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Wikipedia

College

A college (Latin: collegium) is an educational institution or a constituent part of one. A college may be a degree-awarding tertiary educational institution, a part of a collegiate or federal university, an institution offering vocational education, or a secondary school.

Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, one of the oldest liberal arts colleges in the United States

In most of the world, a college may be a high school or secondary school, a college of further education, a training institution that awards trade qualifications, a higher-education provider that does not have university status (often without its own degree-awarding powers), or a constituent part of a university. In the United States, a college may offer undergraduate programs – either as an independent institution or as the undergraduate program of a university – or it may be a residential college of a university or a community college, referring to (primarily public) higher education institutions that aim to provide affordable and accessible education, usually limited to two-year associate degrees.[1] The word is generally also used as a synonym for a university in the US.[2] Colleges in countries such as France, Belgium, and Switzerland provide secondary education.

Etymology

 
The "red siminar", a college building pictured in the coat of arms of Nuuk,[3] the capital city of Greenland

The word "college" is from the Latin verb lego, legere, legi, lectum, "to collect, gather together, pick", plus the preposition cum, "with",[4] thus meaning "selected together". Thus "colleagues" are literally "persons who have been selected to work together". In ancient Rome a collegium was a "body, guild, corporation united in colleagueship; of magistrates, praetors, tribunes, priests, augurs; a political club or trade guild".[5] Thus a college was a form of corporation or corporate body, an artificial legal person (body/corpus) with its own legal personality, with the capacity to enter into legal contracts, to sue and be sued. In mediaeval England there were colleges of priests, for example in chantry chapels; modern survivals include the Royal College of Surgeons in England (originally the Guild of Surgeons Within the City of London), the College of Arms in London (a body of heralds enforcing heraldic law), an electoral college (to elect representatives), etc., all groups of persons "selected in common" to perform a specified function and appointed by a monarch, founder or other person in authority. As for the modern "college of education", it was a body created for that purpose, for example Eton College was founded in 1440 by letters patent of King Henry VI for the constitution of a college of Fellows, priests, clerks, choristers, poor scholars, and old poor men, with one master or governor, whose duty it shall be to instruct these scholars and any others who may resort thither from any part of England in the knowledge of letters, and especially of grammar, without payment".[6]

Overview

Higher education

 
King's College London, established by a Royal Charter in 1829, is one of the founding colleges of the University of London.

Within higher education, the term can be used to refer to:[7]

Further education

A sixth form college or college of further education is an educational institution in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Belize, the Caribbean, Malta, Norway, Brunei, or Southern Africa, among others, where students aged 16 to 19 typically study for advanced school-level qualifications, such as A-levels, BTEC, HND or its equivalent and the International Baccalaureate Diploma, or school-level qualifications such as GCSEs. In Singapore and India, this is known as a junior college. The municipal government of the city of Paris uses the phrase "sixth form college" as the English name for a lycée.[8]

Secondary education

 
Scotch College, Melbourne, an independent secondary school in Australia

In some national education systems, secondary schools may be called "colleges" or have "college" as part of their title.

In Australia the term "college" is applied to any private or independent (non-government) primary and, especially, secondary school as distinct from a state school. Melbourne Grammar School, Cranbrook School, Sydney and The King's School, Parramatta are considered colleges.

There has also been a recent trend to rename or create government secondary schools as "colleges". In the state of Victoria, some state high schools are referred to as secondary colleges, although the pre-eminent government secondary school for boys in Melbourne is still named Melbourne High School. In Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory, "college" is used in the name of all state high schools built since the late 1990s, and also some older ones. In New South Wales, some high schools, especially multi-campus schools resulting from mergers, are known as "secondary colleges". In Queensland some newer schools which accept primary and high school students are styled state college, but state schools offering only secondary education are called "State High School". In Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, "college" refers to the final two years of high school (years 11 and 12), and the institutions which provide this. In this context, "college" is a system independent of the other years of high school. Here, the expression is a shorter version of matriculation college.

In a number of Canadian cities, many government-run secondary schools are called "collegiates" or "collegiate institutes" (C.I.), a complicated form of the word "college" which avoids the usual "post-secondary" connotation. This is because these secondary schools have traditionally focused on academic, rather than vocational, subjects and ability levels (for example, collegiates offered Latin while vocational schools offered technical courses). Some private secondary schools (such as Upper Canada College, Vancouver College) choose to use the word "college" in their names nevertheless.[9] Some secondary schools elsewhere in the country, particularly ones within the separate school system, may also use the word "college" or "collegiate" in their names.[10]

In New Zealand the word "college" normally refers to a secondary school for ages 13 to 17 and "college" appears as part of the name especially of private or integrated schools. "Colleges" most frequently appear in the North Island, whereas "high schools" are more common in the South Island.

In the Netherlands, "college" is equivalent to HBO (Higher professional education). It is oriented towards professional training with clear occupational outlook, unlike universities which are scientifically oriented.[11]

In South Africa, some secondary schools, especially private schools on the English public school model, have "college" in their title. Thus no less than six of South Africa's Elite Seven high schools call themselves "college" and fit this description. A typical example of this category would be St John's College.

Private schools that specialize in improving children's marks through intensive focus on examination needs are informally called "cram-colleges".

In Sri Lanka the word "college" (known as Vidyalaya in Sinhala) normally refers to a secondary school, which usually signifies above the 5th standard. During the British colonial period a limited number of exclusive secondary schools were established based on English public school model (Royal College Colombo, S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia, Trinity College, Kandy) these along with several Catholic schools (St. Joseph's College, Colombo, St Anthony's College) traditionally carry their name as colleges. Following the start of free education in 1931 large group of central colleges were established to educate the rural masses. Since Sri Lanka gained Independence in 1948, many schools that have been established have been named as "college".[citation needed]

Other

As well as an educational institution, the term, in accordance with its etymology, may also refer to any formal group of colleagues set up under statute or regulation; often under a Royal Charter. Examples include an electoral college, the College of Arms, a college of canons, and the College of Cardinals. Other collegiate bodies include professional associations, particularly in medicine and allied professions. In the UK these include the Royal College of Nursing and the Royal College of Physicians. Examples in the United States include the American College of Physicians, the American College of Surgeons, and the American College of Dentists. An example in Australia is the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners.

College by country

The different ways in which the term "College" is used to describe educational institutions in various regions of the world is listed below:

Americas

Canada

In Canadian English, the term "college" usually refers to a trades school, applied arts/science/technology/business/health school or community college. These are post-secondary institutions granting certificates, diplomas, associate degrees and (in some cases) bachelor's degrees. The French acronym specific to public institutions within Quebec's particular system of pre-university and technical education is CEGEP (Collège d'enseignement général et professionnel, "college of general and professional education"). They are collegiate-level institutions that a student typically enrols in if they wish to continue onto university in the Quebec education system,[note 1] or to learn a trade. In Ontario and Alberta, there are also institutions that are designated university colleges, which only grant undergraduate degrees. This is to differentiate between universities, which have both undergraduate and graduate programs and those that do not.

In Canada, there is a strong distinction between "college" and "university". In conversation, one specifically would say either "they are going to university" (i.e., studying for a three- or four-year degree at a university) or "they are going to college" (i.e., studying at a technical/career training).[12]

Usage in a university setting

The term college also applies to distinct entities that formally act as an affiliated institution of the university, formally referred to as federated college, or affiliated colleges. A university may also formally include several constituent colleges, forming a collegiate university. Examples of collegiate universities in Canada include Trent University, and the University of Toronto. These types of institutions act independently, maintaining their own endowments, and properties. However, they remain either affiliated, or federated with the overarching university, with the overarching university being the institution that formally grants the degrees. For example, Trinity College was once an independent institution, but later became federated with the University of Toronto. Several centralized universities in Canada have mimicked the collegiate university model; although constituent colleges in a centralized university remains under the authority of the central administration. Centralized universities that have adopted the collegiate model to a degree includes the University of British Columbia, with Green College and St. John's College; and the Memorial University of Newfoundland, with Sir Wilfred Grenfell College.

Occasionally, "college" refers to a subject specific faculty within a university that, while distinct, are neither federated nor affiliated—College of Education, College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, College of Biological Science[13] among others.

The Royal Military College of Canada is a military college which trains officers for the Canadian Armed Forces. The institution is a full-fledged university, with the authority to issue graduate degrees, although it continues to word the term college in its name. The institution's sister schools, Royal Military College Saint-Jean also uses the term college in its name, although it academic offering is akin to a CEGEP institution in Quebec. A number of post-secondary art schools in Canada formerly used the word college in their names, despite formally being universities. However, most of these institutions were renamed, or re-branded in the early 21st century, omitting the word college from its name.

Usage in secondary education

The word college continues to be used in the names public separate secondary schools in Ontario.[14] A number of independent schools across Canada also use the word college in its name.[15]

Public secular school boards in Ontario also refer to their secondary schools as collegiate institutes. However, usage of the word collegiate institute varies between school boards. Collegiate institute is the predominant name for secondary schools in Lakehead District School Board, and Toronto District School Board, although most school boards in Ontario use collegiate institute alongside high school, and secondary school in the names of their institutions. Similarly, secondary schools in Regina, and Saskatoon are referred to as Collegiate.

Chile

In Chile, the term "college" is usually used in the name of some bilingual schools, like Santiago College, Saint George's College etc. Since 2009 the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile incorporated college as a bachelor's degree, it has a Bachelor of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, a Bachelor of Social Science and a Bachelor of Arts and Humanities. It has the same system as the American universities, it combines majors and minors. And it let the students continue a higher degree in the same university once finished.

United States

In the United States, there were 5,916 post-secondary institutions (universities and colleges) as of 2020–21, having peaked at 7,253 in 2012–13 and fallen every year since.[16] A "college" in the US can refer to a constituent part of a university (which can be a residential college, the sub-division of the university offering undergraduate courses, or a school of the university offering particular specialized courses), an independent institution offering bachelor's-level courses, or an institution offering instruction in a particular professional, technical or vocational field.[17] In popular usage, the word "college" is the generic term for any post-secondary undergraduate education. Americans "go to college" after high school, regardless of whether the specific institution is formally a college or a university. Some students choose to dual-enroll, by taking college classes while still in high school. The word and its derivatives are the standard terms used to describe the institutions and experiences associated with American post-secondary undergraduate education.

Students must pay for college before taking classes. Some borrow the money via loans, and some students fund their educations with cash, scholarships, grants, or some combination of these payment methods. In 2011, the state or federal government subsidized $8,000 to $100,000 for each undergraduate degree. For state-owned schools (called "public" universities), the subsidy was given to the college, with the student benefiting from lower tuition.[18][19] The state subsidized on average 50% of public university tuition.[20]

Colleges vary in terms of size, degree, and length of stay. Two-year colleges, also known as junior or community colleges, usually offer an associate degree, and four-year colleges usually offer a bachelor's degree. Often, these are entirely undergraduate institutions, although some have graduate school programs.

Four-year institutions in the U.S. that emphasize a liberal arts curriculum are known as liberal arts colleges. Until the 20th century, liberal arts, law, medicine, theology, and divinity were about the only form of higher education available in the United States.[21] These schools have traditionally emphasized instruction at the undergraduate level, although advanced research may still occur at these institutions.

While there is no national standard in the United States, the term "university" primarily designates institutions that provide undergraduate and graduate education. A university typically has as its core and its largest internal division an undergraduate college teaching a liberal arts curriculum, also culminating in a bachelor's degree. What often distinguishes a university is having, in addition, one or more graduate schools engaged in both teaching graduate classes and in research. Often these would be called a School of Law or School of Medicine, (but may also be called a college of law, or a faculty of law). An exception is Vincennes University, Indiana, which is styled and chartered as a "university" even though almost all of its academic programs lead only to two-year associate degrees. Some institutions, such as Dartmouth College and The College of William & Mary, have retained the term "college" in their names for historical reasons. In one unique case, Boston College and Boston University, the former located in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts and the latter located in Boston, Massachusetts, are completely separate institutions.

Usage of the terms varies among the states. In 1996, for example, Georgia changed all of its four-year institutions previously designated as colleges to universities, and all of its vocational technology schools to technical colleges.

The terms "university" and "college" do not exhaust all possible titles for an American institution of higher education. Other options include "institute" (Worcester Polytechnic Institute and Massachusetts Institute of Technology), "academy" (United States Military Academy), "union" (Cooper Union), "conservatory" (New England Conservatory), and "school" (Juilliard School). In colloquial use, they are still referred to as "college" when referring to their undergraduate studies.

The term college is also, as in the United Kingdom, used for a constituent semi-autonomous part of a larger university but generally organized on academic rather than residential lines. For example, at many institutions, the undergraduate portion of the university can be briefly referred to as the college (such as The College of the University of Chicago, Harvard College at Harvard, or Columbia College at Columbia) while at others, such as the University of California, Berkeley, "colleges" are collections of academic programs and other units that share some common characteristics, mission, or disciplinary focus (the "college of engineering", the "college of nursing", and so forth). There exist other variants for historical reasons, including some uses that exist because of mergers and acquisitions; for example, Duke University, which was called Trinity College until the 1920s, still calls its main undergraduate subdivision Trinity College of Arts and Sciences.

Residential colleges

Some American universities, such as Princeton, Rice, and Yale have established residential colleges (sometimes, as at Harvard, the first to establish such a system in the 1930s, known as houses) along the lines of Oxford or Cambridge.[22] Unlike the Oxbridge colleges, but similarly to Durham, these residential colleges are not autonomous legal entities nor are they typically much involved in education itself, being primarily concerned with room, board, and social life.[23] At the University of Michigan, University of California, San Diego and the University of California, Santa Cruz, each residential college teaches its own core writing courses and has its own distinctive set of graduation requirements.

Many U.S. universities have placed increased emphasis on their residential colleges in recent years. This is exemplified by the creation of new colleges at Ivy League schools such as Yale University[24] and Princeton University,[25] and efforts to strengthen the contribution of the residential colleges to student education, including through a 2016 taskforce at Princeton on residential colleges.[26]

Origin of the U.S. usage

The founders of the first institutions of higher education in the United States were graduates of the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. The small institutions they founded would not have seemed to them like universities – they were tiny and did not offer the higher degrees in medicine and theology. Furthermore, they were not composed of several small colleges. Instead, the new institutions felt like the Oxford and Cambridge colleges they were used to – small communities, housing and feeding their students, with instruction from residential tutors (as in the United Kingdom, described above). When the first students graduated, these "colleges" assumed the right to confer degrees upon them, usually with authority—for example, The College of William & Mary has a royal charter from the British monarchy allowing it to confer degrees while Dartmouth College has a charter permitting it to award degrees "as are usually granted in either of the universities, or any other college in our realm of Great Britain."

The leaders of Harvard College (which granted America's first degrees in 1642) might have thought of their college as the first of many residential colleges that would grow up into a New Cambridge university. However, over time, few new colleges were founded there, and Harvard grew and added higher faculties. Eventually, it changed its title to university, but the term "college" had stuck and "colleges" have arisen across the United States.

In U.S. usage, the word "college" not only embodies a particular type of school, but has historically been used to refer to the general concept of higher education when it is not necessary to specify a school, as in "going to college" or "college savings accounts" offered by banks.

In a survey of more than 2,000 college students in 33 states and 156 different campuses, the U.S. Public Interest Research Group found the average student spends as much as $1,200 each year on textbooks and supplies alone. By comparison, the group says that's the equivalent of 39 percent of tuition and fees at a community college, and 14 percent of tuition and fees at a four-year public university.[27]

Morrill Land-Grant Act

In addition to private colleges and universities, the U.S. also has a system of government funded, public universities. Many were founded under the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862. A movement had arisen to bring a form of more practical higher education to the masses, as "...many politicians and educators wanted to make it possible for all young Americans to receive some sort of advanced education."[28] The Morrill Act "...made it possible for the new western states to establish colleges for the citizens."[28] Its goal was to make higher education more easily accessible to the citizenry of the country, specifically to improve agricultural systems by providing training and scholarship in the production and sales of agricultural products,[29] and to provide formal education in "...agriculture, home economics, mechanical arts, and other professions that seemed practical at the time."[28]

The act was eventually extended to allow all states that had remained with the Union during the American Civil War, and eventually all states, to establish such institutions. Most of the colleges established under the Morrill Act have since become full universities, and some are among the elite of the world.

Benefits of college

Selection of a four-year college as compared to a two-year junior college, even by marginal students such as those with a C+ grade average in high school and SAT scores in the mid 800s, increases the probability of graduation and confers substantial economic and social benefits.[30][31][32]

Asia

Bangladesh

 
RAJUK Uttara Model College, located in the northern suburb of Uttara in the capital Dhaka.

In Bangladesh, educational institutions offering higher secondary (11th12th grade) education are known as colleges.[33]

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, the term 'college' is used by tertiary institutions as either part of their names or to refer to a constituent part of the university, such as the colleges in the collegiate The Chinese University of Hong Kong; or to a residence hall of a university, such as St. John's College, University of Hong Kong. Many older secondary schools have the term 'college' as part of their names.

India

 
The Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee is the oldest technical institution in Asia.

The modern system of education was heavily influenced by the British starting in 1835.[34]

In India, the term "college" is commonly reserved for institutions that offer high school diplomas at year 12 ("Junior College", similar to American high schools), and those that offer the bachelor's degree; some colleges, however, offer programmes up to PhD level. Generally, colleges are located in different parts of a state and all of them are affiliated to a regional university. The colleges offer programmes leading to degrees of that university. Colleges may be either Autonomous or non-autonomous. Autonomous Colleges are empowered to establish their own syllabus, and conduct and assess their own examinations; in non-autonomous colleges, examinations are conducted by the university, at the same time for all colleges under its affiliation. There are several hundred universities and each university has affiliated colleges, often a large number.

The first liberal arts and sciences college in India was "Cottayam College" or the "Syrian College", Kerala in 1815. The First inter linguistic residential education institution in Asia was started at this college. At present it is a Theological seminary which is popularly known as Orthodox Theological Seminary or Old Seminary. After that, CMS College, Kottayam, established in 1817, and the Presidency College, Kolkata, also 1817, initially known as Hindu College. The first college for the study of Christian theology and ecumenical enquiry was Serampore College (1818). The first Missionary institution to impart Western style education in India was the Scottish Church College, Calcutta (1830). The first commerce and economics college in India was Sydenham College, Mumbai (1913).

In India a new term has been introduced that is Autonomous Institutes & Colleges. An autonomous Colleges are colleges which need to be affiliated to a certain university. These colleges can conduct their own admission procedure, examination syllabus, fees structure etc. However, at the end of course completion, they cannot issue their own degree or diploma. The final degree or diploma is issued by the affiliated university. Also, some significant changes can pave way under the NEP (New Education Policy 2020) which may affect the present guidelines for universities and colleges.[35]

Israel

In Israel, any non-university higher-learning facility is called a college. Institutions accredited by the Council for Higher Education in Israel (CHE) to confer a bachelor's degree are called "Academic Colleges" (Hebrew: מִכְלָלָה, romanizedMikhlala; plural Hebrew: מכללות, romanizedMikhlalot). These colleges (at least 4 for 2012) may also offer master's degrees and act as Research facilities. There are also over twenty teacher training colleges or seminaries, most of which may award only a Bachelor of Education (BEd) degree.

  • Academic colleges: Any educational facility that had been approved to offer at least bachelor's degree is entitled by CHE to use the term academic college in its name.[36]
  • Engineering academic college: Any academic facility that offer at least bachelor's degree and most of it faculties are providing an Engineering degree and Engineering license.
  • Educational academic college: After an educational facility that had been approved for "Teachers seminar" status is then approved to provide a Bachelor of Education, its name is changed to include "Educational Academic college."
  • Technical college: A "Technical college" (מכללה טכנולוגית) is an educational facility that is approved to allow to provide P.E degree (הנדסאי) (14'th class) or technician (טכנאי) (13'th class) diploma and licenses.
  • Training College: A "Training College" (מכללה להכשרה or מכללה מקצועית) is an educational facility that provides basic training allowing a person to receive a working permit in a field such as alternative medicine, cooking, Art, Mechanical, Electrical and other professions. A trainee could receive the right to work in certain professions as apprentice (j. mechanic, j. Electrician etc.). After working in the training field for enough time an apprentice could have a license to operate (Mechanic, Electrician[37]). This educational facility is mostly used to provide basic training for low tech jobs and for job seekers without any training that are provided by the nation's Employment Service (שירות התעסוקה).

Macau

Following the Portuguese usage, the term "college" (colégio) in Macau has traditionally been used in the names for private (and non-governmental) pre-university educational institutions, which correspond to form one to form six level tiers. Such schools are usually run by the Roman Catholic church or missionaries in Macau. Examples include Chan Sui Ki Perpetual Help College, Yuet Wah College, and Sacred Heart Canossian College.

Philippines

In the Philippines, colleges usually refer to institutions of learning that grant degrees but whose scholastic fields are not as diverse as that of a university (University of Santo Tomas, University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, Far Eastern University, and AMA University), such as the San Beda College which specializes in law, AMA Computer College whose campuses are spread all over the Philippines which specializes in information and computing technologies, and the Mapúa Institute of Technology which specializes in engineering, or to component units within universities that do not grant degrees but rather facilitate the instruction of a particular field, such as a College of Science and College of Engineering, among many other colleges of the University of the Philippines.

A state college may not have the word "college" on its name, but may have several component colleges, or departments. Thus, the Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology is a state college by classification.

Usually, the term "college" is also thought of as a hierarchical demarcation between the term "university", and quite a number of colleges seek to be recognized as universities as a sign of improvement in academic standards (Colegio de San Juan de Letran, San Beda College), and increase in the diversity of the offered degree programs (called "courses"). For private colleges, this may be done through a survey and evaluation by the Commission on Higher Education and accrediting organizations, as was the case of Urios College which is now the Fr. Saturnino Urios University. For state colleges, it is usually done by a legislation by the Congress or Senate. In common usage, "going to college" simply means attending school for an undergraduate degree, whether it's from an institution recognized as a college or a university.

When it comes to referring to the level of education, college is the term more used to be synonymous to tertiary or higher education. A student who is or has studied his/her undergraduate degree at either an institution with college or university in its name is considered to be going to or have gone to college.

Singapore

The term "college" in Singapore is generally only used for pre-university educational institutions called "Junior Colleges", which provide the final two years of secondary education (equivalent to sixth form in British terms or grades 11–12 in the American system). Since 1 January 2005, the term also refers to the three campuses of the Institute of Technical Education with the introduction of the "collegiate system", in which the three institutions are called ITE College East, ITE College Central, and ITE College West respectively.

The term "university" is used to describe higher-education institutions offering locally conferred degrees. Institutions offering diplomas are called "polytechnics", while other institutions are often referred to as "institutes" and so forth.

Sri Lanka

There are several professional and vocational institutions that offer post-secondary education without granting degrees that are referred to as "colleges". This includes the Sri Lanka Law College, the many Technical Colleges and Teaching Colleges.

Turkey

In Turkey, the term "kolej" (college) refers to a private high school, typically preceded by one year of preparatory language education. Notable Turkish colleges include Robert College, Uskudar American Academy, American Collegiate Institute and Tarsus American College.

Africa

South Africa

Although the term "college" is hardly used in any context at any university in South Africa, some non-university tertiary institutions call themselves colleges. These include teacher training colleges, business colleges and wildlife management colleges. See: List of universities in South Africa#Private colleges and universities; List of post secondary institutions in South Africa.

Zimbabwe

The term college is mainly used by private or independent secondary schools with Advanced Level (Upper 6th formers) and also Polytechnic Colleges which confer diplomas only. A student can complete secondary education (International General Certificate of Secondary Education, IGCSE) at 16 years and proceed straight to a poly-technical college or they can proceed to Advanced level (16 to 19 years) and obtain a General Certificate of Education (GCE) certificate which enables them to enroll at a university, provided they have good grades. Alternatively, with lower grades, the GCE certificate holders will have an added advantage over their GCSE counterparts if they choose to enroll at a polytechnical college. Some schools in Zimbabwe choose to offer the International Baccalaureate studies as an alternative to the IGCSE and GCE.

Europe

Greece

Kollegio (in Greek Κολλέγιο) refers to the Centers of Post-Lyceum Education (in Greek Κέντρο Μεταλυκειακής Εκπαίδευσης, abbreviated as KEME), which are principally private and belong to the Greek post-secondary education system. Some of them have links to EU or US higher education institutions or accreditation organizations, such as the NEASC.[38] Kollegio (or Kollegia in plural) may also refer to private non-tertiary schools, such as the Athens College.

Ireland

 
Parliament Square, Trinity College Dublin in Ireland

In Ireland the term "college" is normally used to describe an institution of tertiary education. University students often say they attend "college" rather than "university". Until 1989, no university provided teaching or research directly; they were formally offered by a constituent college of the university.

There are number of secondary education institutions that traditionally used the word "college" in their names: these are either older, private schools (such as Belvedere College, Gonzaga College, Castleknock College, and St. Michael's College) or what were formerly a particular kind of secondary school. These secondary schools, formerly known as "technical colleges," were renamed "community colleges," but remain secondary schools.

The country's only ancient university is the University of Dublin. Created during the reign of Elizabeth I, it is modelled on the collegiate universities of Cambridge and Oxford. However, only one constituent college was ever founded, hence the curious position of Trinity College Dublin today; although both are usually considered one and the same, the university and college are completely distinct corporate entities with separate and parallel governing structures.

Among more modern foundations, the National University of Ireland, founded in 1908, consisted of constituent colleges and recognised colleges until 1997. The former are now referred to as constituent universities – institutions that are essentially universities in their own right. The National University can trace its existence back to 1850 and the creation of the Queen's University of Ireland and the creation of the Catholic University of Ireland in 1854. From 1880, the degree awarding roles of these two universities was taken over by the Royal University of Ireland, which remained until the creation of the National University in 1908 and Queen's University Belfast.

The state's two new universities, Dublin City University and University of Limerick, were initially National Institute for Higher Education institutions. These institutions offered university level academic degrees and research from the start of their existence and were awarded university status in 1989 in recognition of this.

Third level technical education in the state has been carried out in the Institutes of Technology, which were established from the 1970s as Regional Technical Colleges. These institutions have delegated authority which entitles them to give degrees and diplomas from Quality and Qualifications Ireland (QQI) in their own names.

A number of private colleges exist such as Dublin Business School, providing undergraduate and postgraduate courses validated by QQI and in some cases by other universities.

Other types of college include colleges of education, such as the Church of Ireland College of Education. These are specialist institutions, often linked to a university, which provide both undergraduate and postgraduate academic degrees for people who want to train as teachers.

A number of state-funded further education colleges exist – which offer vocational education and training in a range of areas from business studies and information and communications technology to sports injury therapy. These courses are usually one, two or less often three years in duration and are validated by QQI at Levels 5 or 6, or for the BTEC Higher National Diploma award, which is a Level 6/7 qualification, validated by Edexcel. There are numerous private colleges (particularly in Dublin and Limerick)[39] which offer both further and higher education qualifications. These degrees and diplomas are often certified by foreign universities/international awarding bodies and are aligned to the National Framework of Qualifications at Levels 6, 7 and 8.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands there are 3 main educational routes after high school.

  • MBO (middle-level applied education), which is the equivalent of junior college. Designed to prepare students for either skilled trades and technical occupations and workers in support roles in professions such as engineering, accountancy, business administration, nursing, medicine, architecture, and criminology or for additional education at another college with more advanced academic material.[40]
  • HBO (higher professional education), which is the equivalent of college and has a professional orientation. After HBO (typically 4–6 years), pupils can enroll in a (professional) master's program (1–2 years) or enter the job market. The HBO is taught in vocational universities (hogescholen), of which there are over 40 in the Netherlands, each of which offers a broad variety of programs, with the exception of some that specialize in arts or agriculture. Note that the hogescholen are not allowed to name themselves university in Dutch. This also stretches to English and therefore HBO institutions are known as universities of applied sciences.[41]
  • WO (Scientific education), which is the equivalent to university level education and has an academic orientation.[41]

HBO graduates can be awarded two titles, which are Baccalaureus (bc.) and Ingenieur (ing.). At a WO institution, many more bachelor's and master's titles can be awarded. Bachelor's degrees: Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BSc) and Bachelor of Laws (LLB). Master's degrees: Master of Arts (MA), Master of Laws (LLM) and Master of Science (MSc). The PhD title is a research degree awarded upon completion and defense of a doctoral thesis.[11]

Portugal

Presently in Portugal, the term colégio (college) is normally used as a generic reference to a private (non-government) school that provides from basic to secondary education. Many of the private schools include the term colégio in their name. Some special public schools – usually of the boarding school type – also include the term in their name, with a notable example being the Colégio Militar (Military College). The term colégio interno (literally "internal college") is used specifically as a generic reference to a boarding school.

Until the 19th century, a colégio was usually a secondary or pre-university school, of public or religious nature, where the students usually lived together. A model for these colleges was the Royal College of Arts and Humanities, founded in Coimbra by King John III of Portugal in 1542.

United Kingdom

Secondary education and further education

Further education (FE) colleges and sixth form colleges are institutions providing further education to students over 16. Some of these also provide higher education courses (see below).[42] In the context of secondary education, 'college' is used in the names of some private schools, e.g. Eton College and Winchester College.

Higher education

In higher education, a college is normally a provider that does not hold university status, although it can also refer to a constituent part of a collegiate or federal university or a grouping of academic faculties or departments within a university. Traditionally the distinction between colleges and universities was that colleges did not award degrees while universities did, but this is no longer the case with NCG having gained taught degree awarding powers (the same as some universities) on behalf of its colleges,[43] and many of the colleges of the University of London holding full degree awarding powers and being effectively universities. Most colleges, however, do not hold their own degree awarding powers and continue to offer higher education courses that are validated by universities or other institutions that can award degrees.

In England, as of August 2016, over 60% of the higher education providers directly funded by HEFCE (208/340) are sixth-form or further education colleges, often termed colleges of further and higher education, along with 17 colleges of the University of London, one university college, 100 universities, and 14 other providers (six of which use 'college' in their name). Overall, this means over two-thirds of state-supported higher education providers in England are colleges of one form or another.[44][45] Many private providers are also called colleges, e.g. the New College of the Humanities and St Patrick's College, London.

Colleges within universities vary immensely in their responsibilities. The large constituent colleges of the University of London are effectively universities in their own right; colleges in some universities, including those of the University of the Arts London and smaller colleges of the University of London, run their own degree courses but do not award degrees; those at the University of Roehampton provide accommodation and pastoral care as well as delivering the teaching on university courses; those at Oxford and Cambridge deliver some teaching on university courses as well as providing accommodation and pastoral care; and those in Durham, Kent, Lancaster and York provide accommodation and pastoral care but do not normally participate in formal teaching. The legal status of these colleges also varies widely, with University of London colleges being independent corporations and recognised bodies, Oxbridge colleges, colleges of the University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI) and some Durham colleges being independent corporations and listed bodies, most Durham colleges being owned by the university but still listed bodies, and those of other collegiate universities not having formal recognition. When applying for undergraduate courses through UCAS, University of London colleges are treated as independent providers, colleges of Oxford, Cambridge, Durham and UHI are treated as locations within the universities that can be selected by specifying a 'campus code' in addition to selecting the university, and colleges of other universities are not recognised.[46][47][48][49][50]

The UHI and the University of Wales Trinity Saint David (UWTSD) both include further education colleges. However, while the UHI colleges integrate FE and HE provision, UWTSD maintains a separation between the university campuses (Lampeter, Carmarthen and Swansea) and the two colleges (Coleg Sir Gâr and Coleg Ceredigion; n.b. coleg is Welsh for college), which although part of the same group are treated as separate institutions rather than colleges within the university.[51][52]

A university college is an independent institution with the power to award taught degrees, but which has not been granted university status. University College is a protected title that can only be used with permission, although note that University College London, University College, Oxford and University College, Durham are colleges within their respective universities and not university colleges (in the case of UCL holding full degree awarding powers that set it above a university college), while University College Birmingham is a university in its own right and also not a university college.

Oceania

Australia

In Australia a college may be an institution of tertiary education that is smaller than a university, run independently or as part of a university. Following a reform in the 1980s many of the formerly independent colleges now belong to a larger universities.

Referring to parts of a university, there are residential colleges which provide residence for students, both undergraduate and postgraduate, called university colleges. These colleges often provide additional tutorial assistance, and some host theological study. Many colleges have strong traditions and rituals, so are a combination of dormitory style accommodation and fraternity or sorority culture.

Most technical and further education institutions (TAFEs), which offer certificate and diploma vocational courses, are styled "TAFE colleges" or "Colleges of TAFE". In some places, such as Tasmania, college refers to a type of school for Year 11 and 12 students, e.g. Don College.

New Zealand

The constituent colleges of the former University of New Zealand (such as Canterbury University College) have become independent universities. Some halls of residence associated with New Zealand universities retain the name of "college", particularly at the University of Otago (which although brought under the umbrella of the University of New Zealand, already possessed university status and degree awarding powers). The institutions formerly known as "Teacher-training colleges" now style themselves "College of education".

Some universities, such as the University of Canterbury, have divided their university into constituent administrative "Colleges" – the College of Arts containing departments that teach Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, College of Science containing Science departments, and so on. This is largely modelled on the Cambridge model, discussed above.

Like the United Kingdom some professional bodies in New Zealand style themselves as "colleges", for example, the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, the Royal Australasian College of Physicians.

In some parts of the country, secondary school is often referred to as college and the term is used interchangeably with high school. This sometimes confuses people from other parts of New Zealand. But in all parts of the country many secondary schools have "College" in their name, such as Rangitoto College, New Zealand's largest secondary.

Notes

  1. ^ Exceptions are made for "mature" student, meaning 21 years of age or over, and out of the educational system for at least 2 years.

References

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External links

See also

college, this, article, about, educational, colleges, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, collage, college, latin, collegium, educational, institution, constituent, part, college, degree, awarding, tertiary, educational, institution, part, collegiate,. This article is about educational colleges For other uses see College disambiguation Not to be confused with Collage A college Latin collegium is an educational institution or a constituent part of one A college may be a degree awarding tertiary educational institution a part of a collegiate or federal university an institution offering vocational education or a secondary school Corpus Christi College one of the constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge in England Williams College in Williamstown Massachusetts one of the oldest liberal arts colleges in the United States Seinajoki College in Seinajoki South Ostrobothnia Finland in May 2018 In most of the world a college may be a high school or secondary school a college of further education a training institution that awards trade qualifications a higher education provider that does not have university status often without its own degree awarding powers or a constituent part of a university In the United States a college may offer undergraduate programs either as an independent institution or as the undergraduate program of a university or it may be a residential college of a university or a community college referring to primarily public higher education institutions that aim to provide affordable and accessible education usually limited to two year associate degrees 1 The word is generally also used as a synonym for a university in the US 2 Colleges in countries such as France Belgium and Switzerland provide secondary education Contents 1 Etymology 2 Overview 2 1 Higher education 2 2 Further education 2 3 Secondary education 2 4 Other 3 College by country 4 Americas 4 1 Canada 4 1 1 Usage in a university setting 4 1 2 Usage in secondary education 4 2 Chile 4 3 United States 4 3 1 Residential colleges 4 3 2 Origin of the U S usage 4 3 3 Morrill Land Grant Act 4 3 4 Benefits of college 5 Asia 5 1 Bangladesh 5 2 Hong Kong 5 3 India 5 4 Israel 5 5 Macau 5 6 Philippines 5 7 Singapore 5 8 Sri Lanka 5 9 Turkey 6 Africa 6 1 South Africa 6 2 Zimbabwe 7 Europe 7 1 Greece 7 2 Ireland 7 3 Netherlands 7 4 Portugal 7 5 United Kingdom 7 5 1 Secondary education and further education 7 5 2 Higher education 8 Oceania 8 1 Australia 8 2 New Zealand 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links 12 See alsoEtymology Edit The red siminar a college building pictured in the coat of arms of Nuuk 3 the capital city of Greenland The word college is from the Latin verb lego legere legi lectum to collect gather together pick plus the preposition cum with 4 thus meaning selected together Thus colleagues are literally persons who have been selected to work together In ancient Rome a collegium was a body guild corporation united in colleagueship of magistrates praetors tribunes priests augurs a political club or trade guild 5 Thus a college was a form of corporation or corporate body an artificial legal person body corpus with its own legal personality with the capacity to enter into legal contracts to sue and be sued In mediaeval England there were colleges of priests for example in chantry chapels modern survivals include the Royal College of Surgeons in England originally the Guild of Surgeons Within the City of London the College of Arms in London a body of heralds enforcing heraldic law an electoral college to elect representatives etc all groups of persons selected in common to perform a specified function and appointed by a monarch founder or other person in authority As for the modern college of education it was a body created for that purpose for example Eton College was founded in 1440 by letters patent of King Henry VI for the constitution of a college of Fellows priests clerks choristers poor scholars and old poor men with one master or governor whose duty it shall be to instruct these scholars and any others who may resort thither from any part of England in the knowledge of letters and especially of grammar without payment 6 Overview EditHigher education Edit King s College London established by a Royal Charter in 1829 is one of the founding colleges of the University of London Within higher education the term can be used to refer to 7 A constituent part of a collegiate university for example King s College Cambridge or of a federal university for example King s College London A liberal arts college an independent institution of higher education focusing on undergraduate education such as Williams College or Amherst College A liberal arts division of a university whose undergraduate program does not otherwise follow a liberal arts model such as the Yuanpei College at Peking University An institute providing specialised training such as a college of further education for example Belfast Metropolitan College a teacher training college or an art college In the United States college is sometimes but rarely a synonym for a research university such as Dartmouth College one of the eight universities in the Ivy League In the United States the undergraduate college of a university which also confers graduate degrees such as Yale College the undergraduate college within Yale University Further education Edit Main article Sixth form college A sixth form college or college of further education is an educational institution in England Wales Northern Ireland Belize the Caribbean Malta Norway Brunei or Southern Africa among others where students aged 16 to 19 typically study for advanced school level qualifications such as A levels BTEC HND or its equivalent and the International Baccalaureate Diploma or school level qualifications such as GCSEs In Singapore and India this is known as a junior college The municipal government of the city of Paris uses the phrase sixth form college as the English name for a lycee 8 Secondary education Edit Scotch College Melbourne an independent secondary school in Australia In some national education systems secondary schools may be called colleges or have college as part of their title In Australia the term college is applied to any private or independent non government primary and especially secondary school as distinct from a state school Melbourne Grammar School Cranbrook School Sydney and The King s School Parramatta are considered colleges There has also been a recent trend to rename or create government secondary schools as colleges In the state of Victoria some state high schools are referred to as secondary colleges although the pre eminent government secondary school for boys in Melbourne is still named Melbourne High School In Western Australia South Australia and the Northern Territory college is used in the name of all state high schools built since the late 1990s and also some older ones In New South Wales some high schools especially multi campus schools resulting from mergers are known as secondary colleges In Queensland some newer schools which accept primary and high school students are styled state college but state schools offering only secondary education are called State High School In Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory college refers to the final two years of high school years 11 and 12 and the institutions which provide this In this context college is a system independent of the other years of high school Here the expression is a shorter version of matriculation college In a number of Canadian cities many government run secondary schools are called collegiates or collegiate institutes C I a complicated form of the word college which avoids the usual post secondary connotation This is because these secondary schools have traditionally focused on academic rather than vocational subjects and ability levels for example collegiates offered Latin while vocational schools offered technical courses Some private secondary schools such as Upper Canada College Vancouver College choose to use the word college in their names nevertheless 9 Some secondary schools elsewhere in the country particularly ones within the separate school system may also use the word college or collegiate in their names 10 In New Zealand the word college normally refers to a secondary school for ages 13 to 17 and college appears as part of the name especially of private or integrated schools Colleges most frequently appear in the North Island whereas high schools are more common in the South Island In the Netherlands college is equivalent to HBO Higher professional education It is oriented towards professional training with clear occupational outlook unlike universities which are scientifically oriented 11 St John s College Johannesburg a boys school in South Africa In South Africa some secondary schools especially private schools on the English public school model have college in their title Thus no less than six of South Africa s Elite Seven high schools call themselves college and fit this description A typical example of this category would be St John s College Private schools that specialize in improving children s marks through intensive focus on examination needs are informally called cram colleges In Sri Lanka the word college known as Vidyalaya in Sinhala normally refers to a secondary school which usually signifies above the 5th standard During the British colonial period a limited number of exclusive secondary schools were established based on English public school model Royal College Colombo S Thomas College Mount Lavinia Trinity College Kandy these along with several Catholic schools St Joseph s College Colombo St Anthony s College traditionally carry their name as colleges Following the start of free education in 1931 large group of central colleges were established to educate the rural masses Since Sri Lanka gained Independence in 1948 many schools that have been established have been named as college citation needed Other Edit Royal College Colombo a boys school located in Colombo Sri Lanka As well as an educational institution the term in accordance with its etymology may also refer to any formal group of colleagues set up under statute or regulation often under a Royal Charter Examples include an electoral college the College of Arms a college of canons and the College of Cardinals Other collegiate bodies include professional associations particularly in medicine and allied professions In the UK these include the Royal College of Nursing and the Royal College of Physicians Examples in the United States include the American College of Physicians the American College of Surgeons and the American College of Dentists An example in Australia is the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners College by country EditSee also Category Higher education by country The different ways in which the term College is used to describe educational institutions in various regions of the world is listed below Americas EditCanada Edit This section s tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia See Wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for suggestions February 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources College news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article College Canada In Canadian English the term college usually refers to a trades school applied arts science technology business health school or community college These are post secondary institutions granting certificates diplomas associate degrees and in some cases bachelor s degrees The French acronym specific to public institutions within Quebec s particular system of pre university and technical education is CEGEP College d enseignement general et professionnel college of general and professional education They are collegiate level institutions that a student typically enrols in if they wish to continue onto university in the Quebec education system note 1 or to learn a trade In Ontario and Alberta there are also institutions that are designated university colleges which only grant undergraduate degrees This is to differentiate between universities which have both undergraduate and graduate programs and those that do not In Canada there is a strong distinction between college and university In conversation one specifically would say either they are going to university i e studying for a three or four year degree at a university or they are going to college i e studying at a technical career training 12 Usage in a university setting Edit The term college also applies to distinct entities that formally act as an affiliated institution of the university formally referred to as federated college or affiliated colleges A university may also formally include several constituent colleges forming a collegiate university Examples of collegiate universities in Canada include Trent University and the University of Toronto These types of institutions act independently maintaining their own endowments and properties However they remain either affiliated or federated with the overarching university with the overarching university being the institution that formally grants the degrees For example Trinity College was once an independent institution but later became federated with the University of Toronto Several centralized universities in Canada have mimicked the collegiate university model although constituent colleges in a centralized university remains under the authority of the central administration Centralized universities that have adopted the collegiate model to a degree includes the University of British Columbia with Green College and St John s College and the Memorial University of Newfoundland with Sir Wilfred Grenfell College Occasionally college refers to a subject specific faculty within a university that while distinct are neither federated nor affiliated College of Education College of Medicine College of Dentistry College of Biological Science 13 among others The Royal Military College of Canada is a military college which trains officers for the Canadian Armed Forces The institution is a full fledged university with the authority to issue graduate degrees although it continues to word the term college in its name The institution s sister schools Royal Military College Saint Jean also uses the term college in its name although it academic offering is akin to a CEGEP institution in Quebec A number of post secondary art schools in Canada formerly used the word college in their names despite formally being universities However most of these institutions were renamed or re branded in the early 21st century omitting the word college from its name Usage in secondary education Edit The word college continues to be used in the names public separate secondary schools in Ontario 14 A number of independent schools across Canada also use the word college in its name 15 Public secular school boards in Ontario also refer to their secondary schools as collegiate institutes However usage of the word collegiate institute varies between school boards Collegiate institute is the predominant name for secondary schools in Lakehead District School Board and Toronto District School Board although most school boards in Ontario use collegiate institute alongside high school and secondary school in the names of their institutions Similarly secondary schools in Regina and Saskatoon are referred to as Collegiate Chile Edit In Chile the term college is usually used in the name of some bilingual schools like Santiago College Saint George s College etc Since 2009 the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile incorporated college as a bachelor s degree it has a Bachelor of Natural Sciences and Mathematics a Bachelor of Social Science and a Bachelor of Arts and Humanities It has the same system as the American universities it combines majors and minors And it let the students continue a higher degree in the same university once finished United States Edit City College of New York Main article Higher education in the United States See also Community college United States In the United States there were 5 916 post secondary institutions universities and colleges as of 2020 21 update having peaked at 7 253 in 2012 13 and fallen every year since 16 A college in the US can refer to a constituent part of a university which can be a residential college the sub division of the university offering undergraduate courses or a school of the university offering particular specialized courses an independent institution offering bachelor s level courses or an institution offering instruction in a particular professional technical or vocational field 17 In popular usage the word college is the generic term for any post secondary undergraduate education Americans go to college after high school regardless of whether the specific institution is formally a college or a university Some students choose to dual enroll by taking college classes while still in high school The word and its derivatives are the standard terms used to describe the institutions and experiences associated with American post secondary undergraduate education Students must pay for college before taking classes Some borrow the money via loans and some students fund their educations with cash scholarships grants or some combination of these payment methods In 2011 the state or federal government subsidized 8 000 to 100 000 for each undergraduate degree For state owned schools called public universities the subsidy was given to the college with the student benefiting from lower tuition 18 19 The state subsidized on average 50 of public university tuition 20 Saint Anselm College Colleges vary in terms of size degree and length of stay Two year colleges also known as junior or community colleges usually offer an associate degree and four year colleges usually offer a bachelor s degree Often these are entirely undergraduate institutions although some have graduate school programs Four year institutions in the U S that emphasize a liberal arts curriculum are known as liberal arts colleges Until the 20th century liberal arts law medicine theology and divinity were about the only form of higher education available in the United States 21 These schools have traditionally emphasized instruction at the undergraduate level although advanced research may still occur at these institutions Bowdoin College While there is no national standard in the United States the term university primarily designates institutions that provide undergraduate and graduate education A university typically has as its core and its largest internal division an undergraduate college teaching a liberal arts curriculum also culminating in a bachelor s degree What often distinguishes a university is having in addition one or more graduate schools engaged in both teaching graduate classes and in research Often these would be called a School of Law or School of Medicine but may also be called a college of law or a faculty of law An exception is Vincennes University Indiana which is styled and chartered as a university even though almost all of its academic programs lead only to two year associate degrees Some institutions such as Dartmouth College and The College of William amp Mary have retained the term college in their names for historical reasons In one unique case Boston College and Boston University the former located in Chestnut Hill Massachusetts and the latter located in Boston Massachusetts are completely separate institutions Usage of the terms varies among the states In 1996 for example Georgia changed all of its four year institutions previously designated as colleges to universities and all of its vocational technology schools to technical colleges Pomona College The terms university and college do not exhaust all possible titles for an American institution of higher education Other options include institute Worcester Polytechnic Institute and Massachusetts Institute of Technology academy United States Military Academy union Cooper Union conservatory New England Conservatory and school Juilliard School In colloquial use they are still referred to as college when referring to their undergraduate studies The term college is also as in the United Kingdom used for a constituent semi autonomous part of a larger university but generally organized on academic rather than residential lines For example at many institutions the undergraduate portion of the university can be briefly referred to as the college such as The College of the University of Chicago Harvard College at Harvard or Columbia College at Columbia while at others such as the University of California Berkeley colleges are collections of academic programs and other units that share some common characteristics mission or disciplinary focus the college of engineering the college of nursing and so forth There exist other variants for historical reasons including some uses that exist because of mergers and acquisitions for example Duke University which was called Trinity College until the 1920s still calls its main undergraduate subdivision Trinity College of Arts and Sciences Residential colleges Edit Scripps College Some American universities such as Princeton Rice and Yale have established residential colleges sometimes as at Harvard the first to establish such a system in the 1930s known as houses along the lines of Oxford or Cambridge 22 Unlike the Oxbridge colleges but similarly to Durham these residential colleges are not autonomous legal entities nor are they typically much involved in education itself being primarily concerned with room board and social life 23 At the University of Michigan University of California San Diego and the University of California Santa Cruz each residential college teaches its own core writing courses and has its own distinctive set of graduation requirements Many U S universities have placed increased emphasis on their residential colleges in recent years This is exemplified by the creation of new colleges at Ivy League schools such as Yale University 24 and Princeton University 25 and efforts to strengthen the contribution of the residential colleges to student education including through a 2016 taskforce at Princeton on residential colleges 26 Origin of the U S usage Edit The founders of the first institutions of higher education in the United States were graduates of the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge The small institutions they founded would not have seemed to them like universities they were tiny and did not offer the higher degrees in medicine and theology Furthermore they were not composed of several small colleges Instead the new institutions felt like the Oxford and Cambridge colleges they were used to small communities housing and feeding their students with instruction from residential tutors as in the United Kingdom described above When the first students graduated these colleges assumed the right to confer degrees upon them usually with authority for example The College of William amp Mary has a royal charter from the British monarchy allowing it to confer degrees while Dartmouth College has a charter permitting it to award degrees as are usually granted in either of the universities or any other college in our realm of Great Britain Agnes Scott College The leaders of Harvard College which granted America s first degrees in 1642 might have thought of their college as the first of many residential colleges that would grow up into a New Cambridge university However over time few new colleges were founded there and Harvard grew and added higher faculties Eventually it changed its title to university but the term college had stuck and colleges have arisen across the United States In U S usage the word college not only embodies a particular type of school but has historically been used to refer to the general concept of higher education when it is not necessary to specify a school as in going to college or college savings accounts offered by banks In a survey of more than 2 000 college students in 33 states and 156 different campuses the U S Public Interest Research Group found the average student spends as much as 1 200 each year on textbooks and supplies alone By comparison the group says that s the equivalent of 39 percent of tuition and fees at a community college and 14 percent of tuition and fees at a four year public university 27 Morrill Land Grant Act Edit SUNY Purchase College In addition to private colleges and universities the U S also has a system of government funded public universities Many were founded under the Morrill Land Grant Colleges Act of 1862 A movement had arisen to bring a form of more practical higher education to the masses as many politicians and educators wanted to make it possible for all young Americans to receive some sort of advanced education 28 The Morrill Act made it possible for the new western states to establish colleges for the citizens 28 Its goal was to make higher education more easily accessible to the citizenry of the country specifically to improve agricultural systems by providing training and scholarship in the production and sales of agricultural products 29 and to provide formal education in agriculture home economics mechanical arts and other professions that seemed practical at the time 28 The act was eventually extended to allow all states that had remained with the Union during the American Civil War and eventually all states to establish such institutions Most of the colleges established under the Morrill Act have since become full universities and some are among the elite of the world Benefits of college Edit Selection of a four year college as compared to a two year junior college even by marginal students such as those with a C grade average in high school and SAT scores in the mid 800s increases the probability of graduation and confers substantial economic and social benefits 30 31 32 Asia EditBangladesh Edit RAJUK Uttara Model College located in the northern suburb of Uttara in the capital Dhaka In Bangladesh educational institutions offering higher secondary 11th 12th grade education are known as colleges 33 Hong Kong Edit See also Education in Hong Kong In Hong Kong the term college is used by tertiary institutions as either part of their names or to refer to a constituent part of the university such as the colleges in the collegiate The Chinese University of Hong Kong or to a residence hall of a university such as St John s College University of Hong Kong Many older secondary schools have the term college as part of their names India Edit See also Colleges and institutes in India The Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee is the oldest technical institution in Asia The modern system of education was heavily influenced by the British starting in 1835 34 In India the term college is commonly reserved for institutions that offer high school diplomas at year 12 Junior College similar to American high schools and those that offer the bachelor s degree some colleges however offer programmes up to PhD level Generally colleges are located in different parts of a state and all of them are affiliated to a regional university The colleges offer programmes leading to degrees of that university Colleges may be either Autonomous or non autonomous Autonomous Colleges are empowered to establish their own syllabus and conduct and assess their own examinations in non autonomous colleges examinations are conducted by the university at the same time for all colleges under its affiliation There are several hundred universities and each university has affiliated colleges often a large number The first liberal arts and sciences college in India was Cottayam College or the Syrian College Kerala in 1815 The First inter linguistic residential education institution in Asia was started at this college At present it is a Theological seminary which is popularly known as Orthodox Theological Seminary or Old Seminary After that CMS College Kottayam established in 1817 and the Presidency College Kolkata also 1817 initially known as Hindu College The first college for the study of Christian theology and ecumenical enquiry was Serampore College 1818 The first Missionary institution to impart Western style education in India was the Scottish Church College Calcutta 1830 The first commerce and economics college in India was Sydenham College Mumbai 1913 In India a new term has been introduced that is Autonomous Institutes amp Colleges An autonomous Colleges are colleges which need to be affiliated to a certain university These colleges can conduct their own admission procedure examination syllabus fees structure etc However at the end of course completion they cannot issue their own degree or diploma The final degree or diploma is issued by the affiliated university Also some significant changes can pave way under the NEP New Education Policy 2020 which may affect the present guidelines for universities and colleges 35 Israel Edit For a more comprehensive list see List of universities and colleges in Israel Colleges Braude College of Engineering In Israel any non university higher learning facility is called a college Institutions accredited by the Council for Higher Education in Israel CHE to confer a bachelor s degree are called Academic Colleges Hebrew מ כ ל ל ה romanized Mikhlala plural Hebrew מכללות romanized Mikhlalot These colleges at least 4 for 2012 may also offer master s degrees and act as Research facilities There are also over twenty teacher training colleges or seminaries most of which may award only a Bachelor of Education BEd degree Academic colleges Any educational facility that had been approved to offer at least bachelor s degree is entitled by CHE to use the term academic college in its name 36 Engineering academic college Any academic facility that offer at least bachelor s degree and most of it faculties are providing an Engineering degree and Engineering license Educational academic college After an educational facility that had been approved for Teachers seminar status is then approved to provide a Bachelor of Education its name is changed to include Educational Academic college Technical college A Technical college מכללה טכנולוגית is an educational facility that is approved to allow to provide P E degree הנדסאי 14 th class or technician טכנאי 13 th class diploma and licenses Training College A Training College מכללה להכשרה or מכללה מקצועית is an educational facility that provides basic training allowing a person to receive a working permit in a field such as alternative medicine cooking Art Mechanical Electrical and other professions A trainee could receive the right to work in certain professions as apprentice j mechanic j Electrician etc After working in the training field for enough time an apprentice could have a license to operate Mechanic Electrician 37 This educational facility is mostly used to provide basic training for low tech jobs and for job seekers without any training that are provided by the nation s Employment Service שירות התעסוקה Macau Edit Following the Portuguese usage the term college colegio in Macau has traditionally been used in the names for private and non governmental pre university educational institutions which correspond to form one to form six level tiers Such schools are usually run by the Roman Catholic church or missionaries in Macau Examples include Chan Sui Ki Perpetual Help College Yuet Wah College and Sacred Heart Canossian College Philippines Edit Main article Higher education in the Philippines In the Philippines colleges usually refer to institutions of learning that grant degrees but whose scholastic fields are not as diverse as that of a university University of Santo Tomas University of the Philippines Ateneo de Manila University De La Salle University Far Eastern University and AMA University such as the San Beda College which specializes in law AMA Computer College whose campuses are spread all over the Philippines which specializes in information and computing technologies and the Mapua Institute of Technology which specializes in engineering or to component units within universities that do not grant degrees but rather facilitate the instruction of a particular field such as a College of Science and College of Engineering among many other colleges of the University of the Philippines A state college may not have the word college on its name but may have several component colleges or departments Thus the Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology is a state college by classification Usually the term college is also thought of as a hierarchical demarcation between the term university and quite a number of colleges seek to be recognized as universities as a sign of improvement in academic standards Colegio de San Juan de Letran San Beda College and increase in the diversity of the offered degree programs called courses For private colleges this may be done through a survey and evaluation by the Commission on Higher Education and accrediting organizations as was the case of Urios College which is now the Fr Saturnino Urios University For state colleges it is usually done by a legislation by the Congress or Senate In common usage going to college simply means attending school for an undergraduate degree whether it s from an institution recognized as a college or a university When it comes to referring to the level of education college is the term more used to be synonymous to tertiary or higher education A student who is or has studied his her undergraduate degree at either an institution with college or university in its name is considered to be going to or have gone to college Singapore Edit The term college in Singapore is generally only used for pre university educational institutions called Junior Colleges which provide the final two years of secondary education equivalent to sixth form in British terms or grades 11 12 in the American system Since 1 January 2005 the term also refers to the three campuses of the Institute of Technical Education with the introduction of the collegiate system in which the three institutions are called ITE College East ITE College Central and ITE College West respectively The term university is used to describe higher education institutions offering locally conferred degrees Institutions offering diplomas are called polytechnics while other institutions are often referred to as institutes and so forth Sri Lanka Edit There are several professional and vocational institutions that offer post secondary education without granting degrees that are referred to as colleges This includes the Sri Lanka Law College the many Technical Colleges and Teaching Colleges Turkey Edit In Turkey the term kolej college refers to a private high school typically preceded by one year of preparatory language education Notable Turkish colleges include Robert College Uskudar American Academy American Collegiate Institute and Tarsus American College Africa EditSouth Africa Edit Although the term college is hardly used in any context at any university in South Africa some non university tertiary institutions call themselves colleges These include teacher training colleges business colleges and wildlife management colleges See List of universities in South Africa Private colleges and universities List of post secondary institutions in South Africa Zimbabwe Edit The term college is mainly used by private or independent secondary schools with Advanced Level Upper 6th formers and also Polytechnic Colleges which confer diplomas only A student can complete secondary education International General Certificate of Secondary Education IGCSE at 16 years and proceed straight to a poly technical college or they can proceed to Advanced level 16 to 19 years and obtain a General Certificate of Education GCE certificate which enables them to enroll at a university provided they have good grades Alternatively with lower grades the GCE certificate holders will have an added advantage over their GCSE counterparts if they choose to enroll at a polytechnical college Some schools in Zimbabwe choose to offer the International Baccalaureate studies as an alternative to the IGCSE and GCE Europe EditGreece Edit Kollegio in Greek Kollegio refers to the Centers of Post Lyceum Education in Greek Kentro Metalykeiakhs Ekpaideyshs abbreviated as KEME which are principally private and belong to the Greek post secondary education system Some of them have links to EU or US higher education institutions or accreditation organizations such as the NEASC 38 Kollegio or Kollegia in plural may also refer to private non tertiary schools such as the Athens College Ireland Edit See also Third level education in the Republic of Ireland Parliament Square Trinity College Dublin in Ireland In Ireland the term college is normally used to describe an institution of tertiary education University students often say they attend college rather than university Until 1989 no university provided teaching or research directly they were formally offered by a constituent college of the university There are number of secondary education institutions that traditionally used the word college in their names these are either older private schools such as Belvedere College Gonzaga College Castleknock College and St Michael s College or what were formerly a particular kind of secondary school These secondary schools formerly known as technical colleges were renamed community colleges but remain secondary schools The country s only ancient university is the University of Dublin Created during the reign of Elizabeth I it is modelled on the collegiate universities of Cambridge and Oxford However only one constituent college was ever founded hence the curious position of Trinity College Dublin today although both are usually considered one and the same the university and college are completely distinct corporate entities with separate and parallel governing structures Among more modern foundations the National University of Ireland founded in 1908 consisted of constituent colleges and recognised colleges until 1997 The former are now referred to as constituent universities institutions that are essentially universities in their own right The National University can trace its existence back to 1850 and the creation of the Queen s University of Ireland and the creation of the Catholic University of Ireland in 1854 From 1880 the degree awarding roles of these two universities was taken over by the Royal University of Ireland which remained until the creation of the National University in 1908 and Queen s University Belfast The state s two new universities Dublin City University and University of Limerick were initially National Institute for Higher Education institutions These institutions offered university level academic degrees and research from the start of their existence and were awarded university status in 1989 in recognition of this Third level technical education in the state has been carried out in the Institutes of Technology which were established from the 1970s as Regional Technical Colleges These institutions have delegated authority which entitles them to give degrees and diplomas from Quality and Qualifications Ireland QQI in their own names A number of private colleges exist such as Dublin Business School providing undergraduate and postgraduate courses validated by QQI and in some cases by other universities Other types of college include colleges of education such as the Church of Ireland College of Education These are specialist institutions often linked to a university which provide both undergraduate and postgraduate academic degrees for people who want to train as teachers A number of state funded further education colleges exist which offer vocational education and training in a range of areas from business studies and information and communications technology to sports injury therapy These courses are usually one two or less often three years in duration and are validated by QQI at Levels 5 or 6 or for the BTEC Higher National Diploma award which is a Level 6 7 qualification validated by Edexcel There are numerous private colleges particularly in Dublin and Limerick 39 which offer both further and higher education qualifications These degrees and diplomas are often certified by foreign universities international awarding bodies and are aligned to the National Framework of Qualifications at Levels 6 7 and 8 Netherlands Edit Main article Education in the Netherlands In the Netherlands there are 3 main educational routes after high school MBO middle level applied education which is the equivalent of junior college Designed to prepare students for either skilled trades and technical occupations and workers in support roles in professions such as engineering accountancy business administration nursing medicine architecture and criminology or for additional education at another college with more advanced academic material 40 HBO higher professional education which is the equivalent of college and has a professional orientation After HBO typically 4 6 years pupils can enroll in a professional master s program 1 2 years or enter the job market The HBO is taught in vocational universities hogescholen of which there are over 40 in the Netherlands each of which offers a broad variety of programs with the exception of some that specialize in arts or agriculture Note that the hogescholen are not allowed to name themselves university in Dutch This also stretches to English and therefore HBO institutions are known as universities of applied sciences 41 WO Scientific education which is the equivalent to university level education and has an academic orientation 41 HBO graduates can be awarded two titles which are Baccalaureus bc and Ingenieur ing At a WO institution many more bachelor s and master s titles can be awarded Bachelor s degrees Bachelor of Arts BA Bachelor of Science BSc and Bachelor of Laws LLB Master s degrees Master of Arts MA Master of Laws LLM and Master of Science MSc The PhD title is a research degree awarded upon completion and defense of a doctoral thesis 11 Portugal Edit Main article Education in Portugal Presently in Portugal the term colegio college is normally used as a generic reference to a private non government school that provides from basic to secondary education Many of the private schools include the term colegio in their name Some special public schools usually of the boarding school type also include the term in their name with a notable example being the Colegio Militar Military College The term colegio interno literally internal college is used specifically as a generic reference to a boarding school Until the 19th century a colegio was usually a secondary or pre university school of public or religious nature where the students usually lived together A model for these colleges was the Royal College of Arts and Humanities founded in Coimbra by King John III of Portugal in 1542 United Kingdom Edit Birkbeck University of London Secondary education and further education Edit Further education FE colleges and sixth form colleges are institutions providing further education to students over 16 Some of these also provide higher education courses see below 42 In the context of secondary education college is used in the names of some private schools e g Eton College and Winchester College Higher education Edit See also Colleges within universities in the United Kingdom Residential college and University college United Kingdom In higher education a college is normally a provider that does not hold university status although it can also refer to a constituent part of a collegiate or federal university or a grouping of academic faculties or departments within a university Traditionally the distinction between colleges and universities was that colleges did not award degrees while universities did but this is no longer the case with NCG having gained taught degree awarding powers the same as some universities on behalf of its colleges 43 and many of the colleges of the University of London holding full degree awarding powers and being effectively universities Most colleges however do not hold their own degree awarding powers and continue to offer higher education courses that are validated by universities or other institutions that can award degrees In England as of August 2016 update over 60 of the higher education providers directly funded by HEFCE 208 340 are sixth form or further education colleges often termed colleges of further and higher education along with 17 colleges of the University of London one university college 100 universities and 14 other providers six of which use college in their name Overall this means over two thirds of state supported higher education providers in England are colleges of one form or another 44 45 Many private providers are also called colleges e g the New College of the Humanities and St Patrick s College London Colleges within universities vary immensely in their responsibilities The large constituent colleges of the University of London are effectively universities in their own right colleges in some universities including those of the University of the Arts London and smaller colleges of the University of London run their own degree courses but do not award degrees those at the University of Roehampton provide accommodation and pastoral care as well as delivering the teaching on university courses those at Oxford and Cambridge deliver some teaching on university courses as well as providing accommodation and pastoral care and those in Durham Kent Lancaster and York provide accommodation and pastoral care but do not normally participate in formal teaching The legal status of these colleges also varies widely with University of London colleges being independent corporations and recognised bodies Oxbridge colleges colleges of the University of the Highlands and Islands UHI and some Durham colleges being independent corporations and listed bodies most Durham colleges being owned by the university but still listed bodies and those of other collegiate universities not having formal recognition When applying for undergraduate courses through UCAS University of London colleges are treated as independent providers colleges of Oxford Cambridge Durham and UHI are treated as locations within the universities that can be selected by specifying a campus code in addition to selecting the university and colleges of other universities are not recognised 46 47 48 49 50 The UHI and the University of Wales Trinity Saint David UWTSD both include further education colleges However while the UHI colleges integrate FE and HE provision UWTSD maintains a separation between the university campuses Lampeter Carmarthen and Swansea and the two colleges Coleg Sir Gar and Coleg Ceredigion n b coleg is Welsh for college which although part of the same group are treated as separate institutions rather than colleges within the university 51 52 A university college is an independent institution with the power to award taught degrees but which has not been granted university status University College is a protected title that can only be used with permission although note that University College London University College Oxford and University College Durham are colleges within their respective universities and not university colleges in the case of UCL holding full degree awarding powers that set it above a university college while University College Birmingham is a university in its own right and also not a university college Oceania EditAustralia Edit In Australia a college may be an institution of tertiary education that is smaller than a university run independently or as part of a university Following a reform in the 1980s many of the formerly independent colleges now belong to a larger universities Referring to parts of a university there are residential colleges which provide residence for students both undergraduate and postgraduate called university colleges These colleges often provide additional tutorial assistance and some host theological study Many colleges have strong traditions and rituals so are a combination of dormitory style accommodation and fraternity or sorority culture Most technical and further education institutions TAFEs which offer certificate and diploma vocational courses are styled TAFE colleges or Colleges of TAFE In some places such as Tasmania college refers to a type of school for Year 11 and 12 students e g Don College New Zealand Edit The University of Otago in New Zealand The constituent colleges of the former University of New Zealand such as Canterbury University College have become independent universities Some halls of residence associated with New Zealand universities retain the name of college particularly at the University of Otago which although brought under the umbrella of the University of New Zealand already possessed university status and degree awarding powers The institutions formerly known as Teacher training colleges now style themselves College of education Some universities such as the University of Canterbury have divided their university into constituent administrative Colleges the College of Arts containing departments that teach Arts Humanities and Social Sciences College of Science containing Science departments and so on This is largely modelled on the Cambridge model discussed above Like the United Kingdom some professional bodies in New Zealand style themselves as colleges for example the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons the Royal Australasian College of Physicians In some parts of the country secondary school is often referred to as college and the term is used interchangeably with high school This sometimes confuses people from other parts of New Zealand But in all parts of the country many secondary schools have College in their name such as Rangitoto College New Zealand s largest secondary Notes Edit Exceptions are made for mature student meaning 21 years of age or over and out of the educational system for at least 2 years References Edit Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges FAQ Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 Retrieved 28 October 2021 Oxford English Dictionary 1891 s v definition 4c Nuuk Arms crest of Nuuk www heraldry wiki com 30 September 2018 Archived from the original on 7 September 2021 Retrieved 7 January 2022 Cassell s Latin Dictionary Marchant J R V amp Charles Joseph F Eds Revised Edition 1928 lego colligo Cassell s Latin Dictionary Marchant J R V amp Charles Joseph F Eds Revised Edition 1928 p 107 Cust Lionel 7 January 1899 A history of Eton college London Duckworth via Internet Archive college noun EDUCATION Cambridge Dictionary Online Archived from the original on 4 September 2011 Children amp families City of Paris Archived from the original on 5 September 2012 Retrieved 20 July 2010 Private Elementary and Secondary Schools Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine search form on the Ministry of Education of Ontario web site enter college in the name contains field and check the secondary checkbox Find a School or School Board Archived 8 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine search form on the Ministry of Education of Ontario web site click Secondary and Separate a b What s the difference between HBO and WO TU Delft Archived from the original on 28 July 2020 Retrieved 29 June 2020 College and University in Canada What Is the Difference World Education Services Archived from the original on 8 October 2021 Retrieved 8 October 2021 College of Biological Science University of Guelph Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 Retrieved 19 June 2010 Find a School or School Board Archived 2009 09 08 at the Wayback Machine search form on the Ministry of Education of Ontario web site click Secondary and Separate Canada Capstone College Opening hours 360 Robson Street Vancouver British Columbia Customer Reviews Canada Online vancouver cdncompanies com Archived from the original on 11 April 2018 Retrieved 11 April 2018 NCES Fast Facts Educational Institutions Retrieved 27 January 2023 College Merriam Webster dictionary Merriam Webster Retrieved 27 January 2023 Taxpayer Subsidies for Most Colleges and Universities Average Between 8 000 to More than 100 000 for Each Bachelor s Degree New Study Finds Press release American Institutes for Research 12 May 2011 Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 State Education Subsidies Shift Students to Public Universities www nber org Archived from the original on 24 September 2017 Fethke Gary 1 April 2012 Why Does Tuition Go Up Because Taxpayer Support Goes Down Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 via The Chronicle of Higher Education Masci David 1998 Should colleges get back to basics CQ Researcher Congressional Quarterly Robert J O Hara Samuel Eliot Morison on the Harvard Houses The Collegiate Way Archived from the original on 26 October 2016 Retrieved 17 January 2017 Robert J O Hara 8 October 2002 Collegiate Developments at Durham and Princeton The Collegiate Way Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 Retrieved 17 January 2017 The University of Durham is the third oldest collegiate university in Great Britain and most of Durham s residential colleges are creatures of the central university rather than legally independent corporations In this respect the Durham colleges are closer in structure to the residential colleges that have been established in the United States and elsewhere in recent years than are the independent corporations of Oxford and Cambridge The New Residential Colleges Yale University Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 Housing amp Dining Princeton University Archived from the original on 11 May 2016 Task Force on the Residential College Model Planning for Princeton s Future Princeton University Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 Bidwell Allie 28 January 2014 Report High Textbook Prices Have College Students Struggling U S News Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 a b c Lightcap Brad The Morrill Act of 1862 ND edu Archived from the original on 8 January 2008 A Land Grant Institution Dafvm msstate edu 11 August 2009 Archived from the original on 10 June 2010 Retrieved 14 September 2009 David Leonhardt 24 April 2015 College for the Masses Upshot blog The New York Times Archived from the original on 26 April 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Only about a third of young adults today receive a bachelor s degree The new research confirms that many more teenagers have the ability to do so and would benefit from it Joshua Goodman Michael Hurwitz Jonathan Smith February 2015 College Access Initial College Choice and Degree Completion PDF National Bureau of Economic Research doi 10 3386 w20996 S2CID 168194289 Archived PDF from the original on 6 May 2015 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Seth Zimmerman May 2013 The Returns to College Admission for Academically Marginal Students PDF Archived from the original PDF on 31 March 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Students with grades just above a threshold for admissions eligibility at a large public university in Florida are much more likely to attend any university than below threshold students The marginal admission yields earnings gains of 22 percent between eight and fourteen years after high school completion These gains outstrip the costs of college attendance and are largest for male students and free lunch recipients HSC registration begins June 29 no eligibility tests in colleges The Financial Express Archived from the original on 17 July 2021 Retrieved 17 July 2021 Influence of modern education on the culture of India 14 March 2010 Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 Autonomous Deemed Private State amp Central Universities Know the Difference Shiksha www shiksha com Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 Retrieved 2 December 2020 חוק המועצה להשכלה גבוהה מל ג תשי ח 1958 רק מוסד להשכלה גבוהה שקיבל את אישור המועצה להשכלה גבוהה יהיה רשאי להשתמש בכינוי מכללה אקדמית תקנות החשמל רשיונות התשמ ה 1985 Archived 9 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Search Colleges amp Universities CIHE Commission on Institutions of Higher Education Archived from the original on 20 March 2018 Retrieved 6 December 2016 Private Colleges Dublin Education in Ireland Archived from the original on 20 July 2021 Retrieved 20 July 2021 Ministerie van Onderwijs Cultuur en Wetenschap 16 December 2011 Secondary vocational education MBO Secondary vocational education MBO and higher education Government nl www government nl Archived from the original on 29 June 2020 Retrieved 29 June 2020 a b Ministerie van Onderwijs Cultuur en Wetenschap 16 December 2011 Higher education Secondary vocational education MBO and higher education Government nl www government nl Archived from the original on 29 June 2020 Retrieved 29 June 2020 Further education Colleges and other institutions Education UK British Council Archived from the original on 19 January 2017 Retrieved 28 August 2016 Keiran Southern 29 June 2016 Newcastle education group to become first in the country to award its own degree courses ChronicleLive Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 Overview Register of HE providers HEFCE Archived from the original on 3 September 2016 Retrieved 28 August 2016 Get the data Register of HE providers HEFCE Archived from the original on 11 September 2016 Retrieved 28 August 2016 Search courses UCAS Archived from the original on 26 August 2016 Retrieved 28 August 2016 R J O Hara 20 December 2004 The Collegiate System at the University of Durham The Collegiate Way Archived from the original on 6 October 2006 Retrieved 28 August 2016 The Education Listed Bodies England Order 2013 Legislation gov uk 27 November 2013 Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 The Education Recognised Bodies England Order 2013 Legislation gov uk 27 November 2013 Archived from the original on 31 August 2016 List of institution and campus codes UCAS Archived from the original XLS on 19 September 2016 Retrieved 28 August 2016 About UHI University of the Highlands and Islands Archived from the original on 20 September 2016 Retrieved 28 August 2016 UWTSD Group University of Wales Trinity Saint David Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 Retrieved 28 August 2016 External links EditCollege at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from WikiversitySee also Edit Education portalCommunity college Residential college University college Vocational university Madrasa Ashrama stage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title College amp oldid 1148922527, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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