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John Glenn

January 10, 2023

"Senator Glenn" redirects here. For other uses, see Senator Glenn (disambiguation). For other people named John Glenn, see John Glenn (disambiguation).

John Herschel Glenn Jr. (July 18, 1921 – December 8, 2016) was an American Marine Corps aviator, engineer, astronaut, businessman, and politician. He was the third American in space, and the first American to orbit the Earth, circling it three times in 1962. Following his retirement from NASA, he served from 1974 to 1999 as a Democratic United States Senator from Ohio; in 1998, he flew into space again at age 77.

John Glenn
Chair of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee
In office
January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1995
Preceded byWilliam Roth[1]
Succeeded byWilliam Roth[2]
United States Senator
from Ohio
In office
December 24, 1974 – January 3, 1999
Preceded byHoward Metzenbaum[3]
Succeeded byGeorge Voinovich[4]
Personal details
Born
John Herschel Glenn Jr.

(1921-07-18)July 18, 1921
Cambridge, Ohio, U.S.
DiedDecember 8, 2016(2016-12-08) (aged 95)
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
Resting placeArlington National Cemetery
38°52′48″N 77°04′12″W / 38.880°N 77.070°W / 38.880; -77.070
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
​
(m. 1943)​
Children2
EducationMuskingum College (BS)
Civilian awards
Signature
Military service
Branch/service
Years of service1941–1965
RankColonel
Battles/wars
Military awards
Occupations
Space career
NASA astronaut
Time in space
4h 55m 23s[5]
Selection1959 NASA Group 1
MissionsMercury-Atlas 6
Mission insignia
RetirementJanuary 16, 1964
Space career
NASA payload specialist
Time in space
9d 19h 54m 2s[6]
MissionsSTS-95
Mission insignia

Before joining NASA, Glenn was a distinguished fighter pilot in World War II, the Chinese Civil War and the Korean War. He shot down three MiG-15s, and was awarded six Distinguished Flying Crosses and eighteen Air Medals. In 1957, he made the first supersonic transcontinental flight across the United States. His on-board camera took the first continuous, panoramic photograph of the United States.

He was one of the Mercury Seven, military test pilots selected in 1959 by NASA as the nation's first astronauts. On February 20, 1962, Glenn flew the Friendship 7 mission, becoming the first American to orbit the Earth, the third American and fifth person in history to be in space. He received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1962, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990, and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012.

Glenn resigned from NASA in January 1964. A member of the Democratic Party, Glenn was first elected to the Senate in 1974 and served for 24 years, until January 1999. Aged 77, Glenn flew on Space Shuttle Discovery's STS-95 mission, making him the oldest person to enter Earth orbit, and the only person to fly in both the Mercury and the Space Shuttle programs. Glenn, both the oldest and the last surviving member of the Mercury Seven, died at the age of 95 on December 8, 2016.

Early life and education

John Herschel Glenn Jr. was born on July 18, 1921, in Cambridge, Ohio, the son of John Herschel Glenn Sr. (1895–1966), who worked for a plumbing firm, and Clara Teresa Glenn (née Sproat; 1897–1971), a teacher.[7][8][9] His parents had married shortly before John Sr., a member of the American Expeditionary Force, left for the Western Front during World War I. The family moved to New Concord, Ohio, soon after his birth, and his father started his own business, the Glenn Plumbing Company.[10][11] Glenn Jr. was only a toddler when he met Anna Margaret (Annie) Castor, whom he would later marry. The two would not be able to recall a time when they did not know each other.[10] He first flew in an airplane with his father when he was eight years old. He became fascinated by flight, and built model airplanes from balsa wood kits.[12] Along with his adopted sister Jean,[10] he attended New Concord Elementary School.[13] He washed cars and sold rhubarb to earn money to buy a bicycle, after which he took a job delivering The Columbus Dispatch newspaper.[14] He was a member of the Ohio Rangers, an organization similar to the Cub Scouts.[15] His boyhood home in New Concord has been restored as a historic house museum and education center.[16]

Glenn attended New Concord High School, where he played on the varsity football team as a center and linebacker. He also made the varsity basketball and tennis teams, and was involved with Hi-Y, a junior branch of the YMCA.[17] After graduating in 1939, Glenn entered Muskingum College (now Muskingum University), where he studied chemistry,[18][19] joined the Stag Club fraternity,[20] and played on the football team.[21] Annie majored in music with minors in secretarial studies and physical education and competed on the swimming and volleyball teams, graduating in 1942.[21] Glenn earned a private pilot license and a physics course credit for free through the Civilian Pilot Training Program in 1941.[22] He did not complete his senior year in residence or take a proficiency exam, both required by the school for its Bachelor of Science degree.[23][a]

Military career

World War II

When the United States entered World War II, Glenn quit college to enlist in the U.S. Army Air Corps.[24] He was not called to duty by the Army, and enlisted as a U.S. Navy aviation cadet in March 1942. Glenn attended the University of Iowa in Iowa City for pre-flight training and made his first solo flight in a military aircraft at Naval Air Station Olathe in Kansas, where he went for primary training. During advanced training at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in Texas, he accepted an offer to transfer to the U.S. Marine Corps.[25] Having completed his flight training in March 1943, Glenn was commissioned as a second lieutenant. Glenn married Annie in a Presbyterian ceremony at College Drive Church in New Concord, Ohio, on April 6, 1943.[26] After advanced training at Camp Kearny, California, he was assigned to Marine Squadron VMJ-353, which flew R4D transport planes from there.[27]

The fighter squadron VMO-155 was also at Camp Kearny flying the Grumman F4F Wildcat. Glenn approached the squadron's commander, Major J. P. Haines, who suggested that he could put in for a transfer. This was approved, and Glenn was posted to VMO-155 on July 2, 1943, two days before the squadron moved to Marine Corps Air Station El Centro in California.[28] The Wildcat was obsolete by this time, and VMO-155 re-equipped with the F4U Corsair in September 1943.[29] He was promoted to first lieutenant in October 1943, and shipped out to Hawaii in January 1944.[27] VMO-155 became part of the garrison on Midway Atoll on February 21,[30] then moved to the Marshall Islands in June 1944 and flew 57 combat missions in the area.[27][31] He received two Distinguished Flying Crosses and ten Air Medals.[32][33]

At the end of his one-year tour of duty in February 1945, Glenn was assigned to Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point in North Carolina, then to Naval Air Station Patuxent River in Maryland. He was promoted to captain in July 1945 and ordered back to Cherry Point. There, he joined VMF-913, another Corsair squadron, and learned that he had qualified for a regular commission.[27][34] In March 1946, he was assigned to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro in southern California. He volunteered for service with the occupation in North China, believing it would be a short tour. He joined VMF-218 (another Corsair squadron), which was based at Nanyuan Field near Beijing, in December 1946,[35] and flew patrol missions until VMF-218 was transferred to Guam in March 1947.[27][36]

In December 1948, Glenn was re-posted to NAS Corpus Christi as a student at the Naval School of All-Weather Flight before becoming a flight instructor.[27] In July 1951, he traveled to the Amphibious Warfare School at Marine Corps Base Quantico in northern Virginia for a six-month course.[37] He then joined the staff of the commandant of the Marine Corps Schools. He maintained his proficiency (and flight pay) by flying on weekends and was only allowed four hours of flying time per month.[38] He was promoted to major in July 1952.[27] Glenn received the World War II Victory Medal, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (with one star), Navy Occupation Service Medal (with Asia clasp), and the China Service Medal for his efforts.[39][40]

Korean War

 
Glenn's USAF F-86F, dubbed "MiG Mad Marine", during the Korean War in 1953. The names of his wife and children are also written on the aircraft.

Glenn moved his family back to New Concord during a short period of leave, and after two and a half months of jet training at Cherry Point, was ordered to South Korea in October 1952, late in the Korean War.[41] Before he set out for Korea in February 1953, he applied to fly the F-86 Sabre jet fighter-interceptor through an inter-service exchange position with the U.S. Air Force (USAF). In preparation, he arranged with Colonel Leon W. Gray to check out the F-86 at Otis Air Force Base in Massachusetts.[42] Glenn reported to K-3, an airbase in South Korea, on February 3, 1953, and was assigned to be the operations officer for VMF-311, one of two Marine fighter squadrons there while he waited for the exchange assignment to go through.[43] VMF-311 was equipped with the F9F Panther jet fighter-bomber. Glenn's first mission was a reconnaissance flight on February 26.[44] He flew 63 combat missions in Korea with VMF-311,[45] and was nicknamed "Magnet Ass" because of the number of flak hits he took on low-level close air support missions;[46] twice, he returned to base with over 250 holes in his plane.[46][47] He flew for a time with Marine reservist Ted Williams (a future Hall of Fame baseball player with the Boston Red Sox) as his wingman.[48] Williams later said about Glenn "Absolutely fearless. The best I ever saw. It was an honor to fly with him."[49] Glenn also flew with future major general Ralph H. Spanjer.[50]

In June 1953, Glenn reported for duty with the USAF's 25th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, and flew 27 combat missions in the F-86, a much faster aircraft than the F9F Panther, patrolling MiG Alley.[51][39] Combat with a MiG-15, which was faster and better armed still,[52] was regarded as a rite of passage for a fighter pilot. On the Air Force buses that ferried the pilots out to the airfields before dawn, pilots who had engaged a MiG could sit while those who had not had to stand.[53] Glenn later wrote, "Since the days of the Lafayette Escadrille during World War I, pilots have viewed air-to-air combat as the ultimate test not only of their machines but of their own personal determination and flying skills. I was no exception."[54] He hoped to become the second Marine jet flying ace after John F. Bolt. Glenn's USAF squadron mates painted "MiG Mad Marine" on his aircraft when he complained about there not being any MIGs to shoot at.[55] He shot down his first MiG in a dogfight on July 12, 1953, downed a second one on July 19, and a third on July 22 when four Sabres shot down three MiGs. These were the final air victories of the war, which ended with an armistice five days later.[56] For his service in Korea, Glenn received two more Distinguished Flying Crosses and eight more Air Medals.[57][58] Glenn also received the Korean Service Medal (with two campaign stars), United Nations Korea Medal, Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal, National Defense Service Medal (with one star), and the Korean War Service Medal.[39][40]

Test pilot

 
Glenn standing in the cockpit of a F-106B in 1961

With combat experience as a fighter pilot, Glenn applied for training as a test pilot while still in Korea. He reported to the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School at NAS Patuxent River in Maryland in January 1954, and graduated in July.[59][60][61] At Patuxent River, future Medal of Honor recipient James Stockdale tutored him in physics and math.[62] Glenn's first flight test assignment, testing the FJ-3 Fury, nearly killed him when its cockpit depressurized and its oxygen system failed.[63] He also tested the armament of aircraft such as the Vought F7U Cutlass and F8U Crusader.[64] From November 1956 to April 1959, he was assigned to the Fighter Design Branch of the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics in Washington, D.C., and attended the University of Maryland.[65]

On July 16, 1957, he made the first supersonic transcontinental flight.[66] Disliking his Bureau of Aeronautics desk job, he devised the flight as both a way to keep flying and publicly demonstrate the F8U Crusader.[67] At that time, the transcontinental speed record, held by an Air Force Republic F-84 Thunderjet, was 3 hours 45 minutes and Glenn calculated that the F8U Crusader could do it faster. Because its 586-mile-per-hour (943 km/h) air speed was faster than that of a .45 caliber bullet, Glenn called the flight Project Bullet.[68] He flew an F8U Crusader 2,445 miles (3,935 km) from Los Alamitos, California to Floyd Bennett Field in New York City in 3 hours, 23 minutes and 8.3 seconds,[65] averaging supersonic speed despite three in-flight refuelings when speeds dropped below 300 miles per hour (480 km/h). His on-board camera took the first continuous, transcontinental panoramic photograph of the United States.[69][70] He received his fifth Distinguished Flying Cross for this mission,[71] and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on April 1, 1959.[72] The cross-country flight made Glenn a minor celebrity. A profile appeared in The New York Times and he appeared on the television show Name That Tune.[69] Glenn now had nearly 9,000 hours of flying time, including about 3,000 hours in jets,[65] but knew that at the age of 36, he was now likely too old to continue to fly.[67]

NASA career

Selection

Main article: Mercury Seven
 
Glenn in his Mercury spacesuit in 1962

On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This damaged American confidence in its technological superiority, creating a wave of anxiety known as the Sputnik crisis. In response, President Dwight D. Eisenhower launched the Space Race. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was established on October 1, 1958, as a civilian agency to develop space technology. One of its first initiatives was announced on December 17, 1958. This was Project Mercury,[73] which aimed to launch a man into Earth orbit, return him safely to the Earth, and evaluate his capabilities in space.[74]

His Bureau of Aeronautics job gave Glenn access to new spaceflight news, such as the X-15 rocket plane.[67] While on duty at Patuxent and in Washington, Glenn read everything he could find about space. His office was asked to send a test pilot to Langley Air Force Base in Virginia to make runs on a spaceflight simulator, as part of research by the newly formed NASA into re-entry vehicle shapes. The pilot would also be sent to the Naval Air Development Center in Johnsville, Pennsylvania, and would be subjected to high G-forces in a centrifuge for comparison with data collected in the simulator. His request for the position was granted, and he spent several days at Langley and a week in Johnsville for the testing.[75] As one of the very few pilots to have done such testing, Glenn had become an expert on the subject.[67] NASA asked military-service members to participate in planning the mockup of a spacecraft. Having participated in the research at Langley and Johnsville, he was sent to the McDonnell plant in St. Louis as a service adviser to NASA's spacecraft mockup board.[75] Envisioning himself in the vehicle, Glenn stated that the passenger would have to be able to control the spacecraft. McDonnell engineers told him of the importance of lightening the vehicle as much as possible, so Glenn began exercising to lose the 30 pounds he estimated that he was overweight.[67]

Eisenhower directed NASA to recruit its first astronauts from military test pilots. Of 508 graduates of test pilot schools, 110 matched the minimum standards.[76] Marine Corps pilots were mistakenly omitted at first; two were quickly found, including Glenn.[67] The candidates had to be younger than 40, possess a bachelor's degree or equivalent, and be 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) or less. Only the height requirement was strictly enforced, owing to the size of the Project Mercury spacecraft.[77] This was fortunate for Glenn, who barely met the requirements, as he was near the age cutoff and lacked a science-based degree,[65] but had taken more classes since leaving college than needed for graduation. Glenn was otherwise so outstanding a candidate that Colonel Jake Dill, his commanding officer at test pilot school, visited NASA headquarters to insist that Glenn would be the perfect astronaut.[67]

 
The Mercury Seven astronauts posing with a USAF F-106.

For an interview with Charles Donlan, associate director of Project Mercury, Glenn brought the results from the centrifuge to show that he had done well on a test that perhaps no other candidate had taken. Donlan also noticed that Glenn stayed late at night to study schematics of the Mercury spacecraft.[67] He was among the 32 of the first 69 candidates that passed the first step of the evaluation and were interested in continuing, sufficient for the astronaut corps NASA wanted.[78] On February 27 a grueling series of physical and psychological tests began at the Lovelace Clinic and the Wright Aerospace Medical Laboratory.[79]

 
John Glenn Training Couch at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center Virginia USA.

Because of his Bureau of Aeronautics job, Glenn was already participating in Project Mercury; while other candidates were at Wright, on March 17 he and most of those who would choose the astronauts visited the McDonnell plant building the spacecraft to inspect its progress and make changes. While Glenn had not scored the highest on all the tests, a member of the selection committee recalled how he had impressed everyone with "strength of personality and his dedication". On April 6 Donlan called Glenn to offer him a position at Project Mercury,[67][75] one of seven candidates chosen as astronauts.[80] Glenn was pleased while Annie was supportive, but wary of the danger; during his three years at Patuxent, 12 test pilots had died.[67]

The identities of the seven were announced at a press conference at Dolley Madison House in Washington, D.C., on April 9, 1959:[81] Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper, Glenn, Gus Grissom, Wally Schirra, Alan Shepard, and Deke Slayton.[82] In The Right Stuff, Tom Wolfe wrote that Glenn "came out of it as tops among seven very fair-haired boys. He had the hottest record as a pilot, he was the most quotable, the most photogenic, and the lone Marine."[83] The magnitude of the challenge ahead of them was made clear a few weeks later, on the night of May 18, 1959, when the seven astronauts gathered at Cape Canaveral to watch their first rocket launch, of an SM-65D Atlas, which was similar to the one that was to carry them into orbit. A few minutes after liftoff, it exploded spectacularly, lighting up the night sky. The astronauts were stunned. Shepard turned to Glenn and said: "Well, I'm glad they got that out of the way."[84]

Glenn remained an officer in the Marine Corps after his selection,[85] and was assigned to the NASA Space Task Group at Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.[65] The task force moved to Houston, Texas, in 1962, and became part of the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center.[65] A portion of the astronauts' training was in the classroom, where they learned space science. The group also received hands-on training, which included scuba diving and work in simulators.[75] Astronauts secured an additional role in the spaceflight program: to provide pilot input in design. The astronauts divided the various tasks between them. Glenn's specialization was cockpit layout design and control functioning for the Mercury and early Apollo programs.[65] He pressed the other astronauts to set a moral example, living up to the squeaky-clean image of them that had been portrayed by Life magazine, a position that was not popular with the other astronauts.[86]

Friendship 7 flight

Main article: Mercury-Atlas 6
 
Glenn entering his spacecraft, Friendship 7, prior to the launch of Mercury-Atlas 6 on February 20, 1962.

Glenn was the backup pilot for Shepard and Grissom on the first two crewed Project Mercury flights, the sub-orbital missions Mercury-Redstone 3 and Mercury-Redstone 4.[65] Glenn was selected for Mercury-Atlas 6, NASA's first crewed orbital flight, with Carpenter as his backup. Putting a man in orbit would achieve one of Project Mercury's most important goals.[87] Shepard and Grissom had named their spacecraft Freedom 7 and Liberty Bell 7. The numeral 7 had originally been the production number of Shepard's spacecraft, but had come to represent the Mercury 7. Glenn named his spacecraft, number 13, Friendship 7, and had the name hand-painted on the side like the one on his F-86 had been.[88] Glenn and Carpenter completed their training for the mission in January 1962, but postponement of the launch allowed them to continue rehearsing. Glenn spent 25 hours and 25 minutes in the spacecraft performing hangar and altitude tests, and 59 hours and 45 minutes in the simulator. He flew 70 simulated missions and reacted to 189 simulated system failures.[89]

After a long series of delays,[90] Friendship 7 lifted off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on February 20, 1962. During the countdown, there were eleven delays due to equipment malfunctions and improvements and the weather. During Glenn's first orbit, a failure of the automatic-control system was detected. This forced Glenn to operate in manual mode for the second and third orbits, and for re-entry. Later in the flight, telemetry indicated that the heat shield had loosened. If this reading had been accurate, Glenn and his spacecraft would have burned up on re-entry. After a lengthy discussion on how to deal with this problem, ground controllers decided that leaving the retrorocket pack in place might help keep the loose heat shield in place. They relayed these instructions to Glenn, but did not tell him the heat shield was possibly loose; although confused at this order, he complied. The retrorocket pack broke up into large chunks of flaming debris that flew past the window of his capsule during re-entry; Glenn thought this might have been the heat shield. He told an interviewer, "Fortunately it was the rocket pack—or I wouldn't be answering these questions."[91] After the flight, it was determined that the heat shield was not loose; the sensor was faulty.[92]

 
Glenn being honored by U.S. President Kennedy at temporary Manned Spacecraft Center facilities at Cape Canaveral, Florida, three days after his flight.

Friendship 7 safely splashed down 800 miles (1,290 km) southeast of Cape Canaveral after Glenn's 4-hour, 55-minute flight.[75][b] He carried a note on the flight which read, "I am a stranger. I come in peace. Take me to your leader and there will be a massive reward for you in eternity" in several languages, in case he landed near southern Pacific Ocean islands.[93] The original procedure called for Glenn to exit through the top hatch, but he was uncomfortably warm and decided that egress through the side hatch would be faster.[75][93] During the flight, he endured up to 7.8 g of acceleration and traveled 75,679 miles (121,794 km) at about 17,500 miles per hour (28,200 km/h).[75] The flight took Glenn to a maximum altitude (apogee) of about 162 miles (261 km) and a minimum altitude of 100 miles (160 km) (perigee).[93] Unlike the crewed missions of Soviet Union's Vostok programme, Glenn remained within the spacecraft during landing.[94][95] The flight made Glenn the first American to orbit the Earth,[96] the third American in space, and the fifth human in space.[97][c] The mission, which Glenn called the "best day of his life", renewed U.S. confidence.[103] His flight occurred while the U.S. and the Soviet Union were embroiled in the Cold War and competing in the Space Race.[104]

 
Friendship 7 is currently displayed at the National Air and Space Museum

As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, met President John F. Kennedy, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York reminiscent of those honoring Charles Lindbergh and other heroes. He became "so valuable to the nation as an iconic figure", according to NASA administrator Charles Bolden, that Kennedy would not "risk putting him back in space again."[105] Glenn's fame and political potential were noted by the Kennedys, and he became a friend of the Kennedy family. On February 23, 1962, President Kennedy gave him the NASA Distinguished Service Medal for his Friendship 7 flight.[92][106] Upon receiving the award, Glenn said, "I would like to consider I was a figurehead for this whole big, tremendous effort, and I am very proud of the medal I have on my lapel."[107] Glenn also received his sixth Distinguished Flying Cross for his efforts.[108] He was among the first group of astronauts to be awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. The award was presented to him by President Jimmy Carter in 1978. After his 1962 spaceflight, NASA proposed giving Glenn the Medal of Honor, but Glenn did not think that would be appropriate. His military and space awards were stolen from his home in 1978, and he remarked that he would keep this medal in a safe.[109]

Comments about women in space

In 1962, NASA contemplated recruiting women to the astronaut corps via the Mercury 13, but Glenn gave a speech before the House Space Committee detailing his opposition to sending women into space, in which he said:

I think this gets back to the way our social order is organized, really. It is just a fact. The men go off and fight the wars and fly the airplanes and come back and help design and build and test them. The fact that women are not in this field is a fact of our social order.[110]

In May 1965, after he left NASA, Glenn was quoted in the Miami Herald as saying NASA "offer a serious chance for space women" as scientist astronauts.[111]

NASA had no official policy prohibiting women, but the requirement that astronauts had to be test pilots effectively excluded them.[112] NASA dropped this requirement in 1965,[113] but did not select any women as astronauts until 1978, when six women were selected, none as pilots.[114] In June 1963, the Soviet Union launched a female cosmonaut, Valentina Tereshkova, into orbit. After Tereshkova, no women of any nationality flew in space again until August 1982, when the Soviet Union launched pilot-cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya.[115] During the late 1970s, Glenn reportedly supported Space Shuttle Mission Specialist Judith Resnik in her career.[116]

Political campaigning

1964 Senate campaign

Main article: 1964 United States Senate election in Ohio

At 42, Glenn was the oldest member of the astronaut corps and would likely be close to 50 by the time the lunar landings took place. During Glenn's training, NASA psychologists determined that he was the astronaut best suited for public life.[117] Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy suggested to Glenn and his wife in December 1962 that he run for the 1964 United States Senate election in Ohio, challenging aging incumbent Stephen M. Young (1889–1984) in the Democratic primary election. As it seemed unlikely that he would be selected for Project Apollo missions,[75] he resigned from NASA on January 16, 1964, and announced his Democratic Party candidacy for the U.S. Senate from his home state of Ohio the following day,[118] becoming the first astronaut-politician.[119] Glenn was still a Marine, and had plenty of unused leave time. He elected to use it while he waited for his retirement papers to go through.[120]

To avoid partisanship, NASA quickly closed Glenn's agency office.[119] The New York Times reported that while many Ohioans were skeptical of Glenn's qualifications for the Senate, he could defeat Young in the Democratic primary; whether he could defeat Representative Robert Taft Jr., the likely Republican candidate, in the general election was much less clear.[121] In late February he was hospitalized for a concussion sustained in a fall against a bathtub while attempting to fix a mirror in a hotel room;[3] an inner-ear injury from the accident left him unable to campaign.[122][123] Both his wife and Scott Carpenter campaigned on his behalf during February and March, but doctors gave Glenn a recovery time of one year. Glenn did not want to win solely because of his astronaut fame, so he dropped out of the race on March 30.[124][125]

Glenn was still on leave from the Marine Corps, and he withdrew his papers to retire so he could keep a salary and health benefits.[120] Glenn was on the list of potential candidates to be promoted to full colonel, but he notified the Commandant of the Marine Corps of his intention to retire so another Marine could receive the promotion. President Johnson later decided to promote Glenn to full colonel status without taking someone else's slot. He retired as a colonel on January 1, 1965. Glenn was approached by RC Cola to join their public relations department, but Glenn declined it because he wanted to be involved with a business, and not just the face of it. The company revised their offer, and offered Glenn a vice president of corporate development position, as well as a place on the board of directors.[126] The company later expanded Glenn's role, promoting him to president of Royal Crown International.[127] A Senate seat was open in 1968, and Glenn was asked about his current political aspirations. He said he had no current plan, and "Let's talk about it one of these days." Glenn also said that a 1970 Senate run was a possibility.[128]

In 1973, he and a friend bought a Holiday Inn near Disney World.[129] The success of Disney World expanded to their business, and the pair built three more hotels.[130] One of Glenn's business partners was Henri Landwirth, a Holocaust survivor who became his best friend.[131] He remembered learning about Landwirth's background: "Henri doesn't talk about it much. It was years before he spoke about it with me and then only because of an accident. We were down in Florida during the space program. Everyone was wearing short-sleeved Ban-Lon shirts—everyone but Henri. Then one day I saw Henri at the pool and noticed the number on his arm. I told Henri that if it were me I'd wear that number like a medal with a spotlight on it."[131]

1970 Senate campaign

Main article: 1970 United States Senate election in Ohio
 
Glenn presents President Kennedy with an American flag he carried inside his space suit on Friendship 7.

Glenn remained close to the Kennedy family, and campaigned for Robert F. Kennedy during his 1968 presidential campaign.[132][133][134] In 1968, Glenn was in Kennedy's hotel suite when Kennedy heard he had won California. Glenn was supposed to go with him to celebrate, but decided not to as there would be many people there. Kennedy went downstairs to make his victory speech and was assassinated. Glenn and Annie went with Kennedy to the hospital, and the next morning took Kennedy's children home to Virginia.[135] Glenn was later a pallbearer at the funeral in New York.[136]

In 1970, Young did not seek reelection and the seat was open. Businessman Howard Metzenbaum, Young's former campaign manager, was backed by the Ohio Democratic party and major labor unions, which provided him a significant funding advantage over Glenn. Glenn's camp persuaded him to be thrifty during the primary so he could save money for the general election. By the end of the primary campaign, Metzenbaum was spending four times as much as Glenn.[137] Glenn was defeated in the Democratic primary by Metzenbaum (who received 51 percent of the vote to Glenn's 49 percent). Some prominent Democrats said Glenn was a "hapless political rube", and one newspaper called him "the ultimate square".[3]

Metzenbaum lost the general election to Robert Taft Jr.[3] Glenn remained active in the political scene following his defeat. Governor John J. Gilligan appointed Glenn to be the chairman of the Citizens Task Force on Environmental Protection in 1970. The task force was created to survey environmental problems in the state and released a report in 1971 detailing the issues. The meetings and the final report of the task force were major contributors to the formation of Ohio's Environmental Protection Agency.[138]

1974 Senate campaign

Main article: 1974 United States Senate election in Ohio

In 1973, President Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox. Richardson refused and resigned in protest, triggering the Saturday Night massacre. Ohio Senator William Saxbe, elected in 1968, was appointed attorney general. Both Glenn and Metzenbaum sought the vacated seat, which was to be filled by Governor John Gilligan. Gilligan was planning on a presidential or vice-presidential run in the near future, and offered Glenn the lieutenant governor position, with the thought that Glenn would ascend to governor when Gilligan was elected to a higher position. The Ohio Democratic party backed this solution to avoid what was expected to be a divisive primary battle between Metzenbaum and Glenn. He declined, denouncing their attempts as "bossism" and "blackmail".[3] Glenn's counteroffer suggested that Gilligan fill the position with someone other than Metzenbaum or Glenn so neither would have an advantage going into the 1974 election. Metzenbaum's campaign agreed to back Gilligan in his governor re-election campaign, and Metzenbaum was subsequently appointed in January 1974 to the vacated seat.[3] At the end of Saxbe's term, Glenn challenged Metzenbaum in the primary for the Ohio Senate seat.[139]

Glenn's campaign changed their strategy after the 1970 election. In 1970, Glenn won most of the counties in Ohio, but lost in those with larger populations. The campaign changed its focus, and worked primarily in the large counties.[139] In the primary, Metzenbaum contrasted his strong business background with Glenn's military and astronaut credentials and said that his opponent had "never held a payroll". Glenn's reply became known as the "Gold Star Mothers" speech. He told Metzenbaum to go to a veterans' hospital and "look those men with mangled bodies in the eyes and tell them they didn't hold a job. You go with me to any Gold Star mother and you look her in the eye and tell her that her son did not hold a job".[140] He defeated Metzenbaum 54 to 46 percent before defeating Ralph Perk (the Republican mayor of Cleveland) in the general election, beginning a Senate career which would continue until 1999.[141]

1976 vice-presidential campaign

 
Buttons of Carter's options for vice president

In the 1976 presidential election, Jimmy Carter was the presumptive Democratic nominee for president. Glenn was reported to be in consideration for the vice-presidential nomination because he was a senator in a pivotal state and for his fame and straightforwardness.[142] Some thought he was too much like Carter, partially because they both had military backgrounds, and that he did not have enough experience to become president.[143] Barbara Jordan was the first keynote speaker at the Democratic National Convention. Her speech electrified the crowd, and was filled with applause and standing ovations. Glenn's keynote address immediately followed Jordan's, and he failed to impress the delegates. Walter Cronkite described it as "dull", and other delegates complained that he was hard to hear.[144] Carter called Glenn to inform him the nomination was going to another candidate, and later nominated the veteran politician Walter Mondale. It was also reported that Carter's wife thought Annie Glenn, who had a stutter, would hurt the campaign.[145][146]

1980 Senate campaign

Main article: 1980 United States Senate election in Ohio

In his first reelection campaign, Glenn ran opposed in the primary for the 1980 Senate election. His opponents, engineer Francis Hunstiger and ex-teacher Frances Waterman, were not well-known and poorly funded.[147] His opponents spent only a few thousand dollars on the campaign, while Glenn spent $700,000.[148] Reporters noted that for a race he was likely to win, Glenn was spending a lot of time and money on the campaign. His chief strategist responded to the remarks saying, "It's the way he does things. He takes nothing for granted."[149] Glenn won the primary by a landslide, with 934,230 of the 1.09 million votes.[150]

Jim Betts, who ran unopposed in the Republican primary, challenged Glenn for his seat. Betts publicly stated that Glenn's policies were part of the reason for inflation increases and a lower standard of living.[151] Betts' campaign also attacked Glenn's voting record, saying that he often voted for spending increases. Glenn's campaign's response was that he has been a part of over 3,000 roll calls and "any one of them could be taken out of context".[152] Glenn was projected to win the race easily,[153] and won by the largest margin ever for an Ohio Senator, defeating Betts by over 40 percent.[141][154][155]

1984 presidential campaign

Glenn was unhappy with how divided the country was, and thought labels like conservative and liberal increased the divide. He considered himself a centrist. Glenn thought a more centrist president would help unite the country. Glenn believed his experience as a senator from Ohio was ideal because of the state's diversity.[156] Glenn thought that Ted Kennedy could win the election, but after Kennedy's announcement in late 1982 that he would not seek the presidency, Glenn thought he had a much better chance of winning. He hired a media consultant to help him with his speaking style.[157]

Glenn announced his candidacy for president on April 21, 1983, in the John Glenn High School gymnasium.[158] He started out the campaign out-raising the front-runner, Mondale. He also polled the highest of any Democrat against Reagan.[159] During the fall of 1983, The Right Stuff, a film about the Mercury Seven astronauts, was released. Reviewers saw Ed Harris' portrayal of Glenn as heroic and his staff began to publicize the film to the press.[160] One reviewer said that "Harris' depiction helped transform Glenn from a history-book figure into a likable, thoroughly adoration-worthy Hollywood hero," turning him into a big-screen icon.[160] Others considered the movie to be damaging to Glenn's campaign, serving as only a reminder that Glenn's most significant achievement had occurred decades earlier.[161] Glenn's autobiography said the film "had a chilling effect on the campaign."[162]

Glenn's campaign decided to forgo the traditional campaigning in early caucuses and primaries, and focus on building campaign offices across the country. He opened offices in 43 states by January 1984. Glenn's campaign spent a significant amount of money on television advertising in Iowa, and Glenn chose not to attend an Iowan debate on farm issues. He finished fifth in the Iowa caucus, and went on to lose New Hampshire. Glenn's campaign continued into Super Tuesday, and he lost there as well. He announced his withdrawal from the race on March 16, 1984.[163] After Mondale defeated him for the nomination, Glenn carried $3 million in campaign debt for over 20 years before receiving a reprieve from the Federal Election Commission.[164][165]

1986 Senate campaign

Main article: 1986 United States Senate election in Ohio

Glenn's Senate seat was challenged by Thomas Kindness. Kindness was unopposed in his primary, while Glenn faced Lyndon LaRouche supporter Don Scott. LaRouche supporters had been recently elected in Illinois, but the Ohio Democratic Party chairman did not think it was likely they would see the same success in Ohio.[166] LaRouche was known for his fringe theories, such as the queen of England being a drug dealer.[167] Kindness spoke to his supporters and warned them against LaRouche candidates. He issued a statement telling voters to reject LaRouche candidates in both Republican and Democratic primaries.[168] Glenn won the primary contest with 88% of the vote.[169]

With the primary complete, Glenn began his campaign against Kindness. Glenn believed he and other Democrats were the targets of a negative campaign thought up by the GOP strategists in Washington. Kindness focused on Glenn's campaign debts for his failed presidential run, and the fact he stopped payments on it while campaigning for the Senate seat.[170] After winning the race with 62% of the vote, Glenn remarked, "We proved that in 1986, they couldn't kill Glenn with Kindness."[171][172]

1992 Senate campaign

Main article: 1992 United States Senate election in Ohio

In 1992, Republican Mike DeWine won the Republican primary and challenged Glenn in the Senate election. Glenn ran unopposed in the primary.[173] DeWine's campaign focused on the need for change and for term limits for senators. This would be Glenn's fourth term as senator.[174] DeWine also criticized Glenn's campaign debts, using a bunny dressed as an astronaut beating a drum, with an announcer saying, "He just keeps owing and owing and owing", a play on the Energizer Bunny.[175] During a debate, Glenn asked DeWine to stop his negative campaign ads, saying "This has been the most negative campaign". DeWine responded that he would if Glenn would disclose how he spent the money he received from Charles Keating, fallout from Glenn being named one of the Keating Five.[176] Glenn won the Senate seat, with 2.4 million votes to DeWine's 2 million votes.[172][177] It was DeWine's first-ever campaign loss. DeWine later worked on the intelligence committee with Glenn and watched his second launch into space.[178]

Senate career

 
Glenn shaking hands with President Ronald Reagan in 1986

Committee on Governmental Affairs

Glenn requested to be assigned to two committees during his first year as senator: the Government Operations Committee (later known as the Committee on Governmental Affairs), and the Foreign Relations Committee. He was immediately assigned to the Government Operations Committee, and waited for a seat on the Foreign Relations Committee.[179] In 1977, Glenn wanted to chair the Energy, Nuclear Proliferation, and Federal Services Subcommittee of the Governmental Affairs Committee. Abraham Ribicoff, chair of the Governmental Affairs Committee, said he could chair the subcommittee if he also chaired the less popular Federal Services Subcommittee, which was in charge of the U.S. Postal Service. Previous chairs of the Federal Services Subcommittee had lost elections in part because negative campaigns associated the poorly regarded mail service to the chairmen, but Glenn accepted the offer and became the chair of both subcommittees.[180] One of his goals as a new senator was developing environmental policies.[181] Glenn introduced bills on energy policy to try to counter the energy crisis in the 70s. Glenn also introduced legislation promoting nuclear non-proliferation, and was the chief author of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978,[182] the first of six major pieces of legislation that he produced on the subject.[138][183]

Glenn chaired the Committee on Governmental Affairs from 1987 to 1995.[184] It was in this role that he discovered safety and environmental problems with the nation's nuclear weapons facilities. Glenn was made aware of the problem at the Fernald Feed Materials Production Center near Cincinnati, and soon found that it affected sites across the nation. Glenn requested investigations from the General Accounting Office of Congress and held several hearings on the issue. He also released a report on the potential costs of hazardous waste cleanup at former nuclear weapons manufacturing facilities, known as the Glenn Report.[185] He spent the remainder of his Senate career acquiring funding to clean up the nuclear waste left at the facilities.[186]

Glenn also focused on reducing government waste. He created legislation to mandate CFOs for large governmental agencies.[187] Glenn wrote a bill to add the office of the inspector general to federal agencies, to help find waste and fraud. He also created legislation intended to prevent the federal government from imposing regulations on local governments without funding. Glenn founded the Great Lakes Task Force, which helped protect the environment of the Great Lakes.[188]

In 1995 Glenn became the ranking minority member of the Committee on Governmental Affairs. Glenn disputed the focus on illegal Chinese donations to the Democrats, and asserted that Republicans also had egregious fundraising issues. The committee chair, Fred Thompson of Tennessee, disagreed and continued the investigation.[189][190] Thompson and Glenn continued to work together poorly for the duration of the investigation. Thompson would give Glenn only information he was legally required to. Glenn would not authorize a larger budget and tried to expand the scope of the investigation to include members of the GOP.[191][192] The investigation concluded with a Republican-written report, which Thompson described as, "... a lot of things strung together that paint a real ugly picture." The Democrats, led by Glenn, said the report "... does not support the conclusion that the China plan was aimed at, or affected, the 1996 presidential election."[193]

Glenn was the vice chairman of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, a subcommittee of the Committee on Governmental Affairs.[194] When the Republican Party regained control of the Senate in 1996, Glenn became the ranking minority member on the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations until he was succeeded by Carl Levin. During this time, the committee investigated issue such as fraud on the Internet, mortgage fraud, and day trading of securities.[195]

Other committees and activities

 
Glenn in the U.S. Senate

Glenn's father spent his retirement money battling cancer, and would have lost his house if Glenn had not intervened. His father-in-law also had expensive treatments for Parkinson's disease. These health and financial issues motivated him to request a seat on the Special Committee on Aging.[196][197]

Glenn was considered an expert in matters of science and technology. He was a supporter of continuing the B-1 bomber program, which he considered successful. This conflicted with President Carter's desire to fund the B-2 bomber program. Glenn did not fully support development of the B-2 because he had doubts about the feasibility of the stealth technology. He drafted a proposal to slow down the development of the B-2, which could have potentially saved money, but the measure was rejected.[198]

Glenn joined the Foreign Relations Committee in 1978. He became the chairman of the East Asian and Pacific Affairs Subcommittee, for which he traveled to Japan, Korea, the Republic of China, and the People's Republic of China. Glenn helped to pass the Taiwan Enabling Act of 1979. The same year, Glenn's stance on the SALT II treaty caused another dispute with President Carter. Given the loss of radar listening posts in Iran, Glenn did not believe that the U.S. had the capability to monitor the Soviet Union accurately enough to verify compliance with the treaty.[199] During the launching ceremony for the USS Ohio, he spoke about his doubts about verifying treaty compliance. First Lady Rosalynn Carter also spoke at the event, during which she criticized Glenn for speaking publicly about the issue. The Senate never ratified the treaty, in part because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.[138] Glenn served on the committee until 1985, when he traded it for the Armed Services Committee.[200]

 
Glenn delivers remarks during a Congressional Gold Medal ceremony honoring the Apollo 11 astronauts in the Rotunda at the U.S. Capitol in 2011

Glenn became chairman of the Manpower Subcommittee of the Armed Services Committee in 1987.[201] He introduced legislation such as increasing pay and benefits for American troops in the Persian Gulf during the Gulf War.[202] He served as chairman until 1993, becoming chairman of the Armed Services Subcommittee on Military Readiness and Defense Infrastructure.[203]

Keating Five

Main article: Keating Five

Glenn was one of the Keating Five—the U.S. Senators involved with the savings and loan crisis—after he accepted a $200,000 campaign contribution from Lincoln Savings and Loan Association head Charles Keating. During the crisis, the senators were accused of delaying the seizure of Keating's S&L, which cost taxpayers an additional $2 billion. The combination of perceived political pressure and Keating's monetary contributions to the senators led to an investigation.[204]

The Ethics Committee's outside counsel, Robert Bennett, wanted to eliminate Republican senator John McCain and Glenn from the investigation. The Democrats did not want to exclude McCain, as he was the only Republican being investigated, which means they could not excuse Glenn from the investigation either.[205] McCain and Glenn were reprimanded the least of the five, as the Senate commission found that they had exercised "poor judgment".[206] The GOP focused on Glenn's "poor judgement" rather than what Glenn saw as complete exoneration. GOP chairman Robert Bennett said, "John Glenn misjudged Charles Keating. He also misjudged the tolerance of Ohio's taxpayers, who are left to foot the bill of nearly $2 billion."[207] After the Senate's report, Glenn said, "They so firmly put this thing to bed ... there isn't much there to fuss with. I didn't do anything wrong."[208] In his autobiography, Glenn wrote, "outside of people close to me dying, these hearings were the low point of my life." The case cost him $520,000 in legal fees.[205] The association of his name with the scandal made Republicans hopeful that he could be defeated in the 1992 campaign, but Glenn defeated Lieutenant Governor Mike DeWine to retain his seat.[209]

Retirement

On February 20, 1997, which was the 35th anniversary of his Friendship 7 flight, Glenn announced that his retirement from the Senate would occur at the end of his term in January 1999.[210] Glenn retired because of his age, saying "... There is still no cure for the common birthday".[211]

Return to space

Main article: STS-95
 
Glenn on the Space Shuttle Discovery in 1998
 
STS-95 portrait
 
Glenn getting his blood drawn in space for an experiment

After the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986, Glenn criticized putting a "lay person in space for the purpose of gaining public support . . . while the shuttle is still in its embryonic stage". He supported flying research scientists.[212] In 1995, Glenn read Space Physiology and Medicine, a book written by NASA doctors. He realized that many changes that occur to physical attributes during space flight, such as loss of bone and muscle mass and blood plasma,[213] are the same as changes that result from aging. Glenn thought NASA should send an older person on a shuttle mission, and that it should be him. Starting in 1995, he began lobbying NASA director Dan Goldin for the mission.[214] Goldin said he would consider it if there was a scientific reason, and if Glenn could pass the same physical examination the younger astronauts took. Glenn performed research on the subject, and passed the physical examination. On January 16, 1998, NASA Administrator Dan Goldin announced that Glenn would be part of the STS-95 crew;[215] this made him, at age 77, the oldest person to fly in space at that time.[216]

NASA and the National Institute of Aging (NIA) planned to use Glenn as a test subject for research, with biometrics taken before, during and after his flight. Some experiments (in circadian rhythms, for example) compared him with the younger crew members. In addition to these tests, he was in charge of the flight's photography and videography. Glenn returned to space on the Space Shuttle on October 29, 1998, as a payload specialist on Space Shuttle Discovery.[217] Shortly before the flight, researchers disqualified Glenn from one of the flight's two major human experiments (on the effect of melatonin) for undisclosed medical reasons; he participated in experiments on sleep monitoring and protein use.[213][218] On November 6, President Bill Clinton sent a congratulatory email to Glenn aboard the Discovery. This is often cited as the first email sent by a sitting U.S. president, but records exist of emails being sent by President Clinton several years earlier.[219]

His participation in the nine-day mission was criticized by some members of the space community as a favor granted by Clinton; John Pike, director of the Federation of American Scientists' space-policy project, said: "If he was a normal person, he would acknowledge he's a great American hero and that he should get to fly on the shuttle for free ... He's too modest for that, and so he's got to have this medical research reason. It's got nothing to do with medicine".[92][220]

In a 2012 interview, Glenn said he regretted that NASA did not continue its research on aging by sending additional elderly people into space.[213] After STS-95 returned safely, its crew received a ticker-tape parade. On October 15, 1998, NASA Road 1 (the main route to the Johnson Space Center) was temporarily renamed John Glenn Parkway for several months.[221] Glenn was awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal in 1998 for flying on STS-95.[108] In 2001, Glenn opposed sending Dennis Tito, the world's first space tourist, to the International Space Station because Tito's trip had no scientific purpose.[222]

Personal life

 
Annie and John Glenn in 1965

Glenn and Annie had two children—John David and Carolyn Ann—and two grandchildren,[223] and remained married for 73 years until his death.[224]

A Freemason, Glenn was a member of Concord Lodge No. 688 in New Concord, Ohio.[225][226] He received all his degrees in full in a Mason at Sight ceremony from the Grand Master of Ohio in 1978, 14 years after petitioning his lodge. In 1999, Glenn became a 33rd-degree Scottish Rite Mason in the Valley of Cincinnati (NMJ).[227] As an adult, he was honored as part of the DeMolay Legion of Honor by DeMolay International, a Masonic youth organization for boys.[228][229]

Glenn was an ordained elder of the Presbyterian Church.[230] His religious faith began before he became an astronaut, and was reinforced after he traveled in space. "To look out at this kind of creation and not believe in God is to me impossible," said Glenn after his second (and final) space voyage.[231] He saw no contradiction between belief in God and the knowledge that evolution is "a fact" and believed evolution should be taught in schools:[232] "I don't see that I'm any less religious that I can appreciate the fact that science just records that we change with evolution and time, and that's a fact. It doesn't mean it's less wondrous and it doesn't mean that there can't be some power greater than any of us that has been behind and is behind whatever is going on."[233]

On August 9, 2019, flight records unsealed as part of Virginia Louise Giuffre's defamation suit against convicted sex trafficker Ghislaine Maxwell revealed Glenn to have flown aboard a private plane of convicted sex offender and disgraced financier Jeffrey Epstein.[234][235] On November 30, 2021, Epstein's personal pilot Larry Visoski testified in Maxwell's 2021 sex trafficking trial that he had recalled flying Glenn on one of Epstein's private planes. However, Visoski claimed to have never seen sexual activity nor any indication that such activity had taken place.[236][237]

Public appearances

 
Glenn at the ceremony transferring the Space Shuttle Discovery to the Smithsonian Institution

Glenn was an honorary member of the International Academy of Astronautics and a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Marine Corps Aviation Association, Order of Daedalians, National Space Club board of trustees, National Space Society board of governors, International Association of Holiday Inns, Ohio Democratic Party, State Democratic Executive Committee, Franklin County (Ohio) Democratic Party and the 10th District (Ohio) Democratic Action Club. In 2001 he guest-starred as himself on the American television sitcom Frasier.[238]

On September 5, 2009, John and Annie Glenn dotted the "i" in Ohio State University's Script Ohio marching band performance during the Ohio State–Navy football-game halftime show, which is normally reserved for veteran band members.[239] To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Friendship 7 flight on February 20, 2012, he had an unexpected opportunity to speak with the orbiting crew of the International Space Station when he was onstage with NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden at Ohio State University.[240] On April 19, 2012, Glenn participated in the ceremonial transfer of the retired Space Shuttle Discovery from NASA to the Smithsonian Institution for permanent display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. He used the occasion to criticize the "unfortunate" decision to end the Space Shuttle program, saying that grounding the shuttles delayed research.[241]

Illness and death

Glenn was in good health for most of his life. He retained a private pilot's license until 2011 when he was 90.[242] In June 2014, Glenn underwent successful heart valve replacement surgery at the Cleveland Clinic.[243] In early December 2016, he was hospitalized at the James Cancer Hospital of Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in Columbus.[244][245][246] According to a family source, Glenn had been in declining health, and his condition was grave; his wife and their children and grandchildren were at the hospital.[247]

 
Glenn's casket carried by Marine Corps pallbearers
 
Glenn's headstone at Arlington National Cemetery

Glenn died on December 8, 2016, at the OSU Wexner Medical Center; he was 95 years old.[224][248] No cause of death was disclosed. After his death, his body lay in state at the Ohio Statehouse. There was a memorial service at Mershon Auditorium at Ohio State University.[224] Another memorial service was performed at Kennedy Space Center near the Heroes and Legends building.[249][250] His body was interred at Arlington National Cemetery on April 6, 2017.[251][252] At the time of his death, Glenn was the last surviving member of the Mercury Seven.[253]

The Military Times reported that William Zwicharowski, a senior mortuary official at Dover Air Force Base, had offered to let visiting inspectors view Glenn's remains, sparking an official investigation.[254][255] Zwicharowski has denied the remains were disrespected.[256] At the conclusion of the investigation, officials said the remains were not disrespected as inspectors did not accept Zwicharowski's offer, and that Zwicharowski's actions were improper. No administrative action was taken as he had retired.[257]

President Barack Obama said that Glenn, "the first American to orbit the Earth, reminded us that with courage and a spirit of discovery there's no limit to the heights we can reach together".[258] Tributes were also paid by Vice President (and future President) Joe Biden, President-elect Donald Trump[259] and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.[260]

The phrase "Godspeed, John Glenn", which fellow Mercury astronaut Scott Carpenter had used to hail Glenn's launch into space, became a social-media hashtag: #GodspeedJohnGlenn. Former and current astronauts added tributes; so did NASA Administrator and former shuttle astronaut Charles Bolden, who wrote: "John Glenn's legacy is one of risk and accomplishment, of history created and duty to country carried out under great pressure with the whole world watching."[261] President Obama ordered flags to be flown at half-staff until Glenn's burial.[262] On April 5, 2017, President Donald Trump issued presidential proclamation 9588, titled "Honoring the Memory of John Glenn".[263][264]

Awards and honors

Glenn was awarded the John J. Montgomery Award in 1963.[265] Glenn received National Geographic Society's Hubbard Medal in 1962.[266] Glenn, along with 37 other space race astronauts, received the Ambassador of Space Exploration Award in 2006.[91] He was also awarded the General Thomas D. White National Defense Award,[267] and the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation.[268] In 1964, Glenn received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[269] In 2004, he received the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution,[270][271] and was awarded the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Theodore Roosevelt Award for 2008.[272]

 
Receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama in 2012

Glenn earned the Navy's astronaut wings and the Marine Corps' Astronaut Medal.[39] He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 2011 and was among the first group of astronauts to be granted the distinction.[273] In 2012, President Barack Obama presented Glenn with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Glenn was the seventh astronaut to receive this distinction. The Congressional Gold Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom are considered the two most prestigious awards that can be bestowed on a civilian.[274] The Society of Experimental Test Pilots awarded Glenn the Iven C. Kincheloe award in 1963,[275] and he was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame in 1968,[276] National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1976,[277] the International Space Hall of Fame in 1977,[278] and the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990.[279][280] In 2000, he received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for public service by an elected or appointed official, one of the annual Jefferson Awards.[281]

In 1961, Glenn received an honorary LL.D from Muskingum University, the college he attended before joining the military in World War II.[23] He also received honorary doctorates from Nihon University in Tokyo;[282] Wagner College in Staten Island, New York; Ohio Northern University;[283] Williams College;[284][285] and Brown University.[286] In 1998 he helped found the John Glenn Institute for Public Service and Public Policy at Ohio State University to encourage public service. The institute merged with OSU's School of Public Policy and Management to become the John Glenn School of Public Affairs. He held an adjunct professorship at the school.[287] In February 2015, it was announced that it would become the John Glenn College of Public Affairs in April.[288]

The Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland is named after him, and the Senator John Glenn Highway runs along a stretch of I-480 in Ohio across from the Glenn Research Center.[289][290] Colonel Glenn Highway (which passes Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Wright State University near Dayton, Ohio), John Glenn High School in his hometown of New Concord, Elwood-John H. Glenn High School in the hamlet of Elwood, Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York, and the former Col. John Glenn Elementary in Seven Hills, Ohio, were also named for him.[291][292] Colonel Glenn Road in Little Rock, Arkansas, was named for him in 1962.[293] High schools in Westland[294] and Bay City, Michigan;[295] Walkerton, Indiana;[296] and Norwalk, California bear Glenn's name.[297][298] The fireboat John H. Glenn Jr., operated by the District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department and protecting sections of the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers which run through Washington, D.C., was named for him, as was USNS John Glenn (T-MLP-2), a mobile landing platform delivered to the U.S. Navy on March 12, 2014.[299] In June 2016, the Port Columbus International Airport in Columbus, Ohio, was renamed John Glenn Columbus International Airport. Glenn and his family attended the ceremony, during which he spoke about how visiting the airport as a child had kindled his interest in flying.[300] On September 12, 2016, Blue Origin announced the New Glenn, a rocket.[301] Orbital ATK named the Cygnus space capsule used in the NASA CRS OA-7 mission to the international space station "S.S. John Glenn" in his honor. The mission successfully lifted off on April 16, 2017.[302]

 
     
          
     
 
 
    
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
     
Naval Aviator Astronaut Insignia[39]
Distinguished Flying Cross
with three gold stars and one bronze cluster[39]
Air Medal
with one silver and 2 gold stars and two silver clusters[39]		 Navy Presidential Unit Citation[40] Navy Unit Commendation[39]
Presidential Medal of Freedom[303] Congressional Space Medal of Honor[39] NASA Distinguished Service Medal[39]
NASA Space Flight Medal
with one oak leaf cluster[39]		 Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal[40] China Service Medal[39]
American Campaign Medal[39] Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
with one star[40]		 World War II Victory Medal[39]
Navy Occupation Service Medal[40]
with "ASIA" clasp 		National Defense Service Medal
with one star[39]		 Korean Service Medal
with two campaign stars[40]
Presidential Unit Citation (Korea)[39] United Nations Korea Medal[39] Korean War Service Medal[39]

Legacy

Glenn's public life and legacy began when he received his first ticker-tape parade for breaking the transcontinental airspeed record.[304] As a senator, he used his military background to write legislation to reduce nuclear proliferation. He also focused on reducing government waste.[39][305][304] Buzz Aldrin wrote that Glenn's Friendship 7 flight, "... helped to galvanize the country's will and resolution to surmount significant technical challenges of human spaceflight."[306]

President Barack Obama said, "With John's passing, our nation has lost an icon and Michelle and I have lost a friend. John spent his life breaking barriers, from defending our freedom as a decorated Marine Corps fighter pilot in World War II and Korea, to setting a transcontinental speed record, to becoming, at age 77, the oldest human to touch the stars."[307] Obama issued a presidential proclamation on December 9, 2016, ordering the US flag to be flown at half-staff in Glenn's memory.[308] NASA administrator Charles Bolden said: "Senator Glenn's legacy is one of risk and accomplishment, of history created and duty to country carried out under great pressure with the whole world watching".[309][310]

References

Notes

  1. ^ Muskingum awarded his bachelor's degree in 1962, after Glenn's Mercury space flight.[23]
  2. ^ The spacecraft landed 41 miles (66 km) west and 19 miles (31 km) north of the target landing site. Friendship 7 was recovered by the USS Noa, which had the spacecraft on the deck 21 minutes after landing; Glenn was in the capsule during the recovery operation.[75]
  3. ^ Perth, Western Australia, became known worldwide as the "City of Light"[98] when residents turned on their house, car and streetlights as Glenn passed overhead.[99][100] The city repeated the act when Glenn rode the Space Shuttle in 1998.[101][102]

Citations

  1. ^ Gorenstein, Nathan (November 5, 1986). "Biden would rather see Kennedy in Judiciary chair". The News Journal. Wilmington, Delaware. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ^ Barton, Paul (March 26, 1995). "Senator Glenn Rails at New Ways". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, Ohio. p. 21 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. ^ a b c d e f McDiarmid, Hugh (January 17, 1998). "Rocket man fizzled early as politician". Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. p. 3. Retrieved October 15, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ "Voinovich backs lengthier trial for Clinton". The Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. January 6, 1999. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ "Mercury-Atlas 6". NASA. November 20, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  6. ^ "STS-95". NASA. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  7. ^ "John Glenn's parents". Geneanet.org.
  8. ^ . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  9. ^ . Ohio State University. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c Burgess 2015, pp. 43–46.
  11. ^ Kupperberg 2003, pp. 15, 35.
  12. ^ Glenn & Taylor 1999, pp. 13–16.
  13. ^ Glenn & Taylor 1999, p. 25.
  14. ^ Burgess 2015, pp. 46–47.
  15. ^ Glenn & Taylor 1999, pp. 24–29.
  16. ^ "John Glenn Boyhood Home and Museum". The Times Recorder. Zanesville, Ohio. June 11, 2008. p. 28 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ Glenn & Taylor 1999, p. 47.
  18. ^ "Off-Campus Credits for Glenn". The News-Messenger. Fremont, Ohio. Associated Press. October 4, 1983. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ Hannah, James (March 29, 1983). "Glenn Plans Launch Of Big Venture Where It All Began". Lancaster Eagle-Gazette. Lancaster, Ohio. Associated Press. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ . Muskingum College. PR Newswire. October 16, 1998. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
  21. ^ a b Glenn & Taylor 1999, pp. 58–59.
  22. ^ Glenn & Taylor 1999, p. 60.
  23. ^ a b c "College says Glenn degree was deserved". The Day. New London, Ohio. October 4, 1983. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
  24. ^ "John Glenn Dead at 95 | Remembering the First American To Orbit Earth". ABC News. December 8, 2016. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.
  25. ^ . Ohio State University. 2009. Archived from the original on October 17, 2009.
  26. ^ Burgess 2015, p. 50.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g Burgess 2015, pp. 51–55.
  28. ^ Glenn & Taylor 1999, pp. 93–96.
  29. ^ Glenn & Taylor 1999, pp. 103–107.
  30. ^ Glenn & Taylor 1999, pp. 111–117.
  31. ^ Carpenter et al. 2010, p. 31.
  32. ^ . Ohio State University. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
  33. ^ "Valor awards for John Herschel Glenn". Military Times. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
  34. ^ Glenn & Taylor 1999, pp. 135–141.
  35. ^ Glenn & Taylor 1999, p. 147.
  36. ^ "#VeteranOfTheDay Marine Corps Veteran John Glenn". U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs. December 8, 2016. from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
  37. ^ Tilton 2000, p. 34.
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Sources

  • Atkinson, Joseph D.; Shafritz, Jay M. (1985). The Real Stuff: A History of NASA's Astronaut Recruitment Program. Praeger special studies. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-03-005187-6. OCLC 12052375.
  • Burgess, Colin (2011). Selecting the Mercury Seven: The Search for America's First Astronauts. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. New York; London: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-8405-0. OCLC 747105631.
  • Burgess, Colin (2015). Friendship 7: The Epic Orbital Flight of John H. Glenn, Jr. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-15653-8.
  • Carpenter, M. Scott; Cooper, L. Gordon Jr.; Glenn, John H. Jr.; Grissom, Virgil I.; Schirra, Walter M. Jr.; Shepard, Alan B. Jr.; Slayton, Donald K. (2010) [Originally published 1962]. We Seven: By the Astronauts Themselves. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-4391-8103-4. LCCN 62019074. OCLC 429024791.
  • Catchpole, John (2001). Project Mercury: NASA's First Manned Space Programme. London: Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-406-2.
  • Glenn, John; Taylor, Nick (1999). John Glenn: A Memoir. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-11074-6.
  • Kevles, Betty Ann Holtzmann (2003). Almost Heaven: The Story of Women in Space. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7382-0209-9.
  • Knight, Jonathan (2003). Kardiac Kids: The Story of the 1980 Cleveland Brown. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University. ISBN 978-0-87338-761-3.
  • Kupperberg, Paul (2003). John Glenn: The First American in Orbit and His Return to Space. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-4460-6.
  • Mersky, Peter B. (1983). U.S. Marine Corps Aviation – 1912 to the Present. Annapolis, Maryland: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America. ISBN 978-0-933852-39-6.
  • Nayan, Rajiv (September 13, 2013). The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and India. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-98610-2.
  • Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966). This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury. The NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. OCLC 569889. NASA SP-4201. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
  • Tilton, Rafael (2000). John Glenn. San Diego: Lucent Books. ISBN 978-1-56006-689-7.
  • Wolfe, Tom (1979). The Right Stuff. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-553-27556-8. OCLC 849889526.

Further reading

  • Fenno, Richard F, Jr (1990). The Presidential Odyssey of John Glenn. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. ISBN 978-0-87187-567-9.
  • Shettle, M. L. Jr. (2001). United States Marine Corps Air Stations of World War II. Bowersville, Georgia: Schaertel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9643388-2-1.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Glenn.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to John Glenn.
  • United States Congress. "John Glenn (id: G000236)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • . USMC History Division. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  • John Glenn's Flight on Friendship 7, MA-6 – complete 5-hour capsule audio recording
  • The 1962 documentary The John Glenn Story on YouTube
  • John Glenn's Flight on the Space Shuttle, STS-95 August 31, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  • John Glenn at IMDb
  • "Burial Detail: Glenn, John Herschel (Section 35, Grave 1543)". ANC Explorer. Arlington National Cemetery. (Official website).
Party political offices
Preceded by Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Ohio
(Class 3)
1974, 1980, 1986, 1992 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Keynote Speaker of the Democratic National Convention
1976
Served alongside: Barbara Jordan 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by United States Senator (Class 3) from Ohio
1974–1999
Served alongside: Robert Taft, Howard Metzenbaum, Mike DeWine 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of Senate Governmental Affairs Committee
1987–1995 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Oldest living United States senator
(Sitting or former)
January 3, 2015 – December 8, 2016 		Succeeded by

January 10, 2023
john, glenn, senator, glenn, redirects, here, other, uses, senator, glenn, disambiguation, other, people, named, disambiguation, john, herschel, glenn, july, 1921, december, 2016, american, marine, corps, aviator, engineer, astronaut, businessman, politician, . Senator Glenn redirects here For other uses see Senator Glenn disambiguation For other people named John Glenn see John Glenn disambiguation John Herschel Glenn Jr July 18 1921 December 8 2016 was an American Marine Corps aviator engineer astronaut businessman and politician He was the third American in space and the first American to orbit the Earth circling it three times in 1962 Following his retirement from NASA he served from 1974 to 1999 as a Democratic United States Senator from Ohio in 1998 he flew into space again at age 77 John GlennChair of the Senate Governmental Affairs CommitteeIn office January 3 1987 January 3 1995Preceded byWilliam Roth 1 Succeeded byWilliam Roth 2 United States Senatorfrom OhioIn office December 24 1974 January 3 1999Preceded byHoward Metzenbaum 3 Succeeded byGeorge Voinovich 4 Personal detailsBornJohn Herschel Glenn Jr 1921 07 18 July 18 1921Cambridge Ohio U S DiedDecember 8 2016 2016 12 08 aged 95 Columbus Ohio U S Resting placeArlington National Cemetery38 52 48 N 77 04 12 W 38 880 N 77 070 W 38 880 77 070Political partyDemocraticSpouseAnnie Castor m 1943 wbr Children2EducationMuskingum College BS Civilian awardsCongressional Gold Medal Presidential Medal of Freedom Congressional Space Medal of Honor NASA Distinguished Service MedalSignatureMilitary serviceBranch serviceUnited States NavyUnited States Marine CorpsYears of service1941 1965RankColonelBattles warsWorld War IIChinese Civil WarKorean WarMilitary awardsDistinguished Flying Cross 6 Air Medal 18 OccupationsFighter pilottest pilotastronautSpace careerNASA astronautTime in space4h 55m 23s 5 Selection1959 NASA Group 1MissionsMercury Atlas 6Mission insigniaRetirementJanuary 16 1964Space careerNASA payload specialistTime in space9d 19h 54m 2s 6 MissionsSTS 95Mission insigniaBefore joining NASA Glenn was a distinguished fighter pilot in World War II the Chinese Civil War and the Korean War He shot down three MiG 15s and was awarded six Distinguished Flying Crosses and eighteen Air Medals In 1957 he made the first supersonic transcontinental flight across the United States His on board camera took the first continuous panoramic photograph of the United States He was one of the Mercury Seven military test pilots selected in 1959 by NASA as the nation s first astronauts On February 20 1962 Glenn flew the Friendship 7 mission becoming the first American to orbit the Earth the third American and fifth person in history to be in space He received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1962 the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978 was inducted into the U S Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990 and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012 Glenn resigned from NASA in January 1964 A member of the Democratic Party Glenn was first elected to the Senate in 1974 and served for 24 years until January 1999 Aged 77 Glenn flew on Space Shuttle Discovery s STS 95 mission making him the oldest person to enter Earth orbit and the only person to fly in both the Mercury and the Space Shuttle programs Glenn both the oldest and the last surviving member of the Mercury Seven died at the age of 95 on December 8 2016 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Military career 2 1 World War II 2 2 Korean War 2 3 Test pilot 3 NASA career 3 1 Selection 3 2 Friendship 7 flight 3 3 Comments about women in space 4 Political campaigning 4 1 1964 Senate campaign 4 2 1970 Senate campaign 4 3 1974 Senate campaign 4 4 1976 vice presidential campaign 4 5 1980 Senate campaign 4 6 1984 presidential campaign 4 7 1986 Senate campaign 4 8 1992 Senate campaign 5 Senate career 5 1 Committee on Governmental Affairs 5 2 Other committees and activities 5 3 Keating Five 5 4 Retirement 6 Return to space 7 Personal life 8 Public appearances 9 Illness and death 10 Awards and honors 11 Legacy 12 References 12 1 Notes 12 2 Citations 12 3 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External linksEarly life and education EditJohn Herschel Glenn Jr was born on July 18 1921 in Cambridge Ohio the son of John Herschel Glenn Sr 1895 1966 who worked for a plumbing firm and Clara Teresa Glenn nee Sproat 1897 1971 a teacher 7 8 9 His parents had married shortly before John Sr a member of the American Expeditionary Force left for the Western Front during World War I The family moved to New Concord Ohio soon after his birth and his father started his own business the Glenn Plumbing Company 10 11 Glenn Jr was only a toddler when he met Anna Margaret Annie Castor whom he would later marry The two would not be able to recall a time when they did not know each other 10 He first flew in an airplane with his father when he was eight years old He became fascinated by flight and built model airplanes from balsa wood kits 12 Along with his adopted sister Jean 10 he attended New Concord Elementary School 13 He washed cars and sold rhubarb to earn money to buy a bicycle after which he took a job delivering The Columbus Dispatch newspaper 14 He was a member of the Ohio Rangers an organization similar to the Cub Scouts 15 His boyhood home in New Concord has been restored as a historic house museum and education center 16 Glenn attended New Concord High School where he played on the varsity football team as a center and linebacker He also made the varsity basketball and tennis teams and was involved with Hi Y a junior branch of the YMCA 17 After graduating in 1939 Glenn entered Muskingum College now Muskingum University where he studied chemistry 18 19 joined the Stag Club fraternity 20 and played on the football team 21 Annie majored in music with minors in secretarial studies and physical education and competed on the swimming and volleyball teams graduating in 1942 21 Glenn earned a private pilot license and a physics course credit for free through the Civilian Pilot Training Program in 1941 22 He did not complete his senior year in residence or take a proficiency exam both required by the school for its Bachelor of Science degree 23 a Military career EditWorld War II Edit When the United States entered World War II Glenn quit college to enlist in the U S Army Air Corps 24 He was not called to duty by the Army and enlisted as a U S Navy aviation cadet in March 1942 Glenn attended the University of Iowa in Iowa City for pre flight training and made his first solo flight in a military aircraft at Naval Air Station Olathe in Kansas where he went for primary training During advanced training at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in Texas he accepted an offer to transfer to the U S Marine Corps 25 Having completed his flight training in March 1943 Glenn was commissioned as a second lieutenant Glenn married Annie in a Presbyterian ceremony at College Drive Church in New Concord Ohio on April 6 1943 26 After advanced training at Camp Kearny California he was assigned to Marine Squadron VMJ 353 which flew R4D transport planes from there 27 The fighter squadron VMO 155 was also at Camp Kearny flying the Grumman F4F Wildcat Glenn approached the squadron s commander Major J P Haines who suggested that he could put in for a transfer This was approved and Glenn was posted to VMO 155 on July 2 1943 two days before the squadron moved to Marine Corps Air Station El Centro in California 28 The Wildcat was obsolete by this time and VMO 155 re equipped with the F4U Corsair in September 1943 29 He was promoted to first lieutenant in October 1943 and shipped out to Hawaii in January 1944 27 VMO 155 became part of the garrison on Midway Atoll on February 21 30 then moved to the Marshall Islands in June 1944 and flew 57 combat missions in the area 27 31 He received two Distinguished Flying Crosses and ten Air Medals 32 33 At the end of his one year tour of duty in February 1945 Glenn was assigned to Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point in North Carolina then to Naval Air Station Patuxent River in Maryland He was promoted to captain in July 1945 and ordered back to Cherry Point There he joined VMF 913 another Corsair squadron and learned that he had qualified for a regular commission 27 34 In March 1946 he was assigned to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro in southern California He volunteered for service with the occupation in North China believing it would be a short tour He joined VMF 218 another Corsair squadron which was based at Nanyuan Field near Beijing in December 1946 35 and flew patrol missions until VMF 218 was transferred to Guam in March 1947 27 36 In December 1948 Glenn was re posted to NAS Corpus Christi as a student at the Naval School of All Weather Flight before becoming a flight instructor 27 In July 1951 he traveled to the Amphibious Warfare School at Marine Corps Base Quantico in northern Virginia for a six month course 37 He then joined the staff of the commandant of the Marine Corps Schools He maintained his proficiency and flight pay by flying on weekends and was only allowed four hours of flying time per month 38 He was promoted to major in July 1952 27 Glenn received the World War II Victory Medal American Campaign Medal Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal with one star Navy Occupation Service Medal with Asia clasp and the China Service Medal for his efforts 39 40 Korean War Edit Glenn s USAF F 86F dubbed MiG Mad Marine during the Korean War in 1953 The names of his wife and children are also written on the aircraft Glenn moved his family back to New Concord during a short period of leave and after two and a half months of jet training at Cherry Point was ordered to South Korea in October 1952 late in the Korean War 41 Before he set out for Korea in February 1953 he applied to fly the F 86 Sabre jet fighter interceptor through an inter service exchange position with the U S Air Force USAF In preparation he arranged with Colonel Leon W Gray to check out the F 86 at Otis Air Force Base in Massachusetts 42 Glenn reported to K 3 an airbase in South Korea on February 3 1953 and was assigned to be the operations officer for VMF 311 one of two Marine fighter squadrons there while he waited for the exchange assignment to go through 43 VMF 311 was equipped with the F9F Panther jet fighter bomber Glenn s first mission was a reconnaissance flight on February 26 44 He flew 63 combat missions in Korea with VMF 311 45 and was nicknamed Magnet Ass because of the number of flak hits he took on low level close air support missions 46 twice he returned to base with over 250 holes in his plane 46 47 He flew for a time with Marine reservist Ted Williams a future Hall of Fame baseball player with the Boston Red Sox as his wingman 48 Williams later said about Glenn Absolutely fearless The best I ever saw It was an honor to fly with him 49 Glenn also flew with future major general Ralph H Spanjer 50 In June 1953 Glenn reported for duty with the USAF s 25th Fighter Interceptor Squadron and flew 27 combat missions in the F 86 a much faster aircraft than the F9F Panther patrolling MiG Alley 51 39 Combat with a MiG 15 which was faster and better armed still 52 was regarded as a rite of passage for a fighter pilot On the Air Force buses that ferried the pilots out to the airfields before dawn pilots who had engaged a MiG could sit while those who had not had to stand 53 Glenn later wrote Since the days of the Lafayette Escadrille during World War I pilots have viewed air to air combat as the ultimate test not only of their machines but of their own personal determination and flying skills I was no exception 54 He hoped to become the second Marine jet flying ace after John F Bolt Glenn s USAF squadron mates painted MiG Mad Marine on his aircraft when he complained about there not being any MIGs to shoot at 55 He shot down his first MiG in a dogfight on July 12 1953 downed a second one on July 19 and a third on July 22 when four Sabres shot down three MiGs These were the final air victories of the war which ended with an armistice five days later 56 For his service in Korea Glenn received two more Distinguished Flying Crosses and eight more Air Medals 57 58 Glenn also received the Korean Service Medal with two campaign stars United Nations Korea Medal Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal National Defense Service Medal with one star and the Korean War Service Medal 39 40 Test pilot Edit Glenn standing in the cockpit of a F 106B in 1961 With combat experience as a fighter pilot Glenn applied for training as a test pilot while still in Korea He reported to the U S Naval Test Pilot School at NAS Patuxent River in Maryland in January 1954 and graduated in July 59 60 61 At Patuxent River future Medal of Honor recipient James Stockdale tutored him in physics and math 62 Glenn s first flight test assignment testing the FJ 3 Fury nearly killed him when its cockpit depressurized and its oxygen system failed 63 He also tested the armament of aircraft such as the Vought F7U Cutlass and F8U Crusader 64 From November 1956 to April 1959 he was assigned to the Fighter Design Branch of the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics in Washington D C and attended the University of Maryland 65 On July 16 1957 he made the first supersonic transcontinental flight 66 Disliking his Bureau of Aeronautics desk job he devised the flight as both a way to keep flying and publicly demonstrate the F8U Crusader 67 At that time the transcontinental speed record held by an Air Force Republic F 84 Thunderjet was 3 hours 45 minutes and Glenn calculated that the F8U Crusader could do it faster Because its 586 mile per hour 943 km h air speed was faster than that of a 45 caliber bullet Glenn called the flight Project Bullet 68 He flew an F8U Crusader 2 445 miles 3 935 km from Los Alamitos California to Floyd Bennett Field in New York City in 3 hours 23 minutes and 8 3 seconds 65 averaging supersonic speed despite three in flight refuelings when speeds dropped below 300 miles per hour 480 km h His on board camera took the first continuous transcontinental panoramic photograph of the United States 69 70 He received his fifth Distinguished Flying Cross for this mission 71 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on April 1 1959 72 The cross country flight made Glenn a minor celebrity A profile appeared in The New York Times and he appeared on the television show Name That Tune 69 Glenn now had nearly 9 000 hours of flying time including about 3 000 hours in jets 65 but knew that at the age of 36 he was now likely too old to continue to fly 67 NASA career EditSelection Edit Main article Mercury Seven Glenn in his Mercury spacesuit in 1962 On October 4 1957 the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 the first artificial satellite This damaged American confidence in its technological superiority creating a wave of anxiety known as the Sputnik crisis In response President Dwight D Eisenhower launched the Space Race The National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA was established on October 1 1958 as a civilian agency to develop space technology One of its first initiatives was announced on December 17 1958 This was Project Mercury 73 which aimed to launch a man into Earth orbit return him safely to the Earth and evaluate his capabilities in space 74 His Bureau of Aeronautics job gave Glenn access to new spaceflight news such as the X 15 rocket plane 67 While on duty at Patuxent and in Washington Glenn read everything he could find about space His office was asked to send a test pilot to Langley Air Force Base in Virginia to make runs on a spaceflight simulator as part of research by the newly formed NASA into re entry vehicle shapes The pilot would also be sent to the Naval Air Development Center in Johnsville Pennsylvania and would be subjected to high G forces in a centrifuge for comparison with data collected in the simulator His request for the position was granted and he spent several days at Langley and a week in Johnsville for the testing 75 As one of the very few pilots to have done such testing Glenn had become an expert on the subject 67 NASA asked military service members to participate in planning the mockup of a spacecraft Having participated in the research at Langley and Johnsville he was sent to the McDonnell plant in St Louis as a service adviser to NASA s spacecraft mockup board 75 Envisioning himself in the vehicle Glenn stated that the passenger would have to be able to control the spacecraft McDonnell engineers told him of the importance of lightening the vehicle as much as possible so Glenn began exercising to lose the 30 pounds he estimated that he was overweight 67 Eisenhower directed NASA to recruit its first astronauts from military test pilots Of 508 graduates of test pilot schools 110 matched the minimum standards 76 Marine Corps pilots were mistakenly omitted at first two were quickly found including Glenn 67 The candidates had to be younger than 40 possess a bachelor s degree or equivalent and be 5 feet 11 inches 1 80 m or less Only the height requirement was strictly enforced owing to the size of the Project Mercury spacecraft 77 This was fortunate for Glenn who barely met the requirements as he was near the age cutoff and lacked a science based degree 65 but had taken more classes since leaving college than needed for graduation Glenn was otherwise so outstanding a candidate that Colonel Jake Dill his commanding officer at test pilot school visited NASA headquarters to insist that Glenn would be the perfect astronaut 67 The Mercury Seven astronauts posing with a USAF F 106 For an interview with Charles Donlan associate director of Project Mercury Glenn brought the results from the centrifuge to show that he had done well on a test that perhaps no other candidate had taken Donlan also noticed that Glenn stayed late at night to study schematics of the Mercury spacecraft 67 He was among the 32 of the first 69 candidates that passed the first step of the evaluation and were interested in continuing sufficient for the astronaut corps NASA wanted 78 On February 27 a grueling series of physical and psychological tests began at the Lovelace Clinic and the Wright Aerospace Medical Laboratory 79 John Glenn Training Couch at Steven F Udvar Hazy Center Virginia USA Because of his Bureau of Aeronautics job Glenn was already participating in Project Mercury while other candidates were at Wright on March 17 he and most of those who would choose the astronauts visited the McDonnell plant building the spacecraft to inspect its progress and make changes While Glenn had not scored the highest on all the tests a member of the selection committee recalled how he had impressed everyone with strength of personality and his dedication On April 6 Donlan called Glenn to offer him a position at Project Mercury 67 75 one of seven candidates chosen as astronauts 80 Glenn was pleased while Annie was supportive but wary of the danger during his three years at Patuxent 12 test pilots had died 67 The identities of the seven were announced at a press conference at Dolley Madison House in Washington D C on April 9 1959 81 Scott Carpenter Gordon Cooper Glenn Gus Grissom Wally Schirra Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton 82 In The Right Stuff Tom Wolfe wrote that Glenn came out of it as tops among seven very fair haired boys He had the hottest record as a pilot he was the most quotable the most photogenic and the lone Marine 83 The magnitude of the challenge ahead of them was made clear a few weeks later on the night of May 18 1959 when the seven astronauts gathered at Cape Canaveral to watch their first rocket launch of an SM 65D Atlas which was similar to the one that was to carry them into orbit A few minutes after liftoff it exploded spectacularly lighting up the night sky The astronauts were stunned Shepard turned to Glenn and said Well I m glad they got that out of the way 84 Glenn remained an officer in the Marine Corps after his selection 85 and was assigned to the NASA Space Task Group at Langley Research Center in Hampton Virginia 65 The task force moved to Houston Texas in 1962 and became part of the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center 65 A portion of the astronauts training was in the classroom where they learned space science The group also received hands on training which included scuba diving and work in simulators 75 Astronauts secured an additional role in the spaceflight program to provide pilot input in design The astronauts divided the various tasks between them Glenn s specialization was cockpit layout design and control functioning for the Mercury and early Apollo programs 65 He pressed the other astronauts to set a moral example living up to the squeaky clean image of them that had been portrayed by Life magazine a position that was not popular with the other astronauts 86 Friendship 7 flight Edit Main article Mercury Atlas 6 Glenn entering his spacecraft Friendship 7 prior to the launch of Mercury Atlas 6 on February 20 1962 Glenn was the backup pilot for Shepard and Grissom on the first two crewed Project Mercury flights the sub orbital missions Mercury Redstone 3 and Mercury Redstone 4 65 Glenn was selected for Mercury Atlas 6 NASA s first crewed orbital flight with Carpenter as his backup Putting a man in orbit would achieve one of Project Mercury s most important goals 87 Shepard and Grissom had named their spacecraft Freedom 7 and Liberty Bell 7 The numeral 7 had originally been the production number of Shepard s spacecraft but had come to represent the Mercury 7 Glenn named his spacecraft number 13 Friendship 7 and had the name hand painted on the side like the one on his F 86 had been 88 Glenn and Carpenter completed their training for the mission in January 1962 but postponement of the launch allowed them to continue rehearsing Glenn spent 25 hours and 25 minutes in the spacecraft performing hangar and altitude tests and 59 hours and 45 minutes in the simulator He flew 70 simulated missions and reacted to 189 simulated system failures 89 After a long series of delays 90 Friendship 7 lifted off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on February 20 1962 During the countdown there were eleven delays due to equipment malfunctions and improvements and the weather During Glenn s first orbit a failure of the automatic control system was detected This forced Glenn to operate in manual mode for the second and third orbits and for re entry Later in the flight telemetry indicated that the heat shield had loosened If this reading had been accurate Glenn and his spacecraft would have burned up on re entry After a lengthy discussion on how to deal with this problem ground controllers decided that leaving the retrorocket pack in place might help keep the loose heat shield in place They relayed these instructions to Glenn but did not tell him the heat shield was possibly loose although confused at this order he complied The retrorocket pack broke up into large chunks of flaming debris that flew past the window of his capsule during re entry Glenn thought this might have been the heat shield He told an interviewer Fortunately it was the rocket pack or I wouldn t be answering these questions 91 After the flight it was determined that the heat shield was not loose the sensor was faulty 92 Glenn being honored by U S President Kennedy at temporary Manned Spacecraft Center facilities at Cape Canaveral Florida three days after his flight Friendship 7 safely splashed down 800 miles 1 290 km southeast of Cape Canaveral after Glenn s 4 hour 55 minute flight 75 b He carried a note on the flight which read I am a stranger I come in peace Take me to your leader and there will be a massive reward for you in eternity in several languages in case he landed near southern Pacific Ocean islands 93 The original procedure called for Glenn to exit through the top hatch but he was uncomfortably warm and decided that egress through the side hatch would be faster 75 93 During the flight he endured up to 7 8 g of acceleration and traveled 75 679 miles 121 794 km at about 17 500 miles per hour 28 200 km h 75 The flight took Glenn to a maximum altitude apogee of about 162 miles 261 km and a minimum altitude of 100 miles 160 km perigee 93 Unlike the crewed missions of Soviet Union s Vostok programme Glenn remained within the spacecraft during landing 94 95 The flight made Glenn the first American to orbit the Earth 96 the third American in space and the fifth human in space 97 c The mission which Glenn called the best day of his life renewed U S confidence 103 His flight occurred while the U S and the Soviet Union were embroiled in the Cold War and competing in the Space Race 104 Friendship 7 is currently displayed at the National Air and Space Museum As the first American in orbit Glenn became a national hero met President John F Kennedy and received a ticker tape parade in New York reminiscent of those honoring Charles Lindbergh and other heroes He became so valuable to the nation as an iconic figure according to NASA administrator Charles Bolden that Kennedy would not risk putting him back in space again 105 Glenn s fame and political potential were noted by the Kennedys and he became a friend of the Kennedy family On February 23 1962 President Kennedy gave him the NASA Distinguished Service Medal for his Friendship 7 flight 92 106 Upon receiving the award Glenn said I would like to consider I was a figurehead for this whole big tremendous effort and I am very proud of the medal I have on my lapel 107 Glenn also received his sixth Distinguished Flying Cross for his efforts 108 He was among the first group of astronauts to be awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor The award was presented to him by President Jimmy Carter in 1978 After his 1962 spaceflight NASA proposed giving Glenn the Medal of Honor but Glenn did not think that would be appropriate His military and space awards were stolen from his home in 1978 and he remarked that he would keep this medal in a safe 109 Comments about women in space EditIn 1962 NASA contemplated recruiting women to the astronaut corps via the Mercury 13 but Glenn gave a speech before the House Space Committee detailing his opposition to sending women into space in which he said I think this gets back to the way our social order is organized really It is just a fact The men go off and fight the wars and fly the airplanes and come back and help design and build and test them The fact that women are not in this field is a fact of our social order 110 In May 1965 after he left NASA Glenn was quoted in the Miami Herald as saying NASA offer a serious chance for space women as scientist astronauts 111 NASA had no official policy prohibiting women but the requirement that astronauts had to be test pilots effectively excluded them 112 NASA dropped this requirement in 1965 113 but did not select any women as astronauts until 1978 when six women were selected none as pilots 114 In June 1963 the Soviet Union launched a female cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova into orbit After Tereshkova no women of any nationality flew in space again until August 1982 when the Soviet Union launched pilot cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya 115 During the late 1970s Glenn reportedly supported Space Shuttle Mission Specialist Judith Resnik in her career 116 Political campaigning Edit1964 Senate campaign Edit Main article 1964 United States Senate election in Ohio At 42 Glenn was the oldest member of the astronaut corps and would likely be close to 50 by the time the lunar landings took place During Glenn s training NASA psychologists determined that he was the astronaut best suited for public life 117 Attorney General Robert F Kennedy suggested to Glenn and his wife in December 1962 that he run for the 1964 United States Senate election in Ohio challenging aging incumbent Stephen M Young 1889 1984 in the Democratic primary election As it seemed unlikely that he would be selected for Project Apollo missions 75 he resigned from NASA on January 16 1964 and announced his Democratic Party candidacy for the U S Senate from his home state of Ohio the following day 118 becoming the first astronaut politician 119 Glenn was still a Marine and had plenty of unused leave time He elected to use it while he waited for his retirement papers to go through 120 To avoid partisanship NASA quickly closed Glenn s agency office 119 The New York Times reported that while many Ohioans were skeptical of Glenn s qualifications for the Senate he could defeat Young in the Democratic primary whether he could defeat Representative Robert Taft Jr the likely Republican candidate in the general election was much less clear 121 In late February he was hospitalized for a concussion sustained in a fall against a bathtub while attempting to fix a mirror in a hotel room 3 an inner ear injury from the accident left him unable to campaign 122 123 Both his wife and Scott Carpenter campaigned on his behalf during February and March but doctors gave Glenn a recovery time of one year Glenn did not want to win solely because of his astronaut fame so he dropped out of the race on March 30 124 125 Glenn was still on leave from the Marine Corps and he withdrew his papers to retire so he could keep a salary and health benefits 120 Glenn was on the list of potential candidates to be promoted to full colonel but he notified the Commandant of the Marine Corps of his intention to retire so another Marine could receive the promotion President Johnson later decided to promote Glenn to full colonel status without taking someone else s slot He retired as a colonel on January 1 1965 Glenn was approached by RC Cola to join their public relations department but Glenn declined it because he wanted to be involved with a business and not just the face of it The company revised their offer and offered Glenn a vice president of corporate development position as well as a place on the board of directors 126 The company later expanded Glenn s role promoting him to president of Royal Crown International 127 A Senate seat was open in 1968 and Glenn was asked about his current political aspirations He said he had no current plan and Let s talk about it one of these days Glenn also said that a 1970 Senate run was a possibility 128 In 1973 he and a friend bought a Holiday Inn near Disney World 129 The success of Disney World expanded to their business and the pair built three more hotels 130 One of Glenn s business partners was Henri Landwirth a Holocaust survivor who became his best friend 131 He remembered learning about Landwirth s background Henri doesn t talk about it much It was years before he spoke about it with me and then only because of an accident We were down in Florida during the space program Everyone was wearing short sleeved Ban Lon shirts everyone but Henri Then one day I saw Henri at the pool and noticed the number on his arm I told Henri that if it were me I d wear that number like a medal with a spotlight on it 131 1970 Senate campaign Edit Main article 1970 United States Senate election in Ohio Glenn presents President Kennedy with an American flag he carried inside his space suit on Friendship 7 Glenn remained close to the Kennedy family and campaigned for Robert F Kennedy during his 1968 presidential campaign 132 133 134 In 1968 Glenn was in Kennedy s hotel suite when Kennedy heard he had won California Glenn was supposed to go with him to celebrate but decided not to as there would be many people there Kennedy went downstairs to make his victory speech and was assassinated Glenn and Annie went with Kennedy to the hospital and the next morning took Kennedy s children home to Virginia 135 Glenn was later a pallbearer at the funeral in New York 136 In 1970 Young did not seek reelection and the seat was open Businessman Howard Metzenbaum Young s former campaign manager was backed by the Ohio Democratic party and major labor unions which provided him a significant funding advantage over Glenn Glenn s camp persuaded him to be thrifty during the primary so he could save money for the general election By the end of the primary campaign Metzenbaum was spending four times as much as Glenn 137 Glenn was defeated in the Democratic primary by Metzenbaum who received 51 percent of the vote to Glenn s 49 percent Some prominent Democrats said Glenn was a hapless political rube and one newspaper called him the ultimate square 3 Metzenbaum lost the general election to Robert Taft Jr 3 Glenn remained active in the political scene following his defeat Governor John J Gilligan appointed Glenn to be the chairman of the Citizens Task Force on Environmental Protection in 1970 The task force was created to survey environmental problems in the state and released a report in 1971 detailing the issues The meetings and the final report of the task force were major contributors to the formation of Ohio s Environmental Protection Agency 138 1974 Senate campaign Edit Main article 1974 United States Senate election in Ohio In 1973 President Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox Richardson refused and resigned in protest triggering the Saturday Night massacre Ohio Senator William Saxbe elected in 1968 was appointed attorney general Both Glenn and Metzenbaum sought the vacated seat which was to be filled by Governor John Gilligan Gilligan was planning on a presidential or vice presidential run in the near future and offered Glenn the lieutenant governor position with the thought that Glenn would ascend to governor when Gilligan was elected to a higher position The Ohio Democratic party backed this solution to avoid what was expected to be a divisive primary battle between Metzenbaum and Glenn He declined denouncing their attempts as bossism and blackmail 3 Glenn s counteroffer suggested that Gilligan fill the position with someone other than Metzenbaum or Glenn so neither would have an advantage going into the 1974 election Metzenbaum s campaign agreed to back Gilligan in his governor re election campaign and Metzenbaum was subsequently appointed in January 1974 to the vacated seat 3 At the end of Saxbe s term Glenn challenged Metzenbaum in the primary for the Ohio Senate seat 139 Glenn s campaign changed their strategy after the 1970 election In 1970 Glenn won most of the counties in Ohio but lost in those with larger populations The campaign changed its focus and worked primarily in the large counties 139 In the primary Metzenbaum contrasted his strong business background with Glenn s military and astronaut credentials and said that his opponent had never held a payroll Glenn s reply became known as the Gold Star Mothers speech He told Metzenbaum to go to a veterans hospital and look those men with mangled bodies in the eyes and tell them they didn t hold a job You go with me to any Gold Star mother and you look her in the eye and tell her that her son did not hold a job 140 He defeated Metzenbaum 54 to 46 percent before defeating Ralph Perk the Republican mayor of Cleveland in the general election beginning a Senate career which would continue until 1999 141 1976 vice presidential campaign Edit Buttons of Carter s options for vice president In the 1976 presidential election Jimmy Carter was the presumptive Democratic nominee for president Glenn was reported to be in consideration for the vice presidential nomination because he was a senator in a pivotal state and for his fame and straightforwardness 142 Some thought he was too much like Carter partially because they both had military backgrounds and that he did not have enough experience to become president 143 Barbara Jordan was the first keynote speaker at the Democratic National Convention Her speech electrified the crowd and was filled with applause and standing ovations Glenn s keynote address immediately followed Jordan s and he failed to impress the delegates Walter Cronkite described it as dull and other delegates complained that he was hard to hear 144 Carter called Glenn to inform him the nomination was going to another candidate and later nominated the veteran politician Walter Mondale It was also reported that Carter s wife thought Annie Glenn who had a stutter would hurt the campaign 145 146 1980 Senate campaign Edit Main article 1980 United States Senate election in Ohio In his first reelection campaign Glenn ran opposed in the primary for the 1980 Senate election His opponents engineer Francis Hunstiger and ex teacher Frances Waterman were not well known and poorly funded 147 His opponents spent only a few thousand dollars on the campaign while Glenn spent 700 000 148 Reporters noted that for a race he was likely to win Glenn was spending a lot of time and money on the campaign His chief strategist responded to the remarks saying It s the way he does things He takes nothing for granted 149 Glenn won the primary by a landslide with 934 230 of the 1 09 million votes 150 Jim Betts who ran unopposed in the Republican primary challenged Glenn for his seat Betts publicly stated that Glenn s policies were part of the reason for inflation increases and a lower standard of living 151 Betts campaign also attacked Glenn s voting record saying that he often voted for spending increases Glenn s campaign s response was that he has been a part of over 3 000 roll calls and any one of them could be taken out of context 152 Glenn was projected to win the race easily 153 and won by the largest margin ever for an Ohio Senator defeating Betts by over 40 percent 141 154 155 1984 presidential campaign Edit Glenn was unhappy with how divided the country was and thought labels like conservative and liberal increased the divide He considered himself a centrist Glenn thought a more centrist president would help unite the country Glenn believed his experience as a senator from Ohio was ideal because of the state s diversity 156 Glenn thought that Ted Kennedy could win the election but after Kennedy s announcement in late 1982 that he would not seek the presidency Glenn thought he had a much better chance of winning He hired a media consultant to help him with his speaking style 157 Glenn announced his candidacy for president on April 21 1983 in the John Glenn High School gymnasium 158 He started out the campaign out raising the front runner Mondale He also polled the highest of any Democrat against Reagan 159 During the fall of 1983 The Right Stuff a film about the Mercury Seven astronauts was released Reviewers saw Ed Harris portrayal of Glenn as heroic and his staff began to publicize the film to the press 160 One reviewer said that Harris depiction helped transform Glenn from a history book figure into a likable thoroughly adoration worthy Hollywood hero turning him into a big screen icon 160 Others considered the movie to be damaging to Glenn s campaign serving as only a reminder that Glenn s most significant achievement had occurred decades earlier 161 Glenn s autobiography said the film had a chilling effect on the campaign 162 Glenn s campaign decided to forgo the traditional campaigning in early caucuses and primaries and focus on building campaign offices across the country He opened offices in 43 states by January 1984 Glenn s campaign spent a significant amount of money on television advertising in Iowa and Glenn chose not to attend an Iowan debate on farm issues He finished fifth in the Iowa caucus and went on to lose New Hampshire Glenn s campaign continued into Super Tuesday and he lost there as well He announced his withdrawal from the race on March 16 1984 163 After Mondale defeated him for the nomination Glenn carried 3 million in campaign debt for over 20 years before receiving a reprieve from the Federal Election Commission 164 165 1986 Senate campaign Edit Main article 1986 United States Senate election in Ohio Glenn s Senate seat was challenged by Thomas Kindness Kindness was unopposed in his primary while Glenn faced Lyndon LaRouche supporter Don Scott LaRouche supporters had been recently elected in Illinois but the Ohio Democratic Party chairman did not think it was likely they would see the same success in Ohio 166 LaRouche was known for his fringe theories such as the queen of England being a drug dealer 167 Kindness spoke to his supporters and warned them against LaRouche candidates He issued a statement telling voters to reject LaRouche candidates in both Republican and Democratic primaries 168 Glenn won the primary contest with 88 of the vote 169 With the primary complete Glenn began his campaign against Kindness Glenn believed he and other Democrats were the targets of a negative campaign thought up by the GOP strategists in Washington Kindness focused on Glenn s campaign debts for his failed presidential run and the fact he stopped payments on it while campaigning for the Senate seat 170 After winning the race with 62 of the vote Glenn remarked We proved that in 1986 they couldn t kill Glenn with Kindness 171 172 1992 Senate campaign Edit Main article 1992 United States Senate election in Ohio In 1992 Republican Mike DeWine won the Republican primary and challenged Glenn in the Senate election Glenn ran unopposed in the primary 173 DeWine s campaign focused on the need for change and for term limits for senators This would be Glenn s fourth term as senator 174 DeWine also criticized Glenn s campaign debts using a bunny dressed as an astronaut beating a drum with an announcer saying He just keeps owing and owing and owing a play on the Energizer Bunny 175 During a debate Glenn asked DeWine to stop his negative campaign ads saying This has been the most negative campaign DeWine responded that he would if Glenn would disclose how he spent the money he received from Charles Keating fallout from Glenn being named one of the Keating Five 176 Glenn won the Senate seat with 2 4 million votes to DeWine s 2 million votes 172 177 It was DeWine s first ever campaign loss DeWine later worked on the intelligence committee with Glenn and watched his second launch into space 178 Senate career Edit Glenn shaking hands with President Ronald Reagan in 1986 Committee on Governmental Affairs Edit Glenn requested to be assigned to two committees during his first year as senator the Government Operations Committee later known as the Committee on Governmental Affairs and the Foreign Relations Committee He was immediately assigned to the Government Operations Committee and waited for a seat on the Foreign Relations Committee 179 In 1977 Glenn wanted to chair the Energy Nuclear Proliferation and Federal Services Subcommittee of the Governmental Affairs Committee Abraham Ribicoff chair of the Governmental Affairs Committee said he could chair the subcommittee if he also chaired the less popular Federal Services Subcommittee which was in charge of the U S Postal Service Previous chairs of the Federal Services Subcommittee had lost elections in part because negative campaigns associated the poorly regarded mail service to the chairmen but Glenn accepted the offer and became the chair of both subcommittees 180 One of his goals as a new senator was developing environmental policies 181 Glenn introduced bills on energy policy to try to counter the energy crisis in the 70s Glenn also introduced legislation promoting nuclear non proliferation and was the chief author of the Nuclear Non Proliferation Act of 1978 182 the first of six major pieces of legislation that he produced on the subject 138 183 Glenn chaired the Committee on Governmental Affairs from 1987 to 1995 184 It was in this role that he discovered safety and environmental problems with the nation s nuclear weapons facilities Glenn was made aware of the problem at the Fernald Feed Materials Production Center near Cincinnati and soon found that it affected sites across the nation Glenn requested investigations from the General Accounting Office of Congress and held several hearings on the issue He also released a report on the potential costs of hazardous waste cleanup at former nuclear weapons manufacturing facilities known as the Glenn Report 185 He spent the remainder of his Senate career acquiring funding to clean up the nuclear waste left at the facilities 186 Glenn also focused on reducing government waste He created legislation to mandate CFOs for large governmental agencies 187 Glenn wrote a bill to add the office of the inspector general to federal agencies to help find waste and fraud He also created legislation intended to prevent the federal government from imposing regulations on local governments without funding Glenn founded the Great Lakes Task Force which helped protect the environment of the Great Lakes 188 In 1995 Glenn became the ranking minority member of the Committee on Governmental Affairs Glenn disputed the focus on illegal Chinese donations to the Democrats and asserted that Republicans also had egregious fundraising issues The committee chair Fred Thompson of Tennessee disagreed and continued the investigation 189 190 Thompson and Glenn continued to work together poorly for the duration of the investigation Thompson would give Glenn only information he was legally required to Glenn would not authorize a larger budget and tried to expand the scope of the investigation to include members of the GOP 191 192 The investigation concluded with a Republican written report which Thompson described as a lot of things strung together that paint a real ugly picture The Democrats led by Glenn said the report does not support the conclusion that the China plan was aimed at or affected the 1996 presidential election 193 Glenn was the vice chairman of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations a subcommittee of the Committee on Governmental Affairs 194 When the Republican Party regained control of the Senate in 1996 Glenn became the ranking minority member on the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations until he was succeeded by Carl Levin During this time the committee investigated issue such as fraud on the Internet mortgage fraud and day trading of securities 195 Other committees and activities Edit Glenn in the U S Senate Glenn s father spent his retirement money battling cancer and would have lost his house if Glenn had not intervened His father in law also had expensive treatments for Parkinson s disease These health and financial issues motivated him to request a seat on the Special Committee on Aging 196 197 Glenn was considered an expert in matters of science and technology He was a supporter of continuing the B 1 bomber program which he considered successful This conflicted with President Carter s desire to fund the B 2 bomber program Glenn did not fully support development of the B 2 because he had doubts about the feasibility of the stealth technology He drafted a proposal to slow down the development of the B 2 which could have potentially saved money but the measure was rejected 198 Glenn joined the Foreign Relations Committee in 1978 He became the chairman of the East Asian and Pacific Affairs Subcommittee for which he traveled to Japan Korea the Republic of China and the People s Republic of China Glenn helped to pass the Taiwan Enabling Act of 1979 The same year Glenn s stance on the SALT II treaty caused another dispute with President Carter Given the loss of radar listening posts in Iran Glenn did not believe that the U S had the capability to monitor the Soviet Union accurately enough to verify compliance with the treaty 199 During the launching ceremony for the USS Ohio he spoke about his doubts about verifying treaty compliance First Lady Rosalynn Carter also spoke at the event during which she criticized Glenn for speaking publicly about the issue The Senate never ratified the treaty in part because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 138 Glenn served on the committee until 1985 when he traded it for the Armed Services Committee 200 Glenn delivers remarks during a Congressional Gold Medal ceremony honoring the Apollo 11 astronauts in the Rotunda at the U S Capitol in 2011 Glenn became chairman of the Manpower Subcommittee of the Armed Services Committee in 1987 201 He introduced legislation such as increasing pay and benefits for American troops in the Persian Gulf during the Gulf War 202 He served as chairman until 1993 becoming chairman of the Armed Services Subcommittee on Military Readiness and Defense Infrastructure 203 Keating Five Edit Main article Keating Five Glenn was one of the Keating Five the U S Senators involved with the savings and loan crisis after he accepted a 200 000 campaign contribution from Lincoln Savings and Loan Association head Charles Keating During the crisis the senators were accused of delaying the seizure of Keating s S amp L which cost taxpayers an additional 2 billion The combination of perceived political pressure and Keating s monetary contributions to the senators led to an investigation 204 The Ethics Committee s outside counsel Robert Bennett wanted to eliminate Republican senator John McCain and Glenn from the investigation The Democrats did not want to exclude McCain as he was the only Republican being investigated which means they could not excuse Glenn from the investigation either 205 McCain and Glenn were reprimanded the least of the five as the Senate commission found that they had exercised poor judgment 206 The GOP focused on Glenn s poor judgement rather than what Glenn saw as complete exoneration GOP chairman Robert Bennett said John Glenn misjudged Charles Keating He also misjudged the tolerance of Ohio s taxpayers who are left to foot the bill of nearly 2 billion 207 After the Senate s report Glenn said They so firmly put this thing to bed there isn t much there to fuss with I didn t do anything wrong 208 In his autobiography Glenn wrote outside of people close to me dying these hearings were the low point of my life The case cost him 520 000 in legal fees 205 The association of his name with the scandal made Republicans hopeful that he could be defeated in the 1992 campaign but Glenn defeated Lieutenant Governor Mike DeWine to retain his seat 209 Retirement Edit On February 20 1997 which was the 35th anniversary of his Friendship 7 flight Glenn announced that his retirement from the Senate would occur at the end of his term in January 1999 210 Glenn retired because of his age saying There is still no cure for the common birthday 211 Return to space EditMain article STS 95 Glenn on the Space Shuttle Discovery in 1998 STS 95 portrait Glenn getting his blood drawn in space for an experiment After the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986 Glenn criticized putting a lay person in space for the purpose of gaining public support while the shuttle is still in its embryonic stage He supported flying research scientists 212 In 1995 Glenn read Space Physiology and Medicine a book written by NASA doctors He realized that many changes that occur to physical attributes during space flight such as loss of bone and muscle mass and blood plasma 213 are the same as changes that result from aging Glenn thought NASA should send an older person on a shuttle mission and that it should be him Starting in 1995 he began lobbying NASA director Dan Goldin for the mission 214 Goldin said he would consider it if there was a scientific reason and if Glenn could pass the same physical examination the younger astronauts took Glenn performed research on the subject and passed the physical examination On January 16 1998 NASA Administrator Dan Goldin announced that Glenn would be part of the STS 95 crew 215 this made him at age 77 the oldest person to fly in space at that time 216 NASA and the National Institute of Aging NIA planned to use Glenn as a test subject for research with biometrics taken before during and after his flight Some experiments in circadian rhythms for example compared him with the younger crew members In addition to these tests he was in charge of the flight s photography and videography Glenn returned to space on the Space Shuttle on October 29 1998 as a payload specialist on Space Shuttle Discovery 217 Shortly before the flight researchers disqualified Glenn from one of the flight s two major human experiments on the effect of melatonin for undisclosed medical reasons he participated in experiments on sleep monitoring and protein use 213 218 On November 6 President Bill Clinton sent a congratulatory email to Glenn aboard the Discovery This is often cited as the first email sent by a sitting U S president but records exist of emails being sent by President Clinton several years earlier 219 His participation in the nine day mission was criticized by some members of the space community as a favor granted by Clinton John Pike director of the Federation of American Scientists space policy project said If he was a normal person he would acknowledge he s a great American hero and that he should get to fly on the shuttle for free He s too modest for that and so he s got to have this medical research reason It s got nothing to do with medicine 92 220 In a 2012 interview Glenn said he regretted that NASA did not continue its research on aging by sending additional elderly people into space 213 After STS 95 returned safely its crew received a ticker tape parade On October 15 1998 NASA Road 1 the main route to the Johnson Space Center was temporarily renamed John Glenn Parkway for several months 221 Glenn was awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal in 1998 for flying on STS 95 108 In 2001 Glenn opposed sending Dennis Tito the world s first space tourist to the International Space Station because Tito s trip had no scientific purpose 222 Personal life Edit Annie and John Glenn in 1965 Glenn and Annie had two children John David and Carolyn Ann and two grandchildren 223 and remained married for 73 years until his death 224 A Freemason Glenn was a member of Concord Lodge No 688 in New Concord Ohio 225 226 He received all his degrees in full in a Mason at Sight ceremony from the Grand Master of Ohio in 1978 14 years after petitioning his lodge In 1999 Glenn became a 33rd degree Scottish Rite Mason in the Valley of Cincinnati NMJ 227 As an adult he was honored as part of the DeMolay Legion of Honor by DeMolay International a Masonic youth organization for boys 228 229 Glenn was an ordained elder of the Presbyterian Church 230 His religious faith began before he became an astronaut and was reinforced after he traveled in space To look out at this kind of creation and not believe in God is to me impossible said Glenn after his second and final space voyage 231 He saw no contradiction between belief in God and the knowledge that evolution is a fact and believed evolution should be taught in schools 232 I don t see that I m any less religious that I can appreciate the fact that science just records that we change with evolution and time and that s a fact It doesn t mean it s less wondrous and it doesn t mean that there can t be some power greater than any of us that has been behind and is behind whatever is going on 233 On August 9 2019 flight records unsealed as part of Virginia Louise Giuffre s defamation suit against convicted sex trafficker Ghislaine Maxwell revealed Glenn to have flown aboard a private plane of convicted sex offender and disgraced financier Jeffrey Epstein 234 235 On November 30 2021 Epstein s personal pilot Larry Visoski testified in Maxwell s 2021 sex trafficking trial that he had recalled flying Glenn on one of Epstein s private planes However Visoski claimed to have never seen sexual activity nor any indication that such activity had taken place 236 237 Public appearances Edit Glenn at the ceremony transferring the Space Shuttle Discovery to the Smithsonian Institution Glenn was an honorary member of the International Academy of Astronautics and a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots Marine Corps Aviation Association Order of Daedalians National Space Club board of trustees National Space Society board of governors International Association of Holiday Inns Ohio Democratic Party State Democratic Executive Committee Franklin County Ohio Democratic Party and the 10th District Ohio Democratic Action Club In 2001 he guest starred as himself on the American television sitcom Frasier 238 On September 5 2009 John and Annie Glenn dotted the i in Ohio State University s Script Ohio marching band performance during the Ohio State Navy football game halftime show which is normally reserved for veteran band members 239 To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Friendship 7 flight on February 20 2012 he had an unexpected opportunity to speak with the orbiting crew of the International Space Station when he was onstage with NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden at Ohio State University 240 On April 19 2012 Glenn participated in the ceremonial transfer of the retired Space Shuttle Discovery from NASA to the Smithsonian Institution for permanent display at the Steven F Udvar Hazy Center He used the occasion to criticize the unfortunate decision to end the Space Shuttle program saying that grounding the shuttles delayed research 241 Illness and death EditGlenn was in good health for most of his life He retained a private pilot s license until 2011 when he was 90 242 In June 2014 Glenn underwent successful heart valve replacement surgery at the Cleveland Clinic 243 In early December 2016 he was hospitalized at the James Cancer Hospital of Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in Columbus 244 245 246 According to a family source Glenn had been in declining health and his condition was grave his wife and their children and grandchildren were at the hospital 247 Glenn s casket carried by Marine Corps pallbearers Glenn s headstone at Arlington National Cemetery Glenn died on December 8 2016 at the OSU Wexner Medical Center he was 95 years old 224 248 No cause of death was disclosed After his death his body lay in state at the Ohio Statehouse There was a memorial service at Mershon Auditorium at Ohio State University 224 Another memorial service was performed at Kennedy Space Center near the Heroes and Legends building 249 250 His body was interred at Arlington National Cemetery on April 6 2017 251 252 At the time of his death Glenn was the last surviving member of the Mercury Seven 253 The Military Times reported that William Zwicharowski a senior mortuary official at Dover Air Force Base had offered to let visiting inspectors view Glenn s remains sparking an official investigation 254 255 Zwicharowski has denied the remains were disrespected 256 At the conclusion of the investigation officials said the remains were not disrespected as inspectors did not accept Zwicharowski s offer and that Zwicharowski s actions were improper No administrative action was taken as he had retired 257 President Barack Obama said that Glenn the first American to orbit the Earth reminded us that with courage and a spirit of discovery there s no limit to the heights we can reach together 258 Tributes were also paid by Vice President and future President Joe Biden President elect Donald Trump 259 and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 260 The phrase Godspeed John Glenn which fellow Mercury astronaut Scott Carpenter had used to hail Glenn s launch into space became a social media hashtag GodspeedJohnGlenn Former and current astronauts added tributes so did NASA Administrator and former shuttle astronaut Charles Bolden who wrote John Glenn s legacy is one of risk and accomplishment of history created and duty to country carried out under great pressure with the whole world watching 261 President Obama ordered flags to be flown at half staff until Glenn s burial 262 On April 5 2017 President Donald Trump issued presidential proclamation 9588 titled Honoring the Memory of John Glenn 263 264 Awards and honors EditGlenn was awarded the John J Montgomery Award in 1963 265 Glenn received National Geographic Society s Hubbard Medal in 1962 266 Glenn along with 37 other space race astronauts received the Ambassador of Space Exploration Award in 2006 91 He was also awarded the General Thomas D White National Defense Award 267 and the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 268 In 1964 Glenn received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 269 In 2004 he received the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution 270 271 and was awarded the National Collegiate Athletic Association s Theodore Roosevelt Award for 2008 272 Receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama in 2012 Glenn earned the Navy s astronaut wings and the Marine Corps Astronaut Medal 39 He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 2011 and was among the first group of astronauts to be granted the distinction 273 In 2012 President Barack Obama presented Glenn with the Presidential Medal of Freedom Glenn was the seventh astronaut to receive this distinction The Congressional Gold Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom are considered the two most prestigious awards that can be bestowed on a civilian 274 The Society of Experimental Test Pilots awarded Glenn the Iven C Kincheloe award in 1963 275 and he was inducted into the International Air amp Space Hall of Fame in 1968 276 National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1976 277 the International Space Hall of Fame in 1977 278 and the U S Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990 279 280 In 2000 he received the U S Senator John Heinz Award for public service by an elected or appointed official one of the annual Jefferson Awards 281 The John Glenn College of Public Affairs In 1961 Glenn received an honorary LL D from Muskingum University the college he attended before joining the military in World War II 23 He also received honorary doctorates from Nihon University in Tokyo 282 Wagner College in Staten Island New York Ohio Northern University 283 Williams College 284 285 and Brown University 286 In 1998 he helped found the John Glenn Institute for Public Service and Public Policy at Ohio State University to encourage public service The institute merged with OSU s School of Public Policy and Management to become the John Glenn School of Public Affairs He held an adjunct professorship at the school 287 In February 2015 it was announced that it would become the John Glenn College of Public Affairs in April 288 The Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland is named after him and the Senator John Glenn Highway runs along a stretch of I 480 in Ohio across from the Glenn Research Center 289 290 Colonel Glenn Highway which passes Wright Patterson Air Force Base and Wright State University near Dayton Ohio John Glenn High School in his hometown of New Concord Elwood John H Glenn High School in the hamlet of Elwood Town of Huntington Long Island New York and the former Col John Glenn Elementary in Seven Hills Ohio were also named for him 291 292 Colonel Glenn Road in Little Rock Arkansas was named for him in 1962 293 High schools in Westland 294 and Bay City Michigan 295 Walkerton Indiana 296 and Norwalk California bear Glenn s name 297 298 The fireboat John H Glenn Jr operated by the District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department and protecting sections of the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers which run through Washington D C was named for him as was USNS John Glenn T MLP 2 a mobile landing platform delivered to the U S Navy on March 12 2014 299 In June 2016 the Port Columbus International Airport in Columbus Ohio was renamed John Glenn Columbus International Airport Glenn and his family attended the ceremony during which he spoke about how visiting the airport as a child had kindled his interest in flying 300 On September 12 2016 Blue Origin announced the New Glenn a rocket 301 Orbital ATK named the Cygnus space capsule used in the NASA CRS OA 7 mission to the international space station S S John Glenn in his honor The mission successfully lifted off on April 16 2017 302 Naval Aviator Astronaut Insignia 39 Distinguished Flying Cross with three gold stars and one bronze cluster 39 Air Medalwith one silver and 2 gold stars and two silver clusters 39 Navy Presidential Unit Citation 40 Navy Unit Commendation 39 Presidential Medal of Freedom 303 Congressional Space Medal of Honor 39 NASA Distinguished Service Medal 39 NASA Space Flight Medalwith one oak leaf cluster 39 Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal 40 China Service Medal 39 American Campaign Medal 39 Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medalwith one star 40 World War II Victory Medal 39 Navy Occupation Service Medal 40 with ASIA clasp National Defense Service Medalwith one star 39 Korean Service Medalwith two campaign stars 40 Presidential Unit Citation Korea 39 United Nations Korea Medal 39 Korean War Service Medal 39 Legacy EditGlenn s public life and legacy began when he received his first ticker tape parade for breaking the transcontinental airspeed record 304 As a senator he used his military background to write legislation to reduce nuclear proliferation He also focused on reducing government waste 39 305 304 Buzz Aldrin wrote that Glenn s Friendship 7 flight helped to galvanize the country s will and resolution to surmount significant technical challenges of human spaceflight 306 President Barack Obama said With John s passing our nation has lost an icon and Michelle and I have lost a friend John spent his life breaking barriers from defending our freedom as a decorated Marine Corps fighter pilot in World War II and Korea to setting a transcontinental speed record to becoming at age 77 the oldest human to touch the stars 307 Obama issued a presidential proclamation on December 9 2016 ordering the US flag to be flown at half staff in Glenn s memory 308 NASA administrator Charles Bolden said Senator Glenn s legacy is one of risk and accomplishment of history created and duty to country carried out under great pressure with the whole world watching 309 310 References EditNotes Edit Muskingum awarded his bachelor s degree in 1962 after Glenn s Mercury space flight 23 The spacecraft landed 41 miles 66 km west and 19 miles 31 km north of the target landing site Friendship 7 was recovered by the USS Noa which had the spacecraft on the deck 21 minutes after landing Glenn was in the capsule during the recovery operation 75 Perth Western Australia became known worldwide as the City of Light 98 when residents turned on their house car and streetlights as Glenn passed overhead 99 100 The city repeated the act when Glenn rode the Space Shuttle in 1998 101 102 Citations Edit Gorenstein Nathan November 5 1986 Biden would rather see Kennedy in Judiciary chair The News Journal Wilmington Delaware p 8 via Newspapers com Barton Paul March 26 1995 Senator Glenn Rails at New Ways The Cincinnati Enquirer Cincinnati Ohio p 21 via Newspapers com a b c d e f McDiarmid Hugh January 17 1998 Rocket man fizzled early as politician Detroit Free Press Detroit Michigan p 3 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Voinovich backs lengthier trial for Clinton The Akron Beacon Journal Akron Ohio January 6 1999 p 10 via Newspapers com Mercury Atlas 6 NASA November 20 2006 Retrieved November 15 2018 STS 95 NASA Retrieved November 15 2018 John Glenn s parents Geneanet org John Glenn s parents John F Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Archived from the original on December 21 2016 Retrieved January 30 2017 John Glenn Archives Audiovisuals Subgroup Series 3 Certificates Ohio State University Archived from the original on December 21 2014 Retrieved August 30 2013 a b c Burgess 2015 pp 43 46 Kupperberg 2003 pp 15 35 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 13 16 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 25 Burgess 2015 pp 46 47 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 24 29 John Glenn Boyhood Home and Museum The Times Recorder Zanesville Ohio June 11 2008 p 28 via Newspapers com Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 47 Off Campus Credits for Glenn The News Messenger Fremont Ohio Associated Press October 4 1983 p 9 via Newspapers com Hannah James March 29 1983 Glenn Plans Launch Of Big Venture Where It All Began Lancaster Eagle Gazette Lancaster Ohio Associated Press p 12 via Newspapers com Muskingum Grad to Conduct Solar Experiments Aboard Oct 29 Shuttle Flight with Muskie John Glenn on Board Muskingum College PR Newswire October 16 1998 Archived from the original on September 25 2015 Retrieved September 24 2015 a b Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 58 59 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 60 a b c College says Glenn degree was deserved The Day New London Ohio October 4 1983 Retrieved March 27 2017 John Glenn Dead at 95 Remembering the First American To Orbit Earth ABC News December 8 2016 Archived from the original on October 30 2021 via YouTube John Glenn Biographical Sketch Ohio State University 2009 Archived from the original on October 17 2009 Burgess 2015 p 50 a b c d e f g Burgess 2015 pp 51 55 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 93 96 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 103 107 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 111 117 Carpenter et al 2010 p 31 The Man Ohio State University Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved January 28 2017 Valor awards for John Herschel Glenn Military Times Retrieved February 28 2018 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 135 141 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 147 VeteranOfTheDay Marine Corps Veteran John Glenn U S Department of Veteran Affairs December 8 2016 Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved January 28 2017 Tilton 2000 p 34 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 166 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Profile of John Glenn NASA December 5 2016 Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved January 28 2017 a b c d e f g Death of John H Glenn Jr Retired Marine and U S Senator Marine Corps December 9 2016 Archived from the original on April 11 2017 Retrieved April 10 2017 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 167 169 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 186 187 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 171 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 175 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 186 a b Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 180 Mersky 1983 p 183 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 180 184 How Ted Williams described being John Glenn s wingman www boston com Retrieved November 14 2020 Breslin Meg McSherry February 12 1999 Ralph H Spanjer 78 Chicago Tribune Chicago Archived from the original on April 10 2016 Retrieved December 8 2016 John Glenn standing beside his F 86 Sabre John Glenn Archives Ohio State University 1953 hdl 1811 50348 Original Photo 4 5 Inches Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 187 Wolfe 1979 pp 41 42 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 185 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 189 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 192 196 Faherty John December 8 2016 John Glenn astronaut and Senator dead at age 95 The Cincinnati Enquirer MacLean Virginia Archived from the original on March 27 2017 Retrieved March 27 2017 Burgess 2015 pp 55 56 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 204 206 Vogel Steve June 7 1998 Pax River Yields a Constellation of Astronaut Candidates The Washington Post Washington D C Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved December 8 2016 The History of Naval Air Station Patuxent River Maryland United States Navy Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved December 10 2016 Jim Stockdale Glenn s tutor at Pax River The National Aviation Hall of Fame Archived from the original on February 16 2017 Retrieved February 15 2017 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 208 210 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 212 220 a b c d e f g h Biographical Data JOHN HERSCHEL GLENN JR COLONEL USMC RET NASA ASTRONAUT DECEASED PDF NASA December 2016 Retrieved February 4 2021 Rhian Jason December 8 2016 Silent Seven John Glenn last Mercury astronaut dies at 95 SpaceFlight Insider Retrieved December 8 2016 a b c d e f g h i j Shesol Jeff 2021 Mercury Rising John Glenn John Kennedy and the New Battleground of the Cold War New York W W Norton amp Company pp 31 32 55 64 ISBN 9781324003250 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 220 221 a b Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 222 227 Deffree Suzanne July 16 2012 Project Bullet sets transcontinental speed record July 16 1957 EDN Archived from the original on December 21 2016 Retrieved December 10 2016 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 228 Burgess 2015 p 68 Burgess 2011 pp 25 29 Swenson Grimwood amp Alexander 1966 p 134 a b c d e f g h i Gray Tara John H Glenn Jr NASA History Program Office Archived from the original on January 28 2016 Retrieved December 9 2016 Atkinson amp Shafritz 1985 pp 36 39 Burgess 2011 p 35 Atkinson amp Shafritz 1985 p 40 42 Atkinson amp Shafritz 1985 pp 43 47 Burgess 2011 pp 234 237 Burgess 2011 pp 274 275 Atkinson amp Shafritz 1985 pp 42 47 Wolfe 1979 p 121 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 274 275 Tilton 2000 p 43 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 292 295 Swenson Grimwood amp Alexander 1966 p 407 Burgess 2015 pp 76 79 Swenson Grimwood amp Alexander 1966 p 418 Burgess 2015 pp 80 86 a b NASA Honors a Legendary Astronaut NASA February 21 2006 Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved December 10 2016 a b c John Glenn Stirs Controversy CBS October 8 1998 Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved December 7 2016 There are people at NASA who have said this is a multi million dollar joy ride for someone who supports President Clinton and he s getting a payback a b c John H Glenn Jr New Mexico Museum of Space History Archived from the original on December 11 2016 Retrieved December 10 2016 Ad Astra The past present and future of spacecraft Interesting Engineering April 28 2022 Retrieved July 23 2022 That was a real fireball What happened when John Glenn orbited the Earth in 1962 Washington Post Retrieved July 23 2022 Glenn Orbits the Earth NASA February 16 2012 Archived from the original on April 20 2008 Retrieved June 10 2008 International Space Hall of Fame Inductee Profile New Mexico Museum of Space History Archived from the original on November 29 2014 Retrieved April 24 2015 City of light 50 years in Space Western Australian Museum Archived from the original on December 1 2016 Perth a city of light Video recording Perth W A Brian Williams Productions for the Government of WA 1970 The social and recreational life of Perth Begins with a mock up of the lights of Perth as seen by astronaut John Glenn in February 1962 Gregory Jenny 2005 Sir Henry Rudolph Harry Howard Australian Dictionary of Biography Melbourne University Press ISSN 1833 7538 Retrieved August 30 2013 via National Centre of Biography Australian National University Moment in Time Episode 1 Australian Broadcasting Corporation February 15 2008 Archived from the original on August 21 2008 Retrieved July 14 2008 King Rhianna February 12 2012 The moment Perth became the City of Lights WA Today Perth WA Archived from the original on October 25 2016 Retrieved June 15 2017 John Glenn Celebrates Orbiting the Earth ABC News February 20 2012 Archived from the original on October 30 2021 via YouTube Koren Marina December 8 2016 Remembering John Glenn The Atlantic Archived from the original on March 5 2017 Retrieved March 27 2017 NASA Remembers American Legend John Glenn NASA December 8 2016 Archived from the original on October 30 2021 via YouTube President John F Kennedy Pins NASA Distinguished Service Medal on John Glenn NASA May 13 2015 Retrieved July 30 2018 Halvorson Todd January 16 1998 Shuttle flight would make senator oldest space traveler Florida Today Cocoa Florida p 10 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com a b Finding Aids PDF Ohio State University Retrieved July 30 2018 Thomas Richard G October 1 1978 Glenn will put this medal in a safe News Journal Mansfield Ohio p 20 via Newspapers com Nolan Stephanie October 12 2002 One giant leap backward Part 2 The Globe and Mail Toronto Canada Archived from the original on September 13 2004 Retrieved December 8 2016 John Glenn s fan mail shows many girls dreamed of the stars but sexism in the early space program thwarted their ambitions Atkinson amp Shafritz 1985 p 96 Atkinson amp Shafritz 1985 pp 77 81 Atkinson amp Shafritz 1985 pp 133 134 Svetlana Savitskaya 1948 Pioneer Cosmonaut Monash University Retrieved October 21 2018 Kevles 2003 p 98 Catchpole 2001 p 96 Who Was John Glenn NASA December 8 2016 Archived from the original on January 18 2017 Retrieved January 30 2017 a b Via The New York Times From Orbiting The Earth To The Arena of Politics St Petersburg Times January 18 1964 Accessed July 28 2009 a b Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 403 Jones David R Ohio Voters Split on Race by Glenn Many Oppose Astronaut s Entry Into Senate Test The New York Times January 22 1964 Accessed July 28 2009 Raines Howell November 13 1983 John Glenn The Hero as Candidate The New York Times New York p 40 Archived from the original on March 9 2014 Retrieved May 14 2011 Mattson Dr Richard H March 31 1964 Doctors Urge He Quit Race The New York Times New York p 19 John Glenn s plans all derailed today Kentucky New Era Hopkinsville Kentucky February 29 1964 p 2 Retrieved October 15 2018 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 401 402 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 409 411 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 318 Glenn for Senate Possible he says Dayton Daily News Dayton Ohio Associated Press August 29 1968 p 4 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com The History of our Kissimmee Family Hotel Seralago Hotel Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Retrieved December 8 2016 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 319 a b Kramer Michael January 31 1983 John Glenn The Right Stuff New York p 24 Battelle Phyllis June 25 1968 John Glenn Kennedy Family Recalled as Close Friends Panama City News Herald Panama City Florida p 4 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com John Glenn Backs Kennedy at Ohio State Appearance Palladium Item Richmond Indiana United Press International April 25 1968 p 16 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com John Glenn Backs Kennedy on Visit to Sioux Falls Argus Leader Sioux Falls South Dakota June 4 1968 p 8 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 322 323 Kupperberg 2003 p 80 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 324 a b c Political Career Ohio State University May 10 2016 Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved January 26 2017 a b Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 328 Kennedy Eugene October 11 1981 John Glenn s Presidential Countdown The New York Times New York Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved December 8 2016 a b Knight 2003 p 114 Is John Glenn ready for vice presidency The Akron Beacon Journal Akron Ohio July 4 1976 p 1 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Is John Glenn ready for vice presidency The Akron Beacon Journal Akron Ohio July 4 1976 p 7 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Ohio delegates cite Glenn s inexperience as critical factor Fremont News Messenger Fremont Ohio p 5 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 334 335 Kennedy Eugene October 11 1981 John Glenn s Presidential Countdown The New York Times New York Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved December 8 2016 Glenn Facing Two Unknowns The Times Recorder Zanesville Ohio Associated Press June 1 1980 p 15 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Glenn is Senate Winner The Tribune Coshocton Ohio June 4 1980 p 3 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Glenn Seen as Victor The Times Recorder Zanesville Ohio Associated Press June 4 1980 p 1 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Democratic Primary June 3 1980 Ohio Secretary of State Archived from the original on September 1 2018 Retrieved August 31 2018 Nemeth Neil April 1 1980 Betts assails Glenn News Journal Mansfield Ohio p 10 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Foe claims senator vulnerable News Journal Mansfield Ohio Associated Press September 15 1980 p 27 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Wheat Warren October 10 1980 Glenn Takes His Campaign on the Road The Cincinnati Enquirer Cincinnati Ohio p 15 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Wheat Warren November 11 1980 Sen Metzenbaum may be a marked man News Herald Port Clinton Ohio p 4 Retrieved February 3 2018 via Newspapers com Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 343 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 344 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 346 John Glenn announces candidacy for president The Montgomery Advertiser Montgomery Alabama Associated Press April 22 1983 p 2 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 348 a b Raftery Brian December 8 2016 How John Glenn Became a Big screen Hero in The Right Stuff Wired Archived from the original on March 5 2017 Retrieved March 7 2017 Greenfield Jeff December 8 2016 John Glenn Hero and Political Cautionary Tale Politico Retrieved March 12 2018 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 349 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 pp 348 350 Luce Edward May 9 2008 Well of donors dries up for Clinton Financial Times Archived from the original on July 5 2008 Retrieved August 30 2013 Luo Michael June 10 2008 For Clinton Millions in Debt and Few Options The New York Times Archived from the original on February 25 2015 Retrieved April 24 2015 Politicians Unconcerned About LaRouche Candidates Lancaster Eagle Gazette Lancaster Ohio Associated Press March 24 1986 p 16 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Benson Miles May 15 1986 LaRouche Backers Fizzle at the Poll The Tampa Tribune Tampa Florida p 17 via Newspapers com Gillmor Ohio For Sale under Celeste The Newark Advocate Newark Ohio Associated Press April 11 1986 p 3 via Newspapers com Democratic Primary May 6 1986 Ohio Secretary of State Archived from the original on September 6 2018 Retrieved September 5 2018 White Keith Jadrnak Jackie September 1 1986 Here s a rundown on state races in Ohio The Cincinnati Enquirer Cincinnati Ohio p 26 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Glenn Wins in Landslide Lancaster Eagle Gazette Lancaster Ohio Associated Press November 5 1986 p 2 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com a b Voters Say Glenn Has Right Stuff Lancaster Eagle Gazette Lancaster Ohio Associated Press November 4 1992 p 3 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Today s primary races in spotlight The Indianapolis News Indianapolis Indiana Associated Press June 2 1992 p 3 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com DeWine gets easy win to face Glenn The Tribune Coshocton Ohio Associated Press June 3 1992 p 3 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com DeWine won t get chance to make Washington change Marysville Journal Tribune Marysville Ohio Associated Press November 4 1992 p 7 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Debate Fails to Spark Truce in Glenn DeWine Campaign Marysville Journal Tribune Marysville Ohio Associated Press October 19 1992 p 4 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com General Election November 3 1992 Ohio Secretary of State Archived from the original on May 22 2020 Retrieved October 15 2018 Mike DeWine reacts to the passing of John Glenn NBC4 WCMH TV Columbus December 8 2016 Archived from the original on October 30 2021 Retrieved April 1 2018 Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 333 Thomas Richard June 25 1978 Glenn in Postal Dilemma News Journal Mansfield Ohio p 46 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Glenn eyes sound energy policies The Tampa Tribune Tampa Florida United Press International January 13 1975 p 6 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Nayan 2013 p 80 Moore Robert December 8 1982 Glenn launches trial balloons from Texarkana The Times Shreveport Louisiana p 22 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Barton Paul March 26 1995 Senator Glenn rails at new ways The Cincinnati Enquirer Cincinnati Ohio p 21 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Lab face costly complex problems in cleanup of hazardous waste sites The Santa Fe New Mexican Santa Fe New Mexico August 15 1988 p 3 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Hershey William January 10 1989 Glenn irate over N plant cleanup The Akron Beacon Journal Akron Ohio p 3 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Glenn amp Taylor 1999 p 353 Portman Rob December 12 2016 The John Glenn I Knew Senate gov Archived from the original on March 7 2017 Retrieved October 15 2018 Cooper Matthew October 15 2007 Fred Thompson s Big Flop Portfolio com Archived from the original on February 1 2013 Retrieved August 30 2013 Rosenbaum David E September 24 1997 Campaign Finance The Hearings Anger Flares as Focus Shifts to 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Randy February 28 1991 Glenn feels he s vindicated The Newark Advocate Newark Ohio p 5 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Glenn looks ahead to bid back to debt The Marion Star Marion Ohio Associated Press March 1 1991 p 13 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Krauss Clifford October 15 1992 In Big Re election Fight Glenn Tests Hero Image The New York Times Retrieved July 21 2008 Neufeld Michael December 8 2016 Remembering Senator John Herschel Glenn Jr Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Retrieved August 31 2018 No Cure for Common Birthday Marysville Journal Tribune Marysville Ohio Associated Press February 21 1997 p 14 Retrieved October 15 2018 via Newspapers com Pincus Walter March 5 1986 NASA s Push to Put Citizen in Space Overtook Fully Operational Shuttle The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved July 14 2020 a b c Riley Brian 2012 Interview with John Glenn Brian Riley Archived from the original on June 28 2017 Retrieved December 9 2016 Glenn amp Taylor 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on October 6 2008 Retrieved May 6 2010 Kupperberg 2003 p 31 a b c John Glenn American hero aviation icon and former U S Senator dies at 95 The Columbus Dispatch Columbus Ohio Archived from the original on December 8 2016 Retrieved December 8 2016 Space Masons Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon Archived from the original on June 27 2018 Retrieved October 13 2018 Famous Freemasons in the course of history St John Lodge No 11 F A A M Archived from the original on November 16 2015 Retrieved September 30 2018 Celebrating more than 100 years of the Freemasonry famous Freemasons in the history Mathawan Lodge No 192 F A amp A M New Jersey Archived from the original on May 10 2008 Christopher Hodapp December 10 2016 Illus Brother John H Glenn Jr FreemasonsForDummies com Archived from the original on December 21 2016 Retrieved December 15 2016 Creason Todd E December 8 2016 On This Day in History Astronaut John Glenn Rockets into History The Midnight Freemasons Archived from the original on March 4 2017 Kupperberg 2003 p 96 Zauzmer Julie December 8 2016 In space John Glenn saw the face of God It just strengthens my faith The Washington Post Archived from the original on March 5 2017 Retrieved March 27 2017 John Glenn Says Evolution Should Be Taught in Schools HuffPost Associated Press May 20 2015 Archived from the original on March 10 2016 Retrieved May 22 2015 Miller Emily McFarlan December 8 2016 Astronaut Senator and Presbyterian John Glenn saw no conflict between beliefs in God and science Religion News Service Archived from the original on March 5 2017 Retrieved March 27 2017 The New Elite Names on Jeffrey Epstein s Flight Logs Law amp Crime August 9 2019 Retrieved December 30 2021 Shamsian Jacob John Glenn was a passenger on Jeffrey Epstein s private jet in 1996 according to unsealed flight records Insider Retrieved December 30 2021 Bekiempis Victoria November 30 2021 Written at New York Ghislaine Maxwell was No 2 in Jeffrey Epstein s hierarchy pilot says The Guardian London Retrieved December 6 2021 Lauren del Valle and Eric Levenson November 30 2021 Jeffrey Epstein s former pilot testifies Bill Clinton Donald Trump Prince Andrew flew aboard Epstein s private plane CNN Retrieved December 30 2021 John Glenn appears on Emmy award winning Frasier Ohio State University March 5 2001 Archived from the original on May 14 2013 Retrieved December 8 2016 Traditions Ohio State University July 23 2015 Retrieved September 10 2017 Franko Kantele February 20 2012 Armstrong honors Glenn 50 years after his orbit NASA also surprised Glenn with space station chat NBC News Retrieved February 21 2012 Zongker Brett April 20 2012 Shuttle Discovery lands at Smithsonian Philadelphia Daily News Archived from the original on September 7 2012 Retrieved April 21 2012 Ewing Kent December 12 2016 I Was John Glenn s Flight Instructor Air Facts Journal Retrieved April 22 2019 Mr Glenn s final BPPP was in 2011 when as usual I was his CFII At age 90 he flew extremely well did not want to take a break and we completed the requirements for his flight review and instrument proficiency in a little over three hours He then told me he was selling the Baron and hanging up his cleats Newsome John Berlinger Joshua John Glenn astronaut ex senator gets successful heart surgery CNN Archived from the original on March 5 2017 Retrieved March 27 2017 Strickland Ashley December 7 2016 Former Senator astronaut John Glenn hospitalized CNN Archived from the original on March 5 2017 Retrieved March 27 2017 Koff Stephen December 7 2016 John Glenn in declining health is hospitalized Cleveland Plain Dealer Archived from the original on December 7 2016 Retrieved March 27 2017 Thompson Chrissie December 7 2016 Former Senator astronaut John Glenn in OSU hospital Cincinnati Inquirer Cincinnati Ohio Retrieved March 27 2017 Former astronaut John Glenn hospitalized in Columbus Columbus Dispatch Columbus Ohio December 8 2016 Archived from the original on March 5 2017 Retrieved March 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Air Force Investigating Possible Mishandling of John Glenn s Remains The New York Times Retrieved May 27 2017 Mr Zwicharowski said the mortuary had been holding Mr Glenn s body for several months ahead of a planned burial on April 6 Mr Glenn s wedding anniversary So Mr Zwicharowski said he merely offered to show subject matter experts the techniques that had been used in the embalming process to preserve Mr Glenn s remains Whitlock Craig May 26 2017 John Glenn s body rekindles military mortuary scandal The Washington Post Archived from the original on May 27 2017 Retrieved May 27 2017 Zwicharowski said he did nothing improper by offering to let the inspectors view Glenn s remains He said his staff had further embalmed the body because Glenn s funeral was still weeks away and wanted to show the inspectors their techniques Gowers Karen July 20 2018 Investigators Dover mortuary employee made inappropriate offer to show John Glenn s remains Military Times Retrieved September 6 2018 Office of the Press Secretary December 8 2016 Statement by the President on the Passing of John Glenn whitehouse gov Press release Archived from the original on January 29 2017 Retrieved March 27 2017 via National Archives President elect Donald Trump honors the late John Glenn Fox25 December 8 2016 Archived from the original on December 10 2016 Hillary Clinton Marks Passing of John Glenn Associated Press December 8 2016 Archived from the original on October 30 2021 Retrieved October 15 2018 via YouTube John Glenn Memorialized with Godspeed Radio Hail Turned Hashtag Space com December 9 2016 Archived from the original on March 5 2017 Retrieved March 27 2017 Boyle Alan December 9 2016 Obama orders U S flags to fly at half staff to mark space hero John Glenn s passing Geekwire com Archived from the original on February 20 2017 Retrieved March 27 2017 Office of the Press Secretary April 5 2017 A Proclamation by President Donald J Trump Honoring the Memory of John Glenn whitehouse gov Press 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Archived from the original on March 12 2011 Retrieved February 10 2011 Space Hall Honors Pioneers Las Cruces Sun News Las Cruces New Mexico October 30 1977 p 6 via Newspapers com John Glenn Astronaut Scholarship Foundation Archived from the original on June 22 2015 Retrieved April 24 2015 Mercury Astronauts Dedicate Hall of Fame at Florida Site Victoria Advocate Victoria Texas Associated Press May 12 1990 p 38 via Newspapers com National Winners U S Senator John Heinz Award JeffersonAwards org Archived from the original on November 24 2010 Retrieved August 30 2013 John Glenn receives an honorary doctorate in engineering from Nihon University John Glenn Archives Ohio State University 1963 hdl 1811 50593 Copy Print 10 8 Inches Bandy Virginia May 27 2010 ONU honors John Glenn for public service at graduation Ada Herald Retrieved October 21 2018 Honorary Degrees Office of the President Williams Office of the President Retrieved April 24 2015 Daniels Tammy June 7 2009 Williams College Awards 547 Degrees at 2009 Commencement iBerkshires Retrieved October 21 2018 98 136 1999 Honorary Degrees Brown University Retrieved October 21 2018 John H Glenn Jr Ohio State University December 7 2014 Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved January 13 2016 Welcome to John Glenn College of Public Affairs The Columbus Dispatch Columbus Ohio February 4 2015 Archived from the original on April 2 2015 Retrieved April 24 2015 Glenn Research Center NASA February 13 2015 Archived from the original on January 21 2017 Retrieved January 28 2017 Ohio airport renamed for original Mercury astronaut John Glenn collectSPACE Archived from the original on February 5 2017 Retrieved January 28 2017 John Glenn Tribute East Muskingum Local Schools Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved January 28 2017 Zurick Maura John Glenn elementary School demolished making way for 22 houses vintage photos Cleveland Plain Dealer Cleveland Ohio Archived from the original on October 29 2016 Retrieved January 28 2017 Colonel Glenn Road honors astronaut John Glenn Arkansas Democrat Gazette Little Rock Arkansas Retrieved May 19 2018 John Glenn High School Wayne Westland Community Schools Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved January 28 2017 Howell Brandon January 28 2011 Remembering the Challenger Christa McAuliffe s memory celebrated at Bangor Township school MLive Retrieved October 14 2018 John Glenn High School John Glenn High School Archived from the original on December 19 2016 Retrieved January 28 2017 John Glenn High School John Glenn High School Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved January 28 2017 John Glenn Middle School Glenn Middle School Archived from the original on February 13 2017 Retrieved January 28 2017 USNS John Glenn christened Navy names ship in honor of the former astronaut and Ohio senator The Plain Dealer Cleveland Ohio Associated Press February 2 2014 Retrieved October 15 2018 John Glenn honored as Columbus airport is renamed for him The Columbus Dispatch Columbus Ohio Archived from the original on April 22 2017 Retrieved March 27 2017 Victor Daniel September 12 2016 Meet New Glenn the Blue Origin Rocket That May Someday Take You to Space The New York Times New York Archived from the original on September 15 2016 Retrieved September 13 2016 Dean James April 18 2017 Atlas V launches SS John Glenn en route to ISS Florida Today Melbourne Florida Retrieved October 15 2018 Pearlman Robert May 29 2012 President Obama Awards John Glenn with Medal of Freedom space com Archived from the original on April 11 2017 Retrieved April 10 2017 a b Former astronaut US Sen John Glenn has died ABC December 8 2016 Retrieved September 9 2018 Drake Nadia December 8 2016 John Glenn Pioneering Astronaut Dies at Age 95 National Geographic Retrieved September 23 2018 Aldrin Buzz December 15 2016 Buzz Aldrin John Glenn was a hero We owe it to him to keep exploring space The Washington Post Retrieved September 30 2018 Tributes to John Glenn NASA December 8 2016 Retrieved October 5 2018 Death of John Glenn PDF govinfo gov US Federal Government Retrieved January 4 2021 Wall Mike December 9 2016 RIP John Glenn Spaceflight Pioneer Was One of Us Space com Retrieved September 23 2018 Pearlman Robert Z February 19 2012 50 Years Later John Glenn s Space Legacy Still Circling Earth collectSPACE Retrieved September 23 2018 via Scientific American Sources Edit Atkinson Joseph D Shafritz Jay M 1985 The Real Stuff A History of NASA s Astronaut Recruitment Program Praeger special studies New York Praeger ISBN 978 0 03 005187 6 OCLC 12052375 Burgess Colin 2011 Selecting the Mercury Seven The Search for America s First Astronauts Springer Praxis books in space exploration New York London Springer ISBN 978 1 4419 8405 0 OCLC 747105631 Burgess Colin 2015 Friendship 7 The Epic Orbital Flight of John H Glenn Jr New York Springer ISBN 978 3 319 15653 8 Carpenter M Scott Cooper L Gordon Jr Glenn John H Jr Grissom Virgil I Schirra Walter M Jr Shepard Alan B Jr Slayton Donald K 2010 Originally published 1962 We Seven By the Astronauts Themselves New York Simon amp Schuster Paperbacks ISBN 978 1 4391 8103 4 LCCN 62019074 OCLC 429024791 Catchpole John 2001 Project Mercury NASA s First Manned Space Programme London Springer ISBN 978 1 85233 406 2 Glenn John Taylor Nick 1999 John Glenn A Memoir New York Bantam Books ISBN 978 0 553 11074 6 Kevles Betty Ann Holtzmann 2003 Almost Heaven The Story of Women in Space New York Basic Books ISBN 978 0 7382 0209 9 Knight Jonathan 2003 Kardiac Kids The Story of the 1980 Cleveland Brown Kent Ohio Kent State University ISBN 978 0 87338 761 3 Kupperberg Paul 2003 John Glenn The First American in Orbit and His Return to Space New York The Rosen Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 8239 4460 6 Mersky Peter B 1983 U S Marine Corps Aviation 1912 to the Present Annapolis Maryland The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America ISBN 978 0 933852 39 6 Nayan Rajiv September 13 2013 The Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty and India London Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 98610 2 Swenson Loyd S Jr Grimwood James M Alexander Charles C 1966 This New Ocean A History of Project Mercury The NASA History Series Washington D C National Aeronautics and Space Administration OCLC 569889 NASA SP 4201 Retrieved June 28 2007 Tilton Rafael 2000 John Glenn San Diego Lucent Books ISBN 978 1 56006 689 7 Wolfe Tom 1979 The Right Stuff New York Farrar Straus and Giroux ISBN 978 0 553 27556 8 OCLC 849889526 Further reading EditFenno Richard F Jr 1990 The Presidential Odyssey of John Glenn Washington D C CQ Press ISBN 978 0 87187 567 9 Shettle M L Jr 2001 United States Marine Corps Air Stations of World War II Bowersville Georgia Schaertel Publishing ISBN 978 0 9643388 2 1 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Glenn Wikiquote has quotations related to John Glenn United States Congress John Glenn id G000236 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Appearances on C SPAN Colonel John H Glenn Jr USMC Retired USMC History Division Archived from the original on January 16 2017 Retrieved January 13 2017 John Glenn s Flight on Friendship 7 MA 6 complete 5 hour capsule audio recording The 1962 documentary The John Glenn Story on YouTube John Glenn s Flight on the Space Shuttle STS 95 Archived August 31 2006 at the Wayback Machine John Glenn at IMDb Burial Detail Glenn John Herschel Section 35 Grave 1543 ANC Explorer Arlington National Cemetery Official website Party political officesPreceded byJohn J Gilligan Democratic nominee for U S Senator from Ohio Class 3 1974 1980 1986 1992 Succeeded byMary O BoylePreceded byReubin Askew Keynote Speaker of the Democratic National Convention1976 Served alongside Barbara Jordan Succeeded byMo UdallU S SenatePreceded byHoward Metzenbaum United States Senator Class 3 from Ohio1974 1999 Served alongside Robert Taft Howard Metzenbaum Mike DeWine Succeeded byGeorge VoinovichPreceded byWilliam Roth Chair of Senate Governmental Affairs Committee1987 1995 Succeeded byWilliam RothHonorary titlesPreceded byEdward Brooke Oldest living United States senator Sitting or former January 3 2015 December 8 2016 Succeeded byFritz Hollings Portals Biography Aviation World War II Spaceflight Ohio United States Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title John Glenn amp oldid 1131999855, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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