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Ingressive sound

February 16, 2024

For other uses, see Ingress.

In phonetics, ingressive sounds are sounds by which the airstream flows inward through the mouth or nose. The three types of ingressive sounds are lingual ingressive or velaric ingressive (from the tongue and the velum), glottalic ingressive (from the glottis), and pulmonic ingressive (from the lungs).

Ingressive
◌↓
IPA Number661
Encoding
Unicode (hex)U+2193

The opposite of an ingressive sound is an egressive sound, by which the air stream is created by pushing air out through the mouth or nose. The majority of sounds in most languages, such as vowels, are both pulmonic and egressive.

Lingual ingressive edit

Lingual ingressive, or velaric ingressive, describes an airstream mechanism in which a sound is produced by closing the vocal tract at two places of articulation in the mouth. This rarefies the air in the enclosed space by lowering the tongue and then releasing both closures. Such sounds are called "clicks".

Glottalic ingressive edit

Further information: Implosive consonant

Glottal ingressive is the term generally applied to the implosive consonants, which actually use a mixed glottalic ingressive–pulmonic egressive airstream. True glottalic ingressives are quite rare and are called "voiceless implosives" or "reverse ejectives".

Pulmonic ingressive edit

Pulmonic ingressive describes ingressive sounds in which the airstream is created by the lungs. These are generally considered paralinguistic. They may be found as phonemes, words, and entire phrases on all continents and in genetically-unrelated languages, most frequently in sounds for agreement and backchanneling. Some pulmonic ingressive sounds do not have egressive counterparts. For example, the cell for a velar trill in the IPA chart is greyed out as not being possible, but an ingressive velar (or velic) trill is a snort.[1]

Pulmonic ingressive sounds are extremely rare outside paralinguistics. A pulmonic ingressive phoneme was found in the ritual language Damin; its last speaker died in the 1990s. ǃXóõ has a series of nasalized click consonants in which the nasal airstream is pulmonic ingressive. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:268) state, "This ǃXóõ click is probably unique among the sounds of the world's languages that, even in the middle of a sentence, it may have ingressive pulmonic airflow."

In the extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet, ingressive sounds are indicated with ⟨↓⟩ so the Norwegian backchanneling particles ja and nei would be transcribed ⟨jɑː↓⟩ and ⟨næɪ↓⟩.

Laver[2] uses ⟨˒⟩ instead for ⟨j˒ɑː˒⟩ and ⟨n˒æɪ˒⟩.[3]

Ingressive speech edit

Ingressive speech sounds are produced while the speaker breathes in, in contrast to most speech sounds, which are produced as the speaker breathes out. The air that is used to voice the speech is drawn in rather than pushed out. Ingressive speech can be glottalic, velaric, or pulmonic.

Occurrence edit

Ingressive sounds occur in many languages. Despite being a common phenomenon, they are frequently associated with Scandinavian languages. Most words that are subject to ingressive speech are feedback words ("yes, no") or very short or primal (a cry of pain or sobbing). It sometimes occurs in rapid counting to maintain a steady airflow throughout a long series of unbroken sounds. It is also very common in animals, frogs, dogs, and cats (purring). In English, ingressive sounds include when one says "Huh!" (a gasping sound) to express surprise or "Sss" (an inward hiss) to express empathy when another is hurt.

Tsou and Damin have both been claimed to possess an ingressive phoneme. Neither claim has been validated to date however, and the Tsou claim has been nearly disproved. There are claims of Tohono O'odham women speaking entirely ingressively.[4]

There are examples of ingressive sounds that belong to paralanguage. Japanese has what has been described an apicoprepalatal fricative approximant. This sound is similar to an inbreathed [s]. It is used as a response to statements that are upsetting or as a sign of deference. Japanese-speakers also use an ingressive bilateral bidental friction as a "pre-turn opening in conversation" or to begin a prayer.[5][6]

Distribution edit

Speech technologist Robert Eklund has found reports of ingressive speech in around 50 languages worldwide, dating as far back as Cranz's (1765) "Historie von Grönland" which mentions it in female affirmations among the Eskimo.

 
Norwegian "Ja"
Norwegian spoken ja juxtaposed with ingressive
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Inhaled affirmative 'yeah' edit

Several languages include an affirmative "yeah", "yah", "yuh", or "yes" that is made with inhaled breath, which sounds something like a gasp. That is an example of a pulmonic ingressive and is found as follows:

  • Dialects of English spoken in Ireland (Hiberno-English) and the Scottish Highlands (Highland English),[7] typically used to express agreement and show attentiveness.
  • Dialects of English spoken in Newfoundland and the Maritimes in Canada.[8]
  • Dialects of English spoken in the US state of Maine. The word is often transcribed as "ayup", and people attempting to imitate Maine accent rarely use the ingressive form. It is missing in most Maine-dialect television and Hollywood productions.
  • Casual European French (ouais).
  • In Faroese and Icelandic, entire phrases are sometimes produced ingressively.
  • In Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, words like "ja", "jo" (yes), "nei/nej" (no) are often pronounced with inhaled breath. The main function of inhaled speech can be paralinguistic, showing agreement with a statement and encouraging a speaker to continue, but in northern Sweden, "Yes" can be replaced with an inhalation alone.[9] It is consequently also typical of dialogue.
  • In Low German and northern German varieties of standard German, an affirmative "ja" (yes) is sometimes pronounced ingressively, especially for backchanneling.
  • In Finnish, joo and niin.[10][clarification needed]
  • In Estonian "jah" (yes) or informally also "jep" (yep).
  • In Khalkha Mongolian, the words тийм [tʰiːm] ("that/[yes]"), үгүй [uɡui] ("no"), and мэдэхгүй [mɛdɛx-ɡui] know.INF-NEG ("[I] don't know") are often pronounced in daily conversation with pulmonic ingressive airflow.
  • In Ewe and other languages of Togo, as well as in parts of Mali and Cameroon and in the Hausa language of southern Niger and northern Nigeria.
  • In Philippine languages such as Tagalog [opo] and more forcefully in Waray and softer in Borongan (Samar Province) [uhuh] or [ohoh] usually spelled in these countries oo and possibly stronger in Oras, Arteche, Dolores (all in Samar). The sound is almost guttural and the aspirant is inhaled, not exhaled, air. Thus, for an English-speaker exhaling the response, the exhaled sound is not understood by native Samar-speakers. The American English trouble expression "uh-oh" does not approximate it. Eastern, Western, and Northern Samar have different accents in the same dialect.

Citations edit

  1. ^ University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics, 1969, Volume 1, Parts 4–6, Page 115.
  2. ^ Laver (1994) Principles of Phonetics, p. 169
  3. ^ The diacritic is actually centered on the x-height, rather than resting on the baseline.
  4. ^ Eklund, R. "Pulmonic ingressive speech: a neglected universal?". Fonetik 2007, 30 May–1 June 2007, Stockholm, Sweden: 21–24.
  5. ^ (PDF). Department of Linguistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
  6. ^ Poyatos, Fernando (2002). Nonverbal Communication across Disciplines: Volume 2: Paralanguage, kinesics, silence, personal and environmental interaction. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 162. ISBN 9789027297112.
  7. ^ Robert Eklund (2008): Pulmonic ingressive phonation: Diachronic and synchronic characteristics, distribution and function in animal and human sound production and in human speech, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 235–324.
  8. ^ Bird, Lindsay (Oct 16, 2016). "An Atlantic Canadian speech pattern, explained 'Ingressive pulmonic speech' used only in a few parts of the world". CBC News. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  9. ^ Gee, Oliver (8 January 2015). "Is this the strangest sound in Swedish?". TheLocal.se. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  10. ^ Cfr. http://www.suomienglantisanakirja.fi/niin third and fourth acceptions

General sources edit

External links edit

February 16, 2024
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For other uses see Ingress This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article has an unclear citation style The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting May 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Ingressive sound news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message In phonetics ingressive sounds are sounds by which the airstream flows inward through the mouth or nose The three types of ingressive sounds are lingual ingressive or velaric ingressive from the tongue and the velum glottalic ingressive from the glottis and pulmonic ingressive from the lungs Ingressive IPA Number661EncodingUnicode hex U 2193The opposite of an ingressive sound is an egressive sound by which the air stream is created by pushing air out through the mouth or nose The majority of sounds in most languages such as vowels are both pulmonic and egressive Contents 1 Lingual ingressive 2 Glottalic ingressive 3 Pulmonic ingressive 4 Ingressive speech 4 1 Occurrence 4 2 Distribution 4 3 Inhaled affirmative yeah 5 Citations 6 General sources 7 External linksLingual ingressive editLingual ingressive or velaric ingressive describes an airstream mechanism in which a sound is produced by closing the vocal tract at two places of articulation in the mouth This rarefies the air in the enclosed space by lowering the tongue and then releasing both closures Such sounds are called clicks Glottalic ingressive editFurther information Implosive consonant Glottal ingressive is the term generally applied to the implosive consonants which actually use a mixed glottalic ingressive pulmonic egressive airstream True glottalic ingressives are quite rare and are called voiceless implosives or reverse ejectives Pulmonic ingressive editPulmonic ingressive describes ingressive sounds in which the airstream is created by the lungs These are generally considered paralinguistic They may be found as phonemes words and entire phrases on all continents and in genetically unrelated languages most frequently in sounds for agreement and backchanneling Some pulmonic ingressive sounds do not have egressive counterparts For example the cell for a velar trill in the IPA chart is greyed out as not being possible but an ingressive velar or velic trill is a snort 1 Pulmonic ingressive sounds are extremely rare outside paralinguistics A pulmonic ingressive phoneme was found in the ritual language Damin its last speaker died in the 1990s ǃXoo has a series of nasalized click consonants in which the nasal airstream is pulmonic ingressive Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 268 state This ǃXoo click is probably unique among the sounds of the world s languages that even in the middle of a sentence it may have ingressive pulmonic airflow In the extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet ingressive sounds are indicated with so the Norwegian backchanneling particles ja and nei would be transcribed jɑː and naeɪ Laver 2 uses instead for j ɑː and n aeɪ 3 Ingressive speech editIngressive speech sounds are produced while the speaker breathes in in contrast to most speech sounds which are produced as the speaker breathes out The air that is used to voice the speech is drawn in rather than pushed out Ingressive speech can be glottalic velaric or pulmonic Occurrence edit Ingressive sounds occur in many languages Despite being a common phenomenon they are frequently associated with Scandinavian languages Most words that are subject to ingressive speech are feedback words yes no or very short or primal a cry of pain or sobbing It sometimes occurs in rapid counting to maintain a steady airflow throughout a long series of unbroken sounds It is also very common in animals frogs dogs and cats purring In English ingressive sounds include when one says Huh a gasping sound to express surprise or Sss an inward hiss to express empathy when another is hurt Tsou and Damin have both been claimed to possess an ingressive phoneme Neither claim has been validated to date however and the Tsou claim has been nearly disproved There are claims of Tohono O odham women speaking entirely ingressively 4 There are examples of ingressive sounds that belong to paralanguage Japanese has what has been described an apicoprepalatal fricative approximant This sound is similar to an inbreathed s It is used as a response to statements that are upsetting or as a sign of deference Japanese speakers also use an ingressive bilateral bidental friction as a pre turn opening in conversation or to begin a prayer 5 6 Distribution edit Speech technologist Robert Eklund has found reports of ingressive speech in around 50 languages worldwide dating as far back as Cranz s 1765 Historie von Gronland which mentions it in female affirmations among the Eskimo nbsp Norwegian Ja source source Norwegian spoken ja juxtaposed with ingressive Problems playing this file See media help Inhaled affirmative yeah edit Several languages include an affirmative yeah yah yuh or yes that is made with inhaled breath which sounds something like a gasp That is an example of a pulmonic ingressive and is found as follows Dialects of English spoken in Ireland Hiberno English and the Scottish Highlands Highland English 7 typically used to express agreement and show attentiveness Dialects of English spoken in Newfoundland and the Maritimes in Canada 8 Dialects of English spoken in the US state of Maine The word is often transcribed as ayup and people attempting to imitate Maine accent rarely use the ingressive form It is missing in most Maine dialect television and Hollywood productions Casual European French ouais In Faroese and Icelandic entire phrases are sometimes produced ingressively In Danish Norwegian and Swedish words like ja jo yes nei nej no are often pronounced with inhaled breath The main function of inhaled speech can be paralinguistic showing agreement with a statement and encouraging a speaker to continue but in northern Sweden Yes can be replaced with an inhalation alone 9 It is consequently also typical of dialogue In Low German and northern German varieties of standard German an affirmative ja yes is sometimes pronounced ingressively especially for backchanneling In Finnish joo and niin 10 clarification needed In Estonian jah yes or informally also jep yep In Khalkha Mongolian the words tijm tʰiːm that yes үgүj uɡui no and medehgүj mɛdɛx ɡui know INF NEG I don t know are often pronounced in daily conversation with pulmonic ingressive airflow In Ewe and other languages of Togo as well as in parts of Mali and Cameroon and in the Hausa language of southern Niger and northern Nigeria In Philippine languages such as Tagalog opo and more forcefully in Waray and softer in Borongan Samar Province uhuh or ohoh usually spelled in these countries oo and possibly stronger in Oras Arteche Dolores all in Samar The sound is almost guttural and the aspirant is inhaled not exhaled air Thus for an English speaker exhaling the response the exhaled sound is not understood by native Samar speakers The American English trouble expression uh oh does not approximate it Eastern Western and Northern Samar have different accents in the same dialect Citations edit University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics 1969 Volume 1 Parts 4 6 Page 115 Laver 1994 Principles of Phonetics p 169 The diacritic is actually centered on the x height rather than resting on the baseline Eklund R Pulmonic ingressive speech a neglected universal Fonetik 2007 30 May 1 June 2007 Stockholm Sweden 21 24 Airstream Mechanisms PDF Department of Linguistics Archived from the original PDF on June 20 2010 Retrieved July 19 2016 Poyatos Fernando 2002 Nonverbal Communication across Disciplines Volume 2 Paralanguage kinesics silence personal and environmental interaction John Benjamins Publishing p 162 ISBN 9789027297112 Robert Eklund 2008 Pulmonic ingressive phonation Diachronic and synchronic characteristics distribution and function in animal and human sound production and in human speech Journal of the International Phonetic Association vol 38 no 3 pp 235 324 Bird Lindsay Oct 16 2016 An Atlantic Canadian speech pattern explained Ingressive pulmonic speech used only in a few parts of the world CBC News Retrieved 17 October 2016 Gee Oliver 8 January 2015 Is this the strangest sound in Swedish TheLocal se Retrieved 25 January 2015 Cfr http www suomienglantisanakirja fi niin third and fourth acceptionsGeneral sources editLadefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 0 631 19815 6 External links editRobert Eklund s ingressive speech website Maps sound files and spectrograms https www mun ca marcomm gazette 2003 2004 mar18 research html http www speech kth se prod publications files qpsr 2007 2007 50 1 021 024 pdf Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ingressive sound amp oldid 1197437574, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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