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Wikipedia

Rosalynn Carter

February 16, 2024

Eleanor Rosalynn Carter (/ˈroʊzəlɪn/ ROH-zə-lin; née Smith; August 18, 1927 – October 19, 2023) was an American writer, activist and humanitarian who served as the first lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981, as the wife of President Jimmy Carter.[1] Throughout her decades of public service, she was a leading advocate for women's rights and mental health.[2]

Rosalynn Carter
Official portrait, 1977
First Lady of the United States
In role
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
PresidentJimmy Carter
Preceded byBetty Ford
Succeeded byNancy Reagan
First Lady of Georgia
In role
January 12, 1971 – January 14, 1975
GovernorJimmy Carter
Preceded byHattie Cox
Succeeded byMary Busbee
Personal details
Born
Eleanor Rosalynn Smith

(1927-08-18)August 18, 1927
Plains, Georgia, U.S.
DiedOctober 19, 2023(2023-10-19) (aged 96)
Plains, Georgia, U.S.
Resting placeJimmy and Rosalynn Carter House
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
​
(m. 1946)​
Children4, including Jack and Amy
EducationGeorgia Southwestern College
Signature

Carter was born and raised in Plains, Georgia, graduated as valedictorian[3] of Plains High School, and soon after attended Georgia Southwestern College, where she graduated in 1946. She first became attracted to her future husband, also from Plains, after seeing a picture of him in his U.S. Naval Academy uniform, and they married in 1946. Carter helped her husband win the governorship of Georgia in 1970, and decided to focus her attention in the field of mental health when she was that state's first lady. She campaigned for her husband during his successful bid to become president of the United States in the 1976 election, defeating incumbent Republican president Gerald Ford.

Carter was politically active during her husband's presidency, though she declared that she had no intention of being a traditional first lady. During his term of office, Carter supported her husband's public policies as well as his social and personal life. To remain fully informed, she sat in on Cabinet meetings at the invitation of the President. Carter also represented her husband in meetings with domestic and foreign leaders, including as an envoy to Latin America in 1977. He found her to be an equal partner. She campaigned for his re-election bid in the 1980 election, which he lost to Republican Ronald Reagan.

After leaving the White House in 1981, Carter continued to advocate for mental health and other causes, wrote several books, and became involved in the national and international work of the Carter Center. She and her husband also contributed to the expansion of the nonprofit housing organization Habitat for Humanity. In 1987, she founded the Institute for Caregivers, to inform and support the efforts of caregivers. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom alongside her husband in 1999.

Early life edit

 
Rosalynn Smith around age 17 in 1944

Eleanor Rosalynn Smith was born on August 18, 1927, in Plains, Georgia.[4] She was the eldest of four children of Wilburn Edgar Smith, an auto mechanic, bus driver, and farmer, and Frances Allethea "Allie" Murray Smith, a teacher, dressmaker, and postal worker. Her brothers were William Jerrold "Jerry" Smith (1929–2003), an engineer, and Murray Lee Smith (1932–2003), a teacher and minister. Her sister, Lillian Allethea (Smith) Wall (born 1936), known as Allethea, named for her mother and for Lillian Gordy Carter (the Smith and Carter families being friends),[5] is a real estate broker. Rosalynn was named after Rosa Wise Murray, her maternal grandmother.[6] Smith's grand-uncle W.S. Wise was one of the American Brazilians known as Confederados who emigrated from the United States to the Brazilian Empire after the American Civil War.[7]

Smith's family lived in poverty, although she later said that she and her siblings were unaware of it, because even though their family "didn't have much money [...] neither did anyone else, so as far as we knew, we were well off."[8][9] Churches and schools were at the center of her family's community, and the people of Plains were familiar with each other.[10] Smith played with the boys during her early childhood since no girls on her street were her age. She drew buildings and was interested in airplanes, which led her to believe that she would someday become an architect.[11]

Rosalynn's father died of leukemia in 1940 when she was thirteen. She called the loss of her father the conclusion of her childhood.[12] Thereafter, she helped her mother raise her younger siblings, as well as assisting in the dressmaking business to meet the family's financial obligations.[13] Rosalynn would credit her mother with inspiring her own independence and said that she learned from her mother that "you can do what you have to do".[14] At Plains High School, Rosalynn worked hard to achieve her father's dream of seeing her go to college.[13] Rosalynn graduated as valedictorian of Plains High School.[15] Soon after, she attended Georgia Southwestern College and graduated in 1946.[16] During her time in college, Rosalynn served as vice president of her class and was a founding member of her school's Young Democrats, Campus Marshal and Tumbling Clubs.[17][18] She would graduate with a junior college diploma.[17][18]

Rosalynn first dated Jimmy Carter in 1945 while he was attending the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis.[19] She became attracted to him after seeing a picture of him in his Annapolis uniform.[5] The two were riding in the back seat of the car of Ruth Carter Stapleton's boyfriend when Jimmy surprised Rosalynn by kissing her. This was the first time that Rosalynn had ever allowed a boy to do so on the first date.[20] Rosalynn agreed to marry Jimmy in February 1946 when she went to Annapolis with his parents. The two scheduled their marriage to take place in July and kept the arrangement secret. Rosalynn was hesitant to tell her mother she had chosen to marry instead of continuing her education.[21] On July 7, 1946, they married in Plains. Their marriage caused Rosalynn to cancel her plans to attend Georgia State College for Women, where she had planned to study interior design.[22] The couple had four children: John William "Jack" (b. 1947), James Earl "Chip" III (b. 1950), Donnel Jeffrey "Jeff" (b. 1952), and Amy Lynn (b. 1967).[23]

Politics edit

First Lady of Georgia (1971–1975) edit

After helping her husband win the governorship of Georgia in 1970, Rosalynn decided to focus her attention mainly in the field of mental health when she was that state's first lady.[24] She was appointed to the Governor's Commission to Improve Services for the Mentally and Emotionally Handicapped. Many of the commission's recommendations were approved and became law. In August 1971, Carter engaged in a statewide tour of mental health facilities across Georgia.[25] She described her efforts on behalf of mentally disabled children as her proudest achievement as First Lady of Georgia.[26]

Carter also served as a volunteer at the Georgia Regional Hospital at Atlanta, and for four years was honorary chairperson for the Georgia Special Olympics.[27]

Her work in addressing social issues made her "virtually revered in professional health care circles." Her activities included entertaining as many as 750 people a week for dinner at the Governor's Mansion.[28] Governor Carter once claimed that he had supported the Equal Rights Amendment while his wife was opposed to the measure; the First Lady privately confronted him upon hearing news of the claim[29] and Carter corrected himself by later announcing to the press, "I thought I knew what Rosalynn thought, but I was wrong."[28]

1976 presidential campaign edit

When her husband's gubernatorial term ended in January 1975, Rosalynn, Jimmy, and Amy Carter returned to Plains. Jimmy had already announced his plans to run for president of the United States. Rosalynn got back on the campaign trail, this time on a national quest to gather support for her husband. She campaigned alone on his behalf in 41 states. Because of her husband's obscurity at the time, she often had to answer the question, "Jimmy who?"[24] She promoted the establishment of additional daycare facilities and adjustments to "Social Security and so many other things to help the elderly."[30]

During the months when she was campaigning across the country, she was elected to the board of directors of the National Association of Mental Health, honored by the National Organization for Women with an Award of Merit for her vigorous support for the Equal Rights Amendment, and received the Volunteer of the Year Award from the Southwestern Association of Volunteer Services.[31]

Rosalynn sat in the balcony at Madison Square Garden with friends and family the night of the nomination while her husband was with his mother and daughter. She had "butterflies in her stomach" until the Ohio delegation announced its votes were for her husband. Rosalynn wished she could have been with him at that time.[32] The Carters met with all the potential running mates, and instantly gained affinity for Walter Mondale after meeting with him and his wife Joan.[33] Following the election, the Carters traveled to the White House and met with President Ford and First Lady Betty Ford,[34] the latter becoming a role model for Rosalynn.[35]

First Lady of the United States (1977–1981) edit

Major initiatives edit

 
The First Family: Rosalynn, Jimmy, and Amy on the South Lawn of the White House, July 24, 1977

When her husband assumed the presidency in January 1977, Rosalynn and Jimmy Carter walked hand-in-hand down Pennsylvania Avenue during his presidential inauguration parade. The gown that she wore to the inaugural balls was the same one that she had worn six years earlier at the Atlanta balls when Jimmy became governor.[36]

 
Carter chairs a meeting in Chicago, Illinois, for the President's Commission on Mental Health on April 20, 1977.

Carter declared that she had no intention of being a traditional first lady of the United States.[22] During her husband's administration, she supported his public policies as well as his social and personal life. To remain fully informed, she sat in on Cabinet meetings at the invitation of the President. The first meeting she attended was on February 28, 1977, where she felt comfortable since she was among other officials who were not members. The idea for her to be in attendance came at her husband's suggestion when she started to question him about a news story.[37]

Carter took notes at the meetings, but never spoke. As she put it, "I was there to be informed so that when I traveled across the country, which I did a great deal, and was questioned by the press and other individuals about all areas of government, I'd know what was going on."[37] When the cultural exchange program Friendship Force International launched at the White House on March 1, 1977, she became honorary chairperson, a position she held until 2002. She joined Lady Bird Johnson and Betty Ford in supporting the unsuccessful campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) at the Houston conference celebrating the International Women's Year in 1977.[38][39]

For Christmas 1977, she decorated the White House's Christmas tree with ornaments made from pine cones, peanuts, and egg shells.[40] On July 27, 1978, Carter was the host of "First Lady's Employment Seminar". Between 200 and 300 delegates came and shared information to learn how other communities responded to the problem of unemployment.[38] Carter remembered 1979 and 1980 as years of never-ending crises, the years having "Big ones and small ones, potential disasters and mere annoyances."[41]

During 1978, Carter became involved with an effort to reform D.C. General Hospital after criticizing its appearance,[42] and traveled to the hospital for reviews of changing conditions as more work was done in remodeling.[43]

 
Waylon Jennings, Jessi Colter, and Carter at a reception preceding a concert to benefit the Carter-Mondale campaign on April 23, 1980

Despite finding time to entertain, the Carters never were able to match their immediate predecessors and Carter never considered it a major part of her job as first lady.[44] Criticism came towards her role as first lady by a U.S. diplomat in Brazil, who insisted that women were meant to be kept "at home and that's all". The cultural factor had also caused many to oppose her trip.[45] Critics called her too programmed and disciplined while others said she lacked admirable qualities of Lady Bird Johnson and Betty Ford.[46] Despite this, Carter was pleased by her viewed role as a demanding first lady and remembered the times of presidents' wives being "confined" to "official hostess" and other demeaning roles.[47] In efforts to advance the appearance of the White House, she accumulated American paintings.[48]

After the Carter administration began losing popularity, Carter advised that Gerald Rafshoon be brought on as White House Director of Communications and that key media figures be invited to the White House for "informal, off‐the‐record, deep discussions about issues."[15] Rafshoon was selected[49] and confirmed for the position.[50]

Mental health campaign edit

In March 1977, Carter gave her first interview since becoming first lady. She outlined her goals in focusing on mental health: "For every person who needs mental health care to be able to receive it close to his home, and to remove the stigma from mental health care so people will be free to talk about it and seek help. It's been taboo for so long to admit you had a mental health problem."[51]

Carter served as an active honorary chair of the President's Commission on Mental Health. On behalf of the Mental Health System Bill enacted in 1980, she testified before a Senate committee, making her the second first lady to appear before the Congress (the first being Eleanor Roosevelt). Of her priorities, mental health was the highest. Working to change the nature of government assistance to the mentally ill, Carter wanted to allow people to be comfortable admitting their disabilities without fear of being called crazy.[45]

Influence edit

After Carter had been first lady for two years, Time magazine called her the "second most powerful person in the United States." Many times, Carter's husband called her an equal partner. He also said she was a "perfect extension of myself."[52] During a 1977 interview, Carter admitted that she quarreled with him over his policies but his own decision was what he acted on, and she denied influencing his major decisions.[53] In an interview the following year, Carter stated that she did not publicly disagree with her husband's policies out of a belief that she "would lose all my effectiveness with him" as well as her opinion that the gesture would not assist in changing his perspective to her own.[54] She said that a first lady could influence officials or the public by discussing an issue or giving attention to it.[55]

Biographer MaryAnne Borrelli wrote that Carter considered her attempts to portray herself as a traditional wife and influencing factor in her husband's administration would be "viewed by some as dependent upon her husband, by others as lacking accountability, and by still others as doing too little—or too much".[56] Years after leaving the White House, Carter would remain bothered by claims that she exerted too much influence on her husband, insisting they had an equal partnership.[57] Jimmy Carter would later write that the two engaged in discussions on a variety of issues and she was aware of everything within the administration apart from "a few highly secret and sensitive security matters".[58]

Travels edit

 
Rosalynn and Jimmy Carter with Vice President Walter Mondale at a ceremony welcoming Mrs. Carter back from a trip to Latin America, June 12, 1977

Carter represented her husband in meetings with domestic and foreign leaders, most notably as an envoy to Latin America in 1977.[59] She purposely scheduled her meetings so as not to have any with the heads of state.[60] President Carter said that while his wife had initially been met with hesitance as an American representative, "at the conclusion of those meetings, they now rely on her substantially to be sure that I understand the sensitivities of the people".[54] Following the Latin America meetings, David Vidal observed, "Mrs. Carter has achieved a personal and diplomatic success that goes far beyond the modest expectations of both her foreign policy tutors at the State Department and her hosts."[61]

In a June 7, 1977, news conference, Carter stated that her meetings with Brazilian leaders included discussions on human rights and her wishes for Brazil to include itself among other countries seeking a reduction in nuclear weapons via an international study.[62] On December 30, 1977, Rosalynn Carter and National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski met with Stefan Wyszyński at the Cardinal's Warsaw residence. President Carter said the meeting was intended to display American "appreciation for the degree of freedom of worship in the country".[63]

Carter led the American delegation to the May 1978 inauguration of Rodrigo Carazo Odio as president of Costa Rica.[64] In August 1978, she led the American delegation to the funeral of Pope Paul VI in Rome.[65]

 
Carter received by Jehan Sadat, First Lady of Egypt, in Cairo, March 8, 1979

She also led a delegation to Thailand in 1979 to address the problems of Cambodian and Laotian refugees.[66] She examined camps where Cambodian refugees had fled to avoid the combat between the Vietnamese troops and the government of Pol Pot.[67] Helping the refugees, particularly the children, became a special cause for her. She returned to the United States and played a prominent role in expediting an appeal for large assistance after she witnessed their suffering during her visit.[68] By this time, however, her husband had met with families of the hostages in Iran. The families were more concerned about what they needed to do to get their loved ones out than they were about whether or not they would ever get out.[69] Carter stated that she had wanted to return to the U.S. as quickly as possible to mobilize assistance to assuage the refugees' plight.[70]

Life in the White House edit

Carter was the first of all the First Ladies to keep her own office in the East Wing.[71] She also oversaw her family at the White House. Her daughter, Amy, attracted much public attention. The two youngest sons, Chip and Jeff, and their families also lived in the White House. Other members of the family, including son Jack and his wife and children, were frequent visitors. Carter's Secret Service codename was "Dancer".[72] In 1977, Carter reported that her family was divided in their reaction to public perception of them, saying her sons were worried about how they would be perceived living there while she personally thought nothing of it as the public was not financing their residence and she favored the family being together.[73]

On August 16, 1979, Carter released a statement announcing Edith J. Dobelle had accepted "the newly created position of staff director for the East Wing".[74]

After leaving the White House, Carter reflected of Washington, "I love this city. I loved living here and being so close to the seat of power, being a part of the political system. When you watched television you knew the people involved, you were familiar with both sides of the issues."[75]

Equal Rights Amendment edit

During the 1976 campaign, Carter spoke to feminists about her equal partnership with her husband.[76] In January 1977, prior to his inauguration, Carter substituted for him in speaking with Senator Birch Bayh over the phone as the latter wanted President-elect Carter to lobby for support of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) being ratified in Indiana. She persuaded Wayne Townsend to switch his vote and the ERA was approved in an Indiana Senate vote of 26 to 24.[77]

In reference to Carter's role in supporting the ERA, Texas Christian University associate professor of religion Elizabeth Flowers said, "[Rosalynn Carter] wanted to temper down some of the more radical elements of feminism, as she saw it, and challenge what she felt were caricatures of the movement. She wanted to be sure that the struggle for ERA really appealed to mainstream America."[78]

Public image edit

During the 1976 election cycle, journalists dubbed Carter the "steel magnolia" for having a fragile and feminine appearance that concealed a "tough as nails" interior.[79] Carter was known for a lack of attention paid to fashion, and her choice to wear the gown she wore at her husband's swearing in as Governor to his presidential inauguration reinforced this view of her.[80] Carter's public interest in national policy prompted Kandy Stroud of The New York Times to speculate she might become the most activist first lady since Eleanor Roosevelt.[81] Amid the sinking approval ratings of her husband, Carter maintained high favorable viewpoints in the eyes of the public, and was tied with Mother Teresa for most admired woman in the world.[82] In April 1979, during her speech as guest speaker at the 1979 Matrix Awards Luncheon of New York Women in Communications Inc., Carter said the issues she was championing were being met with opposition due to their lack of sexiness in being topics a first lady discusses.[83]

1980 presidential campaign edit

President Carter was challenged by Ted Kennedy for his re-election bid in the Democratic presidential primaries.[84] He would later write that the ongoing Iran hostage crisis impacted his choice to rely on his wife among others in his administration to advocate for his policies on the campaign trail.[85] Vice President Mondale would come to view himself and Rosalynn as President Carter's proxies through much of the spring portion of the election cycle.[86] She would reflect that the Iowa victory of the Carter re-election campaign, which saw President Carter defeat Kennedy 59.2% to 31.2%, made it easier for her to be unbothered by Kennedy's attacks.[87] Although President Carter was able to secure the nomination,[88] Rosalynn would come to believe that Kennedy had damaged the Democratic Party through his campaign and not adequately assisted in the general election: "He was a poor loser. I thought that once he saw that he could not win he would try to help the Democratic Party because I thought it was so important to keep Ronald Reagan out of the White House and I thought he should have helped. Instead, he tore the Democratic Party to pieces."[89]

In the last few months of her husband's presidency, Rosalynn was confident that she and her husband would be able to defeat Reagan in the general election. On her birthday, she saw polls that showed they were gaining on Reagan, whose previous lead of 25 percent had decreased to 7 percent.[90] In the November 4 election, Carter lost to Reagan in a landslide.[91] She would later cite Christian conservatives, the Iran hostage crisis, inflation, and the desire to wage a protest vote against the current administration with having contributed to Carter's defeat.[92] Her husband's loss came shortly after the passing of the Mental Health System Act, which sought to do much of what she had worked for during her tenure as first lady. However, after Ronald Reagan was elected, she reflected that "funding of our legislation was killed, by the philosophy of a new President. It was a bitter loss."[93]

In the days following the election, Carter experienced depression, which led her husband to express the benefits of his impending post-presidency. She telephoned supporters of the re-election campaign to thank them for their involvement,[94] and met with Reagan's wife, Nancy, during the transitional period and gave her a tour of the White House.[95] Carter and Nancy Reagan developed a friendship as a result of their shared support for the Equal Rights Amendment.[96] She was also satisfied that the Iran hostages were released on the day of Reagan's inauguration.[97]

Personal life edit

Marriage and family edit

 
Carter and her husband, Jimmy, fishing in 1978

Their families were already acquainted when Rosalynn first dated Jimmy Carter in 1945 while he was attending the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. She became attracted to him after seeing a picture of him in his Annapolis uniform.[5] The two were riding in the back seat of the car of Ruth Carter Stapleton's boyfriend when Jimmy surprised Rosalynn by kissing her. This was the first time that Rosalynn had ever allowed a boy to do so on the first date.[20] Rosalynn agreed to marry Jimmy in February 1946 when she went to Annapolis with his parents. The two scheduled their marriage to take place in July and kept the arrangement secret. Rosalynn resisted telling her mother she had chosen to marry instead of continuing her education.[21] On July 7, 1946, they married in Plains. Their marriage caused Rosalynn to cancel her plans to attend Georgia State College for Women, where she had planned to study interior design.[22]

The couple had four children: John William "Jack" (b. 1947), James Earl "Chip" III (b. 1950), Donnel Jeffrey "Jeff" (b. 1952), and Amy Lynn (b. 1967). Due to Jimmy's military duties, the first three were born in different parts of the country and away from Georgia. During that time, Rosalynn enjoyed the independence she had gained from raising the children on her own. However, their relationship faced its first major crisis when she opposed Jimmy's resigning to return to Plains in 1953 after he learned his father was dying.[22] Jimmy reflected that she "avoided talking to me as much as possible" as a result of his decision and would interact with him through their children.[98] The Carters were fans of the New York Yankees until the Braves moved to Atlanta.[99] They said they never went to bed arguing with each other.[100]

In 1953, after her husband left the Navy, Rosalynn helped run the family peanut farm and warehouse business, handling accounting responsibilities. Around this time, yearning for another child, the Carters discovered Rosalynn had physical ailments preventing pregnancy. She underwent surgery to remove a large tumor from her uterus 12 years later. Her obstetrician confirmed she could have another child, and their daughter Amy was born thereafter.[101] Rosalynn had different relationships with each member of Jimmy's family. Becoming friends with his sister, who was two years younger than she, Rosalynn gave her dresses she had outgrown.[102] However, she and Jimmy's mother, Lillian Gordy Carter, had difficulty living together.[103]

In later years, the couple rode two and a half miles a day on three-wheel electric scooters, and they read the Bible aloud to each other in Spanish before they went to bed each night.[104]

From 1962 (the year Jimmy was elected to the Georgia State Senate) until her death, she had been active in the political arena. Carter backed Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 presidential election, which she stated put her and her family at odds with other Georgians and caused them to develop a closeness with each other over shared values that others opposed.[105]

Jimmy thoroughly consulted with Rosalynn before he mounted a bid for Governor of Georgia in 1966. She traveled to multiple towns throughout the state with promotional materials, visiting establishments such as radio stations and newspaper offices, and attending meetings of civic organizations.[106] In one encounter, she tried endorsing her husband to a man in Washington, Georgia, the latter declaring his support for Republican candidate Bo Callaway before spitting on her. Rosalynn would later describe the encounter as the "worst political experience of my life." Summarizing the race, Carter wrote, "This was a brief and rushed campaign, but we all learned many things that were helpful to us later."[107] The 1966 gubernatorial campaign saw the beginning of new interactions between the Carters, as Rosalynn was now determined to know her husband's positions on issues and be informed.[105]

The month after the election, Jimmy Carter began campaigning for the 1970 Georgia gubernatorial election.[107] In this campaign, Rosalynn made speeches, which she had not done in prior campaigns. The Carters were separated for most of their travels, and she also began writing speeches for the first time in her involvement in politics.[108] When she met a Carter campaign worker who confided in Rosalynn that her daughter had a mental illness, the sight of the exhausted woman haunted Carter and became a factor in her eventual focus on mental health.[109] Jimmy would later disclose that during the campaign and in the years of his governorship they became "keenly aware of the unmet needs of people in our state who suffered from mental and emotional disabilities."[110]

Mary Prince (an African American woman wrongly convicted of murder, and later pardoned) was Amy's nanny for most of the period from 1971 until Jimmy Carter's presidency ended,[111] partly thanks to Rosalynn's belief in Prince's innocence.[112][113]

Health and death edit

In April 1977, Carter underwent surgery to remove a nonmalignant breast tumor.[114][115] She underwent a gynecological procedure at Bethesda Naval Hospital in August 1977,[116] which her press secretary Mary Hoyt described as a routine private matter.[117]

In May 2023, the Carter Center announced that Carter had been diagnosed with dementia. The statement also noted that she continued to live at home with her husband – who was in hospice care at the time of the announcement – "enjoying spring and visits with loved ones".[118][119] On November 17, 2023, Carter entered hospice care.[120] Her health had been failing amid a urinary tract infection which had not improved with antibiotics.[121] She died two days later at her home in Plains, Georgia, at the age of 96.[122][123]

Former president Carter said of his wife following her death, "Rosalynn was my equal partner in everything I ever accomplished."[124]

Funeral edit

External videos
  Tribute Service for Rosalynn Carter, Glenn Memorial United Methodist Church, Atlanta, Georgia, November 28, 2023, C-SPAN

On November 27, a motorcade which began in Plains arrived in Americus, where Carter's casket was carried from the Phoebe Sumter Medical Center to a waiting hearse by former members of Carter's United States Secret Service detail.[125][126] The motorcade stopped at Carter's alma mater Georgia Southwestern State University (GSW), where GSW president Neal Weaver and Jennifer Olsen, CEO of the Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregivers,[127] placed two wreaths near her statue at the university's Rosalynn Carter Health and Human Sciences Complex.[125][126][128] The motorcade then traveled via Interstates 75 and 285 to The Carter Center in Atlanta, where she lay in repose at the center's Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum. During this time, a service was held and the public paid their respects.[125][129][130][131][132]

A tribute service was held at the Glenn Memorial United Methodist Church at Emory University in northeast Atlanta on November 28.[133] The service was televised on all television stations in the Atlanta market, and was also carried on some networks nationally. Jimmy Carter, who is in hospice care attended, donning a blanket featuring images of Rosalynn and himself and with references to their hometown of Plains.[134][135] President Joe Biden, First Lady Jill Biden, Vice President Kamala Harris, Second Gentleman Doug Emhoff, and former president Bill Clinton also attended. All living former first ladies, Hillary Clinton, Laura Bush, Michelle Obama, and Melania Trump attended the tribute service. Georgia governor and first lady Brian and Marty Kemp were also in attendance, as well as Atlanta mayor Andre Dickens. In addition to several others, friend and PBS journalist Judy Woodruff offered a spoken tribute.[136] Garth Brooks and Trisha Yearwood performed John Lennon's "Imagine" at the ceremony.[137][138]

A private funeral was held on November 29 at the Maranatha Baptist Church in Plains, with the Carter family and invited close friends in attendance. Jimmy Carter attended the Plains funeral, where he and their children wore leis to reference the family's time in Hawaii.[139][140] After a final procession through Plains, Carter was buried during a private service at her residence.[141][142][125][143]

Activism edit

The Carter Center edit

After the Carters left the White House in 1981, they continued to lead a very active life. In 1982, she co-founded The Carter Center, a private, not-for-profit institution based in Atlanta, Georgia. The Carters returned to the home they had built in 1961 in Plains, Georgia. She was a member of the center's board of trustees and participated in many of the center's programs, but gave special attention to the mental health program.[144] Carter and her husband fell into serious debt immediately after leaving the White House, but were able to pay off their debts by engaging in writing projects and eventually were able to open the Carter Center from their revenue. She, like Betty Ford before her, would say the American people made a mistake in not re-electing her husband and was bitter over the election.[145] At this time she expressed resentment of Ronald Reagan, and even told interviewer Mike Wallace that he was ruining the country. Rumors at this time spread that she was running for Governor of Georgia, which she denied and outright stated that she had no political ambition.[146] Nearly two decades later when Hillary Clinton was pondering whether or not to run for Senator in New York, Carter was asked why she had not run for the Georgia Senate. She responded "What would I have done in Washington, with Jimmy in Georgia?"[147]

Carter and her husband's first major project with the Carter Center was to help broker a peace deal between Israel and its neighbors. They visited the Middle East in March 1983 and worked with Kenneth W. Stein and other associates of the Carter administration. They invited top leaders from a wide range of cities and countries to participate, including the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Egypt.[148]

In the early summer of 1986, the Carters aided the poor by helping to build homes on the north and west sides of Chicago.[149] They were accompanied by members of Habitat for Humanity as they wielded hammers and saws while working for a week to construct homes in a vacant lot.[150][151] In 1991,the Carters removed themselves and the Carter Center from direct involvement in the Middle East at the time that President George H. W. Bush's administration, especially Secretary of State James Baker, became more active in that region. However, they did monitor the Oslo peace agreement of 1993, which sprang from the President and Secretary of State's bringing Palestinians and other parties involved in the matter to a conference in Madrid.[152]

Mental health advocacy edit

 
Carter joins First Ladies (left to right) Nancy Reagan, Lady Bird Johnson, Hillary Clinton, Carter, Betty Ford, and Barbara Bush at the National Garden Gala: A Tribute to America's First Ladies in May 1994

Carter created and served as the chair of The Carter Center Mental Health Task Force, an advisory board of experts, consumers, and advocates promoting positive change in the mental health field. She hosted the annual Rosalynn Carter Symposium on Mental Health Policy, bringing together nationwide leaders in the mental health field.[153]

In April 1984, she became an Honorary Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and served as a board member emeritus of the National Mental Health Association. In 1985, she started the Rosalynn Carter Symposium on Mental Health Policy. The launch and its proceeds allowed representatives of mental health organizations to come together and collaborate on prominent issues.[154] The success of the symposium led to the creation of the Mental Health Program in 1991. Carter established the Mental Health Task Force that same year to guide the Symposia as well as other Mental Health programs.[155] She became chair of the International Women Leaders for Mental Health in 1992,[156] and three years later she was honored with the naming of the Rosalynn Carter Mental Georgia Health Forum after her.[157]

The Rosalynn Carter Fellowships for Mental Health Journalism provide stipends to journalists to report on topics related to mental health or mental illnesses. The one-year fellowship seeks to promote public awareness of mental health issues, as well as to erase the stigma associated with them.[158] In September 2004, Carter met with the recipients of the eighth annual Rosalynn Carter Fellowships for Mental Health Journalism at the Carter Center.[159]

In 2007, Carter joined with David Wellstone, son of one-time U.S. Senator Paul Wellstone, in pushing Congress to pass legislation regarding mental health insurance.[160] She and Wellstone worked to pass the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 which requires equal coverage of mental and physical illnesses when policies include both types of coverage. Furthermore, both testified before a House subcommittee regarding the bill in July 2007.[160]

Legislation requiring parity in health insurance coverage for treatment of mental illnesses was ultimately passed and signed into law in October 2008.[161]

Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregivers edit

Carter was president of the board of directors for the Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregiving (RCI) at Georgia Southwestern State University, her alma mater in Americus, Georgia. The RCI, which was established in 1987, aims to address issues related to caregiving in both the United States and internationally. The institute focuses its work on both family and professional caregivers for individuals living with chronic illness and disabilities, limitations related to aging, and other health concerns people encounter in their lifespan. It plays a major role in moving science into practice for caregivers by supporting the implementation of evidence-based programs and interventions for caregivers in community settings.[162] The inaugural Rosalynn Carter Institute Gala Celebration of Caregivers took place in June 2004 in Atlanta Symphony Hall and featured Carter presenting bronze medallions to award winners.[163]

Advocacy for women and children edit

 
Carter (left) at the 1977 National Women's Conference with former first ladies Betty Ford (center), and Lady Bird Johnson (right)

In 1977, Carter was a speaker at the 1977 National Women's Conference among other speakers including Betty Ford, Bella Abzug, Lady Bird Johnson, Barbara Jordan, Audrey Colom, Claire Randall, Gerridee Wheeler, Cecilia Burciaga, Gloria Steinem, Lenore Hershey and Jean O'Leary.[164]

In 1988, she convened with three other former first ladies—Betty Ford, Lady Bird Johnson, and Pat Nixon—at the "Women and the Constitution" conference in The Carter Center to assess that document's impact on women. The conference featured over 150 speakers and 1,500 attendees from all 50 states and 10 foreign countries. The conference was meant to promote awareness of sexual inequality in other countries, and to fight against it in the United States.[165]

Carter served on the Policy Advisory Board of The Atlanta Project (TAP) of The Carter Center, addressing social ills associated with poverty and quality of life citywide.[166]

In 1991, Carter launched Every Child By Two, a nationwide campaign that sought to increase early childhood immunizations along with Betty Bumpers, wife of former U.S. Senator Dale Bumpers of Arkansas. Carter served as president of the organization and Bumpers as vice president. The campaign's launch was in response to the deaths of nearly 150 people after a resurgence of measles.[167]

Carter also served on the board of advisors for Habitat for Humanity and as an honorary chair of Project Interconnections, both of which aim to provide housing for those in need. Additionally, she was a deacon at her and her husband's Plains Baptist church.[168]

Other activities edit

Shortly after leaving office, Carter signed with Houghton Mifflin for the writing of her autobiography. Carter's memoir, First Lady from Plains, was released in 1984. Mark Updegrove wrote that her memoir, and that of her husband, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President, succeeded in "boosting the bank account and spirits of their authors."[169] In a March 1981 interview, Carter's work on the autobiography was noted by her husband, who said that she would be "starting on a book shortly" without disclosing what the contents would be.[170]

After the Carters left the White House, Carter still had sour feelings about her husband's loss of the election, and questioned how he could not be re-elected despite what she believed were the good choices he had made during his presidency.[169] In a 1984 interview, Carter was asked about her opinions on the 1984 presidential election, saying she was unsure if it was the right time for a female vice presidential candidate on the Democratic ticket and that the most important thing for the Democrats should be winning against Reagan, whose policies she charged were tragic. Carter also voiced her desire for her husband to run for a second non-consecutive term.[171] She knew in her heart that her husband would not seek a non-consecutive term and went into depression in the early weeks of the retirement, Jimmy's attempts at portraying an artificial happiness strained the relationship due to him seeming to not understand her reasons for being disappointed in their current state of affairs.[169]

Throughout the 1980s, Carter gave many speeches to audiences on the subject of caring for caregivers. She later reflected that members of the audience "came up to me crying, saying that this was the first time someone understood what they were going through."[172]

After the October 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat,[173] the Carters contacted his wife Jehan Sadat and traveled with former presidents Nixon and Ford to represent the United States at his funeral.[174] The Carters visited Jehan, who Rosalynn pledged to stay with during the funeral.[175] Later that month, the Carters attended the National Mental Health Association's gala dinner dance, their first visit to Washington since leaving the White House. Carter presented former Governor of New York W. Averell Harriman with an award during the event.[176] In December, she released a statement on the death of her personal secretary Rita Regina Merthan.[177]

In October 1982, Carter attended the funeral of Bess Truman in Independence, Missouri.[178][179]

In March 1983, the Carters traveled throughout the Middle East.[180] In late 1983, Carter visited her ailing mother-in-law Lillian Carter at Americus-Sumter County Hospital, and was by her bedside when she died.[181] Days later, she attended the funeral, where a eulogist hailed Lillian's many good works.[182]

In October 1985, the Carters traveled to Nepal for a thirteen-day vacation in the Himalayan kingdom.[183]

In July 1986, Carter traveled with her husband to Chicago, Illinois for a weekend assisting with construction projects for Habitat for Humanity.[184] In October, the Carters gave President Reagan and his wife Nancy a tour of the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum.[185]

On January 19, 1988, Carter was given the honor of christening the cruise ship Sovereign of the Seas in a gala ceremony in Miami. It was the largest cruise ship in the world at the time. A special oversized 26+1⁄4 liter bottle of Taittinger's champagne was used.

In March 1988, Carter attended a hearing on mental health by the House Select Committee on Aging. She lamented that ten years after a presidential commission found that 10 percent of Americans needed some form of mental health care, "most who were underserved at that time are still underserved in 1988".[186] Later that month, the Carters traveled to Nigeria for discussions with officials on disease control and rural development projects.[187]

Carter attended the November 4, 1991, dedication of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum.[188]

On September 13, 1993, the Carters returned to the White House for a ceremony that featured the signing by Israel and the PLO of an agreement on Palestinian self-government. Former president George H. W. Bush joined the Carters in staying overnight at the invitation of President Bill Clinton so that they could attend a ceremony promoting the North American Free Trade Agreement the next day. This marked "the first time ever that two former presidents have stayed as guests of the President overnight", according to a presidential aide.[189]

In August 1994, the Carters organized a Habitat for Humanity crew for the rebuilding of the house of family friend Annie Mae after it had been destroyed in a flood the previous month.[190]

2000s edit

On December 4, 2001, Carter delivered a speech to the National Press Club.[191]

In January 2003, Carter attended the benefit for the 20th anniversary celebration of the Betty Ford Center in Indian Wells, California.[192]

During the June 5, 2004, christening of the USS Jimmy Carter in Groton, Connecticut, Carter served as the ship sponsor and christened the ship with a bottle of champagne.[193] On October 11, 2004, Carter delivered the keynote address at the AAP National Conference & Exhibition, stating that she would favor medical school curricula requiring doctors to have the ability to recognize mental health symptoms and stressing the importance of recognizing symptoms in early childhood.[194]

In December 2006, Carter was ordained a deacon at the Maranatha Baptist Church.[195]

In January 2007, Carter and her husband joined other first ladies and presidents in attending the funeral of Gerald Ford,[196] and six months later attended Lady Bird Johnson's as well.[197] In a 2007 interview shortly before her 80th birthday, Carter said she would continue keeping a full schedule despite wanting to curtail it due to her advancing age, and that she had planned to lower her workload, but failed to do so because she still did not "want to miss anything."[198]

In March 2009, the Carters met with National Security Advisor James L. Jones for a "general briefing".[199] Carter was present for the April 21, 2009, signing by President Barack Obama of the Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act.[200]

2010s edit

 
Rosalynn Carter with former first ladies Barbara Bush, Hillary Clinton, Laura Bush, and First Lady Michelle Obama during the dedication of the George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum on the campus of Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, on April 25, 2013

In 2010, Carter criticized television crime dramas that portrayed mentally ill people as violent, when in fact they were more prone to being victims of crime.[201] On May 7, 2010, she attended the Michelle Obama-hosted Mother's Day Tea at the White House, and was joined by her granddaughter Sarah and infant great-granddaughter.[202] On October 26, Carter appeared on a discussion panel at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum.[203]

After the death of Betty Ford on July 8, 2011, Carter delivered a eulogy during a memorial service.[204] Carter called her one who had the courage to speak the truth and fight stigmas surrounding illness and addiction, even calling her "a tireless advocate for those struggling."[205]

Carter attended a speech given by Georgia National Guard's Colonel Brent Bracewell in the morning hours of October 25, 2012.[206] Carter gave out the Georgia Paraprofessional Caregiver of the Year, Volunteer Caregiver of the Year, Family Caregiver of the Year, and an award with her namesake, the Rosalynn Carter Leadership in Caregiving Award later that day and expressed happiness in the amount of progress that had been made "since we started."[207]

 
Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter at The Carter Center, 2016

On April 25, 2013, Carter attended the dedication of the George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum with her husband and other former first ladies and presidents. In October 2013, Carter spoke about her confidence in the American people and her lack of confidence in the government on the issue of the income gap in the United States.[208] Carter saw "one of the greatest disappointments" corrected in November 2013 when Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius announced that the Obama administration had passed a mental health insurance rule.[209] She said she was "shaking" upon learning that the new government rules required equal treatment for mental health care.[210] She and her husband were saddened by the death of Nelson Mandela.[211]

In August 2015, Jimmy announced his cancer diagnosis, stating that it had spread throughout his body.[212] At the time of the announcement, Betty Pope, cousin of the former president, attested to Rosalynn's strength and voiced her belief that the former first lady would remain committed to her husband.[104] Carter made her first public comments about the illness a month later in September, saying, "In spite of what's going on, it's been kind of wonderful just to know we have that kind of support, and also Jimmy's attitude is helping."[213] In November 2015, she and her husband traveled to Memphis, Tennessee where they assisted in construction for the town's Habitat for Humanity affiliate.[214][215]

In January 2016, Jimmy Carter confirmed that he was having regular treatments and said of Rosalynn at the time, "Her support has helped me through the last 69 years since we've been married in everything I've ever tried. Of course, when I was ill and thought I might die at any time, she was there for me."[216][217] Carter attended the March 11, 2016, funeral of Nancy Reagan at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California.[218][219] In July 2016, Carter endorsed Proposition 62, which would abolish the death penalty in California, releasing a joint statement with her husband in support of the measure.[220] She voted for Bernie Sanders in the Democratic presidential primary of that year. Carter differed from her husband in believing Russia had interfered with determining the results of the general election.[221] Upon the death of Barbara Bush on April 17, 2018, Carter became the oldest living former first lady. On October 17, 2019, she became the longest-married former first lady.[222]

2020s edit

In July 2021, the Carters celebrated their 75th wedding anniversary, becoming the first presidential couple to do so.[223]

Awards and honors edit

 
President Bill Clinton awards the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Rosalynn and Jimmy Carter at the Carter Center, 1999

In 1999, Rosalynn and Jimmy Carter received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor.[224]

In 2001, Carter was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York. She became the third first lady inducted into the Hall of Fame, joining Abigail Adams and Eleanor Roosevelt.[225]

Among Carter's many other awards for service are:

Carter received honorary degrees from the following institutions:

Carter served as distinguished centennial lecturer at Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia, from 1988 to 1992.[235] She was a Distinguished Fellow at the Emory University Department of Women's Studies in Atlanta from 1989 to 2018.[236][235]

Books edit

Carter wrote five books:

  • First Lady from Plains (autobiography), 1984, ISBN 1-55728-355-9
  • Everything to Gain: Making the Most of the Rest of Your Life (with Jimmy Carter), 1987, ISBN 1-55728-388-5
  • Helping Yourself Help Others: A Book for Caregivers (with Susan K. Golant), 1994, ISBN 0-8129-2591-2
  • Helping Someone with Mental Illness: A Compassionate Guide for Family, Friends, and Caregivers (with Susan K. Golant), 1998, ISBN 0-8129-2898-9
  • Within Our Reach: Ending the Mental Health Crisis (with Susan K. Golant and Kathryn E. Cade), 2010, ISBN 978-1-59486-881-8

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  111. ^ Jimmy Carter (2005). Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis. Simon and Schuster. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-0-7432-8457-8. My last book, Sharing Good Times, is dedicated "to Mary Prince, whom we love and cherish." Mary is a wonderful black woman who, as a teenager visiting a small town, was falsely accused of murder and defended by an assigned lawyer whom she first met on the day of the trial, when he advised her to plead guilty, promising a light sentence. She got life imprisonment instead ... A reexamination of the evidence and trial proceedings by the original judge revealed that she was completely innocent, and she was granted a pardon.
  112. ^ Chabbott, Sophia (March 19, 2015). "The Residence: Meet the Women Behind Presidential Families Kennedy, Johnson, Carter". Glamour. from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015. Rosalynn Carter, who believed Prince was wrongly convicted, secured a reprieve so Prince could join them in Washington. Prince was later granted a full pardon; to this day she occasionally babysits the Carters' grandkids.
  113. ^ Kate Andersen Brower (2015). The Residence: Inside the Private World of the White House. Harper Collins. p. 185. ISBN 9780062305213. from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023. ... Yet before the year 1970 had come to an end, Prince had been selected by Rosalynn Carter to care for her daughter at the governor's mansion. Mrs. Carter was convinced that the young woman had been unjustly convicted. 'She was totally innocent,' Rosalynn Carter says. Forever loyal to their daughter's nanny, the Carters have practically adopted her as a member of their family. ... But Mrs. Carter was so confident in Prince's innocence that she wrote to the parole board and secured her a reprieve so that Amy's beloved nanny could work for them at the White House. Even more remarkably, the president had himself designated as Prince's parole officer. Ultimately, after a reexamination of her case, Prince was granted a full pardon.
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Portions of this article are based on public domain text from:

  • "Rosalynn Carter Biography". ibiblio.org. Retrieved August 18, 2020.

Sources edit

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  • Carter, Rosalynn (1994). First Lady from Plains. University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 978-1557283559.
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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rosalynn Carter.
 
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  • Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregiving
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Honorary titles
Preceded by
Hattie Cox
 First Lady of Georgia
1971–1975 		Succeeded by
Mary Busbee
Preceded by First Lady of the United States
1977–1981 		Succeeded by

February 16, 2024
rosalynn, carter, eleanor, née, smith, august, 1927, october, 2023, american, writer, activist, humanitarian, served, first, lady, united, states, from, 1977, 1981, wife, president, jimmy, carter, throughout, decades, public, service, leading, advocate, women,. Eleanor Rosalynn Carter ˈ r oʊ z e l ɪ n ROH ze lin nee Smith August 18 1927 October 19 2023 was an American writer activist and humanitarian who served as the first lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981 as the wife of President Jimmy Carter 1 Throughout her decades of public service she was a leading advocate for women s rights and mental health 2 Rosalynn CarterOfficial portrait 1977First Lady of the United StatesIn role January 20 1977 January 20 1981PresidentJimmy CarterPreceded byBetty FordSucceeded byNancy ReaganFirst Lady of GeorgiaIn role January 12 1971 January 14 1975GovernorJimmy CarterPreceded byHattie CoxSucceeded byMary BusbeePersonal detailsBornEleanor Rosalynn Smith 1927 08 18 August 18 1927Plains Georgia U S DiedOctober 19 2023 2023 10 19 aged 96 Plains Georgia U S Resting placeJimmy and Rosalynn Carter HousePolitical partyDemocraticSpouseJimmy Carter m 1946 wbr Children4 including Jack and AmyEducationGeorgia Southwestern CollegeSignatureCarter was born and raised in Plains Georgia graduated as valedictorian 3 of Plains High School and soon after attended Georgia Southwestern College where she graduated in 1946 She first became attracted to her future husband also from Plains after seeing a picture of him in his U S Naval Academy uniform and they married in 1946 Carter helped her husband win the governorship of Georgia in 1970 and decided to focus her attention in the field of mental health when she was that state s first lady She campaigned for her husband during his successful bid to become president of the United States in the 1976 election defeating incumbent Republican president Gerald Ford Carter was politically active during her husband s presidency though she declared that she had no intention of being a traditional first lady During his term of office Carter supported her husband s public policies as well as his social and personal life To remain fully informed she sat in on Cabinet meetings at the invitation of the President Carter also represented her husband in meetings with domestic and foreign leaders including as an envoy to Latin America in 1977 He found her to be an equal partner She campaigned for his re election bid in the 1980 election which he lost to Republican Ronald Reagan After leaving the White House in 1981 Carter continued to advocate for mental health and other causes wrote several books and became involved in the national and international work of the Carter Center She and her husband also contributed to the expansion of the nonprofit housing organization Habitat for Humanity In 1987 she founded the Institute for Caregivers to inform and support the efforts of caregivers She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom alongside her husband in 1999 Contents 1 Early life 2 Politics 2 1 First Lady of Georgia 1971 1975 2 2 1976 presidential campaign 2 3 First Lady of the United States 1977 1981 2 3 1 Major initiatives 2 3 2 Mental health campaign 2 3 3 Influence 2 3 4 Travels 2 3 5 Life in the White House 2 3 6 Equal Rights Amendment 2 3 7 Public image 2 4 1980 presidential campaign 3 Personal life 3 1 Marriage and family 3 2 Health and death 3 3 Funeral 4 Activism 4 1 The Carter Center 4 1 1 Mental health advocacy 4 2 Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregivers 4 3 Advocacy for women and children 5 Other activities 5 1 2000s 5 2 2010s 5 3 2020s 6 Awards and honors 7 Books 8 References 9 Sources 10 External linksEarly life edit nbsp Rosalynn Smith around age 17 in 1944Eleanor Rosalynn Smith was born on August 18 1927 in Plains Georgia 4 She was the eldest of four children of Wilburn Edgar Smith an auto mechanic bus driver and farmer and Frances Allethea Allie Murray Smith a teacher dressmaker and postal worker Her brothers were William Jerrold Jerry Smith 1929 2003 an engineer and Murray Lee Smith 1932 2003 a teacher and minister Her sister Lillian Allethea Smith Wall born 1936 known as Allethea named for her mother and for Lillian Gordy Carter the Smith and Carter families being friends 5 is a real estate broker Rosalynn was named after Rosa Wise Murray her maternal grandmother 6 Smith s grand uncle W S Wise was one of the American Brazilians known as Confederados who emigrated from the United States to the Brazilian Empire after the American Civil War 7 Smith s family lived in poverty although she later said that she and her siblings were unaware of it because even though their family didn t have much money neither did anyone else so as far as we knew we were well off 8 9 Churches and schools were at the center of her family s community and the people of Plains were familiar with each other 10 Smith played with the boys during her early childhood since no girls on her street were her age She drew buildings and was interested in airplanes which led her to believe that she would someday become an architect 11 Rosalynn s father died of leukemia in 1940 when she was thirteen She called the loss of her father the conclusion of her childhood 12 Thereafter she helped her mother raise her younger siblings as well as assisting in the dressmaking business to meet the family s financial obligations 13 Rosalynn would credit her mother with inspiring her own independence and said that she learned from her mother that you can do what you have to do 14 At Plains High School Rosalynn worked hard to achieve her father s dream of seeing her go to college 13 Rosalynn graduated as valedictorian of Plains High School 15 Soon after she attended Georgia Southwestern College and graduated in 1946 16 During her time in college Rosalynn served as vice president of her class and was a founding member of her school s Young Democrats Campus Marshal and Tumbling Clubs 17 18 She would graduate with a junior college diploma 17 18 Rosalynn first dated Jimmy Carter in 1945 while he was attending the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis 19 She became attracted to him after seeing a picture of him in his Annapolis uniform 5 The two were riding in the back seat of the car of Ruth Carter Stapleton s boyfriend when Jimmy surprised Rosalynn by kissing her This was the first time that Rosalynn had ever allowed a boy to do so on the first date 20 Rosalynn agreed to marry Jimmy in February 1946 when she went to Annapolis with his parents The two scheduled their marriage to take place in July and kept the arrangement secret Rosalynn was hesitant to tell her mother she had chosen to marry instead of continuing her education 21 On July 7 1946 they married in Plains Their marriage caused Rosalynn to cancel her plans to attend Georgia State College for Women where she had planned to study interior design 22 The couple had four children John William Jack b 1947 James Earl Chip III b 1950 Donnel Jeffrey Jeff b 1952 and Amy Lynn b 1967 23 Politics editFirst Lady of Georgia 1971 1975 edit After helping her husband win the governorship of Georgia in 1970 Rosalynn decided to focus her attention mainly in the field of mental health when she was that state s first lady 24 She was appointed to the Governor s Commission to Improve Services for the Mentally and Emotionally Handicapped Many of the commission s recommendations were approved and became law In August 1971 Carter engaged in a statewide tour of mental health facilities across Georgia 25 She described her efforts on behalf of mentally disabled children as her proudest achievement as First Lady of Georgia 26 Carter also served as a volunteer at the Georgia Regional Hospital at Atlanta and for four years was honorary chairperson for the Georgia Special Olympics 27 Her work in addressing social issues made her virtually revered in professional health care circles Her activities included entertaining as many as 750 people a week for dinner at the Governor s Mansion 28 Governor Carter once claimed that he had supported the Equal Rights Amendment while his wife was opposed to the measure the First Lady privately confronted him upon hearing news of the claim 29 and Carter corrected himself by later announcing to the press I thought I knew what Rosalynn thought but I was wrong 28 1976 presidential campaign edit When her husband s gubernatorial term ended in January 1975 Rosalynn Jimmy and Amy Carter returned to Plains Jimmy had already announced his plans to run for president of the United States Rosalynn got back on the campaign trail this time on a national quest to gather support for her husband She campaigned alone on his behalf in 41 states Because of her husband s obscurity at the time she often had to answer the question Jimmy who 24 She promoted the establishment of additional daycare facilities and adjustments to Social Security and so many other things to help the elderly 30 During the months when she was campaigning across the country she was elected to the board of directors of the National Association of Mental Health honored by the National Organization for Women with an Award of Merit for her vigorous support for the Equal Rights Amendment and received the Volunteer of the Year Award from the Southwestern Association of Volunteer Services 31 Rosalynn sat in the balcony at Madison Square Garden with friends and family the night of the nomination while her husband was with his mother and daughter She had butterflies in her stomach until the Ohio delegation announced its votes were for her husband Rosalynn wished she could have been with him at that time 32 The Carters met with all the potential running mates and instantly gained affinity for Walter Mondale after meeting with him and his wife Joan 33 Following the election the Carters traveled to the White House and met with President Ford and First Lady Betty Ford 34 the latter becoming a role model for Rosalynn 35 First Lady of the United States 1977 1981 edit Major initiatives edit nbsp The First Family Rosalynn Jimmy and Amy on the South Lawn of the White House July 24 1977When her husband assumed the presidency in January 1977 Rosalynn and Jimmy Carter walked hand in hand down Pennsylvania Avenue during his presidential inauguration parade The gown that she wore to the inaugural balls was the same one that she had worn six years earlier at the Atlanta balls when Jimmy became governor 36 nbsp Carter chairs a meeting in Chicago Illinois for the President s Commission on Mental Health on April 20 1977 Carter declared that she had no intention of being a traditional first lady of the United States 22 During her husband s administration she supported his public policies as well as his social and personal life To remain fully informed she sat in on Cabinet meetings at the invitation of the President The first meeting she attended was on February 28 1977 where she felt comfortable since she was among other officials who were not members The idea for her to be in attendance came at her husband s suggestion when she started to question him about a news story 37 Carter took notes at the meetings but never spoke As she put it I was there to be informed so that when I traveled across the country which I did a great deal and was questioned by the press and other individuals about all areas of government I d know what was going on 37 When the cultural exchange program Friendship Force International launched at the White House on March 1 1977 she became honorary chairperson a position she held until 2002 She joined Lady Bird Johnson and Betty Ford in supporting the unsuccessful campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment ERA at the Houston conference celebrating the International Women s Year in 1977 38 39 For Christmas 1977 she decorated the White House s Christmas tree with ornaments made from pine cones peanuts and egg shells 40 On July 27 1978 Carter was the host of First Lady s Employment Seminar Between 200 and 300 delegates came and shared information to learn how other communities responded to the problem of unemployment 38 Carter remembered 1979 and 1980 as years of never ending crises the years having Big ones and small ones potential disasters and mere annoyances 41 During 1978 Carter became involved with an effort to reform D C General Hospital after criticizing its appearance 42 and traveled to the hospital for reviews of changing conditions as more work was done in remodeling 43 nbsp Waylon Jennings Jessi Colter and Carter at a reception preceding a concert to benefit the Carter Mondale campaign on April 23 1980Despite finding time to entertain the Carters never were able to match their immediate predecessors and Carter never considered it a major part of her job as first lady 44 Criticism came towards her role as first lady by a U S diplomat in Brazil who insisted that women were meant to be kept at home and that s all The cultural factor had also caused many to oppose her trip 45 Critics called her too programmed and disciplined while others said she lacked admirable qualities of Lady Bird Johnson and Betty Ford 46 Despite this Carter was pleased by her viewed role as a demanding first lady and remembered the times of presidents wives being confined to official hostess and other demeaning roles 47 In efforts to advance the appearance of the White House she accumulated American paintings 48 After the Carter administration began losing popularity Carter advised that Gerald Rafshoon be brought on as White House Director of Communications and that key media figures be invited to the White House for informal off the record deep discussions about issues 15 Rafshoon was selected 49 and confirmed for the position 50 Mental health campaign edit In March 1977 Carter gave her first interview since becoming first lady She outlined her goals in focusing on mental health For every person who needs mental health care to be able to receive it close to his home and to remove the stigma from mental health care so people will be free to talk about it and seek help It s been taboo for so long to admit you had a mental health problem 51 Carter served as an active honorary chair of the President s Commission on Mental Health On behalf of the Mental Health System Bill enacted in 1980 she testified before a Senate committee making her the second first lady to appear before the Congress the first being Eleanor Roosevelt Of her priorities mental health was the highest Working to change the nature of government assistance to the mentally ill Carter wanted to allow people to be comfortable admitting their disabilities without fear of being called crazy 45 Influence edit After Carter had been first lady for two years Time magazine called her the second most powerful person in the United States Many times Carter s husband called her an equal partner He also said she was a perfect extension of myself 52 During a 1977 interview Carter admitted that she quarreled with him over his policies but his own decision was what he acted on and she denied influencing his major decisions 53 In an interview the following year Carter stated that she did not publicly disagree with her husband s policies out of a belief that she would lose all my effectiveness with him as well as her opinion that the gesture would not assist in changing his perspective to her own 54 She said that a first lady could influence officials or the public by discussing an issue or giving attention to it 55 Biographer MaryAnne Borrelli wrote that Carter considered her attempts to portray herself as a traditional wife and influencing factor in her husband s administration would be viewed by some as dependent upon her husband by others as lacking accountability and by still others as doing too little or too much 56 Years after leaving the White House Carter would remain bothered by claims that she exerted too much influence on her husband insisting they had an equal partnership 57 Jimmy Carter would later write that the two engaged in discussions on a variety of issues and she was aware of everything within the administration apart from a few highly secret and sensitive security matters 58 Travels edit nbsp Rosalynn and Jimmy Carter with Vice President Walter Mondale at a ceremony welcoming Mrs Carter back from a trip to Latin America June 12 1977Carter represented her husband in meetings with domestic and foreign leaders most notably as an envoy to Latin America in 1977 59 She purposely scheduled her meetings so as not to have any with the heads of state 60 President Carter said that while his wife had initially been met with hesitance as an American representative at the conclusion of those meetings they now rely on her substantially to be sure that I understand the sensitivities of the people 54 Following the Latin America meetings David Vidal observed Mrs Carter has achieved a personal and diplomatic success that goes far beyond the modest expectations of both her foreign policy tutors at the State Department and her hosts 61 In a June 7 1977 news conference Carter stated that her meetings with Brazilian leaders included discussions on human rights and her wishes for Brazil to include itself among other countries seeking a reduction in nuclear weapons via an international study 62 On December 30 1977 Rosalynn Carter and National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski met with Stefan Wyszynski at the Cardinal s Warsaw residence President Carter said the meeting was intended to display American appreciation for the degree of freedom of worship in the country 63 Carter led the American delegation to the May 1978 inauguration of Rodrigo Carazo Odio as president of Costa Rica 64 In August 1978 she led the American delegation to the funeral of Pope Paul VI in Rome 65 nbsp Carter received by Jehan Sadat First Lady of Egypt in Cairo March 8 1979She also led a delegation to Thailand in 1979 to address the problems of Cambodian and Laotian refugees 66 She examined camps where Cambodian refugees had fled to avoid the combat between the Vietnamese troops and the government of Pol Pot 67 Helping the refugees particularly the children became a special cause for her She returned to the United States and played a prominent role in expediting an appeal for large assistance after she witnessed their suffering during her visit 68 By this time however her husband had met with families of the hostages in Iran The families were more concerned about what they needed to do to get their loved ones out than they were about whether or not they would ever get out 69 Carter stated that she had wanted to return to the U S as quickly as possible to mobilize assistance to assuage the refugees plight 70 Life in the White House edit Carter was the first of all the First Ladies to keep her own office in the East Wing 71 She also oversaw her family at the White House Her daughter Amy attracted much public attention The two youngest sons Chip and Jeff and their families also lived in the White House Other members of the family including son Jack and his wife and children were frequent visitors Carter s Secret Service codename was Dancer 72 In 1977 Carter reported that her family was divided in their reaction to public perception of them saying her sons were worried about how they would be perceived living there while she personally thought nothing of it as the public was not financing their residence and she favored the family being together 73 On August 16 1979 Carter released a statement announcing Edith J Dobelle had accepted the newly created position of staff director for the East Wing 74 After leaving the White House Carter reflected of Washington I love this city I loved living here and being so close to the seat of power being a part of the political system When you watched television you knew the people involved you were familiar with both sides of the issues 75 Equal Rights Amendment edit During the 1976 campaign Carter spoke to feminists about her equal partnership with her husband 76 In January 1977 prior to his inauguration Carter substituted for him in speaking with Senator Birch Bayh over the phone as the latter wanted President elect Carter to lobby for support of the Equal Rights Amendment ERA being ratified in Indiana She persuaded Wayne Townsend to switch his vote and the ERA was approved in an Indiana Senate vote of 26 to 24 77 In reference to Carter s role in supporting the ERA Texas Christian University associate professor of religion Elizabeth Flowers said Rosalynn Carter wanted to temper down some of the more radical elements of feminism as she saw it and challenge what she felt were caricatures of the movement She wanted to be sure that the struggle for ERA really appealed to mainstream America 78 Public image edit During the 1976 election cycle journalists dubbed Carter the steel magnolia for having a fragile and feminine appearance that concealed a tough as nails interior 79 Carter was known for a lack of attention paid to fashion and her choice to wear the gown she wore at her husband s swearing in as Governor to his presidential inauguration reinforced this view of her 80 Carter s public interest in national policy prompted Kandy Stroud of The New York Times to speculate she might become the most activist first lady since Eleanor Roosevelt 81 Amid the sinking approval ratings of her husband Carter maintained high favorable viewpoints in the eyes of the public and was tied with Mother Teresa for most admired woman in the world 82 In April 1979 during her speech as guest speaker at the 1979 Matrix Awards Luncheon of New York Women in Communications Inc Carter said the issues she was championing were being met with opposition due to their lack of sexiness in being topics a first lady discusses 83 1980 presidential campaign edit President Carter was challenged by Ted Kennedy for his re election bid in the Democratic presidential primaries 84 He would later write that the ongoing Iran hostage crisis impacted his choice to rely on his wife among others in his administration to advocate for his policies on the campaign trail 85 Vice President Mondale would come to view himself and Rosalynn as President Carter s proxies through much of the spring portion of the election cycle 86 She would reflect that the Iowa victory of the Carter re election campaign which saw President Carter defeat Kennedy 59 2 to 31 2 made it easier for her to be unbothered by Kennedy s attacks 87 Although President Carter was able to secure the nomination 88 Rosalynn would come to believe that Kennedy had damaged the Democratic Party through his campaign and not adequately assisted in the general election He was a poor loser I thought that once he saw that he could not win he would try to help the Democratic Party because I thought it was so important to keep Ronald Reagan out of the White House and I thought he should have helped Instead he tore the Democratic Party to pieces 89 In the last few months of her husband s presidency Rosalynn was confident that she and her husband would be able to defeat Reagan in the general election On her birthday she saw polls that showed they were gaining on Reagan whose previous lead of 25 percent had decreased to 7 percent 90 In the November 4 election Carter lost to Reagan in a landslide 91 She would later cite Christian conservatives the Iran hostage crisis inflation and the desire to wage a protest vote against the current administration with having contributed to Carter s defeat 92 Her husband s loss came shortly after the passing of the Mental Health System Act which sought to do much of what she had worked for during her tenure as first lady However after Ronald Reagan was elected she reflected that funding of our legislation was killed by the philosophy of a new President It was a bitter loss 93 In the days following the election Carter experienced depression which led her husband to express the benefits of his impending post presidency She telephoned supporters of the re election campaign to thank them for their involvement 94 and met with Reagan s wife Nancy during the transitional period and gave her a tour of the White House 95 Carter and Nancy Reagan developed a friendship as a result of their shared support for the Equal Rights Amendment 96 She was also satisfied that the Iran hostages were released on the day of Reagan s inauguration 97 Personal life editMarriage and family edit nbsp Carter and her husband Jimmy fishing in 1978Their families were already acquainted when Rosalynn first dated Jimmy Carter in 1945 while he was attending the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis She became attracted to him after seeing a picture of him in his Annapolis uniform 5 The two were riding in the back seat of the car of Ruth Carter Stapleton s boyfriend when Jimmy surprised Rosalynn by kissing her This was the first time that Rosalynn had ever allowed a boy to do so on the first date 20 Rosalynn agreed to marry Jimmy in February 1946 when she went to Annapolis with his parents The two scheduled their marriage to take place in July and kept the arrangement secret Rosalynn resisted telling her mother she had chosen to marry instead of continuing her education 21 On July 7 1946 they married in Plains Their marriage caused Rosalynn to cancel her plans to attend Georgia State College for Women where she had planned to study interior design 22 The couple had four children John William Jack b 1947 James Earl Chip III b 1950 Donnel Jeffrey Jeff b 1952 and Amy Lynn b 1967 Due to Jimmy s military duties the first three were born in different parts of the country and away from Georgia During that time Rosalynn enjoyed the independence she had gained from raising the children on her own However their relationship faced its first major crisis when she opposed Jimmy s resigning to return to Plains in 1953 after he learned his father was dying 22 Jimmy reflected that she avoided talking to me as much as possible as a result of his decision and would interact with him through their children 98 The Carters were fans of the New York Yankees until the Braves moved to Atlanta 99 They said they never went to bed arguing with each other 100 In 1953 after her husband left the Navy Rosalynn helped run the family peanut farm and warehouse business handling accounting responsibilities Around this time yearning for another child the Carters discovered Rosalynn had physical ailments preventing pregnancy She underwent surgery to remove a large tumor from her uterus 12 years later Her obstetrician confirmed she could have another child and their daughter Amy was born thereafter 101 Rosalynn had different relationships with each member of Jimmy s family Becoming friends with his sister who was two years younger than she Rosalynn gave her dresses she had outgrown 102 However she and Jimmy s mother Lillian Gordy Carter had difficulty living together 103 In later years the couple rode two and a half miles a day on three wheel electric scooters and they read the Bible aloud to each other in Spanish before they went to bed each night 104 From 1962 the year Jimmy was elected to the Georgia State Senate until her death she had been active in the political arena Carter backed Lyndon B Johnson in the 1964 presidential election which she stated put her and her family at odds with other Georgians and caused them to develop a closeness with each other over shared values that others opposed 105 Jimmy thoroughly consulted with Rosalynn before he mounted a bid for Governor of Georgia in 1966 She traveled to multiple towns throughout the state with promotional materials visiting establishments such as radio stations and newspaper offices and attending meetings of civic organizations 106 In one encounter she tried endorsing her husband to a man in Washington Georgia the latter declaring his support for Republican candidate Bo Callaway before spitting on her Rosalynn would later describe the encounter as the worst political experience of my life Summarizing the race Carter wrote This was a brief and rushed campaign but we all learned many things that were helpful to us later 107 The 1966 gubernatorial campaign saw the beginning of new interactions between the Carters as Rosalynn was now determined to know her husband s positions on issues and be informed 105 The month after the election Jimmy Carter began campaigning for the 1970 Georgia gubernatorial election 107 In this campaign Rosalynn made speeches which she had not done in prior campaigns The Carters were separated for most of their travels and she also began writing speeches for the first time in her involvement in politics 108 When she met a Carter campaign worker who confided in Rosalynn that her daughter had a mental illness the sight of the exhausted woman haunted Carter and became a factor in her eventual focus on mental health 109 Jimmy would later disclose that during the campaign and in the years of his governorship they became keenly aware of the unmet needs of people in our state who suffered from mental and emotional disabilities 110 Mary Prince an African American woman wrongly convicted of murder and later pardoned was Amy s nanny for most of the period from 1971 until Jimmy Carter s presidency ended 111 partly thanks to Rosalynn s belief in Prince s innocence 112 113 Health and death edit In April 1977 Carter underwent surgery to remove a nonmalignant breast tumor 114 115 She underwent a gynecological procedure at Bethesda Naval Hospital in August 1977 116 which her press secretary Mary Hoyt described as a routine private matter 117 In May 2023 the Carter Center announced that Carter had been diagnosed with dementia The statement also noted that she continued to live at home with her husband who was in hospice care at the time of the announcement enjoying spring and visits with loved ones 118 119 On November 17 2023 Carter entered hospice care 120 Her health had been failing amid a urinary tract infection which had not improved with antibiotics 121 She died two days later at her home in Plains Georgia at the age of 96 122 123 Former president Carter said of his wife following her death Rosalynn was my equal partner in everything I ever accomplished 124 Funeral edit External videos nbsp Tribute Service for Rosalynn Carter Glenn Memorial United Methodist Church Atlanta Georgia November 28 2023 C SPANOn November 27 a motorcade which began in Plains arrived in Americus where Carter s casket was carried from the Phoebe Sumter Medical Center to a waiting hearse by former members of Carter s United States Secret Service detail 125 126 The motorcade stopped at Carter s alma mater Georgia Southwestern State University GSW where GSW president Neal Weaver and Jennifer Olsen CEO of the Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregivers 127 placed two wreaths near her statue at the university s Rosalynn Carter Health and Human Sciences Complex 125 126 128 The motorcade then traveled via Interstates 75 and 285 to The Carter Center in Atlanta where she lay in repose at the center s Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum During this time a service was held and the public paid their respects 125 129 130 131 132 A tribute service was held at the Glenn Memorial United Methodist Church at Emory University in northeast Atlanta on November 28 133 The service was televised on all television stations in the Atlanta market and was also carried on some networks nationally Jimmy Carter who is in hospice care attended donning a blanket featuring images of Rosalynn and himself and with references to their hometown of Plains 134 135 President Joe Biden First Lady Jill Biden Vice President Kamala Harris Second Gentleman Doug Emhoff and former president Bill Clinton also attended All living former first ladies Hillary Clinton Laura Bush Michelle Obama and Melania Trump attended the tribute service Georgia governor and first lady Brian and Marty Kemp were also in attendance as well as Atlanta mayor Andre Dickens In addition to several others friend and PBS journalist Judy Woodruff offered a spoken tribute 136 Garth Brooks and Trisha Yearwood performed John Lennon s Imagine at the ceremony 137 138 A private funeral was held on November 29 at the Maranatha Baptist Church in Plains with the Carter family and invited close friends in attendance Jimmy Carter attended the Plains funeral where he and their children wore leis to reference the family s time in Hawaii 139 140 After a final procession through Plains Carter was buried during a private service at her residence 141 142 125 143 Activism editThe Carter Center edit After the Carters left the White House in 1981 they continued to lead a very active life In 1982 she co founded The Carter Center a private not for profit institution based in Atlanta Georgia The Carters returned to the home they had built in 1961 in Plains Georgia She was a member of the center s board of trustees and participated in many of the center s programs but gave special attention to the mental health program 144 Carter and her husband fell into serious debt immediately after leaving the White House but were able to pay off their debts by engaging in writing projects and eventually were able to open the Carter Center from their revenue She like Betty Ford before her would say the American people made a mistake in not re electing her husband and was bitter over the election 145 At this time she expressed resentment of Ronald Reagan and even told interviewer Mike Wallace that he was ruining the country Rumors at this time spread that she was running for Governor of Georgia which she denied and outright stated that she had no political ambition 146 Nearly two decades later when Hillary Clinton was pondering whether or not to run for Senator in New York Carter was asked why she had not run for the Georgia Senate She responded What would I have done in Washington with Jimmy in Georgia 147 Carter and her husband s first major project with the Carter Center was to help broker a peace deal between Israel and its neighbors They visited the Middle East in March 1983 and worked with Kenneth W Stein and other associates of the Carter administration They invited top leaders from a wide range of cities and countries to participate including the Palestinians Jordan Syria and Egypt 148 In the early summer of 1986 the Carters aided the poor by helping to build homes on the north and west sides of Chicago 149 They were accompanied by members of Habitat for Humanity as they wielded hammers and saws while working for a week to construct homes in a vacant lot 150 151 In 1991 the Carters removed themselves and the Carter Center from direct involvement in the Middle East at the time that President George H W Bush s administration especially Secretary of State James Baker became more active in that region However they did monitor the Oslo peace agreement of 1993 which sprang from the President and Secretary of State s bringing Palestinians and other parties involved in the matter to a conference in Madrid 152 Mental health advocacy edit nbsp Carter joins First Ladies left to right Nancy Reagan Lady Bird Johnson Hillary Clinton Carter Betty Ford and Barbara Bush at the National Garden Gala A Tribute to America s First Ladies in May 1994Carter created and served as the chair of The Carter Center Mental Health Task Force an advisory board of experts consumers and advocates promoting positive change in the mental health field She hosted the annual Rosalynn Carter Symposium on Mental Health Policy bringing together nationwide leaders in the mental health field 153 In April 1984 she became an Honorary Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and served as a board member emeritus of the National Mental Health Association In 1985 she started the Rosalynn Carter Symposium on Mental Health Policy The launch and its proceeds allowed representatives of mental health organizations to come together and collaborate on prominent issues 154 The success of the symposium led to the creation of the Mental Health Program in 1991 Carter established the Mental Health Task Force that same year to guide the Symposia as well as other Mental Health programs 155 She became chair of the International Women Leaders for Mental Health in 1992 156 and three years later she was honored with the naming of the Rosalynn Carter Mental Georgia Health Forum after her 157 The Rosalynn Carter Fellowships for Mental Health Journalism provide stipends to journalists to report on topics related to mental health or mental illnesses The one year fellowship seeks to promote public awareness of mental health issues as well as to erase the stigma associated with them 158 In September 2004 Carter met with the recipients of the eighth annual Rosalynn Carter Fellowships for Mental Health Journalism at the Carter Center 159 In 2007 Carter joined with David Wellstone son of one time U S Senator Paul Wellstone in pushing Congress to pass legislation regarding mental health insurance 160 She and Wellstone worked to pass the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 which requires equal coverage of mental and physical illnesses when policies include both types of coverage Furthermore both testified before a House subcommittee regarding the bill in July 2007 160 Legislation requiring parity in health insurance coverage for treatment of mental illnesses was ultimately passed and signed into law in October 2008 161 Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregivers edit Carter was president of the board of directors for the Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregiving RCI at Georgia Southwestern State University her alma mater in Americus Georgia The RCI which was established in 1987 aims to address issues related to caregiving in both the United States and internationally The institute focuses its work on both family and professional caregivers for individuals living with chronic illness and disabilities limitations related to aging and other health concerns people encounter in their lifespan It plays a major role in moving science into practice for caregivers by supporting the implementation of evidence based programs and interventions for caregivers in community settings 162 The inaugural Rosalynn Carter Institute Gala Celebration of Caregivers took place in June 2004 in Atlanta Symphony Hall and featured Carter presenting bronze medallions to award winners 163 Advocacy for women and children edit nbsp Carter left at the 1977 National Women s Conference with former first ladies Betty Ford center and Lady Bird Johnson right In 1977 Carter was a speaker at the 1977 National Women s Conference among other speakers including Betty Ford Bella Abzug Lady Bird Johnson Barbara Jordan Audrey Colom Claire Randall Gerridee Wheeler Cecilia Burciaga Gloria Steinem Lenore Hershey and Jean O Leary 164 In 1988 she convened with three other former first ladies Betty Ford Lady Bird Johnson and Pat Nixon at the Women and the Constitution conference in The Carter Center to assess that document s impact on women The conference featured over 150 speakers and 1 500 attendees from all 50 states and 10 foreign countries The conference was meant to promote awareness of sexual inequality in other countries and to fight against it in the United States 165 Carter served on the Policy Advisory Board of The Atlanta Project TAP of The Carter Center addressing social ills associated with poverty and quality of life citywide 166 In 1991 Carter launched Every Child By Two a nationwide campaign that sought to increase early childhood immunizations along with Betty Bumpers wife of former U S Senator Dale Bumpers of Arkansas Carter served as president of the organization and Bumpers as vice president The campaign s launch was in response to the deaths of nearly 150 people after a resurgence of measles 167 Carter also served on the board of advisors for Habitat for Humanity and as an honorary chair of Project Interconnections both of which aim to provide housing for those in need Additionally she was a deacon at her and her husband s Plains Baptist church 168 Other activities editShortly after leaving office Carter signed with Houghton Mifflin for the writing of her autobiography Carter s memoir First Lady from Plains was released in 1984 Mark Updegrove wrote that her memoir and that of her husband Keeping Faith Memoirs of a President succeeded in boosting the bank account and spirits of their authors 169 In a March 1981 interview Carter s work on the autobiography was noted by her husband who said that she would be starting on a book shortly without disclosing what the contents would be 170 After the Carters left the White House Carter still had sour feelings about her husband s loss of the election and questioned how he could not be re elected despite what she believed were the good choices he had made during his presidency 169 In a 1984 interview Carter was asked about her opinions on the 1984 presidential election saying she was unsure if it was the right time for a female vice presidential candidate on the Democratic ticket and that the most important thing for the Democrats should be winning against Reagan whose policies she charged were tragic Carter also voiced her desire for her husband to run for a second non consecutive term 171 She knew in her heart that her husband would not seek a non consecutive term and went into depression in the early weeks of the retirement Jimmy s attempts at portraying an artificial happiness strained the relationship due to him seeming to not understand her reasons for being disappointed in their current state of affairs 169 Throughout the 1980s Carter gave many speeches to audiences on the subject of caring for caregivers She later reflected that members of the audience came up to me crying saying that this was the first time someone understood what they were going through 172 After the October 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat 173 the Carters contacted his wife Jehan Sadat and traveled with former presidents Nixon and Ford to represent the United States at his funeral 174 The Carters visited Jehan who Rosalynn pledged to stay with during the funeral 175 Later that month the Carters attended the National Mental Health Association s gala dinner dance their first visit to Washington since leaving the White House Carter presented former Governor of New York W Averell Harriman with an award during the event 176 In December she released a statement on the death of her personal secretary Rita Regina Merthan 177 In October 1982 Carter attended the funeral of Bess Truman in Independence Missouri 178 179 In March 1983 the Carters traveled throughout the Middle East 180 In late 1983 Carter visited her ailing mother in law Lillian Carter at Americus Sumter County Hospital and was by her bedside when she died 181 Days later she attended the funeral where a eulogist hailed Lillian s many good works 182 In October 1985 the Carters traveled to Nepal for a thirteen day vacation in the Himalayan kingdom 183 In July 1986 Carter traveled with her husband to Chicago Illinois for a weekend assisting with construction projects for Habitat for Humanity 184 In October the Carters gave President Reagan and his wife Nancy a tour of the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum 185 On January 19 1988 Carter was given the honor of christening the cruise ship Sovereign of the Seas in a gala ceremony in Miami It was the largest cruise ship in the world at the time A special oversized 26 1 4 liter bottle of Taittinger s champagne was used In March 1988 Carter attended a hearing on mental health by the House Select Committee on Aging She lamented that ten years after a presidential commission found that 10 percent of Americans needed some form of mental health care most who were underserved at that time are still underserved in 1988 186 Later that month the Carters traveled to Nigeria for discussions with officials on disease control and rural development projects 187 Carter attended the November 4 1991 dedication of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum 188 On September 13 1993 the Carters returned to the White House for a ceremony that featured the signing by Israel and the PLO of an agreement on Palestinian self government Former president George H W Bush joined the Carters in staying overnight at the invitation of President Bill Clinton so that they could attend a ceremony promoting the North American Free Trade Agreement the next day This marked the first time ever that two former presidents have stayed as guests of the President overnight according to a presidential aide 189 In August 1994 the Carters organized a Habitat for Humanity crew for the rebuilding of the house of family friend Annie Mae after it had been destroyed in a flood the previous month 190 2000s edit On December 4 2001 Carter delivered a speech to the National Press Club 191 In January 2003 Carter attended the benefit for the 20th anniversary celebration of the Betty Ford Center in Indian Wells California 192 During the June 5 2004 christening of the USS Jimmy Carter in Groton Connecticut Carter served as the ship sponsor and christened the ship with a bottle of champagne 193 On October 11 2004 Carter delivered the keynote address at the AAP National Conference amp Exhibition stating that she would favor medical school curricula requiring doctors to have the ability to recognize mental health symptoms and stressing the importance of recognizing symptoms in early childhood 194 In December 2006 Carter was ordained a deacon at the Maranatha Baptist Church 195 In January 2007 Carter and her husband joined other first ladies and presidents in attending the funeral of Gerald Ford 196 and six months later attended Lady Bird Johnson s as well 197 In a 2007 interview shortly before her 80th birthday Carter said she would continue keeping a full schedule despite wanting to curtail it due to her advancing age and that she had planned to lower her workload but failed to do so because she still did not want to miss anything 198 In March 2009 the Carters met with National Security Advisor James L Jones for a general briefing 199 Carter was present for the April 21 2009 signing by President Barack Obama of the Edward M Kennedy Serve America Act 200 2010s edit nbsp Rosalynn Carter with former first ladies Barbara Bush Hillary Clinton Laura Bush and First Lady Michelle Obama during the dedication of the George W Bush Presidential Library and Museum on the campus of Southern Methodist University in Dallas Texas on April 25 2013In 2010 Carter criticized television crime dramas that portrayed mentally ill people as violent when in fact they were more prone to being victims of crime 201 On May 7 2010 she attended the Michelle Obama hosted Mother s Day Tea at the White House and was joined by her granddaughter Sarah and infant great granddaughter 202 On October 26 Carter appeared on a discussion panel at the Gerald R Ford Presidential Museum 203 After the death of Betty Ford on July 8 2011 Carter delivered a eulogy during a memorial service 204 Carter called her one who had the courage to speak the truth and fight stigmas surrounding illness and addiction even calling her a tireless advocate for those struggling 205 Carter attended a speech given by Georgia National Guard s Colonel Brent Bracewell in the morning hours of October 25 2012 206 Carter gave out the Georgia Paraprofessional Caregiver of the Year Volunteer Caregiver of the Year Family Caregiver of the Year and an award with her namesake the Rosalynn Carter Leadership in Caregiving Award later that day and expressed happiness in the amount of progress that had been made since we started 207 nbsp Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter at The Carter Center 2016On April 25 2013 Carter attended the dedication of the George W Bush Presidential Library and Museum with her husband and other former first ladies and presidents In October 2013 Carter spoke about her confidence in the American people and her lack of confidence in the government on the issue of the income gap in the United States 208 Carter saw one of the greatest disappointments corrected in November 2013 when Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius announced that the Obama administration had passed a mental health insurance rule 209 She said she was shaking upon learning that the new government rules required equal treatment for mental health care 210 She and her husband were saddened by the death of Nelson Mandela 211 In August 2015 Jimmy announced his cancer diagnosis stating that it had spread throughout his body 212 At the time of the announcement Betty Pope cousin of the former president attested to Rosalynn s strength and voiced her belief that the former first lady would remain committed to her husband 104 Carter made her first public comments about the illness a month later in September saying In spite of what s going on it s been kind of wonderful just to know we have that kind of support and also Jimmy s attitude is helping 213 In November 2015 she and her husband traveled to Memphis Tennessee where they assisted in construction for the town s Habitat for Humanity affiliate 214 215 In January 2016 Jimmy Carter confirmed that he was having regular treatments and said of Rosalynn at the time Her support has helped me through the last 69 years since we ve been married in everything I ve ever tried Of course when I was ill and thought I might die at any time she was there for me 216 217 Carter attended the March 11 2016 funeral of Nancy Reagan at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley California 218 219 In July 2016 Carter endorsed Proposition 62 which would abolish the death penalty in California releasing a joint statement with her husband in support of the measure 220 She voted for Bernie Sanders in the Democratic presidential primary of that year Carter differed from her husband in believing Russia had interfered with determining the results of the general election 221 Upon the death of Barbara Bush on April 17 2018 Carter became the oldest living former first lady On October 17 2019 she became the longest married former first lady 222 2020s edit In July 2021 the Carters celebrated their 75th wedding anniversary becoming the first presidential couple to do so 223 Awards and honors edit nbsp President Bill Clinton awards the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Rosalynn and Jimmy Carter at the Carter Center 1999In 1999 Rosalynn and Jimmy Carter received the Presidential Medal of Freedom the nation s highest civilian honor 224 In 2001 Carter was inducted into the National Women s Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls New York She became the third first lady inducted into the Hall of Fame joining Abigail Adams and Eleanor Roosevelt 225 Among Carter s many other awards for service are Dorothea Dix Award Mental Illness Foundation 1988 226 Jefferson Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged 1996 227 Rhoda and Bernard Sarnat International Prize in Mental Health Institute of Medicine 2000 228 American Peace Award along with Jimmy Carter 2009 229 230 Carter received honorary degrees from the following institutions LL D University of Notre Dame 1987 231 D Litt Emory University 1991 232 L H D Georgia Southwestern State University 2001 233 Queen s University 2012 234 Carter served as distinguished centennial lecturer at Agnes Scott College in Decatur Georgia from 1988 to 1992 235 She was a Distinguished Fellow at the Emory University Department of Women s Studies in Atlanta from 1989 to 2018 236 235 Books editCarter wrote five books First Lady from Plains autobiography 1984 ISBN 1 55728 355 9 Everything to Gain Making the Most of the Rest of Your Life with Jimmy Carter 1987 ISBN 1 55728 388 5 Helping Yourself Help Others A Book for Caregivers with Susan K Golant 1994 ISBN 0 8129 2591 2 Helping Someone with Mental Illness A Compassionate Guide for Family Friends and Caregivers with Susan K Golant 1998 ISBN 0 8129 2898 9 Within Our Reach Ending the Mental Health Crisis with Susan K Golant and Kathryn E Cade 2010 ISBN 978 1 59486 881 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Carter The Glasgow Herald Archived from the original on December 8 2020 Retrieved October 3 2020 Carter Jimmy 2004 Sharing Good Times Simon amp Schuster pp 33 34 ISBN 978 0743270335 Mrs Carter to Visit 7 Countries In Latin America Starting May 30 The New York Times May 12 1977 Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved December 29 2017 Carter Rosalynn 1984 p 184 Vidal David June 14 1977 Ambassador Rosalynn Carter The New York Times Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved December 29 2017 Mrs Carter Keeps Stress on Rights The New York Times June 8 1977 Archived from the original on December 28 2017 Retrieved December 29 2017 Andelman David A December 31 1977 Mrs Carter and Brzezinski Hold Discussion With Polish Cardinal The New York Times Archived from the original on December 12 2017 Retrieved December 29 2017 Mrs Carter Attending Costa Rica Ceremony The New York Times May 8 1978 Archived from the original on December 28 2017 Retrieved December 29 2017 Death of Pope Paul VI Statement by the President The American Presidency Project presidency ucsb edu Archived from the original on March 17 2022 Retrieved November 10 2020 Burgess John November 10 1979 Mrs Carter Camp Overwhelming Archived from the original on November 21 2017 Retrieved November 13 2017 Kaufman p 122 Ronayne p 77 Carter Rosalynn 1984 p 334 Kamm Henry November 10 1979 Mrs Carter Visits Thai Camp It s Like Nothing I ve Seen The New York Times Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved December 29 2017 Little known facts about our First Ladies Firstladies org Archived from the original on July 14 2015 Retrieved July 7 2015 Walsh Kenneth T 2003 Appendix Air Force One A History of the Presidents and Their Planes Hyperion p 227 ISBN 1 4013 0004 9 Thomas Helen March 13 1977 Rosalynn Carter Awesome Home The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 22 2017 Retrieved November 12 2017 Mrs Carter Hires Wife OF Campaign Director The New York Times August 16 1979 Archived from the original on December 12 2017 Retrieved December 29 2017 Gamarekian Barbara April 13 1984 A Former First Lady Returns to City She Loves The New York Times Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved December 29 2017 Mrs Carter Cool and Intense On Day of Triumph for Her Too The New York Times January 21 1977 Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved December 29 2017 MacPherson Myra January 19 1977 Indiana Ratifies the ERA With Rosalynn Carter s Aid The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 22 2017 Retrieved November 12 2017 Rosalynn Carter s Southern Feminism TCU Magazine Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved November 12 2017 First Ladies Rosalynn Carter classroomhelp com Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved November 12 2017 Duella Georgia January 13 1977 Something New Something Old For Sentimental Rosalynn Carter The New York Times Archived from the original on November 13 2017 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Presidency Project presidency ucsb edu Archived from the original on October 11 2021 Retrieved November 10 2020 Rosalynn Carter said today that Sen Edward Kennedy was United Press International May 1 1984 Archived from the original on November 7 2017 Retrieved November 5 2017 Carter Rosalynn 1984 p 359 Remarks on the Outcome of the 1980 Presidential Election The American Presidency Project presidency ucsb edu Archived from the original on January 19 2021 Retrieved November 10 2020 Rosalynn Carter looks ahead United Press International November 19 1980 Archived from the original on November 10 2017 Retrieved November 10 2017 Caroli p 273 Carter Jimmy 1995 Keeping Faith Memoirs of a President University of Arkansas Press pp 583 584 ISBN 978 1557283306 Meeting With President Elect Ronald Reagan Remarks to Reporters Following the Meeting American Presidency Project November 20 1980 Archived from the original on November 9 2017 Retrieved November 10 2017 I understand that Rosalynn and Nancy have had a good visit too and Mrs Reagan has had a chance to look at the White House and the place where they will be living in the future Notes on People Politics Isn t Any More Important Than Friendship The New York Times February 17 1981 Archived from the original on January 25 2018 Retrieved January 29 2018 Gould p 390 A Full Life Reflections at Ninety Simon amp Schuster 2015 pp 67 68 ISBN 978 1501115646 Carter Rosalynn 1984 p 27 Hambleton Laura May 6 2013 Jimmy Carter now 88 on aging and health Archived from the original on May 18 2019 Retrieved September 11 2017 Carter Jimmy 1975 Why Not the Best Nashville Broadman Press p 70 ISBN 0 8054 5582 5 Carter Rosalynn 1984 p 4 Godbold p 84 a b Jimmy Carter s Cancer Fight Wife Rosalynn Is Scared But Right There with Him Friends and Family Say August 15 2015 Archived from the original on November 21 2015 Retrieved November 21 2015 a b Rosalynn Carter People December 24 1979 Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved November 12 2017 Carter Jimmy 2004 Sharing Good Times Simon amp Schuster p 44 ISBN 978 0743270335 a b Carter Rosalynn 1984 pp 55 59 Carter Rosalynn 1984 pp 65 66 Guthrie Julian August 11 2010 Rosalynn Carter Advocate for the mentally ill San Francisco Chronicle Archived from the original on December 6 2018 Retrieved November 12 2017 Mental Health Systems Legislation Message to the Congress Transmitting the Proposed Legislation May 15 1979 Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved November 12 2017 Jimmy Carter 2005 Our Endangered Values America s Moral Crisis Simon and Schuster pp 84 ISBN 978 0 7432 8457 8 My last book Sharing Good Times is dedicated to Mary Prince whom we love and cherish Mary is a wonderful black woman who as a teenager visiting a small town was falsely accused of murder and defended by an assigned lawyer whom she first met on the day of the trial when he advised her to plead guilty promising a light sentence She got life imprisonment instead A reexamination of the evidence and trial proceedings by the original judge revealed that she was completely innocent and she was granted a pardon Chabbott Sophia March 19 2015 The Residence Meet the Women Behind Presidential Families Kennedy Johnson Carter Glamour Archived from the original on May 9 2015 Retrieved May 2 2015 Rosalynn Carter who believed Prince was wrongly convicted secured a reprieve so Prince could join them in Washington Prince was later granted a full pardon to this day she occasionally babysits the Carters grandkids Kate Andersen Brower 2015 The Residence Inside the Private World of the White House Harper Collins p 185 ISBN 9780062305213 Archived from the original on June 10 2023 Retrieved June 10 2023 Yet before the year 1970 had come to an end Prince had been selected by Rosalynn Carter to care for her daughter at the governor s mansion Mrs Carter was convinced that the young woman had been unjustly convicted She was totally innocent Rosalynn Carter says Forever loyal to their daughter s nanny the Carters have practically adopted her as a member of their family But Mrs Carter was so confident in Prince s innocence that she wrote to the parole board and secured her a reprieve so that Amy s beloved nanny could work for them at the White House Even more remarkably the president had himself designated as Prince s parole officer Ultimately after a reexamination of her case Prince was granted a full pardon Mrs Carter says she feels fine Chicago Tribune April 30 1977 Archived from the original on April 23 2017 Retrieved November 12 2017 New Attitudes Ushered In by Betty Ford The New York Times October 17 1987 Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved December 29 2017 Claiborne William Chip Carter Moving Out of White House The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 21 2017 Retrieved November 12 2017 Cohn Victor August 16 1977 Rosalynn Carter Reported Fine After Surgery Archived from the original on November 21 2017 Retrieved November 12 2017 Carter Family Statement about Health of First Lady Rosalynn Carter Carter Center Archived from the original on May 30 2023 Retrieved May 30 2023 Former first lady Rosalynn Carter has dementia Carter Center says CNN May 30 2023 Archived from the original on May 30 2023 Retrieved May 30 2023 Rosalynn Carter wife of Jimmy Carter joins husband in hospice care The Guardian November 17 2023 Archived from the original on November 17 2023 Retrieved November 18 2023 Jordan Mary November 22 2023 The final hours of Rosalynn Carter s life in the town where it began The Washington Post Retrieved December 30 2023 Rosalynn Carter former first lady and tireless humanitarian who advocated for mental health issues dies at 96 NBC News Archived from the original on November 19 2023 Retrieved November 19 2023 Rosalynn Carter former first lady dies at age 96 CBS News November 19 2023 Archived from the original on November 20 2023 Retrieved November 19 2023 Chazan Aliza November 19 2023 Tributes for 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Szabo Liz November 14 2011 Former first lady Rosalynn Carter champions vaccines USA Today Archived from the original on January 2 2014 Retrieved January 1 2014 Walker Andrew March 27 2012 Jimmy Carter Interviewed by Albert Mohler Theird org The Institute on Religion amp Democracy Archived from the original on June 15 2012 Retrieved April 26 2012 a b c Updegrove Mark 2006 Second Acts Presidential Lives And Legacies After The White House Lyons Press pp 149 152 ISBN 978 1592289424 McDowell Edwin March 24 1981 No Problem Machine Poses A Presidential Problem The New York Times Archived from the original on November 14 2017 Retrieved December 29 2017 Thomas Helen April 25 1984 Rosalynn Carter Bitter at 1980 loss Wishes her husband would run again Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved November 1 2017 Snelling Sherri August 6 2012 Rosalynn Carter A Pioneering Caregiving Advocate Says More Must Be Done nextavenue org Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved 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October 20 1982 Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved December 29 2017 Farrell William E March 9 1983 Carter Meets P L O Officials in Egypt The New York Times Archived from the original on December 12 2021 Retrieved December 29 2017 Lillian Carter the beloved Miss Lillian and matriarch of United Press International October 30 1983 Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved November 13 2017 Eulogist Hails Good Works at Mrs Carter s Burial Plains Ga Nov 1 UPI Lillian Carter the mother of former President Jimmy Carter was buried today near her southwest Georgia home The New York Times United Press International November 2 1983 Archived from the original on November 14 2017 Retrieved December 29 2017 Carters Begin Trek Toward A New Summit Chicago Tribune October 18 1985 Archived from the original on August 17 2017 Retrieved August 16 2017 Recktenwald William July 7 1986 Carter Takes A Look At Blueprints Of Hope Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on 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2017 Shannon Kelley July 15 2009 Lady Bird Johnson laid to rest in Texas The Denver Post Associated Press Archived from the original on October 16 2012 Retrieved January 1 2014 Rosalynn Carter active at 80 United Press International August 17 2007 Archived from the original on November 7 2017 Retrieved November 1 2017 Carter meets with National Security Advisor CNN March 18 2009 Archived from the original on November 15 2017 Retrieved June 23 2017 Obama signs national service legislation CNN April 22 2009 Archived from the original on November 15 2017 Retrieved November 14 2017 Rosalynn Carter pens new book on mental health FOX31Online May 3 2010 Archived from the original on January 1 2014 Calmes Jackie May 8 2010 Mother s Day at the White House The Caucus blog The New York Times Archived from the original on January 2 2014 Retrieved January 1 2014 Rosalynn Carter tells Grand Rapids crowd stigma still preventing treatment of mental illness mlive com October 26 2010 Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved November 12 2017 Slosson Mary July 11 2011 Michelle Obama to attend Ford service in California Reuters Archived from the original on May 18 2021 Retrieved July 5 2021 Slosson Mary July 12 2011 Betty Ford remembered at California memorial service Reuters Archived from the original on May 17 2021 Retrieved July 5 2021 Gallagher Colby October 25 2012 Rosalynn Carter attends care giving presentation Fox31Online Archived from the original on January 1 2014 Retrieved January 1 2014 Rosalynn Carter Institute honors caregivers Fox31Online November 1 2012 Archived from the original on April 21 2014 Retrieved January 1 2014 Carter Middle class today resembles past s poor USA Today October 8 2013 Archived from the original on July 29 2017 Retrieved September 11 2017 DelReal Jose December 6 2013 Rosalynn Carter W H fixes mental health gap Politico Archived from the original on December 18 2013 Retrieved December 31 2013 Camia Catalina December 9 2013 Rosalynn Carter Being first lady a great soap box USA Today Archived from the original on December 23 2017 Retrieved September 11 2017 Statement from former President Jimmy Carter on Nelson Mandela s death The Atlanta Journal Constitution December 5 2013 Archived from the original on January 1 2014 Retrieved December 31 2013 Pramuk Jacob August 12 2015 Former President Jimmy Carter reveals he has cancer New York City CNBC Archived from the original on August 12 2015 Retrieved August 12 2015 Rosalynn Carter gets emotional over Jimmy s cancer diagnosis WSB TV September 16 2015 Archived from the original on November 21 2015 Retrieved November 21 2015 President Carter visits Memphis for Habitat for Humanity promises to return next year Memphis Business Journal November 2 2015 Archived from the original on November 20 2023 Retrieved November 21 2015 Jimmy Rosalynn Carter Coming to Memphis for Habitat for Humanity Build Memphis Daily News October 31 2015 Archived from the original on November 22 2015 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2022 Jefferson Awards FoundationNational Jefferson Awards Foundation Jeffersonawards org Archived from the original on November 24 2010 Retrieved September 7 2016 The Rhoda and Bernard Sarnat International Prize in Mental Health Past Recipients National Academy of Sciences Archived from the original on June 4 2023 Retrieved September 22 2020 The American Peace Award Archived May 13 2011 at the Wayback Machine The American Peace Award Retrieved April 26 2012 Carter former first lady to get peace award Fox31Online August 21 2009 Archived from the original on January 1 2014 Retrieved January 1 2014 Johnson Dirk May 18 1987 Commencements University of Notre Dame After 35 Years as President Hesburgh Retires The New York Times Archived from the original on November 10 2017 Retrieved November 19 2023 Chronological Listing of Honorary Degree Recipients Emory University 1846 present PDF Emory University Archived PDF from the original on March 21 2023 Retrieved November 19 2023 Rosalynn Carter Georgia Southwestern State University Archived from the original on November 20 2023 Retrieved November 19 2023 Carters at Queen s for honorary degrees The Kingston Whig Standard Archived from the original on November 20 2023 Retrieved November 19 2023 a b Oliver Madi November 19 2023 Rosalynn Carter dies leaving behind 40 year legacy with Emory The Emory Wheel Archived from the original on November 20 2023 Retrieved November 19 2023 Former Irish President to Speak at Emory Emory University November 26 2003 Archived from the original on November 20 2023 Retrieved November 19 2023 Portions of this article are based on public domain text from Rosalynn Carter Biography ibiblio org Retrieved August 18 2020 Sources editCaroli Betty 2010 First Ladies From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 975282 9 Carter Jimmy 2008 Beyond the White House Waging Peace Fighting Disease Building Hope Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 1416558811 Carter Jimmy 2010 White House Diary Farrar Straus and Giroux ISBN 978 0374280994 Carter Rosalynn 1994 First Lady from Plains University of Arkansas Press ISBN 978 1557283559 Coleman Earl Clark 2004 Welcome Back Carter 2004 Democratic Presidential Poll Winner 1st Book Library ISBN 978 1414032009 Gherman Beverly 2003 Jimmy Carter Lerner Pub Group ISBN 978 0822508168 Godbold E Stanley 2010 Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter The Georgia Years 1924 1974 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 975344 4 Levin Bruce Lubotsky 2010 A Public Health Perspective of Women s Mental Health Springer ISBN 978 1441915252 Lindsay Rae 2001 The Presidents First Ladies Gilmour House ISBN 978 0965375337 Marton Kati 2002 Hidden Power Presidential Marriages That Shaped Our History Anchor ISBN 978 0385721882 O Brien Cormac 2005 Secret Lives of the First Ladies What Your Teachers Never Told You About the Women of the White House Quirk Books ISBN 978 1594740145 Ronayne Peter 2001 Never Again The United States and the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide since the Holocaust Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers ISBN 978 0742509221 Ryan Bernard 2006 Jimmy Carter U S President and Humanitarian Ferguson Pub ISBN 978 0816059034 Watson Robert P 2005 Laura Bush The Report to the First Lady 2005 Nova Science Publishers ISBN 978 1594542909 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rosalynn Carter nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Rosalynn Carter Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregiving Appearances on C SPANHonorary titlesPreceded byHattie Cox First Lady of Georgia1971 1975 Succeeded byMary BusbeePreceded byBetty Ford First Lady of the United States1977 1981 Succeeded byNancy Reagan Portals nbsp United States nbsp Biography nbsp Politics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rosalynn Carter amp oldid 1207864880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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