embarked offense first half is 47 immigrants or Norwegian-born to immigrant parents. This represents 29% of the total number. The decline in the number of young offenders apply primarily the oldest group from 15 to 17 years. Kristiansand has several 14-year-olds than 17-year-olds who commit offenses. Girls make up more current through increased use of threats and violence.[58]

Contact from Voiebyen, Vågsbygd, Grim, Søm and Lund expressed concern about boys who challenge them with their behavior by breaking rules, commit vandalism, threaten classmates and try out various drugs. One of the schools have also been several incidents of violence against teachers and classmates. It is composed issues related to several of these students and they have various reasons major challenges in adapting to school requirements and expectations. Several executives from schools stated that they experience an increase in the number of pupils, both boys and girls, who are struggling mentally. They mention students with depression, social anxiety, eating disorder, self-mutilation and sleep problems. This worries them and they fear that some of these students, as a result of their poor mental health, are more vulnerable to make choices that can lead them into the environment with drugs and crime. To meet these challenges and provide these young people needed and customized follow-up, it is crucial to have a holistic focus and a good interdepartmental and interdisciplinary collaboration.[59]

Health

Sørlandet Sykehus HF is a hospital group in Southern Norway, they have three hospitals in Flekkefjord, Arendal and the main one on Eg in Kristiansand. It is only a 6 minutes drive from the city centrum Kvadraturen. The headquarter of Sørlandet Sykehus HF is also located in Kristiansand. The hospital has departments in Vågsbygd and Oddernes.

Eg hospital is an asylum/psychiatric hospital next to Sørlandet hospital. It was opened in 1881 by dr. Axel H. Lindboe, this became Norway's third insane asylum.

St. Josef hospital was a catholic hospital located at Kvadraturen, it was opened in 1885 and driven by his sisters. The hospital closed down in 1967.

There are 11 retirement homes in Kristiansand and most of them are located on Kvadraturen. One rehabilitation center, ca 15 fitness centers, 20 dentist offices, 10 medical centers and around 25 pharmacies.

Transportation

 
Highway Fv456 in Vågsbygd by Trekanten
 
A city bus in Vestre Strandgate

Kristiansand is an important transport and communications node, connected to continental Europe by air and sea.

Sea

From the city centre, the ferry harbour has routes to Hirtshals (Denmark) operated by both Color Line and Fjord Line.[60] Color Line operates their MS Superspeed 1, which entered into service in 2008 and spends approximately 3 hours and 15 minutes on the crossing. The route operates year-round with two crossings each way in one day. Fjord Line operates HSC Fjord Cat, which is a high-speed catamaran covering the route in around 2 hours and 15 minutes. The ship was built between 1997 and 1998, and has sailed under several different operators on many different routes. It only operates during the high season in the summer.

A new catamaran built by Australian shipbuilding company Austal will enter service at the start of summer 2020 and replace Fjord Cat. The new ship should double the capacity, while retaining the same travel duration of 2 hours and 15 minutes. Fjord Line also aims for the new ship to address complaints with seaworthiness and stability from its predecessor.

On 7 April 2022, a direct cruise-ferry service began with Eemshaven, Netherlands, operated by startup company Holland Norway Lines.[61][62][63][64]

Road

European Road 18 is the largest highway in Kristiansand. It starts after E39 goes to Denmark before the city bridge on Kvadraturen. E18 continues out Kristiansand municipality and through Arendal, Oslo and ends in Stockholm. European Road 39 starts in Trondheim and has it course through Western Norway before following the coastal municipalities in Vest-Agder. When E39 comes to Kristiansand, it goes to the harbor and continues through Denmark. Norwegian National Road 9 is a road starting in Kristiansand, through Grim and then through Vennesla municipality before leaving Vest-Agder. The national road ends in Telemark at Haukeli, and is the most important road connection for Setesdalen and the surrounding regions.

Norwegian National Road 41 Norwegian National Road 41 starts in Hånes. It is the road out to Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik, it continues to Birkenes and ends in Kviteseid, Telemark. County road 401 is the old E18 before it got upgraded. It starts on Søm and ends in Lillesand, it goes via Høvåg. County road 452 is the old road to Vennesla city centrum. It starts on Lund, then goes through Justvik and Ålefjær before Vennesla municipality. County road 456 is the main road in Vågsbygd and afterwards ending in Søgne. County road 457 takes up from 456 in Voiebyen and ends at Flekkerøy. County road 471 is the largest road in downtown Kristiansand. It ends at Lund and goes besides the university.

Bus

Buses in the city and surrounding region are operated by Boreal Buss AS, who won the tender from Agder Kollektivtrafikk in 2018 to operate routes for seven years, with an option to extend the period by three years. Previously, Nettbuss Sør (South) operated buses in the region for eight years from 2010 to 2018. All regional bus lines goes through three stops in Kvadraturen. Some bus lines goes vice versa from the west coast to the east coast of the city.

Kristiansand Bus Terminal or Kristiansand Rutebilstasjon is the main bus terminal for the city, and also acts as a hub for express-buses connecting to Oslo, Stavanger and Haukeli. It is located by the train station Kristiansand S. The bus terminal has local, regional and long-distance bus routes. A new bus terminal was constructed in 2019, replacing the old and outdated building from 1960. The old terminal will be demolished and replaced by a small park and green-space.

The local city buses in Kristiansand has their main stop in Kvadraturen with city terminals in the streets Henrik Wergelands gate (eastbond or end for westbound) and Tollbodgata (westbound or end for eastbound), both streets crosses Markens gate. City bus lines 01, A1 starts in Kvadraturen and goes by UiA and Rona. M1, M2, M3, 12, goes by Vågsbygd centrum. 17, 18 joins M1, M2, M3 and 12 for Hannevika. 40, 42, 50 and 45, 46 goes only Hannevika. Line 40, 42, 45, 46 and 50 stops in Kristiansand Bus Terminal expect in the rush hours, while M1, M2, M3, 12, 17 and 18 continues to Henrik Wergelands gate, UiA, Rona, then their destinations. Line 13, 15, 19, 32 and 30 comes north for Kvadraturen and goes by Grim torv. Line 22, 23 only goes by UiA. Line 31 goes Line 35, 36 and 37 goes by Ve, Rona, UiA, Tollbodgata and ends in Kristiansand Bus Terminal. There are also local buses in some of the boroughs like Vågsbygd: Line 51, 52 and 55 goes from neighbourhoods in the borough to Vågsbygd centrum collaborating with M1 or M2 at selective times. Line 57 goes from east to west on the main road in Flekkerøy. Line 58 goes locally in Randesund to Rona.

Railway

Kristiansand Station opened in 1895 and is located in the city centre, close to the ferry terminal. It is owned by Norwegian National Rail Administration. The Sørlandet Line goes through small towns in Vest-Agder and Aust-Agder counties. Express trains go east to Oslo S. Regional lines goes to Stavanger.[65]

 
E18 in Kristiansand by Vollevannet

Aviation

The local airport, Kjevik, is located 12 km (7.5 mi) east of the city centre and has routes to European and Norwegian cities. A new one-storey parking garage was constructed in 2019.

Travel distances

Distance from Kristiansand to other cities:[66]

  • Mandal 36 kilometers (23 miles) (considerably shortened when new E39 opens in 2022)
  • Evje 49 kilometers (30 miles)
  • Arendal 55 kilometers (34 miles)
  • Flekkefjord 81 kilometers (50 miles)
  • Stavanger 160 kilometers (100 miles)
  • Oslo 250 kilometers (155 miles)
  • Bergen 292 kilometers (181 miles)
  • Trondheim 601 kilometers (373 miles)
  • Tromsø 1382 kilometers (859 miles)
  • Copenhagen 391 kilometers (243 miles)
  • Stockholm 768 kilometers (477 miles)

Education

The University of Agder was established in 2007, based on Agder College, which had been founded in 1994 by the amalgamation of six previous institutions: Kristiansand Teacher Training College, Agder District College, Kristiansand College of Nursing, Arendal College of Nursing, Agder Engineering and District College (Grimstad) and Agder Conservatory of Music. The university has about 10,000 students, of whom 7,500 are in Kristiansand and the remaining 2,500 in Grimstad. In Kristiansand it is housed on a campus on the former parade ground of Gimlemoen in the Lund section. The university offers a wide range of studies at all levels, organised into five faculties: Humanities and Education, Engineering and Science, Health and Sport, Economics and Social Sciences, and Fine Arts. Gimlemoen is also the site of Sørlandet kunnskapspark, a research park built with funds from sources including the Cultiva foundation that houses a number of companies with a degree of professional affiliation with the university, such as Agderforskning, a social science research institute that is part of the publishing company Cappelen Damm.[67]

Noroff University College was established in 2012 and is a private university offering specialised degrees two in Interactive media (Games or Animation) and Applied Data Science and in Digital Forensics. The University College builds on Noroff's existing vocational school which originally opened in 1987. In addition to the Kristiansand Campus Noroff has facilities in Oslo, Bergen and Stavanger. Noroff has considerable experience in offering online courses and all of the degree courses offered at the University College are available online.

Kristiansand was a garrison and cathedral town from 1664; Kristiansand Cathedral School was founded in 1684 and a Latin school in 1734. There are currently four public senior secondary schools: Kristiansand Cathedral School Gimle,[68] Vågsbygd High School, Kvadraturen skolesenter and Tangen High School

Private senior secondary schools include Sonans utdanning (education). The private school Sørlandets Maritime Senior Secondary School is also based in Kristiansand. This school offers two courses of study, Technology and Industrial Production and maritime subjects. It is a boarding school; students live and undergo training aboard the training ship MS Sjøkurs, a steamer that previously operated on the Hurtigruten.

Kristiansand is also host to an International School on Kongsgård Alle in Lund. The School opened in January 2008 to provide an international education through English to students from grade 1 to grade 10. This IB authorised school moved into a brand new purpose built building in Summer 2014, to house the expanding school which now has over 100 students.

List of schools in Kristiansand[69][70]

 
Kvadraturen skolesenter is the largest High School in Southern Norway
 
Grim Junior High is the largest junior high
 
Møvik Junior High and Møvik sports hall
 
Karl Johan Memorial School, an elementary school at Tinnheia
 
Vågsbygd High School
Name Type District Students Status
Dvergsnes skole Elementary Oddernes 360 Public
Fagerholt skole Elementary Lund N/A Public
Fiskå skole Junior High Vågsbygd 300 Public
Flekkerøy skole Elementary Vågsbygd N/A Public
Grim skole Junior High Grim 500 Public
Haumyrheia skole Junior High Oddernes 300 Public
Havlimyra skole Junior High Lund N/A Public
Hellemyr skole Elementary Grim N/A Public
Holte skole Junior High Oddernes 250 Public
Hånes skole Elementary Oddernes N/A Public
Justvik skole Elementary Lund N/A Public
Karl Johan minneskole (memorial) Elementary Grim 250 Public
Karuss skole Elementary and Junior High Vågsbygd N/A Public
Kongsgård skolesenter Elementary Lund 900 Private
Kringsjå skole Elementary Randesund N/A Public
Krossen skole Elementary Grim N/A Public
Kristiansand Cathedral School High School Lund 1,360 Public
Kristiansand International School Elementary and Junior High Lund N/A Private
Kvadraturen skolesenter High School Kvadraturen 1,500 Public
Lindebøskauen skole Junior High Vågsbygd N/A Public
Lovisenlund skole Elementary Lund N/A Public
Mosby skole Elementary Mosby N/A Public
Møvig skole Junior High Vågsbygd 400 Public
NLA Mediehøgskolen Gimlekollen College Lund 130 Private
Oddemarka skole Junior High Lund N/A Public
Prestheia skole Elementary Lund N/A Public
Sjøstrand skole Elementary Vågsbygd N/A Public
Slettheia skole Elementary Vågsbygd N/A Public
Solholmen skole Elementary Grim 200 Public
Steinerskolen Elementarty and Junior High Lund N/A Private
Strømme skole Elementary Oddernes 370 Public
Sørlandets maritime videregående skole High School MS "Sjøkurs" 60 Private
Tangen vidergående High School Kvadraturen 1,000 Public
Tordenskjoldsgate skole Elementary Kvadraturen 150 Public
Torkelsmyra skole Elementary Vågsbygd N/A Public
Torridal skole Elementary and Junior High Grim N/A Public
Universitetet i Agder University Lund 11,500 Public
Vardåsen skole Elementary Oddernes 350 Public
Ve skole Elementary and Junior High Oddernes N/A Public
Vigvoll skole Junior High Oddernes 200 Public
Voiebyen skole Elementary Vågsbygd N/A Public
Vågsbygd skole Elementary Vågsbygd 270 Public
Vågsbygd vidergående High School Vågsbygd 800 Public
Frank Wild Minneskole (memorial) Elementary Lund N/A Public
Øvre Slettheia skole Elementary Vågsbygd N/A Public
Åsane skole Elementary Vågsbygd N/A Public

Media

 
Fædrelandsvennen office building in Henrik Wergelands gate

Fædrelandsvennen is the main news paper in Kristiansand and the Kristiansand Region. The paper has around 116 000 readers every day and was founded in 1875. From 2006, the newspaper went from broadsheet to tabloid. Fædrelandsvennen was located at Rådhusgata with Wergelandsparken (A park named after Henrik Wergeland) until 02.27.192 when someone blew up the building and it burned down to the ground. Nobody lost their lives in the incident. The newspaper relocated to Fiskåtangen in Vågsbygd where it located until 2015 when it moved back downtown to Henrik Wergelands gate. Fædrelandsvennen have ownership in many Southern Norway based newspapers, TV-Channels radio stations and other companies.

Kristiansand Avis (Kristiansand Newspaper) is a free newspaper paid by ads, and is delivered to all households in the region except Lillesand, Birkenes and Iveland. The newspaper is focused on staying closed to the local people. It comes out each Thursday and had 45 000 readers in 2014.

NRK Sørlandet has their main office in Kristiansand. It is the district office for the national broadcasting channel NRK. NRK Sørlandet covers Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder County. They produce 6 hours of radio and one and a half hour of television, in addition to their own website for news for Southern Norway.[71]

Notable people

Further information: Category:People from Kristiansand
 
Camilla Collett
 
Jan Vincents Johannessen, 2012

Education

Public Service & public thinking

 
Henrik Wergeland
 
Eva Margot, self portrait, 1976
 
Bjørn Ole Rasch, 2013

The Arts

 
Andreas Thorkildsen, 2008

Sport

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway

Kristiansand is twinned with:[80]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Written using Norwegian Bokmål
  2. ^ Written using Norwegian Nynorsk

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External links

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kristiansand.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kristiansand.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Christiansand".
 
Look up Kristiansand in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway (in Norwegian)
  • What's on in Kristiansand
  • Kristiansand Virtual Tour, 360* Panoramic Pictures (QTVR)
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Christiansand" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 291.

March 15, 2023
kristiansand, confused, with, kristiansund, city, møre, romsdal, western, norway, municipality, underwent, municipal, merger, january, 2020, seaside, resort, city, municipality, agder, county, norway, city, fifth, largest, municipality, sixth, largest, norway,. Not to be confused with Kristiansund a city in More og Romsdal western Norway Kristiansand municipality underwent a municipal merger on 1 January 2020 Kristiansand is a seaside resort city and municipality in Agder county Norway The city is the fifth largest and the municipality the sixth largest in Norway with a population of around 112 000 as of January 2020 following the incorporation of the municipalities of Sogne and Songdalen into the greater Kristiansand municipality 2 In addition to the city itself Statistics Norway counts four other densely populated areas in the municipality Skalevik in Flekkeroy with a population of 3 526 in the Vagsbygd borough Strai with a population of 1 636 in the Grim borough Justvik with a population of 1 803 in the Lund borough 3 and Tveit with a population of 1 396 as of January 2012 update in the Oddernes borough Kristiansand is divided into five boroughs Grim which is located northwest in Kristiansand with a population of 15 000 Kvadraturen which is the centre and downtown Kristiansand with a population of 5 200 Lund the second largest borough Sogne with a population of around 12 000 and incorporated into the municipality of Kristiansand as of January 2020 Oddernes a borough located in the west and Vagsbygd the largest borough with a population of 36 000 located in the southwest Kristiansand kommuneCity amp MunicipalityDescending from top Area photo of Kvadraturen Street at Kvadraturen Fiskebrygga Bystranda Flekkeroy Varoddbrua E18FlagCoat of armsNickname Port of NorwayKristiansand kommuneLocation in NorwayCoordinates 58 8 50 N 7 59 50 E 58 14722 N 7 99722 E 58 14722 7 99722 Coordinates 58 8 50 N 7 59 50 E 58 14722 N 7 99722 E 58 14722 7 99722Country NorwayMunicipalityKristiansandCountyAgderDistrictKristiansandregionenEstablished1641Government MayorJan Oddvar Skisland Ap Area City amp Municipality428 21 km2 165 33 sq mi Urban25 03 km2 9 66 sq mi Metro1 892 8 km2 730 8 sq mi Population 30 September 2019 City amp Municipality93 205 Urban112 000 Urban density4 500 km2 12 000 sq mi Metro155 648 Metro density82 km2 210 sq mi Municipality Urban rank6th 8th Metro rank5thDemonym s Kristiansander a kristiansandar b 1 Time zoneUTC 01 00 CET Summer DST UTC 02 00 CEST Websitewww wbr kristiansand wbr kommune wbr noKristiansand is connected by four main roads European Route E18 from Oslo Aust Agder and covers the eastern part of Kristiansand European route E39 from Stavanger Flekkefjord and the coast towns and villages in Vest Agder Norwegian National Road 9 from Evje Setesdal and Grim and Norwegian National Road 41 from Telemark northern Aust Agder Birkeland Tveit and the airport Kristiansand Airport Kjevik Varodd Bridge is a large bridge and a part of E18 which stretches over Topdalsfjorden Tourism is important in Kristiansand and the summer season is the most popular for tourists Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement park is the largest zoo in Norway It receives over 900 000 visitors every year Markens Street is the main pedestrian street in downtown Kristiansand Bystranda is a city beach located in Kvadraturen Hamresanden beach is the longest beach in Kristiansand Hamresanden Camping is a popular family camp during the summer season The city hosts a free weekly concert in downtown Kristiansand in the summertime Outside the city is the industrial park Sorlandsparken which includes Sorlandssenteret Norway s largest mall Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 Prehistory and early history 2 2 Foundation to 1900 2 3 1900 onward 2 4 Coat of arms 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Popular beaches 3 3 Boroughs 3 4 Parts 3 5 Subparts 3 6 Sogne 3 7 Songdalen 3 8 Notable streets 4 Government 4 1 Municipal council 5 Demographics 5 1 Religion 5 1 1 Christianity 5 1 2 Buddhism 5 1 3 Islam 6 Economy 6 1 Sorlandsparken 7 Culture 8 Sport 9 Tourism 10 Crime 10 1 Minors 11 Health 12 Transportation 12 1 Sea 12 2 Road 12 3 Bus 12 4 Railway 12 5 Aviation 12 6 Travel distances 13 Education 13 1 List of schools in Kristiansand 69 70 14 Media 15 Notable people 15 1 Education 15 2 Public Service amp public thinking 15 3 The Arts 15 4 Sport 16 Twin towns sister cities 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 External linksName EditThe city is named after the Dano Norwegian King King Christian IV who founded it on 5 July 1641 The second part of the city s name sand refers to the sandy headland the city was built on see also Lillesand The name was often written Christianssand until 1877 although the map of the mapmaker Pontoppidan from 1785 spelled the name Christiansand with a single s That year an official spelling reform aimed at making city names more Norwegian changed it to Kristianssand Kristiansund and Kristiania now Oslo had their spellings changed under the same reform Despite that a number of businesses and associations retain the Ch spelling The name was again changed to its present form Kristiansand single s in 1889 In 2012 the city s mayor Arvid Grundekjon proposed that the city be renamed Christianssand arguing that Kristiansand is grammatically meaningless and that Christianssand stands for tradition 4 This proposal was not well received by the locals and the mayor has not pushed this further History Edit Oddernes Church in Lund Kristiansand erected around 1040 Kristiansand in summer 1800 painted by J W Edy Prehistory and early history Edit The Kristiansand area has been inhabited since prehistoric times In 1996 the well preserved skeleton of a woman dating to approximately 6500 BC was discovered in Sogne in western Kristiansand This demonstrates very early habitation of the archipelago Grauthelleren Grathelleren located on Fidjane is believed to be a Stone Age settlement The first discovery in Norway of a Sarup enclosure a Neolithic form of ritual enclosure first identified at Sarup on the Danish island of Funen was made in 2010 at Hamresanden and dates to c 3400 BC Archaeological excavations to the east of Oddernes Church have uncovered rural settlements that existed during the centuries immediately before and after the start of the common era Together with a corresponding discovery in Rogaland these settlements are unique in the Norwegian context isolated farms rather than villages were the norm in ancient Norway Other discoveries in grave mounds around the church in the Lund section of the city indicate habitation beginning c 400 AD and 25 cooking pits that were found immediately outside the church wall in 1907 are probably even older One of the largest pre Christian burial grounds in South Norway was formerly located to the south and west of the church A royal centre is thought to have existed at Oddernes before 800 and the church was built around 1040 Before the stone church was built one or perhaps two wooden post churches are believed to have stood on the same spot A few years ago excavations were carried out under and around the runestone when it was moved to the church porch the grave finds indicated that the churchyard must already have been unusually large in the High Middle Ages This means that the area must have had a large population before it was reduced by the Black Death In the 14th and 15th centuries there was already a busy port and a small village on the Otra at the lowest point of today s Lund neighbourhood Lahelle Another important element in the development of Kristiansand was the harbor on the island of Flekkeroy which was the most important on the Skagerrak beginning in the 16th century and was first fortified under King Christian III in 1555 In 1635 King Christian IV ordered his feudal seigneur Palle Rosenkrantz to move from Nedenes and build a royal palace on the island Foundation to 1900 Edit Monument of King Christian IV in Kristiansand on which 1641 year has been mentioned Christian IV renowned for having founded many towns visited the location in 1630 and 1635 and on 5 July 1641 formally founded the town of Christianssand on the sand on the opposite bank of the Torridalselva Otra The town was laid out in Renaissance style on a grid plan the central section now known as Kvadraturen The Quarters and merchants throughout Agder were commanded to move to the new town In return they were to receive a variety of trading privileges and a ten year tax exemption In 1666 Christianssand became a garrison town and was heavily fortified In 1682 King Christian V decided to relocate the bishopric there from Stavanger Hence the young city became the main city of the Christiansand Stift Christianssand experienced its first fire in 1734 which was devastating to the city Later in the 18th century after the American Revolutionary War the town s shipbuilders experienced a boom that lasted until the Napoleonic Wars when the continental blockade and naval warfare struck a severe blow to trade Denmark Norway supported France in the Wars and was therefore subjected to relentless attack by Britain as recounted in Ibsen s Terje Vigen Only in the 1830s did the economy begin to recover and the growth in the Norwegian shipping industry was important for Christianssand It was the only part of Norway where oak trees flourished a major resource for the shipbuilding industry Large numbers of lobsters were taken off the coast and sent to the London market by the mid 19th century The population was about 12 000 by 1848 5 The City of Kristiansand had a quarantine station for maritime traffic and hospital at Odderoy Island for cholera patients that opened in 1804 The city had far fewer deaths than the surrounding area largely attributable to the quarantine station and the hospital For example during the period of 1833 1866 Drammen had 544 cholera patients of which 336 died During this same period Kristiansand only experienced 15 deaths from cholera 6 Map of downtown Kristiansand from 1887 Another important development during the 19th century was the foundation in 1881 of Eg Sindssygeasyl the second central psychiatric institution in Norway after Gaustad The psychiatric hospital drew highly specialized doctors to the city and also provided many jobs for women The most recent major fire in 1892 left half the original section of the city in ashes It burned buildings as far as the cathedral which had been rebuilt in brick after a previous fire in 1880 1900 onward Edit With the development of hydropower in southern Norway the city gradually developed an industrial base particularly with the establishment in 1910 of the nickel refinery Kristiansands Nikkelraffineringsverk AS later Falconbridge Nikkelverk now Glencore Nikkelverk From an economic perspective the First World War was a good time for Kristiansand as a neutral shipping city The crises that followed with the gold standard politics of the 1920s and the world economic crisis of the 1930s were also deeply felt in a trading city like Kristiansand The labour movement had important pioneers in the city and Leon Trotsky spent about a year of his exile in the archipelago offshore from Kristiansand Arnulf Overland took him from Randesund to Ny Hellesund in Sogne in 1936 7 In the interwar period Kristiansand was a centre for intellectuals especially after the architect Thilo Schoder settled there in 1932 Kristiansand was attacked by German naval forces and the Luftwaffe during the Operation Weserubung on 9 April 1940 The naval forces met fierce resistance from Norwegian coastal artillery at Odderoya Bombs and grenades also hit the downtown and the 70 meter high church tower of the Kristiansand Cathedral was hit by accident The third attack attempt on the city succeeded because a signal flag was confused with a French national flag and the misunderstanding was not discovered until it was too late The city was occupied by a force of 800 men Post war construction included further development of the Lund section and in the 1960s and 1970s Vagsbygd to the west was developed into a section with 20 000 inhabitants In the 1980s industry and business in the city declined in part because of the 1986 fire at the Hotel Caledonien But beginning in the second half of the 1990s business increased in momentum with the development of enterprises for marine and offshore equipment security technology and drilling The older municipal archives for Kristiansand and the former municipalities are currently held at the Inter Municipal Archives in Vest Agder IKAVA This includes documents concerning for example local councils chairmanships poor boards school boards and archives including among other things personal documents in the form of client records tax records and also school records On 1 January 2020 the three neighbouring municipalities of Kristiansand Songdalen and Sogne were merged to form one large municipality called Kristiansand 8 Coat of arms Edit The arms of Kristiansand were granted on 8 December 1909 and are based on the oldest seal of the city dating from 1643 In 1643 King Christian IV granted the young town the right to use a seal with the Norwegian lion and the royal crown The crown indicates that the city was founded by the king The other major element in the arms is a tree As the species of tree is not specified there are several known versions with differently shaped trees A second seal from 1658 shows a tree with leaves and what look like pine cones 9 On the base of the crown are the letters R F P standing for Regna Firma Pietas Piety strengthens the realm this was Christian IV s motto Around the seal of the city is its motto Cavsa Triumphat Tandem Bona A good cause prevails in the end 10 Geography EditKristiansand is strategically located on the Skagerrak and until the opening of the Kiel Canal between the North Sea and the Baltic was very important militarily and geopolitically This meant that for centuries it served as a military stronghold first as Harald Fairhair s royal residence then as a Danish Norwegian fortress and later as a garrison town Kristiansand is a gateway to and from the continent with ferry service to Denmark and a terminus of the railway line along the southern edge of South Norway The Posebyen section of old Kristiansand is Northern Europe s longest sequence of attached wooden buildings Geologically this part of Agder is part of the Swedo Norwegian Base Mountain Shield the southwestern section of the Baltic Shield and consists of two main geological formations of Proterozoic rocks that were formed in the Gothic and later Swedo Norwegian orogenies with significant metamorphism during the latter 11 There is a substrate of 1 600 1 450 million year old slate quartzite marble and amphibolite with some hornblende gneiss and overlaid on this acidic surface structures of both granite and granodiorite in general 1 250 1 000 million years old in some places 1 550 1 480 million years old The Bamblefelt geological area starts to the east of the municipality and extends to Grenland The last Swedo Norwegian formations are evident in large formations of granite There are also incidences of gabbro and diorite less commonly eclogite The Caledonian orogeny did not affect this area Faults run southwest northeast 12 In ancient times there was a volcano off Flekkeroy which left deposits of volcanic rock just north of central Kristiansand on the site of the estate of Eg now occupied by the Hospital of Southern Norway Near the city there are deep woods In Baneheia and at the former coastal artillery fortress on Odderoya there are lighted ski trails and walking paths specially prepared for wheelchair users Two major rivers the Otra and the Tovdalselva flow into the Skagerrak at Kristiansand Climate Edit Kristiansand has a temperate oceanic climate Koppen Cfb in the 1991 2020 period The coastal parts of the Skagerrak coast which includes Kristiansand is the sunniest part of Norway Snow generally occurs in late December and in January and February it may be heavy the snow record at Kjevik airport is 170 centimetres 67 in but rarely stays long on the coast see Climate of Norway Due to warming in the more recent decades snow often melts after a few days In the summer most locals go to the Fiskebrygga the archipelago opposite the city and Hamresanden Beach which is located about 10 minutes from the city centre near Kjevik airport People from Denmark Sweden Germany the UK and other European countries also visit this beach in the summer during their travels The all time high 32 6 C 90 7 F at Kristiansand airport was recorded August 1975 The all time low at the airport 28 2 C 18 8 F was recorded January 1982 The temperature seldom reaches 30 C 86 F but most days in July reaches 21 C 70 F or more The warmest month ever was July 1901 with mean 21 6 C 71 F at an earlier weather station Kristiansand S Eg The warmest month at the airport was July 2018 with 24 hr average 19 9 C 68 F and average daily high 25 8 C 78 F July 2018 was also the sunniest month on record with 422 sunhours and the year 2018 recorded 2126 sunhours despite December recording just 1 sunhr as cloudiest month on record in Kristiansand The cloudiest July recorded 156 sunhours 2007 Kristiansand has the national record for the sunniest February 153 sunhrs in 1986 sunniest April 323 hrs in 2021 sunniest August 343 hrs in 1995 and sunniest September 241 hrs in 1959 The wettest month on record was October 1976 with 560 mm precipitation and the driest was April 1974 with no precipitation at all Climate data for Kristiansand Airport Kjevik 1991 2020 12 m extremes 1946 2021 sunhrs 1961 1990 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 13 9 57 0 16 3 61 3 21 9 71 4 23 7 74 7 26 1 79 0 30 7 87 3 31 2 88 2 32 6 90 7 27 5 81 5 20 4 68 7 17 1 62 8 13 6 56 5 32 6 90 7 Average high C F 3 37 3 37 6 43 11 0 51 8 15 59 19 66 21 70 20 68 17 63 12 54 7 45 4 39 11 5 52 7 Daily mean C F 0 2 32 4 0 2 32 4 2 3 36 1 6 43 10 7 51 3 14 4 57 9 16 6 61 9 15 9 60 6 12 4 54 3 7 9 46 2 4 39 0 9 33 6 7 6 45 7 Average low C F 2 28 3 27 1 30 2 36 6 43 10 50 13 55 12 54 9 48 5 41 2 36 1 30 4 40 Record low C F 28 2 18 8 27 9 18 2 21 7 7 1 11 7 10 9 4 0 24 8 0 32 3 7 38 7 1 9 35 4 2 3 27 9 8 4 16 9 18 8 1 8 22 9 9 2 28 2 18 8 Average precipitation mm inches 147 2 5 80 98 2 3 87 87 5 3 44 64 8 2 55 80 3 3 16 85 5 3 37 80 6 3 17 120 7 4 75 134 3 5 29 169 7 6 68 161 3 6 35 151 4 5 96 1 381 5 54 39 Mean monthly sunshine hours 45 84 121 187 228 274 269 231 150 93 57 39 1 778Source 1 Seklima 13 Source 2 yr no Meteorologisk Institutt 14 Source 3 Weatheronline co uk avg high low 15 Climate data for Kristiansand 1960 1990 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 13 9 57 0 16 3 61 3 21 9 71 4 23 7 74 7 27 7 81 9 30 4 86 7 32 0 89 6 34 2 93 6 28 0 82 4 22 4 72 3 17 1 62 8 13 6 56 5 34 2 93 6 Average high C F 1 3 34 3 1 9 35 4 4 4 39 9 8 9 48 0 14 3 57 7 18 6 65 5 20 1 68 2 19 3 66 7 15 6 60 1 11 4 52 5 6 2 43 2 3 0 37 4 10 4 50 7 Daily mean C F 1 8 28 8 1 6 29 1 1 1 34 0 4 8 40 6 10 0 50 0 14 0 57 2 15 6 60 1 14 9 58 8 11 7 53 1 8 0 46 4 3 2 37 8 0 2 31 6 6 6 44 0 Average low C F 4 8 23 4 5 1 22 8 2 2 28 0 0 7 33 3 5 6 42 1 9 4 48 9 11 1 52 0 10 4 50 7 7 8 46 0 4 7 40 5 0 2 32 4 3 4 25 9 2 9 37 2 Record low C F 25 0 13 0 27 3 17 1 18 5 1 3 14 3 6 3 5 0 23 0 2 0 35 6 3 0 37 4 2 5 36 5 2 5 27 5 5 0 23 0 12 0 10 4 19 0 2 2 27 3 17 1 Average precipitation mm inches 121 4 8 80 3 1 87 3 4 59 2 3 86 3 4 75 3 0 88 3 5 118 4 6 141 5 6 164 6 5 164 6 5 116 4 6 1 380 54 3 Average snowfall cm inches 15 5 9 20 7 9 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 15 5 9 50 5 19 9 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 13 10 8 8 9 9 9 11 10 15 14 13 129Average snowy days 8 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 25Mean monthly sunshine hours 55 8 89 0 134 9 186 9 245 8 279 9 256 7 212 9 153 0 95 6 50 0 32 6 1 793 1Source 1 The Weather Network 16 17 Sunshine amp Daylight Hours in Kristiansand 18 Popular beaches Edit Bystranda Hamresanden Bystranda is a beach located at the city centre It is east on Kvadraturen and at Tangen Nearby the beach is the swimming complex Aquarama with both outdoor and indoor pools Aquarama is next door to the Scandic Hotel Bystranda which is Southern Norway s largest hotel Some of Kristiansand s most expensive apartments are located east of the beach and near to Tangen Some of Bystranda s facilities are beach volleyball playgrounds skateparks stairs to the water at deeper ground and its easy design for handicapped people and children In the middle of the bay there is a sculpture in the water Palmesus is a yearly beach festival held on Bystranda it is Scandinavia s largest beach festival Hamresanden is located between Hanes and the airport Kristiansand Airport Kjevik It is 3 km 2 mi long which makes it the longest beach in Kristiansand There are three camping places and an apartment hotel at the beach The name comes from the nearby subpart Hamre Somstranda is a nudist beach in Kristiansand located at Som Boroughs Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Kristiansand news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Vagsbygd Kristiansand boroughs area city parts Nr Boroughs Parts Population 19 1 Vagsbygd Flekkeroy Vagsbygd Slettheia Voiebyen 36 2812 Grim Grim Hellemyr Mosby Strai Tinnheia 16 0203 Kvadraturen Eg Kvadraturen 5 2004 Lund Gimlekollen Justvik Lund Alefjaer 30 8305 Oddernes Hanes Randesund Som Tveit 19 080 West Vagsbygd Grim Kvadraturen 57 501 East Lund Randesund 49 910Parts Edit Kristiansand parts area 19 Nr Parts Population1 Flekkeroy 3 2702 Voiebyen 6 5203 Vagsbygd 22 0004 Slettheia 4 4605 Hellemyr 2 9906 Tinnheia 3 8807 Grim 5 2008 Kvadraturen 5 2009 Lund 10 95010 Gimlekollen 5 75011 Strai 1 86012 Mosby 2 09013 Justvik 2 77014 Alefjaer 41015 Tveit 2 98016 Hanes 4 21017 Som 9 41018 Randesund 2 480Kristiansand is partitioned into 18 parts and 217 subparts Kristiansand is also divided into 5 boroughs Kvadraturen is the city center of Kristiansand The area belonged to the farms Eg and Grim and was a sandy plain covered with forest and was called Sanden or Grimsmoen Settlements were before the city was founded focused on loading and dumps at Lund along Otra or Torridalselven and along Topdalsfjorden by Odderoya and Flekkeroy port Christian IV s town plan outlined the city center with 56 rectangular squares with five long blocks and eight cross streets It was the squares along the Otra and east and west harbor which was built first Today Kvadraturen is a part of Kvadraturen Eg which has as of 1 January 2005 5510 inhabitants The area Posebyen in Kvadraturen is Northern Europe s longest continuous wooden buildings In the parts are among others Kristiansand Cathedral Kristiansand City Hall Wergeland Park and the terminal for ferries to Hirtshals and Kristiansand Station is located in the parts western corner Vagsbygd has considerable industry who has survived major changes The largest employer is all the same Elkem Solar producing super clean Silicon for solar cells which are located in premises that Elkem previous Ferrosilicon factory Fiska Verk On Andoya it established a significant and advanced mechanical industry which produces offshore and marine cranes and other marine equipment in Andoya Industrial Park Amfi Vagsbygd is a major shopping center in Vagsbygd Outside of Andoya in Vagsbygd is Bredalsholmen Shipyard and Preservation Centre a Centre for protection of vessels at the former Bredalsholmen yard Bredalsholmen Shipyard and Preservation Centre is a national hub for maintenance of museum ships and cherish worthy coastal culture and a drydock with considerable capacity Streets of Lund during the night Lund is the second largest borough in Kristiansand with a population of 9 000 inhabitants in 2012 14 June 1921 was the first 2 75 km2 of Lund transferred to Kristiansand and 1 January 1965 was also the rest of Lund part of Kristiansand in the municipal amalgamation In Lund there are traces of humans dating back to the early Iron Age the Viking Age until the early Middle Ages various locations There has been a settlement here since the Stone Age During the Viking Age there was a great man s farm here A Runestone at Oddernes church provides a connection to this farm A large field with burial mounds formerly existed south and west of the church and may also be associated with this farm In 1492 robbers from the sea came and attacked Lund This is mentioned in two letters located in the National Archives The letters describe the attack that took place with a lot of violence against both women and men and that on both sides suffered casualties No one know who the robbers were but their centurion was named Per Syvertsen The name suggests that he and his crew came from Norway or Denmark Indre and Ytre Randesund is located between Kvasefjorden in Hovag and the Topdalsfjord in Oddernes Several small islands are situated alongside the cost of Randesund among them Randoya and Heroya both popular with summer tourists The municipality originally the parish is named after the island Randoen now known as Randoya The first part of the name is rand Old Norse rǫnd which means boundary or edge and the last part of the name is sund which means strait The name was previously spelled Randosund Tveit is a village and a former municipality in Vest Agder county It is located in the present day municipality of Kristiansand Tveit is home to Kristiansand Airport Kjevik Tveit is located along the lower part of the Tovdalselva river known as Topdalselva from the border with Aust Agder The population of Tveit is approximately 2 900 2014 Tinnheia is a part in the Grim borough Nedre Lund Subparts Edit Kuholmen Hamreheia Some of the most populous basic unions in the following boroughs Flekkeroy Berge Lindebo Mebo Skalevik AshavnVoiebyen Andoya Bravann Kroodden Lovika Movik Moviklia Radyr Skutevika Spinneren Steindalen Ternevig Voie Voietun Voielia VoieasenVagsbygd Augland Auglandsbukta Auglandskollen Auglandslia Bjorklia Furulia Granlia Kjerrheia Kjos Haveby Kjosneset Lumber Nordtjonnasen Skyllingsheia Smiebrygga Storenes Vagsbygd sentrum AsaneSlettheia Blorstad Fiskatangen Gislemyr Gislemyrkollen Kartheia Karuss Rugde Slettheitoppen Trane Trekanten Ovre SlettheiaHellemyr Breimyr Fidjemoen Fjellro Hellemyrtoppen Rige Solkollen VestheieneTinnheia Eigevannskollen Hannevika Hannevikasen Kobolt Kolsberg Kolsasen Tinnheia sorvest Tinnheia torv Tinnheia nordGrim Artillerivollen Bellevue Dalane Enrum Fagervoll Grim torv Grimsmyra Elisenhoy Idda Klappane Krossen Mollevann Paradis SuldalenKvadraturen Baneheia Byskogen Eg Eik Gravane Gyldengarden Markens Nybyen Odderoya Posebyen Strandrponomaden TangenLund Agder Alle Bertesbukta Freyasdalen Gimle Gimlemoen Gimlevang Hamreheia Hoivold Kjoita Kuholmen Kongsgard Alle Louvisenlund Lund torv Marvika Narviga Oddemarka Prestevik Skaugo Steinkleiva Sodal Tobienborg Vallhalla VigeGimlekollen Fagerholt Gimlekollen midtre Gimlekollen vest Gimlekollen ost Hestnestangen Prestheia Tretjonn Vollevannet Volleasen Vige Ovre KongsgardStrai Aukland Gangdalslia Haslevollen Kulia Sagebekk Straismoen Torridal Ytre Strai Ovre StraiMosby Hauslia Hoie Hoielia Hoietun Kiledalen Lillefjell Ravnasen Rismoen Saga Ytre Mosby Ovre MosbyJustvik Gjustvik Havlimyra Justlia Justnes Jaernesheia Kvernhusheia SkinnerheiaAlefjaer Bjavannet Einerhaven Kostol AlefjaerSom Bliksheia Fuglevik Gudbrandslia Haumyrheia Kjellevik Knarrevik Korsvik Liane Nordlia Rona Saltbustad Stromme Somslia Torsvik Torsvikkleiva VardasenTveit Brattvollshei Boen Drangsholt Donnestad Foss Hamre Hamresanden Krakebumoen Moneheia Ryen Solsletta VeHanes Bjorndalen Brattbakken Grovikheia Hestasen Hanestangen Hanni Lauvasen Nedre Hanes Nedre Timenes Ronsbukta Stromsdalen TimenesRandesund Bjorkestol Butangen Drange Drangeskauen Dvergsnes Eftevag Fidje Frikstad Hestehagen Holte Kirkevik Kongshavn Kvarnes Lykkedrag Odderhei Rabbersvik Skaupemyr Sommerro Stangenes Tommersto Tommerasen Vadvik Vranes Sogne Edit Main article Sogne Sogne was a former municipality located west of Kristiansand The municipality was merged into a large municipality with the former municipality of Songdalen and the city of Kristiansand on January 1 2020 Songdalen Edit Main article Songdalen Songdalen was a former municipality located northwest of Kristiansand The municipality was merged into a large municipality with the former municipality of Sogne and the city of Kristiansand on January 1 2020 Notable streets Edit Markens Pedestrian Street Kongens gate Dronningens gate Queens street is a street that has its run from Havnegata Vestre harbor to Lund Bridge and is 980 meters long 86 properties are matrikulert to the street The street had in the 1700s the name Sand Alley Elvegata River street has its run from Ostre Strandgate to Tordenskjolds gate It has a mix of newer business and residential buildings schools and nursing homes as well as a large percentage of older residential buildings in wood and masonry On the south side of Ostre Strandgate called extension of Elvegata for Tangen 70 meters of the street in the quarter between Dronningens gate and Tollbodgata is designated county road 26 Festningsgata is a street in Kvadraturen The name is connected with Christiansholm Fortress from 1672 located in the street race extension towards the east harbor The street stretches from Ostre Strandgate to Tordenskjoldsgate and originally had the name Northern gate The extension of the street during north of Tordenskjolds street is named Stener Heyerdahl street The park south of Tordenskjolds street called Stener Heyerdahl park This street stump and Festningsgata from Tordenskjolds street to Dronningens gate is part of the county road 28 From Vestre Strandgata to Tollbodgata buildings are listed by the walled green was introduced immediately after the fire in 1892 and forward Henrik Wergelands gate is a street in Kvadraturen in Kristiansand The street has its run from Vestre Strandgate to Elvegata 118 properties are matrikulert to the street It had previously named Consumer Julia Street The street is named in honor of Norwegian poet Henrik Wergeland In 1808 he had his early childhood in the town until he at nine moved with her family to Eidsvold Tollbodgata Tollbooth street has its run from Senior wharf at Vestre port to Elvegata by Otra and is identical with Route 27 in Vest Agder 77 properties are matrikulert to the street The street has previously had the name Sten Alley Tolbooth Vestre Strandgate Western Beach Street is a street that has its run from Gravane to roundabout at Gartnerlokka where it meets E18 and continue to run in Rv9 Setesdalsveien It is part of the county road 471 from the roundabout at Gartnerlokka the junction with Dronnings gata From Radhusgata to Gravane has two parallel paths an extension of Fv471 and a container that separates the harbor from including Tolbooth The street has a number of key meeting places and city functions in terms of Radisson Hotel 20 Agder Theater cinema Clarion Hotel 21 Kristiansand Bus Terminal and Kristiansand Station The street is characterized by restaurants pubs and eating places a number of shops and offices and a few apartments Kristiansand City Hall seen from Kristiansand CathedralGovernment EditAll municipalities in Norway including Kristiansand are responsible for primary education through 10th grade outpatient health services senior citizen services unemployment and other social services zoning economic development and municipal roads The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives which in turn elects a mayor 22 Kristiansand has no local parliamentary government but is managed by the municipal council and an executive committee The mayor is the spokesman for the city head of the council and leader of the executive committee In Kristiansand the mayor has represented the center right parties since the late 1940s The municipality falls under the Kristiansand District Court and the Agder Court of Appeal Municipal council Edit The municipal council Bystyre of Kristiansand is made up of 71 representatives that are elected to four year terms The party breakdown of the council is as follows Kristiansand bystyre 2020 2023 23 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 13 The Democrats Demokratene 10 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 4 Green Party Miljopartiet De Gronne 6 Conservative Party Hoyre 13 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 8 The Christians Party Partiet De Kristne 1 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 1 Red Party Rodt 2 Centre Party Senterpartiet 3 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 4 Liberal Party Venstre 2 Cross party people s list for all Kristiansand Tverrpolitisk Folkeliste For Hele Kristiansand 4Total number of members 71Kristiansand bystyre 2015 2019 24 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 15 The Democrats Demokratene 2 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 4 Green Party Miljopartiet De Gronne 3 Conservative Party Hoyre 13 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 8 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 1 Red Party Rodt 1 Centre Party Senterpartiet 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 2 Liberal Party Venstre 3Total number of members 53Kristiansand bystyre 2012 2015 25 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 14 The Democrats Demokratene 2 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 6 Green Party Miljopartiet De Gronne 1 Conservative Party Hoyre 14 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 9 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 2 Red Party Rodt 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 1 Liberal Party Venstre 3Total number of members 53Kristiansand bystyre 2008 2011 24 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 11 The Democrats Demokratene 2 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 9 Green Party Miljopartiet De Gronne 1 Conservative Party Hoyre 11 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 10 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 3 Red Electoral Alliance Rod Valgallianse 1 Centre Party Senterpartiet 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 2 Liberal Party Venstre 2Total number of members 53Kristiansand bystyre 2004 2007 24 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 8 The Democrats Demokratene 2 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 8 Green Party Miljopartiet De Gronne 2 Conservative Party Hoyre 11 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 10 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 1 Centre Party Senterpartiet 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 8 Liberal Party Venstre 2Total number of members 53Kristiansand bystyre 2000 2003 24 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 9 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 10 Green Party Miljopartiet De Gronne 1 Conservative Party Hoyre 15 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 10 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 4 Liberal Party Venstre 3Total number of members 53Kristiansand bystyre 1996 1999 26 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 11 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 8 Green Party Miljopartiet De Gronne 1 Conservative Party Hoyre 12 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 11 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 3 Red Electoral Alliance Rod Valgallianse 1 Centre Party Senterpartiet 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 2 Liberal Party Venstre 3Total number of members 53Kristiansand bystyre 1992 1995 27 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 12 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 8 Conservative Party Hoyre 19 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 14 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 10 Red Electoral Alliance Rod Valgallianse 1 Centre Party Senterpartiet 3 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 6 Liberal Party Venstre 2 Joint list of the Green Party and Kristiansand city and environmental protection list Miljopartiet De Gronne Kristiansand By og Miljovernliste 2Total number of members 77Kristiansand bystyre 1988 1991 28 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 15 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 10 Conservative Party Hoyre 17 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 12 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 6 Centre Party Senterpartiet 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 2 Liberal Party Venstre 8 Kristiansand city and environmental protection list Kristiansand By og Miljovernliste 6Total number of members 77Kristiansand bystyre 1984 1987 29 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 22 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 5 Conservative Party Hoyre 25 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 15 Centre Party Senterpartiet 2 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 2 Liberal Party Venstre 4 Kristiansand city and environmental protection list Kristiansand By og Miljovernliste 2Total number of members 77Kristiansand bystyre 1980 1983 30 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 18 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 1 Conservative Party Hoyre 27 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 16 Liberal People s Party Liberale Folkepartiet 1 Centre Party Senterpartiet 3 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 2 Liberal Party Venstre 5 Kristiansand city and environmental protection list Kristiansand By og Miljovernliste 4Total number of members 77Kristiansand bystyre 1976 1979 31 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 20 Anders Lange s Party Anders Langes parti 2 Conservative Party Hoyre 19 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 20 New People s Party Nye Folkepartiet 5 Centre Party Senterpartiet 2 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 3 Liberal Party Venstre 6Total number of members 77Kristiansand bystyre 1972 1975 32 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 24 Conservative Party Hoyre 13 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 13 Centre Party Senterpartiet 4 Socialist People s Party Sosialistisk Folkeparti 5 Liberal Party Venstre 18Total number of members 77Kristiansand bystyre 1968 1971 33 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 26 Conservative Party Hoyre 14 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 9 Centre Party Senterpartiet 3 Socialist People s Party Sosialistisk Folkeparti 2 Liberal Party Venstre 23Total number of members 77Kristiansand bystyre 1964 1967 34 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 25 Conservative Party Hoyre 11 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 6 Socialist People s Party Sosialistisk Folkeparti 1 Liberal Party Venstre 18Total number of members 61Kristiansand bystyre 1960 1963 35 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 23 Conservative Party Hoyre 10 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 1 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 6 Centre Party Senterpartiet 1 Liberal Party Venstre 20Total number of members 61Kristiansand bystyre 1956 1959 36 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 24 Conservative Party Hoyre 11 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 1 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 6 Liberal Party Venstre 19Total number of members 61Kristiansand bystyre 1952 1955 37 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 23 Conservative Party Hoyre 10 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 2 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 4 Liberal Party Venstre 18 Local List s Lokale lister 3Total number of members 60Kristiansand bystyre 1948 1951 38 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 21 Conservative Party Hoyre 11 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 3 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 5 Liberal Party Venstre 14 Local List s Lokale lister 6Total number of members 60Kristiansand bystyre 1945 1947 39 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 24 Conservative Party Hoyre 9 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 3 Liberal Party Venstre 13 Local List s Lokale lister 11Total number of members 60Kristiansand bystyre 1938 1941 40 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 20 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 10 Conservative Party Hoyre 10 Liberal Party Venstre 20Total number of members 60Note Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945 Kristiansand bystyre 1935 1937 41 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 19 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 9 Conservative Party Hoyre 11 Liberal Party Venstre 21Total number of members 60Kristiansand bystyre 1932 1934 42 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 18 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 11 Liberal Party Venstre 18 Joint list of the Conservative Party Hoyre and the Free minded People s Party Frisinnede Folkeparti 13Total number of members 60Kristiansand bystyre 1929 1931 43 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 21 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 12 Conservative Party Hoyre 17 Liberal Party Venstre 10Total number of members 60Kristiansand bystyre 1926 1928 44 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 12 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 12 Social Democratic Labour Party Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti 7 Liberal Party Venstre 9 Joint list of the Conservative Party Hoyre and the Free minded Liberal Party Frisinnede Venstre 20Total number of members 60Kristiansand bystyre 1923 1925 45 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 14 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 11 Social Democratic Labour Party Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti 4 Liberal Party Venstre 11 Joint list of the Conservative Party Hoyre and the Free minded Liberal Party Frisinnede Venstre 20Total number of members 60Kristiansand bystyre 1920 1922 46 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 14 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 17 Liberal Party Venstre 11 Joint list of the Conservative Party Hoyre and the Free minded Liberal Party Frisinnede Venstre 18Total number of members 60Demographics Edit A Vietnamese grocery store in Kristiansand Minority populations in Kristiansand by country of origin as of 1 January 2013 47 Rank Ancestry Number1 Poland 1 9402 Vietnam 1 8903 Iraq 1 3904 Chile 1 3005 Kosovo 1 2806 Denmark 1 1607 Somalia 1 0708 Bosnia and Herzegovina 9409 Germany 88010 Afghanistan 88011 Russia 84012 Iran 79013 Sweden 70014 Pakistan 55015 Eritrea 54016 United Kingdom 50017 United States 42018 Thailand 39019 Iceland 39020 Turkey 38021 Palestine 36022 Philippines 35023 Syria 32024 Ethiopia 33025 Lithuania 32026 Cambodia 32027 Other countries 5 880Kristiansand has the third largest Vietnamese community in Norway Slettheia has most immigrants in Kristiansand The five districts with the highest proportion of immigrants Nr District Percent 19 1 Slettheia 36 2 Kvadraturen 24 3 Grim 22 4 Hellemyr 20 5 Tinnheia 19 Flekkeroy has fewest immigrants but the most Christians The five districts with the lowest proportion of immigrants Nr District Percent 19 1 Flekkeroy 7 2 Randesund 7 3 Gimlekollen 8 4 Som 10 5 Tveit 10 Religion Edit Kristiansand Cathedral rebuilt in brick in 1885 after several fires ravaged the city in the 19th century Christianity Edit See also Christianity Kristiansand Cathedral is the largest church in Kristiansand It is located in Kvadraturen with the town hall and Wergelandsparken The church was built in 1885 and have the capacity of 1500 people The church is the seat of the Bishop of Agder and Telemark in the Church of Norway Grim Church was built in 1969 and has a capacity of 750 people Vagsbygd Church is the church of Vagsbygd it is located in the centrum of Vagsbygd and was built in 1967 and has a capacity of 650 Lund Church was built in 1987 and has a capacity of 600 people Som Church was built in 2004 and has a capacity of 600 The church was Kristiansand municipality 1000 year building and is the largest church in Oddernes The windows of Som Church was designed by Kjell Nupen There are also churches located at Flekkeroy Hellemyr Hanes Justvik Oddemarka Oddernes Randesund Strai Torridal Tveit and Voie There are chapeaus all over the city Christianity are strongest in Flekkeroy and Som even though Southern Norway is called the Norwegian Bible belt Christianity doesn t play a big part in the rest of the city There is a Catholic church in Kvadraturen St Ansgar s Church At Slettheia there is a Latter day Saint church and at Tinnheia there is an Orthodox church The Church of Norway has twelve parishes sokn within the municipality of Kristiansand It is part of the Kristiansand arch deanery in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark Churches in Kristiansand 48 Parish Sokn Church Name Location of the Church Year BuiltKristiansand domkirke Kristiansand Cathedral Kvadraturen 1884Flekkeroy Flekkeroy Church Flekkeroya 1960Grim Grim Church Grim 1969Hellemyr Hellemyr Church Hellemyr 1988Hanes Hanes Church Hanes 1986Lund Lund Church Lund 1987Oddernes Justvik Church Justvik 1985Oddernes Church Oddernes c 1040Randesund Randesund Church Randesund 1864Som Church Som 2004Torridal Torridal Church Aukland 1978Tveit Tveit Church Tveit c 1100Voie Voie Church Voie 1990Vagsbygd Vagsbygd Church Vagsbygd 1967Buddhism Edit See also Buddhism There is a Buddhist centre in Vagsbygd with Ternevig There is also a Buddhist meditation centre located in the neighbouring municipality Songdalen Islam Edit See also Islam in Norway There is a mosque in Kvadraturen Economy Edit Kjoita Park Christianssands Bryggeri is a producer of beer and soft drinks with a long history in the city The brewery was established in 1859 and all products are made with spring water from the company s own spring called Christian IVs kilde Christian IV s spring Hennig Olsen is an ice cream factory with headquarters and manufacturing facilities in Kristiansand The factory opened in 1960 but the Hennig Olsen family has produced ice cream in Kristiansand since 1924 when Sven Hennig Olsen started doing so in the back of his tobacco kiosk Glencore Nikkelverk nickel factory was founded in 1910 as Kristiansand Nikkelraffineringsverk A S The company is owned by the Anglo Swiss company Glencore and has about 500 employees 49 The Korsvik industrial area on the east side of the Kristiansandsfjord is home to companies working on drilling technology cranes winches and other equipment for the worldwide petroleum industry among them National Oilwell Varco and Aker MH Elkem owned by China National Bluestar since 2011 operated a refining plant for ferrosilicon and microsilica at Fiska in Vagsbygd for many years and was replaced in the beginning of the 20th century by Elkem Solar which produces polycrystalline silicon for wafers used in the solar cell industry It has about 225 employees 50 Sorlandschips is a Norwegian produced crisps brand The potatoes often come from Denmark Sorlandschips owned by Scandza AS and is one of Norway s most popular potato chip brands today It has a variety of tastes and spices Hannevika with Hennig Olsen Iskremfabrikk Dampbageriet is a large bakery chain based in Vest Agder it was established in Kristiansand in 1862 and has 4 stores in Kristiansand Sparebanken Sor is a savings bank serving Vest Agder Aust Agder and Telemark It was established in 1824 when Christiansand Sparebank opened up it was one of the first in Norway Hennig Olsen Iskremfabrikk is a major Norwegian ice cream company based and started up in Kristiansand The factory is located in Hannevika As a relatively large shipping town Kristiansand was a profitable location for shipbuilders Kristiansands Mekaniske Verksted and P Hoivolds Mekaniske Verksted At one time shipping companies were the backbone of the local economy but not many survive The Rasmussen Group previously a shipping firm is now an investment company 51 52 Kristiansand continues to have major shipbuilding and repair facilities that support Norway s North Sea oil industry The static inverter plant of the HVDC Cross Skagerrak is located near Kristiansand Kristiansand Dyrepark is the zoo that sells most giraffe in Europe Kjoita Park with Telenor main offices for Southern Norway to the left and Kristiansand Roklubb in the center and apartments to the right Sorlandsparken Edit Main article Sorlandsparken Sorlandssenteret is Norway s largest mall Sorlandsparken The Southern Norway Park is an industrial shopping park outside of Kristiansand city in the municipality The park is also 17 kilometers from Lillesand The park has an area of 670 000 m2 7 211 820 sq ft and over 5 000 workplaces The main part of the industrial park is in Kristiansand including the mall Sorlandssenteret with 195 stores and Kristiansand Zoo it is the largest mall and zoo in Norway The racetrack of Southern Norway is also located in Kristiansand while IKEA is located technically in Lillesand municipality Others large chainstores is also located around the mall There are two hotels located in Sorlandsparken and some resorts nearby the zoo E18 goes past Sorlandsparken before continuing to downtown Kristiansand Buses are available 6 8 times in the hours all day Culture Edit Kilden Performing Arts Centre Kaptein Sabeltann world in Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park The Kristiansand Symphony Orchestra Chamber Orchestra and Wind Ensemble merged in 2003 The orchestra now performs at the Kilden Performing Arts Centre which opened in January 2012 53 This is also the new home of Agder Theatre founded in 1991 Sorlandets Art Museum is in the centre of Kristiansand in the former buildings of the cathedral school It was established in 1995 building on the former collection of Christiansands billedgalleri and is the second largest regional art museum in Norway It includes both fine art and crafts and runs an extensive programme of activities that includes exhibitions of the permanent collection temporary exhibitions of contemporary art and touring exhibitions to schools and child care facilities 54 Christianssands Kunstforening now renamed Kristiansand Kunsthall is one of the oldest and largest art associations in Norway founded in 1881 and has approximately 650 square metres 7 000 sq ft of exhibition space for contemporary art in central Kristiansand The association began assembling a permanent collection in 1902 this is now housed in Sorlandets Art Museum Cultiva a local foundation was established to ensure a portion of the profits made from selling shares in Agder Energy Ltd have lasting benefits to the community focusing on art culture creativity and building competence it supported projects in Kristiansand until the financial crisis forced cut backs in 2011 In addition the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage endowed a cultural free port Porto Rico as one of the pilot projects of its value creation project in the 2000s In 2007 Kristiansand was awarded the designation Norges kulturkommune Norway s culture municipality a distinction awarded every other year by the Norwegian Culture Forum Fiskebrygga is a former fish landing on either side of the Gravane Canal which separates the city centre from Odderoya it was refurbished in the 1990s and now has wood fronted buildings housing restaurants and shops including a fish market It is very popular in summer when the canal is also heavily used by boats The island of Odderoya is a former fortress and quarantine station now used for recreation and excursion purposes At times there are also concerts and festivals on the island The municipality millennium is Tresse Retranchement the city party space in front of Christiansholm Fortress bottom Festningsgata the Baltic sea The millennium was celebrated here include a large sign A small sign to mark the Millennium for the future are made but per 2011 not installed in anticipation of the festival grounds shall be given a facelift It should also dug a channel within the fortress so this again is left on an island These projects are waiting for political consideration and funding Tusenarstreet were planted on the lawn between the festival grounds and playground ice rink in Tresse Sport Edit Kristiansand Stadion The city s best known football team IK Start moved in 2007 to a new home stadium Sor Arena The city is also home to other football teams including Flekkeroy IL FK Vigor IK Vag and FK Donn Kristiansand is also known for its handball teams Kristiansands IF and Vipers Kristiansand ice hockey Kristiansand Ishockeyklubb basketball Kristiansand Pirates and volleyball Grim VBK clubs and has a baseball team Kristiansand Suns Tourism Edit Kristiansand Marina Faithless in concert at Palmesus Scandinavia s largest beach festival Kristiansand is a summer tourist destination attracting many visitors in particular to its zoo Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park just east of the city This is the second most visited attraction in Norway after Holmenkollen and had 925 000 visitors in 2012 Its animals most of which are housed in natural habitats include wolves tigers lions and the lynx The zoo is open 365 days a year while the amusement park is open during the summer season only The Quart festival was an annual music festival that took place in Kristiansand over five days in early July There were large stages on Odderoya and smaller venues around the city Founded in 1991 as Qvadradurmusivalen the festival changed its name to the more catchy Quart Festival the following year It included internationally known performers and was also known for booking acts that later became internationally known For several years it was the largest music festival in Norway but beginning in summer 2007 it was challenged by the Hovefestivalen on Tromoya Arendal and some Oslo based festivals In early June 2008 the organization declared bankruptcy the festival returned in 2009 under the name Quart but again went bankrupt Kristiansand is home to many other festivals as well running throughout the year 55 Protestfestival held in September was launched in 2000 and aims to address apathy and indifference in politics and includes debates concerts and lectures combined with performance art and documentaries Protestfestival claims to attract anarchists communists hippies as well as conservative Christians and capitalists and to encourage communication among these radically different groups 56 Others include Southern Discomfort also in September the Bragdoya Blues Festival in June the Dark Season Festival in October and Cultural Night and the International Children s Film Festival in April Crime Edit Courthouse in Kristiansand Kristiansand has three police stations The one in the city center the main one for Southern Norway Agder Police District While on less serious crimes only covers some these parts of Kristiansand Kvadraturen Grim and Lund Vagsbygd police station covers the Vagsbygd district while Randesund police station covers Randesund Som Hanes and Tveit Most crim cases reported in Kristiansand takes place on Kvadraturen In south of Markens gate with Tollbodgata and Dronningens gate which host stores that are open 24 hours as well as many nightclubs In 2014 it was most reported cases there in the entire city There were over 56 cases reported in this area and 123 on Kvadraturen in 2013 a decrease from 150 cases in 2012 reported on Kvadraturen In the Vagsbygd police district it was reported that there were over 50 cases going down 27 since 2012 At Randesund police station it was 61 cases reported so had gone down 9 from 2012 to 2013 Outside of Kvadraturen Vagsbygd and Randesund there were 110 cases reported in the municipality mostly from Grim As of 2014 update there were over 350 cases reported for all of Kristiansand Of these 34 were committed by minors on Kvadraturen Most cases on Kvadraturen are narcotics violence and nonprofit crimes the majority being shop lifting Six of the violent crime cases were against police and most violent acts were performed with knives 57 Minors Edit Agder Police District headquarter in Kristiansand In crime performed by people under 18 there were most reported 16 year old boys in 2013 Although adding the numbers of boys and girls together the largest number of crime for the age was 14 It is simultaneously more that reports a mixed sex image where girls show an equal activity as boys Some Instead there are also girls who are leading the way Several executives tells increased used of bullying intimidation and violence among girls It looks including out that girls make greater use of social media such behavior Some also report increased cannabis use among girls The figures from the police show that nearly one in three young people who commit crimes have minority backgrounds Of the 163 youths who embarked offense first half is 47 immigrants or Norwegian born to immigrant parents This represents 29 of the total number The decline in the number of young offenders apply primarily the oldest group from 15 to 17 years Kristiansand has several 14 year olds than 17 year olds who commit offenses Girls make up more current through increased use of threats and violence 58 Contact from Voiebyen Vagsbygd Grim Som and Lund expressed concern about boys who challenge them with their behavior by breaking rules commit vandalism threaten classmates and try out various drugs One of the schools have also been several incidents of violence against teachers and classmates It is composed issues related to several of these students and they have various reasons major challenges in adapting to school requirements and expectations Several executives from schools stated that they experience an increase in the number of pupils both boys and girls who are struggling mentally They mention students with depression social anxiety eating disorder self mutilation and sleep problems This worries them and they fear that some of these students as a result of their poor mental health are more vulnerable to make choices that can lead them into the environment with drugs and crime To meet these challenges and provide these young people needed and customized follow up it is crucial to have a holistic focus and a good interdepartmental and interdisciplinary collaboration 59 Health Edit Sorlandet Hospital Kristiansand Sorlandet Sykehus HF is a hospital group in Southern Norway they have three hospitals in Flekkefjord Arendal and the main one on Eg in Kristiansand It is only a 6 minutes drive from the city centrum Kvadraturen The headquarter of Sorlandet Sykehus HF is also located in Kristiansand The hospital has departments in Vagsbygd and Oddernes Eg hospital is an asylum psychiatric hospital next to Sorlandet hospital It was opened in 1881 by dr Axel H Lindboe this became Norway s third insane asylum St Josef hospital was a catholic hospital located at Kvadraturen it was opened in 1885 and driven by his sisters The hospital closed down in 1967 There are 11 retirement homes in Kristiansand and most of them are located on Kvadraturen One rehabilitation center ca 15 fitness centers 20 dentist offices 10 medical centers and around 25 pharmacies Transportation Edit Highway Fv456 in Vagsbygd by Trekanten A city bus in Vestre Strandgate Kristiansand Airport Kjevik Kristiansand is an important transport and communications node connected to continental Europe by air and sea Sea Edit From the city centre the ferry harbour has routes to Hirtshals Denmark operated by both Color Line and Fjord Line 60 Color Line operates their MS Superspeed 1 which entered into service in 2008 and spends approximately 3 hours and 15 minutes on the crossing The route operates year round with two crossings each way in one day Fjord Line operates HSC Fjord Cat which is a high speed catamaran covering the route in around 2 hours and 15 minutes The ship was built between 1997 and 1998 and has sailed under several different operators on many different routes It only operates during the high season in the summer A new catamaran built by Australian shipbuilding company Austal will enter service at the start of summer 2020 and replace Fjord Cat The new ship should double the capacity while retaining the same travel duration of 2 hours and 15 minutes Fjord Line also aims for the new ship to address complaints with seaworthiness and stability from its predecessor On 7 April 2022 a direct cruise ferry service began with Eemshaven Netherlands operated by startup company Holland Norway Lines 61 62 63 64 Road Edit European Road 18 is the largest highway in Kristiansand It starts after E39 goes to Denmark before the city bridge on Kvadraturen E18 continues out Kristiansand municipality and through Arendal Oslo and ends in Stockholm European Road 39 starts in Trondheim and has it course through Western Norway before following the coastal municipalities in Vest Agder When E39 comes to Kristiansand it goes to the harbor and continues through Denmark Norwegian National Road 9 is a road starting in Kristiansand through Grim and then through Vennesla municipality before leaving Vest Agder The national road ends in Telemark at Haukeli and is the most important road connection for Setesdalen and the surrounding regions Norwegian National Road 41 Norwegian National Road 41 starts in Hanes It is the road out to Kristiansand Airport Kjevik it continues to Birkenes and ends in Kviteseid Telemark County road 401 is the old E18 before it got upgraded It starts on Som and ends in Lillesand it goes via Hovag County road 452 is the old road to Vennesla city centrum It starts on Lund then goes through Justvik and Alefjaer before Vennesla municipality County road 456 is the main road in Vagsbygd and afterwards ending in Sogne County road 457 takes up from 456 in Voiebyen and ends at Flekkeroy County road 471 is the largest road in downtown Kristiansand It ends at Lund and goes besides the university Bus Edit Buses in the city and surrounding region are operated by Boreal Buss AS who won the tender from Agder Kollektivtrafikk in 2018 to operate routes for seven years with an option to extend the period by three years Previously Nettbuss Sor South operated buses in the region for eight years from 2010 to 2018 All regional bus lines goes through three stops in Kvadraturen Some bus lines goes vice versa from the west coast to the east coast of the city Kristiansand Bus Terminal or Kristiansand Rutebilstasjon is the main bus terminal for the city and also acts as a hub for express buses connecting to Oslo Stavanger and Haukeli It is located by the train station Kristiansand S The bus terminal has local regional and long distance bus routes A new bus terminal was constructed in 2019 replacing the old and outdated building from 1960 The old terminal will be demolished and replaced by a small park and green space The local city buses in Kristiansand has their main stop in Kvadraturen with city terminals in the streets Henrik Wergelands gate eastbond or end for westbound and Tollbodgata westbound or end for eastbound both streets crosses Markens gate City bus lines 01 A1 starts in Kvadraturen and goes by UiA and Rona M1 M2 M3 12 goes by Vagsbygd centrum 17 18 joins M1 M2 M3 and 12 for Hannevika 40 42 50 and 45 46 goes only Hannevika Line 40 42 45 46 and 50 stops in Kristiansand Bus Terminal expect in the rush hours while M1 M2 M3 12 17 and 18 continues to Henrik Wergelands gate UiA Rona then their destinations Line 13 15 19 32 and 30 comes north for Kvadraturen and goes by Grim torv Line 22 23 only goes by UiA Line 31 goes Line 35 36 and 37 goes by Ve Rona UiA Tollbodgata and ends in Kristiansand Bus Terminal There are also local buses in some of the boroughs like Vagsbygd Line 51 52 and 55 goes from neighbourhoods in the borough to Vagsbygd centrum collaborating with M1 or M2 at selective times Line 57 goes from east to west on the main road in Flekkeroy Line 58 goes locally in Randesund to Rona Railway Edit Kristiansand Station opened in 1895 and is located in the city centre close to the ferry terminal It is owned by Norwegian National Rail Administration The Sorlandet Line goes through small towns in Vest Agder and Aust Agder counties Express trains go east to Oslo S Regional lines goes to Stavanger 65 E18 in Kristiansand by Vollevannet Aviation Edit The local airport Kjevik is located 12 km 7 5 mi east of the city centre and has routes to European and Norwegian cities A new one storey parking garage was constructed in 2019 Travel distances Edit Distance from Kristiansand to other cities 66 Mandal 36 kilometers 23 miles considerably shortened when new E39 opens in 2022 Evje 49 kilometers 30 miles Arendal 55 kilometers 34 miles Flekkefjord 81 kilometers 50 miles Stavanger 160 kilometers 100 miles Oslo 250 kilometers 155 miles Bergen 292 kilometers 181 miles Trondheim 601 kilometers 373 miles Tromso 1382 kilometers 859 miles Copenhagen 391 kilometers 243 miles Stockholm 768 kilometers 477 miles Education Edit University of AgderThe University of Agder was established in 2007 based on Agder College which had been founded in 1994 by the amalgamation of six previous institutions Kristiansand Teacher Training College Agder District College Kristiansand College of Nursing Arendal College of Nursing Agder Engineering and District College Grimstad and Agder Conservatory of Music The university has about 10 000 students of whom 7 500 are in Kristiansand and the remaining 2 500 in Grimstad In Kristiansand it is housed on a campus on the former parade ground of Gimlemoen in the Lund section The university offers a wide range of studies at all levels organised into five faculties Humanities and Education Engineering and Science Health and Sport Economics and Social Sciences and Fine Arts Gimlemoen is also the site of Sorlandet kunnskapspark a research park built with funds from sources including the Cultiva foundation that houses a number of companies with a degree of professional affiliation with the university such as Agderforskning a social science research institute that is part of the publishing company Cappelen Damm 67 Noroff University College was established in 2012 and is a private university offering specialised degrees two in Interactive media Games or Animation and Applied Data Science and in Digital Forensics The University College builds on Noroff s existing vocational school which originally opened in 1987 In addition to the Kristiansand Campus Noroff has facilities in Oslo Bergen and Stavanger Noroff has considerable experience in offering online courses and all of the degree courses offered at the University College are available online Kristiansand was a garrison and cathedral town from 1664 Kristiansand Cathedral School was founded in 1684 and a Latin school in 1734 There are currently four public senior secondary schools Kristiansand Cathedral School Gimle 68 Vagsbygd High School Kvadraturen skolesenter and Tangen High SchoolPrivate senior secondary schools include Sonans utdanning education The private school Sorlandets Maritime Senior Secondary School is also based in Kristiansand This school offers two courses of study Technology and Industrial Production and maritime subjects It is a boarding school students live and undergo training aboard the training ship MS Sjokurs a steamer that previously operated on the Hurtigruten Kristiansand is also host to an International School on Kongsgard Alle in Lund The School opened in January 2008 to provide an international education through English to students from grade 1 to grade 10 This IB authorised school moved into a brand new purpose built building in Summer 2014 to house the expanding school which now has over 100 students List of schools in Kristiansand 69 70 Edit Kvadraturen skolesenter is the largest High School in Southern Norway Grim Junior High is the largest junior high Movik Junior High and Movik sports hall Karl Johan Memorial School an elementary school at Tinnheia Vagsbygd High School Name Type District Students StatusDvergsnes skole Elementary Oddernes 360 PublicFagerholt skole Elementary Lund N A PublicFiska skole Junior High Vagsbygd 300 PublicFlekkeroy skole Elementary Vagsbygd N A PublicGrim skole Junior High Grim 500 PublicHaumyrheia skole Junior High Oddernes 300 PublicHavlimyra skole Junior High Lund N A PublicHellemyr skole Elementary Grim N A PublicHolte skole Junior High Oddernes 250 PublicHanes skole Elementary Oddernes N A PublicJustvik skole Elementary Lund N A PublicKarl Johan minneskole memorial Elementary Grim 250 PublicKaruss skole Elementary and Junior High Vagsbygd N A PublicKongsgard skolesenter Elementary Lund 900 PrivateKringsja skole Elementary Randesund N A PublicKrossen skole Elementary Grim N A PublicKristiansand Cathedral School High School Lund 1 360 PublicKristiansand International School Elementary and Junior High Lund N A PrivateKvadraturen skolesenter High School Kvadraturen 1 500 PublicLindeboskauen skole Junior High Vagsbygd N A PublicLovisenlund skole Elementary Lund N A PublicMosby skole Elementary Mosby N A PublicMovig skole Junior High Vagsbygd 400 PublicNLA Mediehogskolen Gimlekollen College Lund 130 PrivateOddemarka skole Junior High Lund N A PublicPrestheia skole Elementary Lund N A PublicSjostrand skole Elementary Vagsbygd N A PublicSlettheia skole Elementary Vagsbygd N A PublicSolholmen skole Elementary Grim 200 PublicSteinerskolen Elementarty and Junior High Lund N A PrivateStromme skole Elementary Oddernes 370 PublicSorlandets maritime videregaende skole High School MS Sjokurs 60 PrivateTangen vidergaende High School Kvadraturen 1 000 PublicTordenskjoldsgate skole Elementary Kvadraturen 150 PublicTorkelsmyra skole Elementary Vagsbygd N A PublicTorridal skole Elementary and Junior High Grim N A PublicUniversitetet i Agder University Lund 11 500 PublicVardasen skole Elementary Oddernes 350 PublicVe skole Elementary and Junior High Oddernes N A PublicVigvoll skole Junior High Oddernes 200 PublicVoiebyen skole Elementary Vagsbygd N A PublicVagsbygd skole Elementary Vagsbygd 270 PublicVagsbygd vidergaende High School Vagsbygd 800 PublicFrank Wild Minneskole memorial Elementary Lund N A PublicOvre Slettheia skole Elementary Vagsbygd N A PublicAsane skole Elementary Vagsbygd N A PublicMedia Edit Faedrelandsvennen office building in Henrik Wergelands gate Faedrelandsvennen is the main news paper in Kristiansand and the Kristiansand Region The paper has around 116 000 readers every day and was founded in 1875 From 2006 the newspaper went from broadsheet to tabloid Faedrelandsvennen was located at Radhusgata with Wergelandsparken A park named after Henrik Wergeland until 02 27 192 when someone blew up the building and it burned down to the ground Nobody lost their lives in the incident The newspaper relocated to Fiskatangen in Vagsbygd where it located until 2015 when it moved back downtown to Henrik Wergelands gate Faedrelandsvennen have ownership in many Southern Norway based newspapers TV Channels radio stations and other companies Kristiansand Avis Kristiansand Newspaper is a free newspaper paid by ads and is delivered to all households in the region except Lillesand Birkenes and Iveland The newspaper is focused on staying closed to the local people It comes out each Thursday and had 45 000 readers in 2014 NRK Sorlandet has their main office in Kristiansand It is the district office for the national broadcasting channel NRK NRK Sorlandet covers Aust Agder and Vest Agder County They produce 6 hours of radio and one and a half hour of television in addition to their own website for news for Southern Norway 71 Notable people EditFurther information Category People from Kristiansand Camilla Collett Jan Vincents Johannessen 2012 Mette Marit Crown Princess of Norway Education Edit Haldur Gruner 1818 1858 business school founderPublic Service amp public thinking Edit Syvert Omundsen Eeg 1757 1838 farmer and rep the Norwegian Constitutional Assembly Marcus Gjoe Rosenkrantz 1762 1838 a Government Minister and Member of Parliament Nicolai Wergeland 1780 1848 a Norwegian priest writer and politician Jens Lauritz Arup 1793 1874 a Norwegian bishop and politician Hans Christian Petersen 1793 1862 de facto Prime Minister of Norway 1858 to 1861 Jacob von der Lippe 1797 1878 a Norwegian politician and priest Camilla Collett 1813 1895 said to be Norway s first feminist and writer Herman Wedel Major 1814 1854 psychiatrist founded the Gaustad Hospital Joseph Frantz Oscar Wergeland 1815 1895 military officer cartographer and skiing pioneer Einar Rosenqvist 1817 1885 a Norwegian naval officer and politician Valdemar Knudsen 1819 1898 sugarcane plantation pioneer on West Kauai Hawaii Jens Peter Broch 1819 1886 an orientalist and linguist in Semitic languages Sofus Arctander 1845 1924 a politician acting Prime Minister of Norway 1905 William Brede Kristensen 1867 1953 Dutch theologian professor and church historian Theo Sorensen 1873 1959 a missionary worked in Tibet Finn Storen 1893 1962 a businessperson and civil servant for Nasjonal Samling Arvid G Hansen 1894 1966 a politician associated first with the Labour Party then the Communist Party Gabriel Langfeldt 1895 1983 a Norwegian psychiatrist and academic Bernt Balchen 1899 1973 pioneer polar aviator navigator amp aircraft mechanical engineer Ole Wehus 1909 1947 a Norwegian Nasjonal Samling police official Leo Tallaksen 1908 1983 a politician twice Mayor of Kristiansand Bjorn Egge CBE 1918 2007 a Major General of the Norwegian Army Jan Vincents Johannessen born 1941 a physician cancer researcher painter and composer Tor Fuglevik born 1950 a Norwegian radio and TV executive Anne Berit Andersen born 1951 a Norwegian politician Mayor of Sogne 1991 to 2001 Terje G Simonsen born 1963 a Norwegian historian and nonfiction author Harald Furre born 1964 an economist and Mayor of Kristiansand 2015 2019 Marie Benedicte Bjornland born 1965 head of Norwegian Police Security Service 2012 2019 Nicolai Tangen born 1966 hedge fund manager and philanthropist Mette Marit Crown Princess of Norway born 1972 the crown princess of Norway married Crown Prince Haakon in 2001 Henrik Wergeland Eva Margot self portrait 1976 Bjorn Ole Rasch 2013 The Arts Edit Henrik Wergeland 1808 1845 writer poet playwright polemicist historian and linguist Dan Weggeland 1827 1918 an artist and teacher the Father of Utah Art Anton Jorgen Andersen 1845 1926 a Norwegian composer and cellist Octavia Sperati 1847 1918 a Norwegian actress Gerhard Schjelderup 1859 1933 a Norwegian composer of operas Oskar Textorius 1864 1938 a Swedish actor singer and theater director 72 Nils Hald 1897 1963 a Norwegian actor 73 Ellen Isefiaer 1899 1985 a Norwegian actress and stage director 74 Jens Bjorneboe 1920 1976 a novelist writer and painter Else Marie Jakobsen 1927 2012 a textile artist and designer Finn Benestad 1929 2012 a Norwegian musicologist music critic and academic Eva Margot 1944 2019 a painter used realism symbolism and abstract styles Terje Formoe born 1949 a singer songwriter and actor 75 Rolf Lovland born 1955 a Norwegian composer lyricist arranger and pianist Terje Dragseth born 1955 a Norwegian poet author and film director Kjell Nupen 1955 2014 a contemporary artist painter sculptor and graphic artist Hilde Hefte born 1956 a jazz singer Bjorn Ole Rasch born 1959 a keyboard performer composer arranger and academic Sigurd Kohn 1959 2004 a Norwegian jazz saxophonist and composer Arne Hjeltnes born 1963 a Norwegian writer and TV personality Per Fronth born 1963 a visual artist photographer and painter Bjarte Tjostheim born 1967 a Norwegian comedian radio host and actor 76 Lene Elise Bergum born 1971 a Norwegian actress 77 Bjarte Breiteig born 1974 a Norwegian short story writer Anne Lilia Berge Strand born 1977 known as Annie a singer songwriter Tom Hugo born 1979 a Norwegian singer songwriter Agnes Kittelsen born 1980 an actress 78 Frida Aasen born 1994 a Norwegian fashion model Thea Sofie Loch Naess born 1996 a Norwegian actress 79 Helene Abildsnes Norwegian Wiki born 1998 Miss Universe Norway 2019 Andreas Thorkildsen 2008 Sport Edit Gunn Margit Andreassen born 1973 a former biathlete twice Olympic relay team medallist Steinar Pedersen born 1975 a former Norwegian footballer with 426 club caps Katrine Lunde born 1980 a handball goalkeeper 305 caps with Norway women twins Katrine Lunde amp Kristine Lunde Borgersen born 1980 handball players twice Olympic champions Andreas Thorkildsen born 1982 a javelin thrower Olympic gold medallist in 2004 and 2008 Kristoffer Haestad born 1983 a former footballer with over 300 club caps and 27 for NorwayTwin towns sister cities EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway Kristiansand is twinned with 80 Gdynia Poland Kerava Finland Letchworth England United Kingdom Munster Germany Orleans France Rajshahi Bangladesh Reykjanesbaer Iceland Trollhattan Sweden Walvis Bay NamibiaSee also EditFortifications of Kristiansand Kristiansands Stiftsavis og Adressekontors Efterretninger List of boroughs of Kristiansand List of lighthouses in Norway SorlandetNotes Edit Written using Norwegian Bokmal Written using Norwegian NynorskReferences Edit Innbyggjarnamn Demonyms Sprakradet in Norwegian Nynorsk Retrieved 3 August 2022 Folkemengd og kvartalsvise befolkningsendringar 3 kvartal 2013 in Norwegian 21 November 2013 Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 Retrieved 16 December 2013 Justvik landsby i kommunen Kristiansand Befolkningen hvor mange mennesker Justvik Befolkningen com Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 Retrieved 14 May 2013 Kristiansand eller Christianssand Sorlandet NRK Nyheter Nrk no 3 February 2012 Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 Retrieved 14 May 2013 The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge Vol IV First ed London Charles Knight 1848 p 526 Torstveit L Vesterhus P 15 December 2005 Kolera og karantene i Kristiansand Cholera and quarantine in Kristiansand Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen in Norwegian and English 125 24 3490 3 PMID 16357901 Archived from the original on 30 August 2018 Retrieved 2 May 2017 Langfeldt Jan G 2004 Langfeldt slektens og Ny Hellesunds historie in Norwegian p 80 ISBN 82 994591 2 5 Nye Kristiansand in Norwegian Kristiansand kommune Archived from the original on 1 September 2019 Retrieved 5 November 2017 Norske Kommunevapen 1990 Nye kommunevabener i Norden in Norwegian Archived from the original on 15 July 2007 Retrieved 27 September 2008 Regler om bruk av Kristiansands byvapen og segl i ikke kommunalt oyemed PDF in Norwegian Municipality of Kristiansand 23 August 1989 Archived from the original PDF on 25 December 2013 Retrieved 24 December 2013 Ivar B Ramberg et al Landet blir til Norges geologi Norsk geologisk forening 2006 2007 p 71 Berggrunnskart over Norge Archived 18 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine Norwegian Geological Survey 2006 in Norwegian seklima met no yr no Kristiansand Airport Kjevik statistics yr no Archived from the original on 10 April 2021 Retrieved 30 March 2021 Weatheronline climate robot Archived from the original on 10 April 2021 Retrieved 30 March 2021 Climate Statistics for Kristiansand Duekniben Norway 2013 2014 26 November 2014 Archived from the original on 10 March 2015 Retrieved 26 November 2014 Yr Vaeret som var yr no Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 Retrieved 17 September 2016 Yr Sunshine amp Daylight Hours in Kristiansand Norway yr no Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 Retrieved 17 September 2016 a b c d Befolkning i Kristiansand ssb no Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 Retrieved 17 September 2016 Radisson Blu Hotel Caledonien Archived 5 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine in English Clarion Hotel Ernst Archived 9 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine in English Hansen Tore ed 12 May 2016 kommunestyre Store norske leksikon in Norwegian Kunnskapsforlaget Archived from the original on 27 March 2019 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Tall for Norge Kommunestyrevalg 2019 Agder Valg Direktoratet Archived from the original on 15 October 2019 Retrieved 6 December 2020 a b c d Table 04813 Members of the local councils by party electoral list at the Municipal Council election M in Norwegian Statistics Norway Archived from the original on 19 April 2020 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Tall for Norge Kommunestyrevalg 2011 Vest Agder Valg Direktoratet Archived from the original on 6 March 2019 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunestyrevalget 1995 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Kongsvinger Statistisk sentralbyra 1996 Archived PDF from the original on 20 September 2014 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunestyrevalget 1991 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Kongsvinger Statistisk sentralbyra 1993 Archived PDF from the original on 22 May 2015 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunestyrevalget 1987 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Kongsvinger Statistisk sentralbyra 1988 Archived PDF from the original on 19 October 2014 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunestyrevalget 1983 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Kongsvinger Statistisk sentralbyra 1984 Archived PDF from the original on 19 October 2014 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunestyrevalget 1979 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1979 Archived PDF from the original on 29 September 2014 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene 1975 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1977 Archived PDF from the original on 15 March 2016 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene 1972 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1973 Archived PDF from the original on 21 April 2016 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene 1967 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1967 Archived PDF from the original on 21 April 2016 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene 1963 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1964 Archived PDF from the original on 21 April 2016 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene og Ordforervalgene 1959 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1960 Archived PDF from the original on 17 March 2016 Retrieved 5 December 2020 Kommunevalgene og Ordforervalgene 1955 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1957 Archived PDF from the original on 14 February 2020 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene og Ordforervalgene 1951 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1952 Archived PDF from the original on 17 March 2016 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene og Ordforervalgene 1947 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1948 Archived PDF from the original on 16 March 2016 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene og Ordforervalgene 1945 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1947 Archived PDF from the original on 25 August 2014 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene og Ordforervalgene 1937 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1938 Archived PDF from the original on 6 March 2016 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene og Ordforervalgene 1934 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1935 Archived PDF from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene og Ordforervalgene 1931 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1932 Archived PDF from the original on 21 April 2016 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene og Ordforervalgene 1928 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1929 Archived PDF from the original on 21 April 2016 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene og Ordforervalgene 1925 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1926 Archived PDF from the original on 25 August 2014 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene og Ordforervalgene 1922 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1923 Archived PDF from the original on 21 April 2016 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Kommunevalgene og Ordforervalgene 1919 PDF in Norwegian Oslo Statistisk sentralbyra 1920 Archived PDF from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Ungdom og kriminalitet PDF kristiansand kommune no Archived from the original PDF on 16 July 2014 Retrieved 10 April 2015 Den Norske Kirke kirken no Retrieved 8 October 2015 Velkommen til Glencore Nikkelverk AS Archived 8 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine XtrataNickel no Retrieved 20 November 2013 Peder Qvale 12 September 2012 Lite solskinn for Elkem Solar Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Teknisk Ukeblad Retrieved 29 December 2013 in Norwegian Harald Berglihn Rasmussengruppen reddet av aksjer og finans Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Dagens Naeringsliv 31 May 2011 retrieved 20 November 2013 in Norwegian Rasmussengruppen AS Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Rasmussengruppen no Retrieved 29 December 2013 in Norwegian Kilden Performing Arts Centre Archived 30 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Sorlandets Kunstmuseum Homepage in English Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 Retrieved 21 February 2012 What s on in Kristiansand Archived 17 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine www visitnorway com in English Protestfestivalen English Archived 17 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Kriminalitet i Kristiansand kommune PDF kristiansand kommune no Archived from the original PDF on 16 July 2014 Retrieved 10 April 2015 Ungdom og kriminalitet i Kristiansand PDF Agderforskning no Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 25 March 2015 Ungdom og kriminalitet i Kristiansand pkforum no Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 25 March 2015 Kristiansand Port Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 Retrieved 21 February 2012 Charter of Romantika NASDAQ 1 November 2021 Retrieved 1 November 2021 Eemshaven krijgt vaste veerverbinding met Noorwegen RTV Noord 1 November 2021 Retrieved 1 November 2021 Holland Norway Lines charters Tallink Grupp s ROMANTIKA for Norway Netherland s service Shippax 1 November 2021 Retrieved 1 November 2021 Holland Norway Line main page Holland Norway line 1 November 2021 Retrieved 1 November 2021 NSB Homepage Archived from the original on 21 February 2012 Retrieved 21 February 2012 Distance Calculator Find Distance Between Cities www distancecalculator net Archived from the original on 7 May 2021 Retrieved 7 November 2015 University of Agder official website Archived 7 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine in English Kristiansand Cathedral School history Archived 24 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine official website in Norwegian Min skole My school minskole no Archived from the original on 27 March 2015 Retrieved 10 April 2015 Skoleportal Vest Agder fylkeskommune vaf no Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 Retrieved 10 April 2015 NRK Sorlandet NRK Sorlandet in Norwegian Bokmal 5 April 2013 Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 Retrieved 14 February 2016 IMDb Database Archived 28 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 10 January 2021 IMDb Database Archived 19 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 10 January 2021 IMDb Database Archived 18 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 10 January 2021 IMDb Database Archived 16 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 05 January 2021 IMDb Database Archived 19 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 10 January 2021 IMDb Database Archived 17 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 10 January 2021 IMDb Database Archived 8 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 05 January 2021 IMDb Database Archived 9 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 10 January 2021 Kristiansand A creative city with ambitions PDF eapc2020 cpc no European Congress on Paediatric Palliative Care November 2018 p 22 Archived PDF from the original on 26 October 2020 Retrieved 31 January 2021 External links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kristiansand Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kristiansand Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Christiansand Look up Kristiansand in Wiktionary the free dictionary Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway in Norwegian What s on in Kristiansand Kristiansand Virtual Tour 360 Panoramic Pictures QTVR Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Christiansand Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 6 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 291 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kristiansand amp oldid 1124710495, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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