This article is about the name of the city Beijing that is currently the capital of the People's Republic of China. For other uses, see Beijing (disambiguation).
"Beijing" is from pinyin Běijīng, which is romanized from 北京, the Chinese name for this city. The pinyin system of transliteration was approved by the Chinese government in 1958, but little used until 1979. It was gradually adopted by various news organizations, governments, and international agencies over the next decade.[1]
A 1584 map of China by Abraham Ortelius (based on a manuscript map by Luiz Jorge de Barbuda (Ludovicus Georgius), with Beijing marked as C[ivitas] Paquin (to the right which is north on the map)
Look up Beijing or 北京 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Chinese characters北 ("north") and 京 ("capital") together mean the "Northern Capital". The name was first used during the reign of the Ming dynasty's Yongle Emperor, who made his northern fief a second capital, along with Nanjing (南京, the "Southern Capital"), in 1403 after successfully dethroning his nephew during the Jingnan Campaign. The name was restored in 1949 at the founding of the People's Republic of China.
Peking
Look up Peking in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Portugal was the first European country to contact China in modern times. In Portuguese, the city is called Pequim. This name appeared in the letters of Francis Xavier in 1552.[2] It transferred to English as "Pekin"[3] and to French as Pékin.
Jesuit missionary Martino Martini used "Peking" in De bello Tartarico historia (The Tartary [Manchu] War) (1654) and Novus Atlas Sinensis (New Atlas of China) (1655).[4] In 1665, Martini's work was reissued as part of Atlas Maior (great atlas), a much-praised atlas by Dutch publisher Joan Blaeu.
Before 1842's Treaty of Nanking, the only Chinese port cities open for trade with western countries were Canton (廣州 Guǎngzhōu), Amoy (廈門 Xiàmén) and Chusan (舟山 Zhōushān) wherein the predominant spoken languages were Cantonese or Min Chinese. In Cantonese, 北京 (Běijīng) is bak1 ging1, and in Southern Min Chinese, it's Pak-kiaⁿ. As with many other long-established Chinese names and terms, "Peking" came from those languages rather than Mandarin, the native areas of which were long inaccessible to westerners.
In English, both "Pekin" and "Peking" remained common until the 1890s, when the Imperial Post Office adopted Peking.[5]
Beginning in 1979, the Chinese government encouraged use of pinyin romanisation system. The New York Times adopted "Beijing" in 1986,[6] with all major US media soon following. Elsewhere in the Anglosphere, the BBC switched in 1990.[7] "Peking" is still employed in terms such as "Pekingese", "Peking duck", "Peking Man" and various others, as well as being retained in the name of Peking University.
Entrance to the Beiping Municipal Government office, 1935
The city has had many other names. The chronological list below sets out both the names of the city itself, and, in earlier times, the names of the administrative entities covering the city today.
Ji: The first major known settlement was the eponymous capital of the ancient Ji state between the 11th and 7th centuries BC. The settlement was also known as Jicheng. It was located in the current city's Guang'anmen neighborhood south of the Beijing West railway station.
Yan: Ji was conquered by Yan around the 7th century BC but was employed as its conqueror's new capital. Although the official name remained as Ji, the city also became known as Yan and Yanjing ("Capital of Yan"). The name was employed in the titles of An Lushan (as Emperor of Yan), Liu Rengong (as King of Yan), and the Princes of Yan. The Khitans of the 10th- to 12th-century Liao Dynasty fully restored the name Yanjing, and it remains a name for Beijing in literary usage today, as reflected in the locally brewed Yanjing Beer and the former Yenching University (since merged into Peking University).
Youzhou and Fanyang: Under the Tang Dynasty, being the seat of the You Prefecture, the city generally employed Youzhou as its name. During the Tianbao Era of Emperor Xuanzong, however, You Prefecture was renamed Fanyang Commandery, and the name Fanyang became associated with the city as well.
Nanjing: In the 10th and 12th centuries, the northerly Liao Dynasty restored the name Yanjing. They also knew the city as Nanjing as it was the southernmost of their secondary capitals.
Khanbaliq: The MongolianYuan Dynasty originally restored the name Yanjing before constructing a new capital adjacent to the former settlement. This settlement was called Dadu[18] in Chinese and Daidu in Mongolian.[19] (As Khanbaliq, it was noted as Cambuluc[20] by Marco Polo.) This city gradually absorbed the former settlements around the area.
Beiping: Under the Ming Dynasty, the city itself was initially known as Beiping. The name reads literally as "Northern Peace", although its usage and connotations are closer to the idea of "Northern Plains".[citation needed]
Shuntian: When the usurping Yongle Emperor established his base of Beiping as a secondary capital in 1403, he renamed the town Shuntian and the province surrounding it Beizhili to mimic the names of Yingtian (modern Nanjing) and the province of Zhili that surrounds it.[21]
Jingshi and Beijing: When the palace was finally completed in 1420, the Yongle Emperor moved the majority of his court north. The name Jingshi ceased to be used for Yingtian and was now employed for Shuntian. The area around Yingtian became known as Nanjing while Beijing was used to describe the area directly administered by the capital (generally modern Hebei).[21]
Beiping (then romanized as Peiping), in both its connotations, was restored as the name in 1928 by the Republic of China following its reconquest of Beijing from the warlords during the Northern Expedition.[20] The occupying Japanese in 1938 imposed the name Peking (Beijing), then with their surrender in 1945, the Nationalist Government restored "Beiping" by 1 September 1945. In 1949, the official name again reverted to "Peking" (the Postal Romanization) when the Chinese Communist Party conquered it during the Chinese Civil War and made it capital of their newly founded People's Republic of China. As noted above, the pinyin romanization, "Beijing", was adopted for use within the country in 1958, and for international use in 1979. The United States government continued to follow the Nationalist government in using "Beiping" until the late 1960s.[20]
In Chinese, the abbreviation of Beijing is its second character 京 ("Capital"). This is employed, for example, as the prefix on all Beijing-issued license plates.
In the Latin alphabet, the official abbreviation are the two initials of the region's characters: BJ.[24]
The history of China since the Tang dynasty has also been full of secondary capitals with directional names. Under the Tang, these were Beidu ("north capital", at Taiyuan in Shanxi); Nandu ("south capital", first, Chengdu in Sichuan and, later, Jiangling in Hubei); Dongdu ("east capital", Luoyang in Henan); and Xidu ("west capital", Fengxiang in Shaanxi).[25]
The Nanjing of the Northern Song was located at Shangqiu in Henan.[26] The Jurchen Jin located theirs at Kaifeng,[27]) which had been the Northern Song's "Dongjing".[26] The Jurchen Jin also had a Dongjing ("Eastern Capital"), which was, however, located at Liaoyang in Liaoning.[27] Apart from these, there were two Xijings (西京, "Western Capital"): one was the "Western Capital" of the Northern Song dynasty, located at Luoyang;[26] the other was held by the Liao[28] and Jurchen Jin[27] at Datong. Liaoyang was the Zhongjing (中京, "Central Capital") of the Liao dynasty[28] and, finally, another Zhongdu ("Central Capital") was planned but never completed. It was the proposed capital of the Ming Dynasty mooted by the Hongwu Emperor in the 14th century, to be located on the site of his destroyed childhood village of Zhongli (鍾離), now Fengyang in Anhui.[29]
^During the Qin dynasty, the City of Ji served as the regional capital of the Guangyang Commandery (广阳郡).[8][9]
^During the Eastern Han dynasty, Youzhou, as one of 12 prefectures, contained a dozen subordinate commanderies, including the Guangyang Commandery. In 24 AD, Liu Xiu moved Youzhou's prefectural seat from Ji County (in modern-day Tianjin) to the City of Ji (in modern-day Beijing). In 96 AD, the City of Ji served as the seat of both the Guangyang Commandery and Youzhou.[10] The Wei Kingdom reorganized and decentralized the governance of commanderies under Youzhou. Guangyang Commandery became the State of Yan (燕国), which had four counties: Ji County, Changping, Jundu and Guangyang County, and was governed from the City of Ji. Fanyang Commandery was governed from Zhuo County. Yuyang Commandery was governed from Yuyuang (in modern-day Huairou District of Beijing), Shanggu Commandery was governed from Juyong (in modern-day Yanqing County of Beijing).[11]
^During the Sui dynasty, Youzhou became Zhuojun or Zhuo Commandery.[15]
^During the Tang dynasty, the seat of the government of Youzhou remained in place but took on slightly different names. In 616, the government was called Youzhou Zongguanfu (幽州总管府); in 622, Youzhou Dazongguanfu (幽州大总管府); in 624, Youzhou Dadudufu (幽州大都督府) and in 626, Youzhou Dudufu (幽州都督府). From 710, the head of the government in Youzhou became a jiedushi, a military regional commander. In 742, Youzhou was renamed Fanyang Commandery (范阳郡). In 759, during the An-Shi Rebellion, Shi Siming declared himself emperor of the Great Yan dynasty and made Fanyang, Yanjing or "the Yan Capital." After the rebellion was suppressed, the seat of government became Youzhou Lulong Dudufu (幽州卢龙都督府).[16]
^The seat of government in Nanjing was known as Youdufu (幽都府) until 1012, when the name was changed to Xijinfu (析津府).
^After 1151, the capital of the Jin dynasty from Shangjing to Yanjing, which was renamed Zhongdu. Zhongdu refers to the Zhongdulu (中都路), an administrative unit which governed about 12 surrounding prefectures and 39 counties. The governing seat of Zhongdulu was Daxingfu (大兴府).[17]
^The seat of government in Beiping, later Beijing, was called Shuntianfu (顺天府).
^From 1938 to 1945 the city was renamed Beijing by the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, a puppet regime backed by the Japanese occupation. The city's name reverted to Beiping after the Japanese surrender by 1 September 1945.
References
^Lost Laowai. "From Peking to Beijing: A Long and Bumpy Trip 2022-02-18 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 21 October 2012.
^Xavier, Francis, Letter to Didaco Perriera, 12 Nov 1552. Epistolae S. Francisci Xaverii aliaque eius scripta 2022-04-09 at the Wayback Machine, vol. 2. Xavier gives the name as "Paquim." For another early usage, see Gaspar da Cruz, Tractado em que se co[m]tam muito por este[n]so as cousas da China, co[n] suas particularidades, [e] assi do reyno dormuz, 1569.
^Raleigh, Sir Walter, and Robert O. Dougan, (1596) The Discoverie of the Large, Rich, and Bewtiful Empyre of Guiana, Volumes 1-3, p. 50.
^Martini, Martino, De bello Tartarico historia, 1654. Martini, Martino (1655), Novus Atlas Sinensis, "Prima Provencia Peking Sive Pecheli," p. 17.
^Lane Harris, "A 'Lasting Boon to All': A Note on the Postal Romanization of Place Names, 1896–1949 2015-10-05 at the Wayback Machine". Twentieth Century China 34.1 (2008): 99.
^"Editors' Note". The New York Times. 26 November 1986. p. A3. from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
^"China notes". 26 September 2020. from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^"Ji, a Northern City of Military Importance in the Qin Dynasty" Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage 2012-08-25 at the Wayback Machine 2006-07-19
^(Chinese)"北方军事重镇-汉唐经略东北的基地-秦王朝北方的燕蓟重镇" Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2012-12-17
^(Chinese)"北方军事重镇-汉唐经略东北的基地-东汉时期的幽州蓟城" Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage 2013-12-30 at the Wayback Machine 2005-09-01
^(Chinese)"北方军事重镇-汉唐经略东北的基地-民族大融合的魏晋十六国北朝时期" Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage 2013-12-30 at the Wayback Machine 2005-09-01
^(Chinese) "北京城市行政区划述略" 《北京地方志》 2022-02-18 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2012-12-19
^Denis Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John K. Fairbank, in The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p 454.
^ abc"Beijing". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). 2008. from the original on 2010-02-12. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
^ abHucker, Charles O. "Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty 2017-01-29 at the Wayback Machine", p. 5–6. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 21 (December 1958). Harvard-Yenching Institute. Accessed 20 October 2012.
^『北京档案史料』. 2001. p. 304. from the original on 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2020-10-03. 1918年1月，北洋政府正式定名北京为京都市。
^ 「近代城市史研究資料彙編 」. 北平市工務局 [Beiping City Public Works Bureau]. 1947. OCLC 320850375. Quoted in 王伟杰 [Wang Weijie] (1989). 「北京环境史话」. 地質出版社 [Dizhi Chubanshe]. ISBN9787116003682. OCLC 24027432. from the original on 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2020-08-17. 它说: "民国三年六月，设督办京都市政公所"，"民国七年一月（1918年1月），正式定名「京都市」"，"民国十七年六月月，北平特别市政府成立"。
^Theobald, Ulrich. China Knowledge. "Chinese History - Tang Dynasty 唐 (618-907): Map and Geography 2012-08-13 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 19 October 2012.
^ abcdTheobald, Ulrich. China Knowledge. "Chinese History - Song Dynasty 宋 (960-1279): Map and Geography 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 19 October 2012.
^ abcdTheobald, Ulrich. China Knowledge. "Chinese History - Jin dynasty 金 (1115–1234): Map and Geography 2012-05-25 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 19 October 2012.
^ abTheobald, Ulrich. China Knowledge. "Chinese History - Liao Dynasty 遼 (907-1125): Map and Geography 2012-12-18 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 19 October 2012.
^Eric N. Danielson, "The Ming Ancestor Tomb 2013-09-27 at the Wayback Machine". China Heritage Quarterly, No. 16, December 2008.
August 18, 2023
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This article is about the name of the city Beijing that is currently the capital of the People s Republic of China For other uses see Beijing disambiguation Beijing is from pinyin Beijing which is romanized from 北京 the Chinese name for this city The pinyin system of transliteration was approved by the Chinese government in 1958 but little used until 1979 It was gradually adopted by various news organizations governments and international agencies over the next decade 1 A 1584 map of China by Abraham Ortelius based on a manuscript map by Luiz Jorge de Barbuda Ludovicus Georgius with Beijing marked as C ivitas Paquin to the right which is north on the map Contents 1 Etymology 2 Peking 3 Historical names of Beijing 4 Abbreviation 5 Similarly named cities 6 Notes 7 ReferencesEtymology Edit Look up Beijing or 北京 in Wiktionary the free dictionary The Chinese characters 北 north and 京 capital together mean the Northern Capital The name was first used during the reign of the Ming dynasty s Yongle Emperor who made his northern fief a second capital along with Nanjing 南京 the Southern Capital in 1403 after successfully dethroning his nephew during the Jingnan Campaign The name was restored in 1949 at the founding of the People s Republic of China Peking Edit Look up Peking in Wiktionary the free dictionary Portugal was the first European country to contact China in modern times In Portuguese the city is called Pequim This name appeared in the letters of Francis Xavier in 1552 2 It transferred to English as Pekin 3 and to French as Pekin Jesuit missionary Martino Martini used Peking in De bello Tartarico historia The Tartary Manchu War 1654 and Novus Atlas Sinensis New Atlas of China 1655 4 In 1665 Martini s work was reissued as part of Atlas Maior great atlas a much praised atlas by Dutch publisher Joan Blaeu Before 1842 s Treaty of Nanking the only Chinese port cities open for trade with western countries were Canton 廣州 Guǎngzhōu Amoy 廈門 Xiamen and Chusan 舟山 Zhōushan wherein the predominant spoken languages were Cantonese or Min Chinese In Cantonese 北京 Beijing is bak1 ging1 and in Southern Min Chinese it s Pak kiaⁿ As with many other long established Chinese names and terms Peking came from those languages rather than Mandarin the native areas of which were long inaccessible to westerners In English both Pekin and Peking remained common until the 1890s when the Imperial Post Office adopted Peking 5 Beginning in 1979 the Chinese government encouraged use of pinyin romanisation system The New York Times adopted Beijing in 1986 6 with all major US media soon following Elsewhere in the Anglosphere the BBC switched in 1990 7 Peking is still employed in terms such as Pekingese Peking duck Peking Man and various others as well as being retained in the name of Peking University Historical names of Beijing EditHistorical Names of Beijing Year City Name Dynasty Notesc 1045BC City of Ji 薊城 Zhou Warring States Note 1 221 BC Qin Note 2 106 BC 318 AD City of JiYouzhou 幽州 Han Wei Western Jin 晉 Note 3 319 Later Zhao Note 4 350 Eastern Jin 晉 Note 5 352 57 Former Yan Note 6 370 Former Qin Note 7 385 Later Yan Note 8 397 Northern Dynasties Note 9 607 Zhuojun 涿郡 Sui Note 10 616 Youzhou Tang Note 11 742 Fanyang 范阳759 Yanjing 燕京765 Youzhou907 Later Liang911 Yan Five Dynasties 913 Later Liang923 Later Tang936 Later Jin938 Nanjing 南京 Liao Note 12 1122 Northern LiaoYanjing Jin 金 11221123 Yanshan 燕山 Song1125 Yanjing Jin 金 1151 Zhongdu 中都 Note 13 1215 Yanjing Yuan1271 Dadu 大都1368 Beiping 北平 Ming Note 14 1403 Beijing 北京14201644 Qing1912 Republic of China1928 Beiping1937 Beijing Provisional Government of the Republic of China Note 15 1940 Beiping Republic of China1949 present Beijing People s Republic of China Capital of regional dynasty or kingdom Capital of China Entrance to the Beiping Municipal Government office 1935The city has had many other names The chronological list below sets out both the names of the city itself and in earlier times the names of the administrative entities covering the city today Ji The first major known settlement was the eponymous capital of the ancient Ji state between the 11th and 7th centuries BC The settlement was also known as Jicheng It was located in the current city s Guang anmen neighborhood south of the Beijing West railway station Ji simplified Chinese 蓟 traditional Chinese 薊 pinyin Ji Wade Giles Chi Jicheng Chinese 薊城 pinyin Jicheng Wade Giles Chi cheng lit Ji Walled City Jixian simplified Chinese 蓟县 traditional Chinese 薊縣 pinyin Jixian Wade Giles Chi hsien lit Ji County Yan Ji was conquered by Yan around the 7th century BC but was employed as its conqueror s new capital Although the official name remained as Ji the city also became known as Yan and Yanjing Capital of Yan The name was employed in the titles of An Lushan as Emperor of Yan Liu Rengong as King of Yan and the Princes of Yan The Khitans of the 10th to 12th century Liao Dynasty fully restored the name Yanjing and it remains a name for Beijing in literary usage today as reflected in the locally brewed Yanjing Beer and the former Yenching University since merged into Peking University Yan Chinese 燕 pinyin Yan Wade Giles Yen Yanjing Chinese 燕京 pinyin Yanjing Guangyang After the Qin conquest Ji was made the capital of the Guangyang Commandery simplified Chinese 广阳郡 traditional Chinese 廣陽郡 pinyin Guǎngyangjun Wade Giles Kuang yang Chun Youzhou and Fanyang Under the Tang Dynasty being the seat of the You Prefecture the city generally employed Youzhou as its name During the Tianbao Era of Emperor Xuanzong however You Prefecture was renamed Fanyang Commandery and the name Fanyang became associated with the city as well Chinese 幽州 pinyin Yōuzhōu Wade Giles Yu chou simplified Chinese 范阳 traditional Chinese 范陽 pinyin Fanyang Wade Giles Fan yang Nanjing In the 10th and 12th centuries the northerly Liao Dynasty restored the name Yanjing They also knew the city as Nanjing as it was the southernmost of their secondary capitals Chinese 南京 pinyin Nanjing Wade Giles Nan ching Zhongdu During the 12th century Later Jin dynasty it was known as Zhongdu Chinese 中都 pinyin Zhōngdu lit Central Capital Khanbaliq The Mongolian Yuan Dynasty originally restored the name Yanjing before constructing a new capital adjacent to the former settlement This settlement was called Dadu 18 in Chinese and Daidu in Mongolian 19 As Khanbaliq it was noted as Cambuluc 20 by Marco Polo This city gradually absorbed the former settlements around the area Chinese 大都 pinyin Dadu lit Great Capital Beiping Under the Ming Dynasty the city itself was initially known as Beiping The name reads literally as Northern Peace although its usage and connotations are closer to the idea of Northern Plains citation needed Chinese 北平 pinyin Beiping Wade Giles Pei p ing lit Northern Peace Shuntian When the usurping Yongle Emperor established his base of Beiping as a secondary capital in 1403 he renamed the town Shuntian and the province surrounding it Beizhili to mimic the names of Yingtian modern Nanjing and the province of Zhili that surrounds it 21 Shuntian simplified Chinese 顺天 traditional Chinese 順天 pinyin Shuntian Wade Giles Shun t ien lit Obedient to Heaven Jingshi and Beijing When the palace was finally completed in 1420 the Yongle Emperor moved the majority of his court north The name Jingshi ceased to be used for Yingtian and was now employed for Shuntian The area around Yingtian became known as Nanjing while Beijing was used to describe the area directly administered by the capital generally modern Hebei 21 Jingshi simplified Chinese 京师 traditional Chinese 京師 pinyin Jingshi Wade Giles Ching shih lit Capital Jingdu Chinese 京都 pinyin Jingdu Wade Giles Ching tu lit Capital City was declared the official name of Beijing by the Beiyang government in January 1918 and remained so until 1928 22 23 Beiping then romanized as Peiping in both its connotations was restored as the name in 1928 by the Republic of China following its reconquest of Beijing from the warlords during the Northern Expedition 20 The occupying Japanese in 1938 imposed the name Peking Beijing then with their surrender in 1945 the Nationalist Government restored Beiping by 1 September 1945 In 1949 the official name again reverted to Peking the Postal Romanization when the Chinese Communist Party conquered it during the Chinese Civil War and made it capital of their newly founded People s Republic of China As noted above the pinyin romanization Beijing was adopted for use within the country in 1958 and for international use in 1979 The United States government continued to follow the Nationalist government in using Beiping until the late 1960s 20 Chinese 北平 pinyin BeipingAbbreviation EditIn Chinese the abbreviation of Beijing is its second character 京 Capital This is employed for example as the prefix on all Beijing issued license plates In the Latin alphabet the official abbreviation are the two initials of the region s characters BJ 24 Beijing Capital International Airport s IATA code is PEK based on the previous romanization Peking Similarly named cities EditIn addition to Nanjing several other East Asian and Southeast Asian cities have similar names in Chinese characters despite appearing dissimilar in English transliteration The most prominent is Tokyo Japan whose Han script name is written 東京 Dongjing or Eastern Capital 東京 was also a former name of Hanoi as Đong Kinh or Tonkin in Vietnam during the Later Le Dynasty A former name of Seoul in South Korea was Gyeongseong written in Han script as 京城 or Capital City Kyoto in Japan still bears the similar meaning characters 京都 the character 都 du in Chinese can also mean capital The history of China since the Tang dynasty has also been full of secondary capitals with directional names Under the Tang these were Beidu north capital at Taiyuan in Shanxi Nandu south capital first Chengdu in Sichuan and later Jiangling in Hubei Dongdu east capital Luoyang in Henan and Xidu west capital Fengxiang in Shaanxi 25 There were two previous Beijings one the northern capital of the Northern Song at modern Daming in Hebei 26 the other the northern capital of the Jurchen Jin located at Ningcheng in Inner Mongolia 27 The Nanjing of the Northern Song was located at Shangqiu in Henan 26 The Jurchen Jin located theirs at Kaifeng 27 which had been the Northern Song s Dongjing 26 The Jurchen Jin also had a Dongjing Eastern Capital which was however located at Liaoyang in Liaoning 27 Apart from these there were two Xijings 西京 Western Capital one was the Western Capital of the Northern Song dynasty located at Luoyang 26 the other was held by the Liao 28 and Jurchen Jin 27 at Datong Liaoyang was the Zhongjing 中京 Central Capital of the Liao dynasty 28 and finally another Zhongdu Central Capital was planned but never completed It was the proposed capital of the Ming Dynasty mooted by the Hongwu Emperor in the 14th century to be located on the site of his destroyed childhood village of Zhongli 鍾離 now Fengyang in Anhui 29 Notes Edit The City of Ji was the capital of the States of Ji and Yan During the Qin dynasty the City of Ji served as the regional capital of the Guangyang Commandery 广阳郡 8 9 During the Eastern Han dynasty Youzhou as one of 12 prefectures contained a dozen subordinate commanderies including the Guangyang Commandery In 24 AD Liu Xiu moved Youzhou s prefectural seat from Ji County in modern day Tianjin to the City of Ji in modern day Beijing In 96 AD the City of Ji served as the seat of both the Guangyang Commandery and Youzhou 10 The Wei Kingdom reorganized and decentralized the governance of commanderies under Youzhou Guangyang Commandery became the State of Yan 燕国 which had four counties Ji County Changping Jundu and Guangyang County and was governed from the City of Ji Fanyang Commandery was governed from Zhuo County Yuyang Commandery was governed from Yuyuang in modern day Huairou District of Beijing Shanggu Commandery was governed from Juyong in modern day Yanqing County of Beijing 11 In 319 Shi Le captured Youzhou from Duan Pidi In 350 Murong Jun captured Youzhou in the name of restoring northern China to Jin rule From 352 to 357 the Former Yan made the city of Ji its capital 12 In 319 Shi Le captured Youzhou from Duan Pidi In the second lunar month of 385 Murong Chui seized Youzhou from Former Qin 13 In 397 AD the Northern Wei captured Ji from the Later Yan and went on to establish the first of the Northern Dynasties 14 During the Sui dynasty Youzhou became Zhuojun or Zhuo Commandery 15 During the Tang dynasty the seat of the government of Youzhou remained in place but took on slightly different names In 616 the government was called Youzhou Zongguanfu 幽州总管府 in 622 Youzhou Dazongguanfu 幽州大总管府 in 624 Youzhou Dadudufu 幽州大都督府 and in 626 Youzhou Dudufu 幽州都督府 From 710 the head of the government in Youzhou became a jiedushi a military regional commander In 742 Youzhou was renamed Fanyang Commandery 范阳郡 In 759 during the An Shi Rebellion Shi Siming declared himself emperor of the Great Yan dynasty and made Fanyang Yanjing or the Yan Capital After the rebellion was suppressed the seat of government became Youzhou Lulong Dudufu 幽州卢龙都督府 16 The seat of government in Nanjing was known as Youdufu 幽都府 until 1012 when the name was changed to Xijinfu 析津府 After 1151 the capital of the Jin dynasty from Shangjing to Yanjing which was renamed Zhongdu Zhongdu refers to the Zhongdulu 中都路 an administrative unit which governed about 12 surrounding prefectures and 39 counties The governing seat of Zhongdulu was Daxingfu 大兴府 17 The seat of government in Beiping later Beijing was called Shuntianfu 顺天府 From 1938 to 1945 the city was renamed Beijing by the Provisional Government of the Republic of China a puppet regime backed by the Japanese occupation The city s name reverted to Beiping after the Japanese surrender by 1 September 1945 References Edit Lost Laowai From Peking to Beijing A Long and Bumpy Trip Archived 2022 02 18 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 21 October 2012 Xavier Francis Letter to Didaco Perriera 12 Nov 1552 Epistolae S Francisci Xaverii aliaque eius scripta Archived 2022 04 09 at the Wayback Machine vol 2 Xavier gives the name as Paquim For another early usage see Gaspar da Cruz Tractado em que se co m tam muito por este n so as cousas da China co n suas particularidades e assi do reyno dormuz 1569 Raleigh Sir Walter and Robert O Dougan 1596 The Discoverie of the Large Rich and Bewtiful Empyre of Guiana Volumes 1 3 p 50 Martini Martino De bello Tartarico historia 1654 Martini Martino 1655 Novus Atlas Sinensis Prima Provencia Peking Sive Pecheli p 17 Lane Harris A Lasting Boon to All A Note on the Postal Romanization of Place Names 1896 1949 Archived 2015 10 05 at the Wayback Machine Twentieth Century China 34 1 2008 99 Editors Note The New York Times 26 November 1986 p A3 Archived from the original on 8 April 2023 Retrieved 14 July 2022 China notes 26 September 2020 Archived from the original on 13 December 2021 Retrieved 13 December 2021 Ji a Northern City of Military Importance in the Qin Dynasty Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage Archived 2012 08 25 at the Wayback Machine 2006 07 19 Chinese 北方军事重镇 汉唐经略东北的基地 秦王朝北方的燕蓟重镇 Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage Archived 2011 09 03 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2012 12 17 Chinese 北方军事重镇 汉唐经略东北的基地 东汉时期的幽州蓟城 Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage Archived 2013 12 30 at the Wayback Machine 2005 09 01 Chinese 北方军事重镇 汉唐经略东北的基地 民族大融合的魏晋十六国北朝时期 Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage Archived 2013 12 30 at the Wayback Machine 2005 09 01 Chinese 北京城市行政区划述略 北京地方志 Archived 2022 02 18 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2012 12 19 Chinese 郗志群 歷史北京 https books google com books id Q8F9DwAAQBAJ amp pg PA36 Archived 2023 04 08 at the Wayback Machine p 36 Chinese 北魏太和造像 Archived 2022 02 18 at the Wayback Machine 2009 01 11 Chinese 北方军事重镇 汉唐经略东北的基地 隋朝统治下的北京 Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage Archived 2013 12 31 at the Wayback Machine 2005 09 01 Chinese 试论北京唐代墓志的地方特色 Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage Archived 2013 12 30 at the Wayback Machine 2005 09 01 Chinese 北半部中国的政治中心 金中都的建立 Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage Archived 2013 12 30 at the Wayback Machine 2005 09 01 Li Dray Novey amp Kong 2007 p 7harvnb error no target CITEREFLiDray NoveyKong2007 help Denis Twitchett Herbert Franke John K Fairbank in The Cambridge History of China Volume 6 Alien Regimes and Border States Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1994 p 454 a b c Beijing The Columbia Encyclopedia 6th ed 2008 Archived from the original on 2010 02 12 Retrieved 2012 01 19 a b Hucker Charles O Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty Archived 2017 01 29 at the Wayback Machine p 5 6 Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol 21 December 1958 Harvard Yenching Institute Accessed 20 October 2012 北京档案史料 2001 p 304 Archived from the original on 2023 04 08 Retrieved 2020 10 03 1918年1月 北洋政府正式定名北京为京都市 近代城市史研究資料彙編 北平市工務局 Beiping City Public Works Bureau 1947 OCLC 320850375 Quoted in 王伟杰 Wang Weijie 1989 北京环境史话 地質出版社 Dizhi Chubanshe ISBN 9787116003682 OCLC 24027432 Archived from the original on 2023 04 08 Retrieved 2020 08 17 它说 民国三年六月 设督办京都市政公所 民国七年一月 1918年1月 正式定名 京都市 民国十七年六月月 北平特别市政府成立 Standardization Administration of China SAC GB T 2260 Codes for the administrative divisions of the People s Republic of China Archived 2017 02 22 at the Wayback Machine Theobald Ulrich China Knowledge Chinese History Tang Dynasty 唐 618 907 Map and Geography Archived 2012 08 13 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 19 October 2012 a b c d Theobald Ulrich China Knowledge Chinese History Song Dynasty 宋 960 1279 Map and Geography Archived 2012 04 26 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 19 October 2012 a b c d Theobald Ulrich China Knowledge Chinese History Jin dynasty 金 1115 1234 Map and Geography Archived 2012 05 25 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 19 October 2012 a b Theobald Ulrich China Knowledge Chinese History Liao Dynasty 遼 907 1125 Map and Geography Archived 2012 12 18 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 19 October 2012 Eric N Danielson The Ming Ancestor Tomb Archived 2013 09 27 at the Wayback Machine China Heritage Quarterly No 16 December 2008 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Names of Beijing amp oldid 1168100495, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
