Kauai
Kauaʻi, (Hawaiian: [kɐwˈwɐʔi]) anglicized as Kauai[a] (English: /kaʊˈaɪ(i)/ kow-EYE(-ee)), is geologically the second-oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands (after Niʻihau)[citation needed]. With an area of 562.3 square miles (1,456.4 km2), it is the fourth-largest of these islands and the 21st largest island in the United States.[3] Nicknamed the Garden Isle, Kauaʻi lies 73 miles (117 km) across the Kauaʻi Channel, northwest of Oʻahu. This island is the site of Waimea Canyon State Park and the Na Pali Coast State Park.
Nickname: The Garden Island | |
|---|---|
March 2003 satellite photo | |
Location in Hawaiʻi | |
| Geography | |
| Coordinates | 22°04′12″N 159°29′51″W / 22.07000°N 159.49750°WCoordinates: 22°04′12″N 159°29′51″W / 22.07000°N 159.49750°W |
| Area | 562.3 sq mi (1,456 km2) |
| Area rank | 4th largest Hawaiian Island |
| Highest elevation | 5,243 ft (1598.1 m) |
| Highest point | Kawaikini |
| Administration | |
United States | |
| Symbols | |
| Flower | Mokihana (Melicope anisata)[1] |
| Color | Poni (Purple) |
| Largest settlement | Kapaʻa |
| Demographics | |
| Demonym | Kauaian |
| Population | 73,298 (2020[2]) |
| Pop. density | 118/sq mi (45.6/km2) |
The United States Census Bureau defines Kauaʻi as census tracts 401 through 409 of Kauai County, Hawaiʻi, which comprises all of the county except the islands of Kaʻula, Lehua and Niʻihau. The 2020 United States census population of the island was 73,298.[4] The most populous town is Kapaʻa.
Etymology and language
Hawaiian narrative locates the name's origin in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa, the Polynesian navigator credited with discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. The story relates how he named the island of Kauaʻi after a favorite son; a possible translation of Kauaʻi is "place around the neck", describing how a father would carry his child. Another possible translation is "food season".[5]
Kauaʻi was known for its distinct dialect of the Hawaiian language which still survives on Niʻihau. While the standard language today is based on the dialect of Hawaiʻi island, which has no [t] sound, the Kauaʻi dialect had this sound. This happened because the Kauaʻi dialect had retained the old Polynesian /t/ sound, which has changed in the "standard" Hawaiʻi dialect to [k]. This difference applies to all words with these sounds, so the native name for Kauaʻi was pronounced "Tauaʻi", and Kapaʻa was pronounced "Tapaʻa".
History
Polynesian inhabitants settled on the island hundreds of years before the arrival of Europeans, as shown by excavations dating back to as early as 200 A.D. to 600 A.D.[6] These first inhabitants, originally from the Marquesas Islands, lived undisturbed for around five centuries until a second wave of seafarers arrived by sea-canoe from Tahiti.[7][8] Many Hawaiian traditions and belief structures are rooted in the religion and practices that arrived with these Tahitians.[7]
In 1778, Captain James Cook arrived at Waimea Bay, the first European known to have reached the Hawaiian islands. He named the archipelago the "Sandwich Isles" after his patron, the 6th Earl of Sandwich, George Montagu.[9]
During the reign of King Kamehameha, the islands of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau were the last Hawaiian Islands to join his Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Their ruler, Kaumualiʻi, resisted Kamehameha for years. King Kamehameha twice prepared a huge armada of ships and canoes to take the islands by force, and twice failed, once because of a storm, and once because of an epidemic.[citation needed] But in the face of the threat of a further invasion, Kaumualiʻi decided to join the kingdom without bloodshed, and became Kamehameha's vassal in 1810. He ceded the island to the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi upon his death in 1824.[9]
Schäffer affair
In 1815, a ship from the Russian-American Company was wrecked on the island. In 1816, Kaumualiʻi signed an agreement to allow the Russians to build Fort Elizabeth, in an attempt to gain support from the Russians against Kamehameha I. Construction began during 1817, but in July of that year, under mounting resistance of Native Hawaiians and American traders, the Russians were expelled. The settlement on Kauaʻi was an instance of a Pacific outpost of the Russian Empire.
Old Sugar Mill of Koloa
In 1835, Old Koloa Town opened a sugar mill.[9] From 1906 to 1934 the office of County Clerk was held by John Mahiʻai Kāneakua, who had been active in attempts to restore Queen Liliuokalani to the throne after the U.S. takeover of Hawaiʻi in 1893.[10]
Valdemar Knudsen
Valdemar Emil Knudsen was a Norwegian plantation pioneer who arrived on Kauai in 1857. Knudsen, or "Kanuka", originally arrived in Koloa, where he managed Grove Farm, but later sought a warmer land and purchased the leases to Mana and Kekaha, where he became a successful sugarcane plantation owner. He settled in Waiawa, between Mana and Kekaha, immediately across the channel from Niʻihau Island.[11] His son, Eric Alfred Knudsen, was born in Waiawa.
Knudsen was appointed land administrator by King Kamehameha for an area covering 400 km2, and was given the title konohiki as well as a position as a nobility under the king. Knudsen, who spoke fluent Hawaiian, later became an elected representative and an influential politician on the island.[12]
Knudsen lends his name to the Knudsen Gap, a narrow pass between Hã’upu Ridge and the Kahili Ridge. Its primary function was as a sugar farm planted by the Knudsen family.[13][14]
Geography
Kauaʻi's origins are volcanic, the island having been formed by the passage of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaii hotspot. At approximately five million years old, it is the oldest of the main islands.[15] It consists of a large eroded shield volcano with a 9.3–12.4 mi (15.0–20.0 km) diameter summit caldera and two flank calderas. Rejuvenation of the volcano 1.40–0.6 million years ago resulted in the eruption of lavas and cones over the eastern two-thirds of the island.[16]
Kauaʻi's highest peak is Kawaikini, at 5,243 ft (1,598 m).[17] The second-highest is Mount Waiʻaleʻale, near the center of the island, 5,148 ft (1,569 m) above sea level. One of the wettest spots on earth, with an annual average rainfall of 460 in (38.3 ft; 11.7 m), is on the east side of Mount Waiʻaleʻale. The high annual rainfall has eroded deep valleys in the central mountains, carving out canyons with many scenic waterfalls. On the west side of the island, Waimea town is at the mouth of the Waimea River, whose flow formed Waimea Canyon, one of the world's most scenic canyons, which is part of Waimea Canyon State Park. At three thousand ft (910 m) deep, Waimea Canyon is often called "The Grand Canyon of the Pacific". Kokeo Point lies on the island's south side. The Na Pali Coast is a center for recreation in a wild setting, including kayaking past the beaches, or hiking on the trail along the coastal cliffs.[18] The headlands Kamala Point, Kawelikoa Point, Kuahonu Point, and Molehu Point are on the southeast of the island, and Makaokahaʻi Point is at the south.
Climate
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Kauaʻi's climate is tropical, with generally humid and stable conditions year-round, although weather phenomena and infrequent storms have caused instances of extreme weather. At the lower elevations, the annual precipitation varies from an average of about 50 in (130 cm) on the windward (northeastern) shore to less than 20 in (51 cm) on the (southwestern) leeward side of the island. The average temperature in Lihu'e, the county seat, ranges from 78 °F (26 °C) in February to 85 °F (29 °C) in August and September. Kauaʻi's mountainous regions offer cooler temperatures and provide a pleasant contrast to the warm coastal areas. At the Kōkeʻe state park, 3,200–4,200 ft (980–1,280 m) ASL, day temperatures vary from an average of 45 °F (7 °C) in January to 68 °F (20 °C) in July. In the winter, temperatures have been known to drop down to the 30s and 40s at Kōkeʻe state park, which holds an unofficial record low of 29 °F (−2 °C) recorded in February 1986 at Kanaloahuluhulu Meadow.
Precipitation in Kauaʻi's mountainous regions averages 50–100 in (1,300–2,500 mm) annually. Situated about ten mi (16 km) southeast of Kōkeʻe state park at an elevation of 5,075 ft (1,547 m), is the Mt. Waiʻaleʻale rain gauge.[20] Mt. Waiʻaleʻale is often cited in literature as being the wettest spot on earth, although this has been disputed. Based on data for the period from 1931 through 1960, the average yearly precipitation was 460 in (11,700 mm) (U.S. Environmental Science Services Administration, 1968). Between 1949 and 2004, the average yearly precipitation at Mt. Waiʻaleʻale was 374 in (9,500 mm).[21]
Not only does Kauaʻi hold a record in average yearly precipitation, it also holds a record in hourly precipitation. During a storm on January 24–25, 1956, a rain gauge at Kauaʻi's former Kilauea Sugar Plantation recorded a record twelve in (305 mm) of precipitation in just 60 minutes. The value for one hour is an underestimate, since the rain gauge overflowed, which may have resulted in an error by as much as 1 in (25 mm).[22] An accurate measurement may have exceeded Holt, Missouri's world-record rainfall of 12 in (300 mm) in 42 minutes on June 22, 1947.[23]
Time zone
Hawaii Standard Time (UTC−10:00) is observed on Kauaʻi year-round. When most states are on daylight saving time, for example, the time on Kauaʻi is three hours behind the West Coast of the United States and six hours behind the East Coast.[24]
River system
- Waimea River 35.7 km (22.2 mi)
- Hanalei River 26.5 km (16.5 mi)
- Hanapēpē River 24.2 km (15.0 mi)
- Wainiha River 24 km (15 mi)
- Wailua River 23.4 km (14.5 mi)
- Makaweli River 23.2 km (14.4 mi)
- Huleia River 21.4 km (13.3 mi)
- Kalihiwai River 20 km (12 mi)
- Anahola River 19.4 km (12.1 mi)
- Lumahaʻi River 16 km (9.9 mi)
- Kōʻula River 14.8 km (9.2 mi)
- Olokele River 14.4 km (8.9 mi)
- Kilauea Stream 13.4 km (8.3 mi)
- Waikomo Stream 9.8 km (6.1 mi)
Waterfalls
- Halii Falls
- Hanakapiai Falls
- Hinalele Falls
- Kalihiwai Falls
- Kilauea Falls
- Manawaiopuna Falls
- Opaekaa Falls
- Waialae Falls
- Wailua Falls
- Waipoo Falls
Waipoo Falls at Waimea Canyon State Park
Economy
Tourism is Kauaʻi's largest industry. In 2007, 1,271,000 people visited Kauaʻi. The two largest groups were from the continental United States (84% of all visitors) and Japan (3%).[25] As of 2003, there were a total of approximately 27,000 jobs on Kauaʻi, of which the largest sector was accommodation/food services (26%, 6,800 jobs) followed by government (15%) and retail (14.5%), with agriculture accounting for 2.9% (780 jobs) and educational services providing 0.7% (183 jobs).[26] In terms of income, the various sectors that constitute the visitors' industry accounted for one third of Kauaʻi's income.[26] Employment is dominated by small businesses, with 87% of all non-farm businesses having fewer than 20 employees.[26] As of 2003, Kauaʻi's unemployment rate was 3.9%, compared to 3.0% for the entire state and 5.7% for the U.S. as a whole. Kauaʻi's poverty rate was 10.5%, compared to the contiguous 48 states at 10.7%.[26]
As of mid-2004, the median price of a single-family home was $528,000, a 40% increase over 2003. As of 2003, Kauaʻi's percentage of home ownership, 48%, was significantly lower than the State's 64%, and vacation homes were a far larger part of the housing stock than the statewide percentage (Kauaʻi 15%, state 5%).[26] The housing prices decreased significantly in 2008. As of spring 2014 the median price had risen to about $400,000.
From the 1830s through the mid-20th century, sugarcane plantations were Kauaʻi's most important industry. In 1835 the first sugarcane plantation was founded on Kauaʻi, and for the next century the industry would dominate the economy of Hawaiʻi.[27] Most of that land is now used for ranching.[25] Kauaʻi's sole remaining sugarcane operation, the 118-year-old Gay & Robinson Plantation, plans to convert its operation to cultivating and processing sugarcane ethanol.[25]
Kauaʻi is home to the U.S. Navy's "Barking Sands" Pacific Missile Range Facility, on the sunny and dry western shore. MF and HF ("shortwave") radio station WWVH, sister station to WWV and low frequency WWVB in Fort Collins, Colorado, is on the west coast of Kauaʻi, about 3 mi (5 km) south of Barking Sands. WWVH, WWV and WWVB are operated by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, broadcasting standard time and frequency information to the public.
Land in Kauaʻi is very fertile; farmers raise many varieties of fruit and other crops. Guava, coffee, sugarcane, mango, banana, papaya, avocado, star fruit, kava, noni and pineapple are all cultivated on the island.
Energy
Kauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC) is a not-for-profit electric cooperative headquartered in Līhuʻe, which provides electricity for the island. With 24,000 member-owners who elect a 9-member Board of Directors, it is the only electric cooperative in the state of Hawaii.[28]
In the 1970s, Kauaʻi burned sugarcane waste to supply most[29] of their electricity.[29]
By 2008, transition of energy sources and growth in generating capacity had occurred, with the majority of the Kauaʻi's electricity now produced by importing liquid petroleum. In 2006 and 2007, the cost of the inputs cost $69.3 million and $83 million, respectively.[30] By 2011, 92% of KIUC's power came from diesel.[31]
By early 2017, KIUC's fuel mix was 56% fossil fuels, 9% hydroelectric, 12% biomass and 23% solar. KIUC had successfully integrated large-scale solar into its grid so that, during daylight hours on most sunny days, 97 percent or more of its generation comes from renewable sources. KIUC offers $1,000 rebates to residential customers who have solar water heating systems installed on their homes by Energy Wise Participating Contractors.[32]
In March 2017, KIUC opened a Tesla Energy 13 MW / 52 MWh battery next to the 12 MW Kapaia solar plant[33] for 13.9¢/kWh.[31] In December 2018, KIUC opened an AES Distributed Energy project for 20 MW solar with 20 MW / 100 MWh batteries priced at 11.1¢/kWh.[34]
Towns and communities
Līhuʻe, on the island's southeastern coast, is the seat of Kauaʻi County and the island's second-largest town. Kapaʻa, on the "Coconut Coast" (site of an old coconut plantation) about 6 mi (9.7 km) north of Līhuʻe, has a population of over 10,000, or about 50% greater than Līhuʻe. Princeville, on the island's north side, was once the capital of Kauaʻi.
Communities on Kauaʻi range in population from the roughly 10,000 people in Kapaʻa to tiny hamlets. Below are the larger or more notable of those from the northernmost end of Hawaii Route 560 to the western terminus of Hawaii Route 50:
Kauai towns and villages by population
- Haʻena State Park - 550
- Wainiha - 419
- Hanalei - 450
- Princeville - 2,158
- Kalihiwai - 428
- Kilauea - 3,014
- Anahola - 2,311
- Kapaʻa - 11,652
- Wailua - 2,359
- Hanamāʻulu - 4,994
- Līhuʻe - 8,004
- Wailua Homesteads - 5,863
- Puhi - 3,380
- Poʻipū - 1,299
- Kōloa - 2,231
- Lāwaʻi - 2,578
- Kalāheo - 4,996
- ʻEleʻele - 2,515
- Hanapēpe - 2,678
- Kaumakani - 749
- Waimea - 2,057
- Kekaha - 3,715
- Pakala - 294
- Kealia - 103
Hanalei town with a view of Mt. Na Molokama, and Māmalahoa
Northeastern coast of Kauaʻi, near Kīlauea
View of the Pacific Ocean, from the island's south shore
Anahola Bay is a snorkeling and swimming beach with clear pools and a long coral reef
Transportation
Air
Located on the southeastern side of the island, Lihue Airport is the only commercial airport with commercial airline services on Kauaʻi. Līhuʻe Airport has direct routes to Honolulu, Kahului/Maui, Kona/Hawaii, the United States mainland, and Vancouver, Canada. Other General Aviation airports on the island not offering commercial airline services are Port Allen Airport and Princeville Airport. The Pacific Missile Range Facility has a 6,006-foot runway that is closed to general aviation traffic but could potentially be used during a declared emergency landing.
Highways
Several state highways serve Kauaʻi County:
- Hawaii Route 50, also known as Kaumualiʻi Highway, is a thirty-three mile road that stretches from Hawaii Route 56 at the junction of Rice Street in Līhuʻe to a point approximately 1/5 mile north of the northernmost entrance of the Pacific Missile Range Facility on the far western shore.
- Hawaii Route 58 stretches 2 mi (3.2 km) from Route 50 in Līhuʻe to the junction of Wapaa Road with Hawaii 51 near Nawiliwili Harbor on Kauaʻi.
- Hawaii Route 56, also known as Kuhio Highway, runs 28 mi (45 km) from Hawaii Route 50 at the junction of Rice Street in Līhuʻe to the junction of Hawaiʻi Route 560 in Princeville.
- Hawaii Route 560 passes 10 mi (16 km) from the junction of Route 56 in Princeville and dead ends at Keʻe Beach in Haʻena State Park.
Other major highways that link other parts of the Island to the main highways of Kauaʻi are:
- Hawaii Route 55 covers 7.6 mi (12.2 km) from the junction of Route 50 in Kekaha to meet with Hawaii Route 550 south of Kokeʻe State Park in the Waimea Canyon.
- Hawaii Route 550 spans 15 mi (24 km) from Route 50 in Waimea to Kōkeʻe State Park.
- Hawaii Route 540 goes 4 mi (6.4 km) from Route 50 in Kalaheo to Route 50 in Eleʻele. The road is mainly an access to residential areas and Kauaʻi Coffee. It also functions as a bypass between Kalaheo and ʻEleʻele.
- Hawaii Route 530, also called Kōloa Road, stretches 3.4 mi (5.5 km) from Route 50 between Kalaheo and Lawai to Route 520 in Koloa. The road is mainly an alternative to Route 520 for travel from the west side to Poʻipū.
- Hawaii Route 520 runs 5 mi (8.0 km) from the "Tunnel of Trees" at Route 50 to Poʻipū on the south shore.
- Hawaii Route 570 covers 1 mi (1.6 km) from Route 56 in Līhuʻe to Līhuʻe Airport.
- Hawaii Route 580 spans 5 mi (8.0 km) from Route 56 in Wailua to where the road is no longer serviced just south of the Wailua Reservoir.
- Hawaii Route 581 passes 5 mi (8.0 km) from Route 580 in the Wailua Homesteads to a roundabout just west of Kapaʻa Town.
- Hawaii Route 583, also known as Maalo Road, stretches 3.9 mi (6.3 km) from Route 56 just north of Līhuʻe to dead-end at Wailua Falls Overlook in the interior.
Hawaii Scenic Byway
- Holo Holo Koloa Scenic Byway, this state designated scenic byway runs over 19 mi (31 km) and connects many of Kauaʻi's most historical and cultural sights such as the Maluhia Road (Tree Tunnel), Puhi (Spouting Horn), The National Tropical Botanical Gardens, and the Salt Beds.
Mass transit
The Kauaʻi Bus is the public transportation service of the County of Kauaʻi.
Places of interest
Kauaʻi is home to thousands of moa (feral chickens) who have few natural predators, as the mongoose was never introduced in Kauaʻi as it has been on other Hawaiian islands.[35][36] Kauaʻi's chickens originated from the original Polynesian settlers, who brought them as a food source. They have since bred with European chickens that have gotten free from farms and cockfighting breeders, as well as escaping during hurricanes.[37]
The Kauaʻi Heritage Center of Hawaiʻian Culture and the Arts was founded in 1998. Their mission is to nurture a greater sense of appreciation and respect for the Hawaiʻian culture. They offer classes in Hawaiʻian language, hula, lei and cordage making, the lunar calendar and chanting, plus trips to cultural sites.
Kauaʻi is home to many shave ice shops, a tradition in the islands.
- Alakai Wilderness Area
- Allerton Garden
- Camp Naue YMCA
- Fern Grotto
- Haʻena State Park
- Hanalei Bay
- Hoʻopiʻi Falls
- Honopū Valley
- Kōkeʻe State Park
- Limahuli Garden and Preserve
- Makaleha Mountains
- Makauwahi Cave Reserve
- McBryde Garden
- Moir Gardens
- Moloaa Bay
- Na ʻĀina Kai Botanical Gardens
- Nā Pali Coast State Park
- ʻOpaekaʻa Falls
- Paoʻa Point
- Poipu Beach Park
- Polihale State Park
- Queen's Bath
- Sleeping Giant (Nounou Mountain)
- Spouting Horn
- Wailua River
- Waimea Canyon State Park
Panorama gallery
In films
Kauaʻi has been featured in more than 70 Hollywood movies and TV shows, including the musical South Pacific and Disney's 2002 animated feature film Lilo & Stitch along with its franchise's three sequel films (2003's Stitch! The Movie, 2005's Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, and 2006's Leroy & Stitch) and first television series (Lilo & Stitch: The Series). Scenes from South Pacific were filmed in the vicinity of Hanalei. Waimea Canyon was used in the filming of the 1993 film Jurassic Park and its 2015 sequel Jurassic World. Scenes from the 2016 comedy film Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates were also filmed. Parts of the island were also used for the opening scenes of the Indiana Jones film Raiders of the Lost Ark. Other movies filmed here include Six Days Seven Nights, the 1976 King Kong[38] and John Ford's 1963 film Donovan's Reef. Recent films include Tropic Thunder and a biopic of Bethany Hamilton, Soul Surfer. A scene in the opening credits of popular TV show M*A*S*H was filmed in Kauaʻi (helicopter flying over mountain top). Some scenes from Mighty Joe Young, Just Go with It, George of the Jungle, and Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides were also filmed in Kauaʻi.[39] A Perfect Getaway is set in Kauaʻi.
Parts of the 2002 film Dragonfly were filmed there, although the people and the land were presented as South American.[citation needed]
Major acts of two Elvis Presley films, 1961's Blue Hawaii and 1966's Paradise, Hawaiian Style, were filmed at various locations on Kauaʻi. Both films have scenes shot at the famous Coco Palms resort. In 1992 Hurricane Iniki destroyed the Coco Palms and it was never rebuilt.
The Descendants, a film by Alexander Payne released in November 2011 and starring George Clooney, has major parts shot in Kauaʻi, where the main character and his cousins own ancestral lands which they are considering selling.[40] The film is based on the 2007 novel by the Hawaiian writer Kaui Hart Hemmings.
See also
Explanatory notes
- ^ In Hawaiian there is a glottal stop before the final i, spelled with the ʻokina. English speakers approximate this by pronouncing the name as /kaʊˈɑːi/ kow-AH-ee rather than /kaʊˈaɪ/ kow-EYE. Sometimes Kauaʻi is spelled with an apostrophe or grave accent rather than the ʻokina, as in Kaua'i or Kaua`i.
References
- ^ . Native Hawaiian Plants. Kapiʻolani Community College. Archived from the original on March 23, 2009. Retrieved March 7, 2009.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Kauai County, Hawaii". United States Census Bureau. April 1, 2020.
- ^ "Table 5.08 – Land Area of Islands: 2000" (PDF). 2004 State of Hawaii Data Book. State of Hawaii. 2004. (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
- ^ Census Tracts 401 through 409, Kauaʻi County United States Census Bureau
- ^ Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H.; Mookini, Esther T. (1974). Place Names of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0524-1.
- ^ "Ka Moolelo o Kauai- The Story of Kauai". Kaua'i Historical Society. from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
- ^ a b "Kauai's History". Kauai.com. from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
- ^ "Kauai in History: Hawaii's Oldest Paradise". Makana Charters and Tours. Makana Charters. March 3, 2020. from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
- ^ a b c "Kauai History". Hawaiian Tourism Authority. from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
- ^ Soboleski, Hank (August 10, 2013). "John Mahiai Kaneakua". The Garden Island. Archived from the original on January 23, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
- ^ Joesting, Edward (1988). Kauai: The Separate Kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. Pages 198–199. ISBN 9780824811624.
- ^ Lund, Fredrik Larsen (2017). Norske utposter. Vega forlag. Pages 301–302. ISBN 978-82-8211-537-7.
- ^ Lougheed, Vivien (2007). Adventure Guide: Mazatalan and Vicinity. Hunter Publishing, Inc. Page 250. ISBN 9781588435910.
- ^ Ward, Greg (2002). Hawaii. Rough Guides. Page 472. ISBN 9781858287386.
- ^ Juvik, Sonia P.; Juvik, James O.; Paradise, Thomas R. (1998). Atlas of Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-0-8248-2125-8.
- ^ "Kauai". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
- ^ "Table 5.11 – Elevations of Major Summits" (PDF). 2004 State of Hawaii Data Book. State of Hawaii. 2004. (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
- ^ "Trail Information – Kalalau Trail". from the original on August 30, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
- ^ "NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index". NASA. from the original on November 28, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
- ^ Henning, D. (1967). Mt. Waialeale. Wetter und Leben (Vienna). 19(5–6), 93–100
- ^ USGS, NWIS
- ^ Schmidli, R.J. (1983). Weather extremes (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS WR-28, Revised.) Salt Lake City, UT: NOAA.
- ^ National Climatic Data Center
- ^ "Discover Kauai". H&S Publishing, LLC. from the original on February 13, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Kauai Economic Outlook Summary: Tourism Woes Mean No Growth Through 2009". University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization. 2008. from the original on September 27, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e "Kauai Economic Development Plan 2005–2015" (PDF). County of Kauai Office of Economic Development, Kauai Economic Development Board. 2004. (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- ^ . Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ "Home | Kauai Island Utility Cooperative". website.kiuc.coop. from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
- ^ a b "Hawaii's sugar growers are putting new emphasis on their..." United Press International. from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
- ^ Flynn, Meghan. Energy Today Magazine. September 30, 2008
- ^ a b Wagman, David (March 16, 2017). "Tesla Teams With Tiny Hawaiian Utility to Store Solar". IEEE. from the original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
as 2011 we were 92% dependent on fossil fuel generation," primarily diesel and naphtha.
- ^ "Residential Heat Pump Water Heater Rebate" (PDF). Kaua'i Island Utility Cooperative. (PDF) from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
- ^ "Tesla launches its Powerpack 2 project in Hawaii, will help Island of Kauai get more out of its solar power". March 8, 2017. from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
- ^ "AES' New Kauai Solar-Storage 'Peaker' Shows How Fast Battery Costs Are Falling". January 16, 2017. from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
- ^ Kenneth Chang (April 6, 2015). "In Hawaii, Chickens Gone Wild". The New York Times. from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
Dr. Gering speculated that until recent decades, the Kauaʻi chickens were largely like the ones that the Polynesians brought long ago, living in small parts of the island and modest in number. Then they began mating with the escaped farm chickens or their descendants, with greater fecundity and a wider range of habitats.
- ^ E. Gering; M. Johnsson; P. Willis; T. Getty; D. Wright (March 6, 2015). "Mixed ancestry and admixture in Kauaʻi's feral chickens: invasion of domestic genes into ancient Red Junglefowl reservoirs". Molecular Ecology. 24 (9): 2112–2124. doi:10.1111/mec.13096. PMID 25655399.
our data support the hypotheses that (i) Kauaʻi's feral G. gallus descend from recent invasion(s) of domestic chickens into an ancient Red Junglefowl reservoir and (ii) feral chickens exhibit greater phenotypic diversity than candidate source populations.
- ^ "Kauai's Feral Chickens – Where Did They Come From? | Hawaii Life Vacations". vacations.hawaiilife.com. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
- ^ "King Kong (1976) Filming Locations" 2017-03-19 at the Wayback Machine imdb.com
- ^ "Kauai Film Locations | GoHawaii.com". www.gohawaii.com. February 14, 2017. from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
- ^ "Kauai 'Cane Fire' Documentary Will Blow Lid Off Hawaii Tourism". Beat of Hawaii. May 20, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
Further reading
- Cook, Chris (1996). The Kauaʻi Movie Book. Landscape photography by David Boynton. Honolulu: Mutual Publishing. ISBN 1-56647-141-9.
- Joesting, Edward (February 1, 1988). Kauai: The Separate Kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1162-4.
- Sprout, Jerry; Sprout, Janine (November 22, 2016). Kauai Trailblazer: Where to Hike, Snorkel, Bike, Paddle, Surf. Diamond Valley Company. ISBN 978-0-9913690-6-5.
External links
- Kauai Community and Visitor Information
- Kauaʻi Chamber of Commerce
- Hawaii Scenic Byways