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Ike Turner

November 23, 2023

Izear Luster "Ike" Turner Jr. (November 5, 1931 – December 12, 2007) was an American musician, bandleader, songwriter, record producer, and talent scout. An early pioneer of 1950s rock and roll, he is best known for his work in the 1960s and 1970s with his then-wife Tina Turner as the leader of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.

Ike Turner
Turner in 1971
Background information
Birth nameIzear Luster Turner Jr.
Also known as
  • Ike Wister Turner
  • Icky Renrut
  • Lover Boy
Born(1931-11-05)November 5, 1931
Clarksdale, Mississippi, U.S.
DiedDecember 12, 2007(2007-12-12) (aged 76)
San Marcos, California, U.S.
Genres
Occupation(s)
  • Musician
  • record producer
  • talent scout
  • bandleader
  • songwriter
Instrument(s)
  • Guitar
  • keyboards
  • vocals
Years active1940s–2007
Labels
Formerly of

A native of Clarksdale, Mississippi, Turner began playing piano and guitar as a child and then formed the Kings of Rhythm as a teenager. His first recording, "Rocket 88" (credited to Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats), is considered a contender for the distinction of first rock and roll song. During the 1950s, Turner also worked as a talent scout and producer for Sun Records and Modern Records.[2] He was instrumental in the early careers of various blues musicians such as B.B. King, Howlin' Wolf, and Bobby "Blue" Bland.[3] In 1954, Turner relocated to East St. Louis where his Kings of Rhythm became one of the most renowned acts in Greater St. Louis.[4] He formed the Ike & Tina Turner Revue in 1960, which over the course of the decade became a soul/rock crossover success.

Turner's cocaine addiction and legal troubles, together with accounts by Tina Turner of domestic violence (published in her 1986 autobiography I, Tina and the 1993 film adaptation What's Love Got to Do with It), had an impact on his career.[5] Addicted to cocaine for at least 15 years, Turner was convicted of drug offenses and served 18 months in prison.[6] After his release in 1991, he relapsed in 2004, and died of a drug overdose in 2007. During the last decade of Turner's life, he revived his career as a frontman by returning to his blues roots. He released two award-winning albums, Here and Now (2001) and Risin' with the Blues (2006).

Hailed as a "great innovator" of rock and roll by contemporaries such as Little Richard and Johnny Otis,[7][8] Turner received critical acclaim as well.[9] Rolling Stone editor David Fricke ranked Turner No. 61 on his list of 100 Greatest Guitarists and noted, "Turner was one of the first guitarists to successfully transplant the intensity of the blues into more commercial music."[10] Turner won five Grammy Awards, including two competitive awards and three Grammy Hall of Fame Awards.[11][12] He also received the Recording Academy's Heroes Award. Turner was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Tina Turner in 1991.[13] As a solo artist he is inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame, the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame, the Blues Hall of Fame, and the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame.

Early life edit

 
Ike Turner's birthplace and childhood home at 304 Washington Avenue in the Riverton neighborhood of Clarksdale, Mississippi.[14]

Izear Luster Turner Jr. was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi, on November 5, 1931,[15][16] to Beatrice Cushenberry, a seamstress, and Izear Luster Turner, a Baptist minister. His parents were Creole.[17] Turner was the younger of their two children; his sister, Lee Ethel Knight, was "some ten years" his senior. When Turner applied for his first passport in the 1960s, he discovered that his name was registered as Ike Wister Turner. By then both of his parents were deceased, so he could not verify the origin of his name.[17]

According to Turner, he witnessed his father beaten and left for dead by a white man.[17] He was later told it was an act of retaliation over a woman with whom his father was having an affair. His father lived for two or three years as an invalid in a tent in the family's yard before succumbing to his injuries when Turner was about five years old.[17][a][18]

His mother remarried an artist named Philip Reese, who Turner described as a violent alcoholic.[19] One day after Reese gave him a whipping, Turner knocked him out with a length of lumber and ran away to Memphis for a few days before returning home.[20] Despite their troubled relationship, Turner moved his stepfather into one of his homes in St. Louis after his mother died in 1959 and took care of him until his death in 1961.[21]

Turner recounted how he was sexually assaulted at the age of six by a woman called Miss Boozie.[22] Walking past her house to school, she would invite him to help feed her chickens and then take him to bed. This continued daily for some time.[23] Turner was also sexually assaulted by another middle-aged woman, Miss Reedy, before he was twelve.[24] Reflecting on these experiences, he stated: "That's probably why every relationship I was in was surrounded by sex. Sex was power to me."[16]

External videos
  Oral History, Ike Turner shares moments of his life story and career. (Interview date December 1, 2005), NAMM (National Association of Music Merchants) Oral History Library

Turner attended Booker T. Washington Elementary School, then was promoted to Myrtle Hall in the sixth grade.[25] He quit school in the eighth grade and began working as an elevator operator at the Alcazar Hotel in downtown Clarksdale.[26] During breaks, he would watch DJ John Friskillo play records at the radio station, WROX, located in the hotel.[27] WROX is noted for being the first radio station in Mississippi to employ a black DJ, Early Wright.[28] One day, Friskillo spotted Turner watching and put him to work, teaching him the ins and outs of the control room.[29][30] Soon, he was left to play records while Friskillo took coffee breaks.[30][31] This led to Turner being offered a job by the station manager as the DJ on the late-afternoon shift. On his show, "Jive Till Five", he played a diverse range of music such as Roy Milton and Louis Jordan alongside early rockabilly records.[21][29]

Turner was inspired to learn the piano after he heard blues pianist Pinetop Perkins play at his friend Ernest Lane's house.[32] Turner persuaded his mother to pay for piano lessons, but he did not take to the formal style of playing. Instead, he spent the money in a pool hall and learned boogie-woogie from Perkins.[33] At some point in the 1940s, Turner moved into Clarksdale's Riverside Hotel.[34] The Riverside played host to touring musicians, including Sonny Boy Williamson II and Duke Ellington.[35][34] Turner associated with many of these musicians, and at 13 years old he backed Sonny Boy Williamson II on piano.[8]

Career edit

1946–1950: Formation of the Kings of Rhythm edit

Main article: Kings of Rhythm

As a teenager, Turner joined a local rhythm ensemble called the Tophatters, who played around Clarksdale, Mississippi.[36] Members of the band were Clarksdale musicians and included Turner's school friends Raymond Hill, Eugene Fox and Clayton Love.[37] The Tophatters played big band arrangements from sheet music. Turner, who was trained by ear and could not sight read, would learn the pieces by listening to a version on record at home, pretending to be reading the music during rehearsals.[36] The Tophatters had over 30 members, but they broke up into two groups after six months to a year. One faction wanted to play jazz music and became the Dukes of Swing.[38] The other band led by Turner became the Kings of Rhythm. Turner said, "we wanted to play blues, boogie-woogie and Roy Brown, Jimmy Liggins, Roy Milton."[36] Turner kept the name throughout his career, although it went through lineup changes over time. Their early stage performances consisted largely of covers of popular jukebox hits. B.B. King helped them to get a steady weekend gig and recommended them to Sam Phillips at Memphis Recording Service.[2] In the 1950s, Turner's group got regular airplay from live sessions on the radio stations WROX in Clarksdale and KFFA in Helena, Arkansas.[28][39]

Around the time he was starting out with the Kings of Rhythm, Turner and Lane became unofficial roadies for blues musician Robert Nighthawk, who often played live on WROX.[30] The pair played drums and piano on radio sessions. Turner gained experience performing by supporting Nighthawk at gigs around Clarksdale.[40][41] He played juke joints alongside other local blues artists such as Elmore James, Muddy Waters, and Little Walter.[30] Performances typically lasted about twelve hours, from early evening to dawn the next day. Turner recalled, "there wasn't no intermission. If the drummer had to pee, I would play drums until he returned....There were no breaks. We just switched around."[42]

1951: "Rocket 88" edit

Main article: Rocket 88
 
Sun Studio at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, where in 1951 Turner and the Kings of Rhythm recorded "Rocket 88", one of the first rock and roll records. Turner would later work at the studio as in-house producer for Sam Phillips.

In March 1951, Turner and his band recorded the song "Rocket 88" at Memphis Recording Service. Turner's vocalist Johnny O'Neal had left to sign a solo contract with King Records, so Jackie Brenston, a saxophonist in the Kings of Rhythm, sang lead vocals while Turner was on piano. "Rocket 88" is notable among other things for Willie Kizart's distorted guitar sound.[43]

Phillips licensed the recording to Chess Records in Chicago.[44] Chess released it under the name "Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats" instead of "Ike Turner and His Kings of Rhythm Featuring Jackie Brenston".[45] Turner blamed Phillips for this misrepresentation. Soon after its release, the single caused a sensation and Turner performed with his band at the W.C. Handy Theatre in Memphis.[44]

The single reached number-one on the Billboard R&B charts in June 1951 and spent 5 weeks on top of the charts.[46][47] The record sold approximately half a million copies. Turner and the band were paid $20 each for the record. The exception was Brenston, who sold the rights to Phillips for $910.[48] Phillips used profits from the success of the record to launch Sun Records in February 1952.[49]

The song is often cited as the first rock n' roll record, [50] but in a later interview, Turner offered this assessment: "I don't think that 'Rocket 88' is rock 'n' roll. I think that 'Rocket 88' is R&B, but I think 'Rocket 88' is the cause of rock and roll existing".[51]

The success of "Rocket 88" generated tension and ego clashes in the band which culminated with Brenston leaving to pursue a solo career, causing the band to fall apart. Turner, without a band and disappointed his hit record had not created more opportunities for him, disbanded the Kings of Rhythm for a few years.[40]

1951–1954: Session musician and talent scout edit

Soon after the release of "Rocket 88", Turner moved to West Memphis, Arkansas and played with various local bands.[52] He then became a freelance talent scout, session musician, and production assistant for Sam Phillips at Sun Studio, commuting to Memphis, Tennessee. Wishing to exploit his Delta music connections, the Bihari brothers at Modern Records also hired Turner as a talent scout, paying him to find southern musicians who might be worth recording.[40] Turner arranged for B.B. King and the Beale Streeters to record for Modern at the YMCA in Memphis.[53] Turner played piano on King's early records "You Know I Love You" and "3 O'Clock Blues", which became King's first two number-ones.[4] According to Joe Bihari, Turner had brought King to his attention years prior. He said, "Ike wasn't more than sixteen then. He would send dubs of things he cut to us, and if we'd like them we'd make a seal or sign the artist. That's how we acquired B.B. King."[54] King also maintained that Turner introduced him to the Bihari brothers.[55]

Unaware of songwriter's royalties, Turner also wrote new material which the Biharis copyrighted under their own names.[56] They often purchased or claimed co-writer credit of songs written by artists on their labels using pseudonyms.[57][58] Turner estimated he wrote seventy-eight hit records for the Biharis.[56] Artists Turner discovered for Modern and Sun include Bobby Bland, Howlin' Wolf, Rosco Gordon, Boyd Gilmore, Houston Boines, Charley Booker, and Little Milton.[59] He played piano in sessions with them and lesser-known artists such as the Prisonaires, Driftin' Slim, Ben Burton, Matt Cockrell, Dennis Binder, Sunny Blair, and Baby Face Turner.[60][4]

Turner was contracted to the Bihari brothers, but he continued to work for Phillips, where he was effectively the in-house producer. This sometimes created conflicts of interest.[61] In 1951, Turner recorded two Howlin' Wolf tracks for Phillips, playing piano on "How Many More Years" and "Moanin' at Midnight", which Phillips sent to Chess.[62][63] Turner and Howlin' Wolf then recorded a version of "Moanin' at Midnight" at radio station KWEM in West Memphis without Phillips' or the Chess brothers' knowledge. He sent the results to the Biharis at Modern and they released it on their subsidiary label RPM Records.[63] Turner also attempted to poach Elmore James from Trumpet Records and record him for Modern. Trumpet found out and Modern had to cancel the record. However, James did eventually sign with Modern, and Turner played on his recordings that were released on Modern's subsidiary label Flair Records.[4][64]

While in Helena, Turner tried to recruit Little Walter to record for Modern in January 1952, but Little Walter was on his way to Mississippi.[65] In 1952, Turner discovered Little Junior Parker in West Memphis, and they formed a band with Matt "Guitar" Murphy.[32] Turner recorded Parker's first single, "You're My Angel" / "Bad Women, Bad Whiskey", credited to Little Junior Parker and the Blue Flames.[66][54] That summer Turner recorded with the new vocalist and pianist in his band, Marion Louis Lee, resulting in "My Heart Belongs to You" / "Looking for My Baby". The records were released on RPM as Bonnie and Ike Turner and they performed together at the Hippodrome in Memphis.[67] Turner married Lee in September 1952.[68]

Unbeknownst to Turner, during his time in West Memphis, he met Elvis Presley, who was a truck driver.[69][70] He recalled, "[Presley] was just a white boy that would come over to black clubs. He would come in and stand behind the piano and watch me play. I never knew he was no musician."[71] Turner discovered his identity many years later after Presley approached him when they were both playing at the International Hotel.[52]

To accommodate his then-wife Bonnie, who also played piano, Turner taught himself how to play guitar by ear, and Willie Kizart taught him blues guitar techniques.[72] He began playing guitar in sessions in 1953, and by 1954, with the assistance of Joe Bihari, he built a makeshift recording studio at a defunct Greyhound bus station in Clarksdale.[60] Turner used his Kings of Rhythm as session musicians. They played on many recordings for Bihari's Modern, RPM, and Flair labels. Some of the artists Turner backed on piano and guitar during this period include Elmore James, Johnny Ace and the Flairs.[73] Around this time Turner discovered Billy "The Kid" Emerson in Greenville. He brought Emerson to record at Sun Records and backed him on guitar in 1954.[74]

1954–1959: St. Louis edit

In 1954, Turner visited his sister Lee Ethel Knight in St. Louis, Missouri. During his stay, he went clubbing at Ned Love's in East St. Louis, Illinois. Love invited Turner and his band to play at his club.[75][76] Eventually, Turner returned with his reformed version of the Kings of Rhythm. The band consisted of Willie Kizart on guitar, Willie "Bad Boy" Sims on drums, vocalist Johnny O'Neal, Turner's nephew Jesse Knight Jr. on bass, and Turner's wife Annie Mae Wilson on piano and vocals.[77]

Turner maintained strict discipline and the band lived at his home on Virginia Place in East St. Louis which doubled as a studio.[78] A teetotaler at the time, he avoided drugs and insisted all band members also adopt this policy, firing anyone he even suspected of breaking the rules.[16] Turner established his group as one of the most highly rated on the St. Louis club circuit, vying for popularity with their main competition, Sir John's Trio featuring Chuck Berry.[77] The bands would play all-nighters in St. Louis, then cross the river to the clubs of East St. Louis, and continue playing until dawn. Initially, they played for predominately black audiences at clubs in Illinois such as the Club Manhattan in East St. Louis, which Turner and his band built, the Club Riviera in St. Louis, the Harlem Club in Brookline and the Kingsbury in Madison.[79][80] In St. Louis, Turner was exposed to a white audience who were excited by R&B. He played at the Moonlight Bar, Latin Quarter, and the Club Imperial, which was popular with white teenagers.[75][81][82] He also gained a big following at Club DeLisa and locally he was acknowledged as the "King of Rock and Roll."[83][84] As he popularity grew among both whites and blacks, he demanded that the clubs should be integrated.[76] He performed regularly on Dave Dixon's radio show, which aired live from the Birdcage Lounge, on KSTL.[75] He also had live music broadcasts on the St. Louis radio station KATZ.[76]

In between live dates, Turner took the band to Cincinnati to record for Federal Records in 1956. The single, "I'm Tore Up" / "If I Never Had Known You" featuring Billy Gayles, was released in April 1956.[85] It became a regional hit and Turner's booking fee doubled after its release.[86] Like Brenston years prior, Gayles left Turner's band to pursue a solo career.[87] In 1958, Turner took the band to Chicago to record for Cobra/Artistic, as well as fulfilling his contract as a session musician back at Sun. While in Chicago, Turner backed Otis Rush, playing the signature vibrato guitar parts on "Double Trouble".[88] He also helped Buddy Guy record his second record,[89] resulting in the single "You Sure Can't Do" / "This Is The End", on which Turner played guitar and composed the latter.[90]

Turner befriended St. Louis R&B fan Bill Stevens, who set up the short-lived Stevens Records in 1959.[91] Turner released two singles on the Stevens label, "Jack Rabbit" / "In Your Eyes Baby" and "Ho–Ho" / "Hey–Hey."[92] He used the anagram "Icky Renrut" because he was still under contract with Sun for several more months, and he didn't want to cause friction with Phillips.[77] In addition, Turner recorded numerous sessions for Stevens with various vocalists and musician lineups of the Kings of Rhythm.[93]

1960–1976: The Ike and Tina Turner Revue edit

Main article: Ike & Tina Turner
 
Ike & Tina Turner by Dennis Hopper for the album River Deep – Mountain High (1966)

In 1956, Ann Bullock accompanied her sister Alline Bullock to watch Turner and the Kings of Rhythm at the Club Manhattan in East St. Louis.[94][95] Alline was a barmaid at the club and was dating Turner's drummer Eugene Washington.[96] Through her sister and Washington, Bullock asked Turner to sing with his band.[97][98] Turner said he'd call her onstage, but he never did.[98] One night during an intermission, Bullock got hold of the microphone from Washington and sang "You Know I Love You" by B.B. King.[99] Impressed by her voice, Turner invited her to sing with the band. She made her recording debut on Turner's song "Boxtop", released on Tune Town Records in 1958.[100]

In March 1960, Turner allowed her to record a demo of his self-penned song "A Fool in Love". He intended to use the demo as guide track for Art Lassiter, who did not attend the scheduled recording session at Technisonic Studios.[76] A local DJ suggested he send the record to Sue Records in New York, where label owner Juggy Murray insisted on releasing the track with Bullock's vocal. Murray offered a $20,000 advance for the song and suggested Turner "make her the star" of his show.[101] Turner then renamed her "Tina" because it rhymed with Sheena; however, family and friends still called her Ann.[102] He was inspired by Sheena, Queen of the Jungle and Nyoka the Jungle Girl to create her stage persona.[103] He had the name "Tina Turner" trademarked, so that in case she left, another singer could perform under the same name.[104]

The single "A Fool In Love" was released in July 1960, and it became a national hit, selling a million copies. It peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard R&B chart and No. 27 on the Hot 100.[105] Turner added a backing girl group he renamed the Ikettes, and along with the Kings of Rhythm they began performing as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. The success of the single was followed by a string of hits including "I Idolize You", "Poor Fool", and "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" which gave them their second million-seller and their first Grammy nomination.[106]

In 1961, Turner played piano on Albert King's first hit record, "Don't Throw Your Love on Me So Strong". The single, released on King Records, peaked at No. 14 on the Billboard R&B chart.[88] He also wrote and produced the Ikettes hit "I'm Blue (The Gong-Gong Song)".[107]

The Revue performed rigorously on the Chitlin' Circuit and built a reputation as "one of the hottest, most durable, and potentially most explosive of all R&B ensembles."[108] To assure he always had a record out while on tour, Turner formed multiple labels such as Sputnik, Teena, Prann, Innis, Sony and Sonja.[109] He produced singles by the Ikettes, Jimmy Thomas, Fontella Bass, George Jackson, and other artists on his labels.[102] The duo switched to Turner's Sonja label in 1963.[109] For the next six years, they recorded on Warner Bros./Loma, Modern/Kent, Cenco, Philles, Tangerine, Pompeii, Blue Thumb, Minit, and A&M.[110] Between 1964 and 1965, they scored fourteen top 40 R&B hits with "You Can't Miss Nothing That You Never Had", "Tell Her I'm Not Home", "Good Bye, So Long", and "Two Is a Couple".[111][105] Around this time, Jimi Hendrix briefly played backing guitar in the band.[112]

In 1965, Phil Spector saw them perform at a club on the Sunset Strip and invited them to film The Big T.N.T. Show.[113] Impressed by their performance, Spector negotiated a deal with their manager Bob Krasnow, head of Loma Records, offering $20,000 to produce Tina and have them released from their Loma contract.[114][115] After Tina and Spector recorded "River Deep – Mountain High", the duo signed to Spector's Philles label in 1966.[116] The failure of the single in America triggered Spector's retreat from the music industry. However, it was a hit in Europe, reaching No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 1 on Los 40 Principales in Spain.[117][118] Following the song's success in the UK, Mick Jagger invited them to open for the Rolling Stones on their 1966 British Tour.[119][120] This exposure introduced them to a wider audience outside of R&B. Soon they were booking bigger venues, and by 1969 they were headlining in Las Vegas.[121]

 
Ike & Tina Turner arriving at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in 1971

In April 1969, Turner and the Kings of Rhythm released an album, A Black Man's Soul, on Pompeii Records.[122] The album earned Turner his first solo Grammy nomination for Best R&B Instrumental Performance at the 12th Annual Grammy Awards.[12] Later that year, the duo released the blues-oriented albums Outta Season and The Hunter on Blue Thumb Records. Turner and Bob Krasnow, founder of Blue Thumb, co-produced Earl Hooker's 1969 album Sweet Black Angel.[123] In November, the Ike & Tina Turner Revue opened for the Rolling Stones on their 1969 American Tour.[115]

In January 1970, they performed on The Ed Sullivan Show and released their rendition of "Come Together", which reached No. 21 on the R&B chart. Their cover of "I Want to Take You Higher" by Sly and the Family Stone was also successful on the charts in 1970. Turner, who was a friend of Sly Stone, played guitar on Sly and the Family Stone's album There's a Riot Goin' On (1971).[124] The release of "Proud Mary" in 1971 became Ike & Tina Turner's biggest hit, reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 5 on the R&B chart.[105] It sold more than a million copies, and won the duo a Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group at the 14th Annual Grammy Awards.[12]

Their mainstream success provided Turner with the finances to open his own recording studio, Bolic Sound in Inglewood, in 1972.[125] Turner had two sixteen track studios built, a large one to rent out and a smaller one for his personal recordings. He fitted them out with state-of-the-art equipment.[126] Artists who recorded there included Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Duane Allman, Little Richard, Gayle McCormick, and Frank Zappa.[8]

Turner released two solo albums for United Artists Records, Blues Roots (1972) and Bad Dreams (1973). In 1973, the duo released "Nutbush City Limits" penned by Tina. The single peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 11 on the R&B chart and it was a bigger hit in Europe.[105] The Turners received the Golden European Record Award, the first ever given, for selling more than one million records of "Nutbush City Limits" in Europe.[127]

During this period, Turner produced singer Judy Cheeks' debut album Judy Cheeks (1973),[128] and the last album by the Ikettes, (G)Old & New (1974). In 1974, Ike and Tina released the album The Gospel According to Ike & Tina Turner.[129] The album was nominated for Best Soul Gospel Performance.[106] Turner also earned a solo nomination for his single "Father Alone".[12] Between 1974 and 1975, the duo released the singles "Sweet Rhode Island Red", "Sexy Ida", and "Baby, Get It On".[105]

 
Ike & Tina Turner performing at Musikhalle Hamburg in Hamburg, 1972

The Ike & Tina Turner Revue ended abruptly in 1976.[101] That year, they headlined at the Waldorf Astoria New York and signed a television deal with CBS-TV.[130] Turner had plans to leave United Artists Records for a five-year $150,000 per year deal with Cream Records, which was to be signed on July 6.[131] On July 1, the Turners got into a violent altercation en route to their gig at the Dallas Statler Hilton.[132] Turner later claimed that Tina initiated the conflict by purposely irritating him so that she would have a reason to break up with him before they signed the new contract.[131] Tina fled from the hotel shortly after they arrived, and filed for divorce on July 27, 1976. She would later describe a relationship in which Turner was frequently violent and abusive, sometimes beating her with wooden objects like a shoe-stretcher or hanger. The night she left, his beating left her face bruised, swollen, and bleeding.[133][134]

United Artists responded to the Turners' separation by releasing albums of compiled recordings from their last sessions together, Delilah's Power (1977) and Airwaves (1978). Two years after their divorce was finalized, Turner released the single "Party Vibes" / "Shame, Shame, Shame" from the album The Edge (1980) which peaked at No. 27 on the Billboard Disco Top 100 chart.[135]

1977–2007: Later career edit

After his breakup with Tina, singer Holly Maxwell sang with Turner on occasion from 1977 to 1985 and again for eight months in 1992. She reported a positive working relationship with Turner, and later released the memoir Freebase Ain't Free about their close friendship.[136] In 1979, Turner spent time in the studio with Chaka Khan following her separation from her manager-husband. She told Jet: "He's been real inspiration and a catalyst emotionally and in other ways as well. We plan to record together."[137] Turner struggled to find success due to his cocaine addiction and run-ins with the law.[138] In 1988, Turner attempted an ill-fated return to the stage with Marcy Thomas, Bonnie Johnson, and Jeanette Bazzell as his Ikettes.[139]

While Turner was in prison following a drug conviction, Ike & Tina Turner were inducted to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1991.[13] Tina did not attend because she took the year off from making public appearances, so Phil Spector delivered a speech at the ceremony on their behalf.[140][141] After his release from prison, Turner told the press that he was nervous about returning to performing live, but had plans to return to the studio.[6] He sold 20 unreleased Ike & Tina Turner masters to the independent label Esquire Records.[142] In 1992, Turner performed as a special guest at Oliver Sain's Soul Reunion concert at Mississippi Nights in St. Louis.[143]

Hip-hop group Salt-N-Pepa sampled Turner's composition "I'm Blue (The Gong Gong Song)", released by the Ikettes in 1961, for their 1993 single "Shoop". The song reached No. 4 in the Billboard Hot 100 and Turner earned around half a million dollars in royalties.[138] He re-recorded "I'm Blue" as a duet with singer Billy Rogers in 1995. Produced by Rogers, the remake received favorable reviews.[144] Turner later appeared on the song "Love Gravy" with Rick James for the soundtrack album Chef Aid: The South Park Album.[145]

Turner reformed the Ikettes in the mid-1990s, which included his then-wife Jeanette Bazzell Turner , Nina Hill, and Michelle Love (Randi Love). Vera Clyburn, who was an Ikette in the 1970s, was the lead singer.[146] They performed to positive reviews as the Ike Turner Revue.[147][3] In August 1997, Turner returned to his hometown Clarksdale to headline the 10th Annual Sunflower River Blues & Gospel Festival.[148] Turner credited Joe Louis Walker with encouraging him to return to his roots in blues music. Turner played guitar and assisted in the production on Walker's 1997 album Great Guitars; Walker paid him $5,000 a night for six songs.[149] Walker invited Turner to perform with him at the San Francisco Blues Festival and to tour in Europe.[32][150] The positive response to the tour encouraged Turner to reform the Kings of Rhythm. They toured the US in 2001, and headlined a showcase at South by Southwest, where they were hailed as one of the highlights of the conference.[150] Turner's work on the tour led to the recording and release of his Grammy-nominated album Here & Now (2001).[12] In 2002, Turner's performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival was released as a live album and DVD.[2]

In 2002, Turner filmed Martin Scorsese's PBS documentary series The Blues, which aired in September 2003.[151] He is featured in the documentaries The Road to Memphis and Godfathers and Sons, as part of the series.[152] Turner appeared on the Gorillaz's album Demon Days (2005), playing piano on "Every Planet We Reach Is Dead".[153][154] He performed the song with Gorillaz at the Manchester Opera House in November 2005.[155][156] His performance is featured in the live concert DVD Demon Days: Live at the Manchester Opera House.[157]

In 2006, Turner released his last album, Risin' With the Blues, on the independent label Zoho Roots. The album received positive critical reception, and was nominated for best Blues Album at the 7th Annual Independent Music Awards.[158][159] Turner won his first solo Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards in 2007.[12]

Turner began working on a collaboration album with Gorillaz's producer Danger Mouse and the Black Keys in early 2007.[160] The Black Keys sent demos to Turner, but the project was temporarily shelved.[160][161] After Turner's death, the songs were used for their 2008 album Attack & Release.[160] Although Turner does not appear on the album, Pitchfork noted his influence in the production.[162]

Artistry and legacy edit

Musical style edit

 
Ike Turner performing at the Long Beach Blues Festival in 1997

In his career, Turner originally worked in the style of 1950s R&B, or post-jump blues. His early influences included Amos Milburn and Louis Jordan, as well as country music artists such as Hank Williams Sr. and Merle Travis.[3] Though primarily known as a guitarist, Turner began his career playing piano and personally considered it his main instrument.[25] In 1951, journalist Mike McGee compared him to jazz pianist Fats Waller and wrote: "Ike Turner is the hottest piano player in many a day."[163]

Turner grew up playing boogie woogie piano, which he learned from blues pianist Pinetop Perkins.[164] He decided he was not meant to be a frontman when at twelve he was coerced into giving an impromptu piano recital in school. He found the experience terrifying and from then on preferred not to be the focus of attention, but rather to be in the background controlling the show. He considered himself an organizer rather than a performer.[165] Musician Donald Fagen noted: "[T]alented as he was, there wasn't anything really supernatural about Ike's skills as a musician... What Ike excelled at was leadership: conceptualization, organization, and execution."[166]

Turner's guitar style is distinguished by heavy use of the whammy bar to achieve a strong reverb-soaked vibrato, string bending, hammer-ons and triplets in his blues phrasing.[167] Turner was an early adopter of the Fender Stratocaster electric guitar, buying one from O.K. Houk's Piano Co. store in Memphis the year of its release in 1954.[168] Unaware that the guitar's tremolo arm could be used to subtle effect, Turner used it to play screaming, swooping and diving solos that predated artists such as Jimi Hendrix and Jeff Beck by a decade.[169] In The Stratocaster Chronicles, Tom Wheeler wrote that Turner's "inventive style is a classic example of an artist discovering the Stratocaster, adapting to its features and fashioning something remarkable."[170] Turner himself said of his tremolo technique: "I thought it was to make the guitar scream—people got so excited when I used that thing."[169] Dave Rubin wrote in Premier Guitar magazine: "All those years of playing piano and arranging taught him a considerable amount about harmony, as he could certainly navigate I-IV-V chord changes. Ike modestly terms what he does on the guitar as 'tricks', but make no mistake, he attacked his axe with the conviction of a man who knew precisely what he wanted to hear come out of it."[167]

Reviewing Turner's 1973 album Bad Dreams, Robert Christgau wrote: "After twenty years of raking it in from the shadows, he's finally figured out a way of applying his basically comic bass/baritone to rock and roll. Studio-psychedelic New Orleans, echoes of the Band and Dr. John, some brilliant minor r&b mixed in with the dumb stuff. My God—at the moment he's more interesting than Tina."[171]

Influence edit

"It ain't Little Richard, it ain't Chuck, it ain't Fats Domino — no, we came on later. This man was playing the blues, rhythm and blues. Rock 'n' roll came from rhythm and blues: rock 'n' roll ain't nothing but rhythm and blues up-tempo. Ike Turner was the innovator, for rhythm and blues and for rock 'n' roll. We just came and took it home."

— Little Richard (1999)[172]

Turner was praised by his contemporaries for his influence. Johnny Otis said, "Ike Turner is a very important man in American music. The texture and flavor of R&B owe a lot to him. He defined how to put the Fender bass into that music. He was a great innovator."[8] B.B. King was a great admirer of Turner, describing him as "The best bandleader I've ever seen."[173] King also said, "When they talk about rock 'n roll, I see Ike as one of the founding fathers."[174] Turner was a big influence on Little Richard, who wrote the introduction to Turner's autobiography.[175] Little Richard was inspired to play the piano after he heard Turner's piano intro on "Rocket 88", and later used it note for note on "Good Golly, Miss Molly".[176][177] Prince also said Turner was his first musical influence.[178]

Phil Alexander, editor-in-chief of Mojo magazine, referred to Turner as the "cornerstone of modern day rock 'n' roll" and credited his arrangements of blues standards as being an influence on 1960s British Invasion groups: "He proceeded to influence British rockers from the mid-1960s onwards. Without Ike you wouldn't have had the Stones and Zeppelin. People like that wouldn't have had the source material on which they drew."[9]

Speaking on "Rocket 88" being a contender for the first rock 'n' roll record, broadcaster Paul Gambaccini said:

In musical terms [he was] very important. "Rocket 88" is one of the two records that can claim to be the first rock 'n' roll record, the other being "The Fat Man" by Fats Domino from 1949. But "Rocket 88" does have a couple of elements which "The Fat Man" did not. The wailing saxophone and that distorted electric guitar. It was number one in the rhythm and blues chart for five weeks, it is in the Grammy Hall of Fame and it was an indisputable claim to fame for Ike Turner....To critics he will be known as a great founder, unfortunately to the general public he will always be known as a brutal man.[9]

Nigel Cawthorne—co-author of Turner's autobiography—said:

Although there had been black rock 'n' rollers who had made it big already, they really only played to a white audience. Ike and Tina played to a mixed audience and he deliberately desegregated audiences in the southern states and he wouldn't play to any segregated audiences at all. Because he had such a big band and entourage he desegregated a lot of the hotels because the hotel chains wouldn't want to miss out on the money they would make from him touring the southern states.[9]

Turner's songs have been sampled by hip hop artists; most notably, Salt-N-Pepa used "I'm Blue" for their 1994 hit "Shoop".[138] Jurassic 5 used "Getting Nasty" from A Black Man's Soul on the track "Concrete Schoolyard" in 1997. Main Source also sampled "Getting Nasty" on the track "Snake Eyes" as well as Ike & Tina Turner's "Bold Soul Sister" on "Just Hanging Out"; both featured on their 1991 album Breaking Atoms. The track "Funky Mule", also from A Black Man's Soul, has been sampled extensively by jungle DJs, with the drum introduction being a very popular break. It was sampled by producer Goldie for his 1994 hit "Inner City Life", in the same year by Krome & Time on "The License", and by Paradox in 2002 on track "Funky Mule".[179]

In 2009, a Nashville-based band, Mr. Groove Band, recorded a tribute album titled Rocket 88: Tribute to Ike Turner. Vocalists on the album include Turner's last wife Audrey Madison Turner and former Ikette Bonnie Bramlett.[180]

Accolades edit

Turner won two competitive Grammy Awards.[12] Ike & Tina Turner won Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group for "Proud Mary" in 1972.[181] In 2007, Turner won Best Traditional Blues Album for Risin' with the Blues.[182] Turner also has three songs inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame: "Rocket 88", "River Deep – Mountain High", and "Proud Mary".[11]

Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1991.[13] Turner is inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame and the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame. He is also inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame.[183] He was honored with a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame in 2001.[184]

Turner won Comeback Album of The Year for Here and Now at the W.C. Handy Blues Awards in 2002.[185] In 2004, he was awarded the Heroes Award from the Memphis branch of the Recording Academy.[186] He was a recipient of the Legend Award at the 2007 Mojo Awards.[187]

In 2003, the album Proud Mary: The Best of Ike & Tina Turner was ranked No. 212 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time (No. 214 on 2012 revised list).[188][189]

In 2004, Fender Custom Shop manufactured a limited edition Ike Turner Tribute Stratocaster. The model has an alder body in Sonic Blue with an Ike Turner signature in gold ink on the body under the clear-coat, with a maple neck in a 1960s "C" shape with a rosewood fingerboard, with 21 vintage frets. It had three custom single coil 1960s Strat pickups. Only 100 specimens were made, retailing at $3,399.99.[190]

In August 2010, Turner was posthumously celebrated in his hometown of Clarksdale, Mississippi.[191] On August 6, Clarksdale officials and music fans gathered to unveil a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail and a plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame in downtown Clarksdale honoring Turner and his musical legacy.[192] The unveilings coincided with Clarksdale's 23rd Annual Sunflower River Blues & Gospel Festival, which paid tribute to Turner.[148]

Although Turner considered himself a pianist rather than a guitarist,[32] Rolling Stone magazine editor David Fricke ranked him No. 61 on his list of 100 Greatest Guitarists in 2010.[10]

In 2015, Rolling Stone ranked Ike & Tina Turner No. 2 on their list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time.[193]

In 2017, the Mississippi Blues Trail honored "Rocket 88" for being an influential record with a marker in Lyon, Mississippi.[194] In 2018, "Rocket 88" was chosen for the inaugural class of influential songs inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Singles.[195]

Portrayal in popular culture edit

In 1986, Tina Turner released her autobiography, I, Tina, in which she recounted Turner's volatile behavior. He received negative publicity that was exacerbated in 1993 by the release of the film adaptation What's Love Got to Do with It.[3] Turner received $45,000 for the film, but he had unknowingly signed papers waiving the right to sue Disney's Touchstone Pictures for his depiction.[196] He was portrayed by Laurence Fishburne, whose performance earned him an Oscar nomination for Best Actor at the 66th Academy Awards.[197]

After the release of the film, the fictionalized version of Turner from the movie was seized on by comedians, who reused the persona in sketches. On the 1990s sketch comedy show In Living Color, Turner was parodied by David Alan Grier. He was portrayed on Saturday Night Live's Weekend Update by Tim Meadows in a pageboy wig. On the John Boy and Billy radio show, cast member Jeff Pillars regularly performed an impersonation of Turner in a segment called "Ax/Ask Ike". These sketches were collected in a 2008 comedy album Ike at the Mike.[198] In 2006, Vibe magazine ranked the character of Ike Turner from What's Love Got to Do with It at No. 4 in their list of the 20 best movie "bad guys".[199]

Commenting on the historical accuracy of the film, Tina told Larry King in 1997: "I would have liked them to have more truth, but according to Disney [owner of the film's production company], they said it's impossible, the people would not have believed the truth."[200][201] In 2018, Tina told Oprah Winfrey that she only recently watched the film, but she could not finish it because she "didn't realize they would change the details so much."[202] Phil Spector criticized Tina's book and called the film a "piece of trash" during his eulogy at Turner's funeral.[203]

In 2015, TV One's Unsung offered some redemption with "The Story of Ike Turner", which documented his career along with his trials and tribulations.[204] In the musical Tina: The Tina Turner Musical, Turner was portrayed by British actor Kobna Holdbrook-Smith, who won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his role in 2019.[205]

Books edit

In 1999, Turner published his autobiography Takin' Back My Name: The Confessions of Ike Turner.[206] It was written with Nigel Cawthorne and Little Richard wrote the introduction. In 2003, John Collis published Ike Turner: King of Rhythm about the life and musical contributions of Turner.[207]

Personal life edit

Marriages edit

Turner was married fourteen times.[16][208] He often married another woman before divorcing his existing wife. Speaking on his early marriages, he said: "You gave a preacher two dollars, the (marriage) papers cost three dollars, that was it. In those days, blacks did not bother with divorces."[8]

Early marriages edit

Turner was first married at 16 years old to Edna Dean Stewart of Ruleville, Mississippi.[209] They were married on April 10, 1948. Records show that Turner added four years to his age.[68] Edna didn't want to stay in Clarksdale, so she left Turner and returned to Ruleville.[210]

Turner's second wife, Velma Davis (née Dishman) is the elder sister of former Ikette Joshie Armstead.[211] Turner met her at the Cotton Club on Camplin Avenue in Yazoo City, Mississippi in 1948. Davis claimed that Turner was the father of her daughter Linda Turner Bullock, born in 1949.[212] However, Turner asserted in his book that he is not the biological father.[210] The couple married on September 19, 1950.[68] Davis and Bullock attended Turner's Mississippi Blues Trail marker unveiling in 2010.[192]

Turner then married Rosa Lee Sane in West Memphis, Arkansas.[210] She had a mental breakdown so her family put her in an insane asylum in Tennessee. Turner tried to get her out, but he never saw her again.[210]

Turner married Marion Louis Lee (Bonnie Turner) in Clarksdale on September 24, 1952.[68] Lee was a member of the Kings of Rhythm as a pianist and vocalist. In 1952, under the alias Mary Sue, she released the single "Everybody's Talking" / "Love Is a Gamble" on Modern Records.[68] She co-wrote both tunes with Turner. The couple also recorded for RPM Records and Sun Records.[213] Turner recalled, "Bonnie played piano. It was a job staying ahead of this chick, man, cos' she was always trying to outdo me."[72] While they were in Sarasota, Florida for a gig, she ran off to New York with another man in 1953.[72] Their divorce was finalized in 1955.[68]

After Lee, Turner married a woman named Alice in Helena, Arkansas.[214] According to Turner, they did not consummate their marriage. Alice was dating his vocalist Johnny O'Neal, but Turner liked her so he married her to avoid "locking heads" with O'Neal. "If I married her, he couldn't do nothing," he said.[214]

After Alice, Turner married Annie Mae Wilson from Greenville, Mississippi.[215] She played piano and was the secretary for his band.[216] Wilson left Turner for a policeman in East St. Louis, Illinois.[217] In 1958, Turner presented a petition to the East St. Louis Board of Police Commissioners, stating that that police officer Curtis Smith had harassed him and burst his eardrum out of spite because of his relationship with Wilson.[216]

In East St. Louis, Turner lived with Lorraine Taylor. Her parents owned the Taylor Sausage Factory in St. Louis.[218] Sources often incorrectly refer to Taylor as one of Turner's wives, but she was his live-in girlfriend.[218][219] Lorraine already had two children of her own before she had two sons, Ike Jr. and Michael, with Turner.[220]

Tina Turner edit

"I still love Tina as much as I ever loved her...I wrote her a letter five years ago. I never sent it...I was telling her in this letter that I'm sorry for putting her and the kids through that kind of stuff. I was stupid. I was inconsiderate about her feelings. I understand today. She came from an abusive relationship and went straight to the top."

— Ike Turner (2007)[200]

In 1956, Turner met Ann Bullock (whom he later renamed Tina Turner) at the Club Manhattan in East St. Louis.[94][102] They became close friends and she began dating his saxophonist Raymond Hill. When Bullock became pregnant by Hill, they lived with Turner and his live-in girlfriend Lorraine Taylor.[221] Hill injured his ankle and left Bullock before their son Craig was born in August 1958.[222] During Bullock's pregnancy, Taylor became suspicious that Bullock was pregnant by Turner and threatened her with a gun before shooting herself; her injuries were nonfatal.[220] However, Turner and Bullock eventually began having an affair and she became pregnant in January 1960.[223]

Following the birth of their son Ronnie in October 1960, they were married in Tijuana in 1962.[224] Turner stated that the reason they went to Tijuana was to see "sex shows and whores".[225] At the time, he was still legally married to Alice Bell.[226] He used a detective agency to locate Bell in Chicago and they divorced in 1974.[227] On multiple occasions, Turner said that he was never officially married to Tina.[208][228][8] He also revealed on The Howard Stern Show in 1993 and on Fresh Air in 1996 that Tina's birth name was Martha Nell (not Anna Mae) Bullock.[229] Tina signed her legal name as Martha Nell Turner on multiple contracts.[230][231]

Following a violent altercation in July 1976, Tina filed for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences.[232][8] Although Turner reiterated that they were never officially married, they had a common-law marriage and still had to go through a formal divorce.[233] Their divorce was finalized on March 29, 1978.[234] In the final divorce decree, Tina took responsibility for missed concert dates as well as an IRS lien. Tina retained songwriter royalties from songs she had written, but Turner got the publishing royalties for his compositions and hers. She also kept her two Jaguar cars, furs and jewelry along with her stage name.[234] Tina gave up her share of their Bolic Sound recording studio, publishing companies, and real estate.[235]

In her 1986 autobiography, Tina revealed that Turner had been abusive during their marriage. She said: "It was my relationship with Ike that made me most unhappy. At first, I had really been in love with him. Look what he'd done for me. But he was totally unpredictable."[236] Turner admitted he took Tina for granted and called her "the best woman I ever knew".[237] In his autobiography, he said: "Sure, I've slapped Tina. We had fights and there have been times when I punched her to the ground without thinking. But I never beat her."[238] In a 1999 interview, Roseanne Barr urged him to publicly apologize to Tina on The Roseanne Barr Show.[239] In 2007, Turner told Jet that he had written Tina an apology letter, but had never sent it.[200][240] In 2018, Tina told The Sunday Times that "as an old person, I have forgiven him, but I would not work with him. He asked for one more tour with me, and I said, 'No, absolutely not.' Ike wasn't someone you could forgive and allow him back in."[241][242]

Later marriages edit

Turner married Margaret Ann Thomas in Las Vegas on April 11, 1981;[243] they divorced in 1990. They had met in the mid-1960s at a concert in Bakersfield, California.[244] According to Turner, Tina suggested Ann fill in as an Ikette because although she could not sing, she was attractive.[245] Eventually, she moved into their View Park home.[246] Turner stated, "I loved Tina, but I was in love with Ann Thomas."[245] Their daughter Mia was born in January 1969. They rekindled their friendship years after their divorce, and she found Turner unconscious at his home the day he died.[16]

Turner was introduced to St. Louis native singer Jeanette Bazzell by his son Ike Turner Jr. in 1988.[247] She became his lead vocalist and they married in a private ceremony at Circus Circus Hotel & Resort in Las Vegas on July 4, 1995.[248][249] They divorced in 2000, but later rekindled their friendship. According to Jeanette, Turner called her his "backbone".[250] In 2019, she told Palm Spring Life that the film What's Love Got to Do with It "assassinated Ike's career. But more than that, it broke his heart". She added, "Ike doesn't get any recognition because of all the negative things [shown] in that movie and in his relationship with Tina... I went through things with Ike, too, but there's a time to forgive and to let go. To strip him from having the opportunity to get recognition in an area where he was entitled to deserve it, it's so wrong to me."[250]

Turner met San Francisco native singer Audrey Madison through a mutual friend in 1993. She started as an Ikette before becoming his lead singer.[16] They married at A Special Memory Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas on October 8, 2006.[251] Turner filed for divorce two months later on December 22, but after the divorce was granted, they reconciled in 2007.[16] In 2011, Audrey appeared as a contestant on The X Factor.[252] In 2016, she released her memoir Love Had Everything to Do with It, which details her volatile relationship with Turner due to his bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.[253] She told The Afro: "I decided to write it because it was like a cleansing and it released all of the trauma. Also, I wanted the general public to have a better outlook and perspective on where Ike was mentally and emotionally, because so often, as a nation, we turn on people who have mental health issues and define them by their behaviors rather than their condition."[254]

Children edit

Turner had six children. He had two sons, Ike Turner Jr. (b. 1958) and Michael Turner (b. 1960), with Lorraine Taylor.[255] He had a son Ronald "Ronnie" Turner (1960–2022) with Tina Turner.[256] Tina's son Craig Turner (1958–2018) with Raymond Hill was adopted by Turner and therefore carried his surname. Craig died in an apparent suicide.[257]

Turner had a daughter, Mia Turner (b. 1969), with Ann Thomas,[16] and he later discovered he had another daughter, Twanna Melby Turner (b. 1959), with Pat Richard.[258]

Turner's second wife Velma Davis (née Dishman) claimed that Turner was the father of her daughter, Linda Turner Bullock (b. 1949),[212] but Turner denied that assertion in his autobiography (in which Velma is mistakenly referred to as Thelma): "I met Thelma Dishman, who, at that time, I thought was a pretty girl. Thelma was pregnant, not by me, but I liked her."[210]

In 1988, Turner discovered he had a daughter named Twanna Melby.[259] He was paroled into her custody in 1991.[6][237] Her mother, Pat Richard, attended Sumner High School with Tina in St. Louis.[16]

Ike Turner Jr. released an album, Hard Labor, in 1987.[260] He won a Grammy Award for his involvement with Turner's 2006 album Risin' with the Blues.[261] He toured with former Ikette Randi Love as Sweet Randi Love and The Love Thang Band.[262][263]

Ronnie Turner was in a band called Manufactured Funk with songwriter and musician Patrick Moten.[262] He played bass guitar in his mother's band after his parents divorced and he later played in his father's band.[264] He married French singer Afida Turner in 2007.[265][266] After his father's death, he told Jet magazine: "I loved my father very much... You can talk 5 or 10 minutes about the bad he's done. You can talk all night about the achievements he's had. He was successful with my mom and after my mom. He won a Grammy before he died. That's a lifetime achievement."[175] Ronnie died from complications of colon cancer in 2022.[256]

Legal problems and drug addiction edit

In 1960, Turner and two others were charged for "interstate transportation of forged checks and conspiracy."[267][268] Turner plead not guilty and was forced to stand trial in St. Louis.[269] The jury failed to reach a verdict at the first trial, but he was found not guilty at the retrial in 1961.[270][271]

In 1974, Turner and three others were arrested for using illegal blue boxes at Bolic Sound studio to make long-distance phone calls.[272] He was cleared of the charges.[273][8]

Before the age of thirty, Turner did not use drugs or drink alcohol.[16] He would fire anyone in his band who used any substances.[274] Turner was first introduced to cocaine by "two very famous people" he had been working with at the International Hotel in Las Vegas.[219][274] Producer D'Angela Proctor alleged in Turner's Unsung documentary that the two famous people were Elvis Presley and Redd Foxx.[275][204] He took the cocaine home and tried it one night while writing songs at the piano.[16] Turner said he liked the reduced need for sleep the drug gave him, which allowed him to write more music.[276] By the early 1970s, he was heavily addicted to the drug, buying it in large quantities and sharing it with friends. Turner later estimated that he had spent $11 million on cocaine.[277] His addiction caused a hole through his nasal septum, the pain of which he relieved by using more cocaine. He eventually began freebasing crack cocaine.[278][16]

By the 1980s, Turner's finances were in disarray and he owed the state of California $12,802 in back taxes.[8] He later settled his account. He had tried to sell his studio Bolic Sound to raise funds to avoid foreclosure, but the studio burned down on the day a potential buyer was scheduled to view it in January 1981.[279][8]

During the 1980s, Turner was arrested multiple times for drug and firearm offenses, which resulted in two convictions.[278]

  • In 1980, a SWAT team raided his Bolic Sound studio, finding a live hand grenade and seven grams of cocaine. Turner received his first conviction for cocaine possession. He was sentenced to thirty days in the L.A. county jail with three years probation.[8]
  • In April 1981, Turner was arrested for shooting a 49-year-old newspaper delivery man. He accused the man of assaulting his wife Ann Thomas and of kicking his dog. Turner said he only fired a shot to scare him off and that the man had injured himself when he climbed over the fence to get away. A jury acquitted Turner of assault in 1982.[8]
  • In June 1985, Turner was arrested and charged with conspiracy to sell $16,000 worth of cocaine, possession and maintaining a residence for selling or using a controlled substance.[280] The police took $1,000 worth of rock cocaine from his North Hollywood apartment. Record producer Eddie Coleman Jr. and music company writer Richard Lee Griffin were also arrested and charged. Turner was released on a $5,000 bond.[281]
  • In 1986, Turner was arrested for cocaine possession, concealed carry of a handgun and traffic violations; he was released on bail.[282]
  • In January 1987, Turner was arrested for trying to sell 10 ounces of cocaine to an undercover police officer; he pleaded not guilty.[283]
  • In May 1989, Turner was arrested on drug charges in West Hollywood. He was convicted of cocaine intoxication and driving under the influence of cocaine in January 1990.[284] The next month he was sentenced to four years in prison.[285] He was released on parole in September 1991 after completing 18 months of his sentence at California Men's Colony in San Luis Obispo.[6][237] Larry Kamien, associate warden of the California Men's Colony, said Turner was a model inmate.[6] In prison he became a trustee working in the library and saved $13,000 by selling cigarettes, candy bars, and coffee to other inmates.[237][286]

Turner managed to break his dependency on cocaine while in prison and remained clean for more than ten years. He visited high schools during Black History Month to speak against drug use.[2] While trying to help an acquaintance from crack addiction at a crack house he relapsed in 2004.[16]

Health problems edit

In 2005, Turner revealed he had been diagnosed with emphysema, which required him to use an oxygen tank.[287] His daughter Mia Turner said, "He was too weak from the emphysema to do anything. He'd go in the studio for a couple of minutes and play a couple of bars and say he had to go lay down."[288] Despite his ill health, he collaborated with Gorillaz on their album Demon Days and performed the track with them at the Manchester Opera House in November 2005.[156]

After his death in 2007, Turner's autopsy and toxicology report showed he was taking Seroquel at the time of his death. The medicine is most commonly used as treatment for bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. His ex-wife Audrey Madison claimed Turner was bipolar and that she was helping him with his illness, a claim supported by Turner's personal assistant and caretaker, Falina Rasool. Rasool said she talked to Turner about his bipolar disorder and witnessed its effects. "I would come in the room and see him change like a lightbulb, switch on and switch off. I did ask him about it. He said he made a song about it and we started laughing," said Rasool, referring to "Bi Polar" from the Grammy-winning album Risin' with the Blues. "I know I'm bipolar....And I've been bipolar, but a lot of people is bipolar," he told her.[16] However, Turner's daughter, Mia Turner, disagreed with this diagnosis and felt he was being overmedicated.[16]

Religious affiliation edit

Turner was raised a Baptist and reportedly converted to Judaism in 1994, but never spoke about it.[289][290]

Death edit

In the weeks leading up to his death, Turner became reclusive. On December 10, 2007, he told his assistant, Falina Rasool, that he believed he was dying and would not live until Christmas.[16] He died two days later, on December 12, at the age of 76, at his home in San Marcos, California.[5][291] He was found dead by his former wife, Ann Thomas. Rasool was also in the house and administered CPR. Turner was pronounced dead at 11:38 a.m.[16]

His funeral was held on December 21, 2007, at the City of Refuge Church in Gardena, California.[292] Among those who spoke at the funeral were Little Richard, Solomon Burke and Phil Spector. The Kings of Rhythm played "Rocket 88" and "Proud Mary". Turner was cremated after the funeral service.[16]

On January 16, 2008, the San Diego County Medical Examiner's Office reported that Turner had died from a cocaine overdose. "The cause of death for Ike Turner is cocaine toxicity with other significant conditions, such as hypertensive cardiovascular disease and pulmonary emphysema", Supervising Medical Examiner Investigator Paul Parker told CNN.[293] His daughter Mia was said to be surprised at the coroner's assessment, believing his advanced stage emphysema was a larger factor.[288]

Turner died without a valid will. Less than a week after his death, his former wife Audrey Madison Turner filed a petition stating that he had penned a handwritten will naming her as a beneficiary. In 2009, a judge ruled that the handwritten will was invalid and that Turner's children were legally the direct heirs of his estate.[294]

Awards and nominations edit

Turner has received various awards in recognition for his significant role as a pioneer of rock and roll.

Blues Foundation Awards edit

Blues Music Awards

Year Nominee / work Award Result
1981 Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm Reissue album Nominated
2002 Here and Now Comeback Album of The Year Won
2002 Here and Now Soul Blues Album Nominated
2002 Ike Turner Soul Blues Male Artist Nominated
2002 Ike Turner Blues Entertainer of the Year Nominated

Blues Hall of Fame

Year Nominee / work Award Result
1991 "Rocket 88" Classic of Blues Recording – Single or Album Track Inducted
2005 Ike Turner Performer Inducted

Grammy Awards edit

Year Nominee / work Award Result
1962 "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" Best Rock & Roll Recording Nominated
1970 A Black Man's Soul Best R&B Instrumental Performance Nominated
1972 "Proud Mary" Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group Won
1975 "Father Alone" Best Soul Gospel Performance Nominated
1975 The Gospel According to Ike & Tina Best Soul Gospel Performance Nominated
2002 Here and Now Best Traditional Blues Album Nominated
2007 Risin' with the Blues Best Traditional Blues Album Won

Grammy Hall of Fame

Year Nominee / work Award Result
1998 "Rocket 88" (as Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats) Hall of Fame (Single) Inducted
1999 "River Deep – Mountain High" Hall of Fame (Single) Inducted
2003 "Proud Mary" Hall of Fame (Single) Inducted

Independent Music Awards edit

Year Nominee / work Award Result
2007 Ike Turner — Risin' with the Blues Blues Album Nominated

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame edit

Year Nominee / work Award Result
1991 Ike & Tina Turner Hall of Fame – Performers Inducted
2018 "Rocket 88" (as Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats) Hall of Fame – Singles Inducted

Selected discography edit

Main article: Ike Turner discography
See also: List of songs written by Ike Turner

Studio albums edit

Live albums edit

  • 2002: The Resurrection: Live Montreux Jazz Festival, Isabel IS 640202
  • 2006: Ike Turner & The Kings Of Rhythm: Live In Concert, Charly Films CHF-F1014LF [DVD/2CD]

Compilations edit

Recordings as a sideman edit

Howlin' Wolf

Albert King

Earl Hooker

Gorillaz

Ike and Tina Turner edit

Main article: Ike & Tina Turner discography

Notes edit

  1. ^ Blues historian Ted Drozdowski claimed that Turner's father died in an industrial accident.

References edit

  1. ^ Blues trail Ike-Turner Retrieved 06 June 2022
  2. ^ a b c d Pareles, Jon (December 13, 2007). "Ike Turner, Musician and Songwriter in Duo With Tina Turner, Dies at 76". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 30, 2011.(subscription required)
  3. ^ a b c d Fowler, James E. (April 23, 1998). "New, Improved Ike Turner". Los Angeles Times.(subscription required)
  4. ^ a b c d Collis 2003, pp. 41–52
  5. ^ a b Ken Barnes (December 12, 2007). "Ike Turner: A tarnished rock legend". USA Today. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
  6. ^ a b c d e Philips, Chuck (September 5, 1991). "Will They Still Like Ike? : Turner Nervous About Restarting His Pop Career". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 27, 2012.(subscription required)
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Bibliography edit

  • Collis, John (2003). Ike Turner: King of Rhythm. Do-Not Press. ISBN 978-1-904316-24-4.
  • DeCurtis, Anthony (September 18, 1992). Present Tense: Rock & Roll and Culture. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1265-4.
  • Turner, Ike (1999). Takin' Back My Name: The Confessions of Ike Turner. Virgin Books Limited. ISBN 978-1-85227-850-2.
  • Turner, Tina (1986). I, Tina: My Life Story. New York: Avon Books. ISBN 0-380-70097-2.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ike Turner.

November 23, 2023
turner, izear, luster, turner, november, 1931, december, 2007, american, musician, bandleader, songwriter, record, producer, talent, scout, early, pioneer, 1950s, rock, roll, best, known, work, 1960s, 1970s, with, then, wife, tina, turner, leader, tina, turner. Izear Luster Ike Turner Jr November 5 1931 December 12 2007 was an American musician bandleader songwriter record producer and talent scout An early pioneer of 1950s rock and roll he is best known for his work in the 1960s and 1970s with his then wife Tina Turner as the leader of the Ike amp Tina Turner Revue Ike TurnerTurner in 1971Background informationBirth nameIzear Luster Turner Jr Also known asIke Wister TurnerIcky RenrutLover BoyBorn 1931 11 05 November 5 1931Clarksdale Mississippi U S DiedDecember 12 2007 2007 12 12 aged 76 San Marcos California U S GenresRock and roll blues 1 R amp B soul funk rockOccupation s Musicianrecord producertalent scoutbandleadersongwriterInstrument s GuitarkeyboardsvocalsYears active1940s 2007LabelsChessCobraFlairFederalKingModernRPMSunSueSonjaInnisPompeiiLibertyUnited ArtistsFantasyZoho RootsFormerly ofKings of RhythmIke amp Tina Turner A native of Clarksdale Mississippi Turner began playing piano and guitar as a child and then formed the Kings of Rhythm as a teenager His first recording Rocket 88 credited to Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats is considered a contender for the distinction of first rock and roll song During the 1950s Turner also worked as a talent scout and producer for Sun Records and Modern Records 2 He was instrumental in the early careers of various blues musicians such as B B King Howlin Wolf and Bobby Blue Bland 3 In 1954 Turner relocated to East St Louis where his Kings of Rhythm became one of the most renowned acts in Greater St Louis 4 He formed the Ike amp Tina Turner Revue in 1960 which over the course of the decade became a soul rock crossover success Turner s cocaine addiction and legal troubles together with accounts by Tina Turner of domestic violence published in her 1986 autobiography I Tina and the 1993 film adaptation What s Love Got to Do with It had an impact on his career 5 Addicted to cocaine for at least 15 years Turner was convicted of drug offenses and served 18 months in prison 6 After his release in 1991 he relapsed in 2004 and died of a drug overdose in 2007 During the last decade of Turner s life he revived his career as a frontman by returning to his blues roots He released two award winning albums Here and Now 2001 and Risin with the Blues 2006 Hailed as a great innovator of rock and roll by contemporaries such as Little Richard and Johnny Otis 7 8 Turner received critical acclaim as well 9 Rolling Stone editor David Fricke ranked Turner No 61 on his list of 100 Greatest Guitarists and noted Turner was one of the first guitarists to successfully transplant the intensity of the blues into more commercial music 10 Turner won five Grammy Awards including two competitive awards and three Grammy Hall of Fame Awards 11 12 He also received the Recording Academy s Heroes Award Turner was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Tina Turner in 1991 13 As a solo artist he is inducted into the St Louis Walk of Fame the Clarksdale Walk of Fame the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame the Blues Hall of Fame and the Rhythm amp Blues Hall of Fame Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2 1 1946 1950 Formation of the Kings of Rhythm 2 2 1951 Rocket 88 2 3 1951 1954 Session musician and talent scout 2 4 1954 1959 St Louis 2 5 1960 1976 The Ike and Tina Turner Revue 2 6 1977 2007 Later career 3 Artistry and legacy 3 1 Musical style 3 2 Influence 3 3 Accolades 3 4 Portrayal in popular culture 3 5 Books 4 Personal life 4 1 Marriages 4 1 1 Early marriages 4 1 2 Tina Turner 4 1 3 Later marriages 4 2 Children 4 3 Legal problems and drug addiction 4 4 Health problems 4 5 Religious affiliation 5 Death 6 Awards and nominations 6 1 Blues Foundation Awards 6 2 Grammy Awards 6 3 Independent Music Awards 6 4 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 7 Selected discography 7 1 Studio albums 7 2 Live albums 7 3 Compilations 7 4 Recordings as a sideman 7 5 Ike and Tina Turner 8 Notes 9 References 9 1 Bibliography 10 External linksEarly life edit nbsp Ike Turner s birthplace and childhood home at 304 Washington Avenue in the Riverton neighborhood of Clarksdale Mississippi 14 Izear Luster Turner Jr was born in Clarksdale Mississippi on November 5 1931 15 16 to Beatrice Cushenberry a seamstress and Izear Luster Turner a Baptist minister His parents were Creole 17 Turner was the younger of their two children his sister Lee Ethel Knight was some ten years his senior When Turner applied for his first passport in the 1960s he discovered that his name was registered as Ike Wister Turner By then both of his parents were deceased so he could not verify the origin of his name 17 According to Turner he witnessed his father beaten and left for dead by a white man 17 He was later told it was an act of retaliation over a woman with whom his father was having an affair His father lived for two or three years as an invalid in a tent in the family s yard before succumbing to his injuries when Turner was about five years old 17 a 18 His mother remarried an artist named Philip Reese who Turner described as a violent alcoholic 19 One day after Reese gave him a whipping Turner knocked him out with a length of lumber and ran away to Memphis for a few days before returning home 20 Despite their troubled relationship Turner moved his stepfather into one of his homes in St Louis after his mother died in 1959 and took care of him until his death in 1961 21 Turner recounted how he was sexually assaulted at the age of six by a woman called Miss Boozie 22 Walking past her house to school she would invite him to help feed her chickens and then take him to bed This continued daily for some time 23 Turner was also sexually assaulted by another middle aged woman Miss Reedy before he was twelve 24 Reflecting on these experiences he stated That s probably why every relationship I was in was surrounded by sex Sex was power to me 16 External videos nbsp Oral History Ike Turner shares moments of his life story and career Interview date December 1 2005 NAMM National Association of Music Merchants Oral History LibraryTurner attended Booker T Washington Elementary School then was promoted to Myrtle Hall in the sixth grade 25 He quit school in the eighth grade and began working as an elevator operator at the Alcazar Hotel in downtown Clarksdale 26 During breaks he would watch DJ John Friskillo play records at the radio station WROX located in the hotel 27 WROX is noted for being the first radio station in Mississippi to employ a black DJ Early Wright 28 One day Friskillo spotted Turner watching and put him to work teaching him the ins and outs of the control room 29 30 Soon he was left to play records while Friskillo took coffee breaks 30 31 This led to Turner being offered a job by the station manager as the DJ on the late afternoon shift On his show Jive Till Five he played a diverse range of music such as Roy Milton and Louis Jordan alongside early rockabilly records 21 29 Turner was inspired to learn the piano after he heard blues pianist Pinetop Perkins play at his friend Ernest Lane s house 32 Turner persuaded his mother to pay for piano lessons but he did not take to the formal style of playing Instead he spent the money in a pool hall and learned boogie woogie from Perkins 33 At some point in the 1940s Turner moved into Clarksdale s Riverside Hotel 34 The Riverside played host to touring musicians including Sonny Boy Williamson II and Duke Ellington 35 34 Turner associated with many of these musicians and at 13 years old he backed Sonny Boy Williamson II on piano 8 Career edit1946 1950 Formation of the Kings of Rhythm edit Main article Kings of Rhythm As a teenager Turner joined a local rhythm ensemble called the Tophatters who played around Clarksdale Mississippi 36 Members of the band were Clarksdale musicians and included Turner s school friends Raymond Hill Eugene Fox and Clayton Love 37 The Tophatters played big band arrangements from sheet music Turner who was trained by ear and could not sight read would learn the pieces by listening to a version on record at home pretending to be reading the music during rehearsals 36 The Tophatters had over 30 members but they broke up into two groups after six months to a year One faction wanted to play jazz music and became the Dukes of Swing 38 The other band led by Turner became the Kings of Rhythm Turner said we wanted to play blues boogie woogie and Roy Brown Jimmy Liggins Roy Milton 36 Turner kept the name throughout his career although it went through lineup changes over time Their early stage performances consisted largely of covers of popular jukebox hits B B King helped them to get a steady weekend gig and recommended them to Sam Phillips at Memphis Recording Service 2 In the 1950s Turner s group got regular airplay from live sessions on the radio stations WROX in Clarksdale and KFFA in Helena Arkansas 28 39 Around the time he was starting out with the Kings of Rhythm Turner and Lane became unofficial roadies for blues musician Robert Nighthawk who often played live on WROX 30 The pair played drums and piano on radio sessions Turner gained experience performing by supporting Nighthawk at gigs around Clarksdale 40 41 He played juke joints alongside other local blues artists such as Elmore James Muddy Waters and Little Walter 30 Performances typically lasted about twelve hours from early evening to dawn the next day Turner recalled there wasn t no intermission If the drummer had to pee I would play drums until he returned There were no breaks We just switched around 42 1951 Rocket 88 edit Main article Rocket 88 nbsp Sun Studio at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis Tennessee where in 1951 Turner and the Kings of Rhythm recorded Rocket 88 one of the first rock and roll records Turner would later work at the studio as in house producer for Sam Phillips In March 1951 Turner and his band recorded the song Rocket 88 at Memphis Recording Service Turner s vocalist Johnny O Neal had left to sign a solo contract with King Records so Jackie Brenston a saxophonist in the Kings of Rhythm sang lead vocals while Turner was on piano Rocket 88 is notable among other things for Willie Kizart s distorted guitar sound 43 Phillips licensed the recording to Chess Records in Chicago 44 Chess released it under the name Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats instead of Ike Turner and His Kings of Rhythm Featuring Jackie Brenston 45 Turner blamed Phillips for this misrepresentation Soon after its release the single caused a sensation and Turner performed with his band at the W C Handy Theatre in Memphis 44 The single reached number one on the Billboard R amp B charts in June 1951 and spent 5 weeks on top of the charts 46 47 The record sold approximately half a million copies Turner and the band were paid 20 each for the record The exception was Brenston who sold the rights to Phillips for 910 48 Phillips used profits from the success of the record to launch Sun Records in February 1952 49 The song is often cited as the first rock n roll record 50 but in a later interview Turner offered this assessment I don t think that Rocket 88 is rock n roll I think that Rocket 88 is R amp B but I think Rocket 88 is the cause of rock and roll existing 51 The success of Rocket 88 generated tension and ego clashes in the band which culminated with Brenston leaving to pursue a solo career causing the band to fall apart Turner without a band and disappointed his hit record had not created more opportunities for him disbanded the Kings of Rhythm for a few years 40 1951 1954 Session musician and talent scout edit Soon after the release of Rocket 88 Turner moved to West Memphis Arkansas and played with various local bands 52 He then became a freelance talent scout session musician and production assistant for Sam Phillips at Sun Studio commuting to Memphis Tennessee Wishing to exploit his Delta music connections the Bihari brothers at Modern Records also hired Turner as a talent scout paying him to find southern musicians who might be worth recording 40 Turner arranged for B B King and the Beale Streeters to record for Modern at the YMCA in Memphis 53 Turner played piano on King s early records You Know I Love You and 3 O Clock Blues which became King s first two number ones 4 According to Joe Bihari Turner had brought King to his attention years prior He said Ike wasn t more than sixteen then He would send dubs of things he cut to us and if we d like them we d make a seal or sign the artist That s how we acquired B B King 54 King also maintained that Turner introduced him to the Bihari brothers 55 Unaware of songwriter s royalties Turner also wrote new material which the Biharis copyrighted under their own names 56 They often purchased or claimed co writer credit of songs written by artists on their labels using pseudonyms 57 58 Turner estimated he wrote seventy eight hit records for the Biharis 56 Artists Turner discovered for Modern and Sun include Bobby Bland Howlin Wolf Rosco Gordon Boyd Gilmore Houston Boines Charley Booker and Little Milton 59 He played piano in sessions with them and lesser known artists such as the Prisonaires Driftin Slim Ben Burton Matt Cockrell Dennis Binder Sunny Blair and Baby Face Turner 60 4 Turner was contracted to the Bihari brothers but he continued to work for Phillips where he was effectively the in house producer This sometimes created conflicts of interest 61 In 1951 Turner recorded two Howlin Wolf tracks for Phillips playing piano on How Many More Years and Moanin at Midnight which Phillips sent to Chess 62 63 Turner and Howlin Wolf then recorded a version of Moanin at Midnight at radio station KWEM in West Memphis without Phillips or the Chess brothers knowledge He sent the results to the Biharis at Modern and they released it on their subsidiary label RPM Records 63 Turner also attempted to poach Elmore James from Trumpet Records and record him for Modern Trumpet found out and Modern had to cancel the record However James did eventually sign with Modern and Turner played on his recordings that were released on Modern s subsidiary label Flair Records 4 64 While in Helena Turner tried to recruit Little Walter to record for Modern in January 1952 but Little Walter was on his way to Mississippi 65 In 1952 Turner discovered Little Junior Parker in West Memphis and they formed a band with Matt Guitar Murphy 32 Turner recorded Parker s first single You re My Angel Bad Women Bad Whiskey credited to Little Junior Parker and the Blue Flames 66 54 That summer Turner recorded with the new vocalist and pianist in his band Marion Louis Lee resulting in My Heart Belongs to You Looking for My Baby The records were released on RPM as Bonnie and Ike Turner and they performed together at the Hippodrome in Memphis 67 Turner married Lee in September 1952 68 Unbeknownst to Turner during his time in West Memphis he met Elvis Presley who was a truck driver 69 70 He recalled Presley was just a white boy that would come over to black clubs He would come in and stand behind the piano and watch me play I never knew he was no musician 71 Turner discovered his identity many years later after Presley approached him when they were both playing at the International Hotel 52 To accommodate his then wife Bonnie who also played piano Turner taught himself how to play guitar by ear and Willie Kizart taught him blues guitar techniques 72 He began playing guitar in sessions in 1953 and by 1954 with the assistance of Joe Bihari he built a makeshift recording studio at a defunct Greyhound bus station in Clarksdale 60 Turner used his Kings of Rhythm as session musicians They played on many recordings for Bihari s Modern RPM and Flair labels Some of the artists Turner backed on piano and guitar during this period include Elmore James Johnny Ace and the Flairs 73 Around this time Turner discovered Billy The Kid Emerson in Greenville He brought Emerson to record at Sun Records and backed him on guitar in 1954 74 1954 1959 St Louis edit In 1954 Turner visited his sister Lee Ethel Knight in St Louis Missouri During his stay he went clubbing at Ned Love s in East St Louis Illinois Love invited Turner and his band to play at his club 75 76 Eventually Turner returned with his reformed version of the Kings of Rhythm The band consisted of Willie Kizart on guitar Willie Bad Boy Sims on drums vocalist Johnny O Neal Turner s nephew Jesse Knight Jr on bass and Turner s wife Annie Mae Wilson on piano and vocals 77 Turner maintained strict discipline and the band lived at his home on Virginia Place in East St Louis which doubled as a studio 78 A teetotaler at the time he avoided drugs and insisted all band members also adopt this policy firing anyone he even suspected of breaking the rules 16 Turner established his group as one of the most highly rated on the St Louis club circuit vying for popularity with their main competition Sir John s Trio featuring Chuck Berry 77 The bands would play all nighters in St Louis then cross the river to the clubs of East St Louis and continue playing until dawn Initially they played for predominately black audiences at clubs in Illinois such as the Club Manhattan in East St Louis which Turner and his band built the Club Riviera in St Louis the Harlem Club in Brookline and the Kingsbury in Madison 79 80 In St Louis Turner was exposed to a white audience who were excited by R amp B He played at the Moonlight Bar Latin Quarter and the Club Imperial which was popular with white teenagers 75 81 82 He also gained a big following at Club DeLisa and locally he was acknowledged as the King of Rock and Roll 83 84 As he popularity grew among both whites and blacks he demanded that the clubs should be integrated 76 He performed regularly on Dave Dixon s radio show which aired live from the Birdcage Lounge on KSTL 75 He also had live music broadcasts on the St Louis radio station KATZ 76 In between live dates Turner took the band to Cincinnati to record for Federal Records in 1956 The single I m Tore Up If I Never Had Known You featuring Billy Gayles was released in April 1956 85 It became a regional hit and Turner s booking fee doubled after its release 86 Like Brenston years prior Gayles left Turner s band to pursue a solo career 87 In 1958 Turner took the band to Chicago to record for Cobra Artistic as well as fulfilling his contract as a session musician back at Sun While in Chicago Turner backed Otis Rush playing the signature vibrato guitar parts on Double Trouble 88 He also helped Buddy Guy record his second record 89 resulting in the single You Sure Can t Do This Is The End on which Turner played guitar and composed the latter 90 Turner befriended St Louis R amp B fan Bill Stevens who set up the short lived Stevens Records in 1959 91 Turner released two singles on the Stevens label Jack Rabbit In Your Eyes Baby and Ho Ho Hey Hey 92 He used the anagram Icky Renrut because he was still under contract with Sun for several more months and he didn t want to cause friction with Phillips 77 In addition Turner recorded numerous sessions for Stevens with various vocalists and musician lineups of the Kings of Rhythm 93 1960 1976 The Ike and Tina Turner Revue edit Main article Ike amp Tina Turner nbsp Ike amp Tina Turner by Dennis Hopper for the album River Deep Mountain High 1966 In 1956 Ann Bullock accompanied her sister Alline Bullock to watch Turner and the Kings of Rhythm at the Club Manhattan in East St Louis 94 95 Alline was a barmaid at the club and was dating Turner s drummer Eugene Washington 96 Through her sister and Washington Bullock asked Turner to sing with his band 97 98 Turner said he d call her onstage but he never did 98 One night during an intermission Bullock got hold of the microphone from Washington and sang You Know I Love You by B B King 99 Impressed by her voice Turner invited her to sing with the band She made her recording debut on Turner s song Boxtop released on Tune Town Records in 1958 100 In March 1960 Turner allowed her to record a demo of his self penned song A Fool in Love He intended to use the demo as guide track for Art Lassiter who did not attend the scheduled recording session at Technisonic Studios 76 A local DJ suggested he send the record to Sue Records in New York where label owner Juggy Murray insisted on releasing the track with Bullock s vocal Murray offered a 20 000 advance for the song and suggested Turner make her the star of his show 101 Turner then renamed her Tina because it rhymed with Sheena however family and friends still called her Ann 102 He was inspired by Sheena Queen of the Jungle and Nyoka the Jungle Girl to create her stage persona 103 He had the name Tina Turner trademarked so that in case she left another singer could perform under the same name 104 The single A Fool In Love was released in July 1960 and it became a national hit selling a million copies It peaked at No 2 on the Billboard R amp B chart and No 27 on the Hot 100 105 Turner added a backing girl group he renamed the Ikettes and along with the Kings of Rhythm they began performing as the Ike amp Tina Turner Revue The success of the single was followed by a string of hits including I Idolize You Poor Fool and It s Gonna Work Out Fine which gave them their second million seller and their first Grammy nomination 106 In 1961 Turner played piano on Albert King s first hit record Don t Throw Your Love on Me So Strong The single released on King Records peaked at No 14 on the Billboard R amp B chart 88 He also wrote and produced the Ikettes hit I m Blue The Gong Gong Song 107 The Revue performed rigorously on the Chitlin Circuit and built a reputation as one of the hottest most durable and potentially most explosive of all R amp B ensembles 108 To assure he always had a record out while on tour Turner formed multiple labels such as Sputnik Teena Prann Innis Sony and Sonja 109 He produced singles by the Ikettes Jimmy Thomas Fontella Bass George Jackson and other artists on his labels 102 The duo switched to Turner s Sonja label in 1963 109 For the next six years they recorded on Warner Bros Loma Modern Kent Cenco Philles Tangerine Pompeii Blue Thumb Minit and A amp M 110 Between 1964 and 1965 they scored fourteen top 40 R amp B hits with You Can t Miss Nothing That You Never Had Tell Her I m Not Home Good Bye So Long and Two Is a Couple 111 105 Around this time Jimi Hendrix briefly played backing guitar in the band 112 In 1965 Phil Spector saw them perform at a club on the Sunset Strip and invited them to film The Big T N T Show 113 Impressed by their performance Spector negotiated a deal with their manager Bob Krasnow head of Loma Records offering 20 000 to produce Tina and have them released from their Loma contract 114 115 After Tina and Spector recorded River Deep Mountain High the duo signed to Spector s Philles label in 1966 116 The failure of the single in America triggered Spector s retreat from the music industry However it was a hit in Europe reaching No 3 on the UK Singles Chart and No 1 on Los 40 Principales in Spain 117 118 Following the song s success in the UK Mick Jagger invited them to open for the Rolling Stones on their 1966 British Tour 119 120 This exposure introduced them to a wider audience outside of R amp B Soon they were booking bigger venues and by 1969 they were headlining in Las Vegas 121 nbsp Ike amp Tina Turner arriving at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in 1971In April 1969 Turner and the Kings of Rhythm released an album A Black Man s Soul on Pompeii Records 122 The album earned Turner his first solo Grammy nomination for Best R amp B Instrumental Performance at the 12th Annual Grammy Awards 12 Later that year the duo released the blues oriented albums Outta Season and The Hunter on Blue Thumb Records Turner and Bob Krasnow founder of Blue Thumb co produced Earl Hooker s 1969 album Sweet Black Angel 123 In November the Ike amp Tina Turner Revue opened for the Rolling Stones on their 1969 American Tour 115 In January 1970 they performed on The Ed Sullivan Show and released their rendition of Come Together which reached No 21 on the R amp B chart Their cover of I Want to Take You Higher by Sly and the Family Stone was also successful on the charts in 1970 Turner who was a friend of Sly Stone played guitar on Sly and the Family Stone s album There s a Riot Goin On 1971 124 The release of Proud Mary in 1971 became Ike amp Tina Turner s biggest hit reaching No 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No 5 on the R amp B chart 105 It sold more than a million copies and won the duo a Grammy Award for Best R amp B Vocal Performance by a Group at the 14th Annual Grammy Awards 12 Their mainstream success provided Turner with the finances to open his own recording studio Bolic Sound in Inglewood in 1972 125 Turner had two sixteen track studios built a large one to rent out and a smaller one for his personal recordings He fitted them out with state of the art equipment 126 Artists who recorded there included Paul McCartney George Harrison Duane Allman Little Richard Gayle McCormick and Frank Zappa 8 Turner released two solo albums for United Artists Records Blues Roots 1972 and Bad Dreams 1973 In 1973 the duo released Nutbush City Limits penned by Tina The single peaked at No 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 No 11 on the R amp B chart and it was a bigger hit in Europe 105 The Turners received the Golden European Record Award the first ever given for selling more than one million records of Nutbush City Limits in Europe 127 During this period Turner produced singer Judy Cheeks debut album Judy Cheeks 1973 128 and the last album by the Ikettes G Old amp New 1974 In 1974 Ike and Tina released the album The Gospel According to Ike amp Tina Turner 129 The album was nominated for Best Soul Gospel Performance 106 Turner also earned a solo nomination for his single Father Alone 12 Between 1974 and 1975 the duo released the singles Sweet Rhode Island Red Sexy Ida and Baby Get It On 105 nbsp Ike amp Tina Turner performing at Musikhalle Hamburg in Hamburg 1972The Ike amp Tina Turner Revue ended abruptly in 1976 101 That year they headlined at the Waldorf Astoria New York and signed a television deal with CBS TV 130 Turner had plans to leave United Artists Records for a five year 150 000 per year deal with Cream Records which was to be signed on July 6 131 On July 1 the Turners got into a violent altercation en route to their gig at the Dallas Statler Hilton 132 Turner later claimed that Tina initiated the conflict by purposely irritating him so that she would have a reason to break up with him before they signed the new contract 131 Tina fled from the hotel shortly after they arrived and filed for divorce on July 27 1976 She would later describe a relationship in which Turner was frequently violent and abusive sometimes beating her with wooden objects like a shoe stretcher or hanger The night she left his beating left her face bruised swollen and bleeding 133 134 United Artists responded to the Turners separation by releasing albums of compiled recordings from their last sessions together Delilah s Power 1977 and Airwaves 1978 Two years after their divorce was finalized Turner released the single Party Vibes Shame Shame Shame from the album The Edge 1980 which peaked at No 27 on the Billboard Disco Top 100 chart 135 1977 2007 Later career edit After his breakup with Tina singer Holly Maxwell sang with Turner on occasion from 1977 to 1985 and again for eight months in 1992 She reported a positive working relationship with Turner and later released the memoir Freebase Ain t Free about their close friendship 136 In 1979 Turner spent time in the studio with Chaka Khan following her separation from her manager husband She told Jet He s been real inspiration and a catalyst emotionally and in other ways as well We plan to record together 137 Turner struggled to find success due to his cocaine addiction and run ins with the law 138 In 1988 Turner attempted an ill fated return to the stage with Marcy Thomas Bonnie Johnson and Jeanette Bazzell as his Ikettes 139 While Turner was in prison following a drug conviction Ike amp Tina Turner were inducted to the Rock amp Roll Hall of Fame in 1991 13 Tina did not attend because she took the year off from making public appearances so Phil Spector delivered a speech at the ceremony on their behalf 140 141 After his release from prison Turner told the press that he was nervous about returning to performing live but had plans to return to the studio 6 He sold 20 unreleased Ike amp Tina Turner masters to the independent label Esquire Records 142 In 1992 Turner performed as a special guest at Oliver Sain s Soul Reunion concert at Mississippi Nights in St Louis 143 Hip hop group Salt N Pepa sampled Turner s composition I m Blue The Gong Gong Song released by the Ikettes in 1961 for their 1993 single Shoop The song reached No 4 in the Billboard Hot 100 and Turner earned around half a million dollars in royalties 138 He re recorded I m Blue as a duet with singer Billy Rogers in 1995 Produced by Rogers the remake received favorable reviews 144 Turner later appeared on the song Love Gravy with Rick James for the soundtrack album Chef Aid The South Park Album 145 Turner reformed the Ikettes in the mid 1990s which included his then wife Jeanette Bazzell Turner Nina Hill and Michelle Love Randi Love Vera Clyburn who was an Ikette in the 1970s was the lead singer 146 They performed to positive reviews as the Ike Turner Revue 147 3 In August 1997 Turner returned to his hometown Clarksdale to headline the 10th Annual Sunflower River Blues amp Gospel Festival 148 Turner credited Joe Louis Walker with encouraging him to return to his roots in blues music Turner played guitar and assisted in the production on Walker s 1997 album Great Guitars Walker paid him 5 000 a night for six songs 149 Walker invited Turner to perform with him at the San Francisco Blues Festival and to tour in Europe 32 150 The positive response to the tour encouraged Turner to reform the Kings of Rhythm They toured the US in 2001 and headlined a showcase at South by Southwest where they were hailed as one of the highlights of the conference 150 Turner s work on the tour led to the recording and release of his Grammy nominated album Here amp Now 2001 12 In 2002 Turner s performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival was released as a live album and DVD 2 In 2002 Turner filmed Martin Scorsese s PBS documentary series The Blues which aired in September 2003 151 He is featured in the documentaries The Road to Memphis and Godfathers and Sons as part of the series 152 Turner appeared on the Gorillaz s album Demon Days 2005 playing piano on Every Planet We Reach Is Dead 153 154 He performed the song with Gorillaz at the Manchester Opera House in November 2005 155 156 His performance is featured in the live concert DVD Demon Days Live at the Manchester Opera House 157 In 2006 Turner released his last album Risin With the Blues on the independent label Zoho Roots The album received positive critical reception and was nominated for best Blues Album at the 7th Annual Independent Music Awards 158 159 Turner won his first solo Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards in 2007 12 Turner began working on a collaboration album with Gorillaz s producer Danger Mouse and the Black Keys in early 2007 160 The Black Keys sent demos to Turner but the project was temporarily shelved 160 161 After Turner s death the songs were used for their 2008 album Attack amp Release 160 Although Turner does not appear on the album Pitchfork noted his influence in the production 162 Artistry and legacy editMusical style edit nbsp Ike Turner performing at the Long Beach Blues Festival in 1997In his career Turner originally worked in the style of 1950s R amp B or post jump blues His early influences included Amos Milburn and Louis Jordan as well as country music artists such as Hank Williams Sr and Merle Travis 3 Though primarily known as a guitarist Turner began his career playing piano and personally considered it his main instrument 25 In 1951 journalist Mike McGee compared him to jazz pianist Fats Waller and wrote Ike Turner is the hottest piano player in many a day 163 Turner grew up playing boogie woogie piano which he learned from blues pianist Pinetop Perkins 164 He decided he was not meant to be a frontman when at twelve he was coerced into giving an impromptu piano recital in school He found the experience terrifying and from then on preferred not to be the focus of attention but rather to be in the background controlling the show He considered himself an organizer rather than a performer 165 Musician Donald Fagen noted T alented as he was there wasn t anything really supernatural about Ike s skills as a musician What Ike excelled at was leadership conceptualization organization and execution 166 Turner s guitar style is distinguished by heavy use of the whammy bar to achieve a strong reverb soaked vibrato string bending hammer ons and triplets in his blues phrasing 167 Turner was an early adopter of the Fender Stratocaster electric guitar buying one from O K Houk s Piano Co store in Memphis the year of its release in 1954 168 Unaware that the guitar s tremolo arm could be used to subtle effect Turner used it to play screaming swooping and diving solos that predated artists such as Jimi Hendrix and Jeff Beck by a decade 169 In The Stratocaster Chronicles Tom Wheeler wrote that Turner s inventive style is a classic example of an artist discovering the Stratocaster adapting to its features and fashioning something remarkable 170 Turner himself said of his tremolo technique I thought it was to make the guitar scream people got so excited when I used that thing 169 Dave Rubin wrote in Premier Guitar magazine All those years of playing piano and arranging taught him a considerable amount about harmony as he could certainly navigate I IV V chord changes Ike modestly terms what he does on the guitar as tricks but make no mistake he attacked his axe with the conviction of a man who knew precisely what he wanted to hear come out of it 167 Reviewing Turner s 1973 album Bad Dreams Robert Christgau wrote After twenty years of raking it in from the shadows he s finally figured out a way of applying his basically comic bass baritone to rock and roll Studio psychedelic New Orleans echoes of the Band and Dr John some brilliant minor r amp b mixed in with the dumb stuff My God at the moment he s more interesting than Tina 171 Influence edit It ain t Little Richard it ain t Chuck it ain t Fats Domino no we came on later This man was playing the blues rhythm and blues Rock n roll came from rhythm and blues rock n roll ain t nothing but rhythm and blues up tempo Ike Turner was the innovator for rhythm and blues and for rock n roll We just came and took it home Little Richard 1999 172 Turner was praised by his contemporaries for his influence Johnny Otis said Ike Turner is a very important man in American music The texture and flavor of R amp B owe a lot to him He defined how to put the Fender bass into that music He was a great innovator 8 B B King was a great admirer of Turner describing him as The best bandleader I ve ever seen 173 King also said When they talk about rock n roll I see Ike as one of the founding fathers 174 Turner was a big influence on Little Richard who wrote the introduction to Turner s autobiography 175 Little Richard was inspired to play the piano after he heard Turner s piano intro on Rocket 88 and later used it note for note on Good Golly Miss Molly 176 177 Prince also said Turner was his first musical influence 178 Phil Alexander editor in chief of Mojo magazine referred to Turner as the cornerstone of modern day rock n roll and credited his arrangements of blues standards as being an influence on 1960s British Invasion groups He proceeded to influence British rockers from the mid 1960s onwards Without Ike you wouldn t have had the Stones and Zeppelin People like that wouldn t have had the source material on which they drew 9 Speaking on Rocket 88 being a contender for the first rock n roll record broadcaster Paul Gambaccini said In musical terms he was very important Rocket 88 is one of the two records that can claim to be the first rock n roll record the other being The Fat Man by Fats Domino from 1949 But Rocket 88 does have a couple of elements which The Fat Man did not The wailing saxophone and that distorted electric guitar It was number one in the rhythm and blues chart for five weeks it is in the Grammy Hall of Fame and it was an indisputable claim to fame for Ike Turner To critics he will be known as a great founder unfortunately to the general public he will always be known as a brutal man 9 Nigel Cawthorne co author of Turner s autobiography said Although there had been black rock n rollers who had made it big already they really only played to a white audience Ike and Tina played to a mixed audience and he deliberately desegregated audiences in the southern states and he wouldn t play to any segregated audiences at all Because he had such a big band and entourage he desegregated a lot of the hotels because the hotel chains wouldn t want to miss out on the money they would make from him touring the southern states 9 Turner s songs have been sampled by hip hop artists most notably Salt N Pepa used I m Blue for their 1994 hit Shoop 138 Jurassic 5 used Getting Nasty from A Black Man s Soul on the track Concrete Schoolyard in 1997 Main Source also sampled Getting Nasty on the track Snake Eyes as well as Ike amp Tina Turner s Bold Soul Sister on Just Hanging Out both featured on their 1991 album Breaking Atoms The track Funky Mule also from A Black Man s Soul has been sampled extensively by jungle DJs with the drum introduction being a very popular break It was sampled by producer Goldie for his 1994 hit Inner City Life in the same year by Krome amp Time on The License and by Paradox in 2002 on track Funky Mule 179 In 2009 a Nashville based band Mr Groove Band recorded a tribute album titled Rocket 88 Tribute to Ike Turner Vocalists on the album include Turner s last wife Audrey Madison Turner and former Ikette Bonnie Bramlett 180 Accolades edit Turner won two competitive Grammy Awards 12 Ike amp Tina Turner won Best R amp B Vocal Performance by a Group for Proud Mary in 1972 181 In 2007 Turner won Best Traditional Blues Album for Risin with the Blues 182 Turner also has three songs inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame Rocket 88 River Deep Mountain High and Proud Mary 11 Ike amp Tina Turner were inducted into the Rock amp Roll Hall of Fame in 1991 13 Turner is inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame and the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame He is also inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame 183 He was honored with a star on the St Louis Walk of Fame in 2001 184 Turner won Comeback Album of The Year for Here and Now at the W C Handy Blues Awards in 2002 185 In 2004 he was awarded the Heroes Award from the Memphis branch of the Recording Academy 186 He was a recipient of the Legend Award at the 2007 Mojo Awards 187 In 2003 the album Proud Mary The Best of Ike amp Tina Turner was ranked No 212 on Rolling Stone magazine s list of the 500 greatest albums of all time No 214 on 2012 revised list 188 189 In 2004 Fender Custom Shop manufactured a limited edition Ike Turner Tribute Stratocaster The model has an alder body in Sonic Blue with an Ike Turner signature in gold ink on the body under the clear coat with a maple neck in a 1960s C shape with a rosewood fingerboard with 21 vintage frets It had three custom single coil 1960s Strat pickups Only 100 specimens were made retailing at 3 399 99 190 In August 2010 Turner was posthumously celebrated in his hometown of Clarksdale Mississippi 191 On August 6 Clarksdale officials and music fans gathered to unveil a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail and a plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame in downtown Clarksdale honoring Turner and his musical legacy 192 The unveilings coincided with Clarksdale s 23rd Annual Sunflower River Blues amp Gospel Festival which paid tribute to Turner 148 Although Turner considered himself a pianist rather than a guitarist 32 Rolling Stone magazine editor David Fricke ranked him No 61 on his list of 100 Greatest Guitarists in 2010 10 In 2015 Rolling Stone ranked Ike amp Tina Turner No 2 on their list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time 193 In 2017 the Mississippi Blues Trail honored Rocket 88 for being an influential record with a marker in Lyon Mississippi 194 In 2018 Rocket 88 was chosen for the inaugural class of influential songs inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Singles 195 Portrayal in popular culture edit In 1986 Tina Turner released her autobiography I Tina in which she recounted Turner s volatile behavior He received negative publicity that was exacerbated in 1993 by the release of the film adaptation What s Love Got to Do with It 3 Turner received 45 000 for the film but he had unknowingly signed papers waiving the right to sue Disney s Touchstone Pictures for his depiction 196 He was portrayed by Laurence Fishburne whose performance earned him an Oscar nomination for Best Actor at the 66th Academy Awards 197 After the release of the film the fictionalized version of Turner from the movie was seized on by comedians who reused the persona in sketches On the 1990s sketch comedy show In Living Color Turner was parodied by David Alan Grier He was portrayed on Saturday Night Live s Weekend Update by Tim Meadows in a pageboy wig On the John Boy and Billy radio show cast member Jeff Pillars regularly performed an impersonation of Turner in a segment called Ax Ask Ike These sketches were collected in a 2008 comedy album Ike at the Mike 198 In 2006 Vibe magazine ranked the character of Ike Turner from What s Love Got to Do with It at No 4 in their list of the 20 best movie bad guys 199 Commenting on the historical accuracy of the film Tina told Larry King in 1997 I would have liked them to have more truth but according to Disney owner of the film s production company they said it s impossible the people would not have believed the truth 200 201 In 2018 Tina told Oprah Winfrey that she only recently watched the film but she could not finish it because she didn t realize they would change the details so much 202 Phil Spector criticized Tina s book and called the film a piece of trash during his eulogy at Turner s funeral 203 In 2015 TV One s Unsung offered some redemption with The Story of Ike Turner which documented his career along with his trials and tribulations 204 In the musical Tina The Tina Turner Musical Turner was portrayed by British actor Kobna Holdbrook Smith who won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his role in 2019 205 Books edit In 1999 Turner published his autobiography Takin Back My Name The Confessions of Ike Turner 206 It was written with Nigel Cawthorne and Little Richard wrote the introduction In 2003 John Collis published Ike Turner King of Rhythm about the life and musical contributions of Turner 207 Personal life editMarriages edit Turner was married fourteen times 16 208 He often married another woman before divorcing his existing wife Speaking on his early marriages he said You gave a preacher two dollars the marriage papers cost three dollars that was it In those days blacks did not bother with divorces 8 Early marriages edit Turner was first married at 16 years old to Edna Dean Stewart of Ruleville Mississippi 209 They were married on April 10 1948 Records show that Turner added four years to his age 68 Edna didn t want to stay in Clarksdale so she left Turner and returned to Ruleville 210 Turner s second wife Velma Davis nee Dishman is the elder sister of former Ikette Joshie Armstead 211 Turner met her at the Cotton Club on Camplin Avenue in Yazoo City Mississippi in 1948 Davis claimed that Turner was the father of her daughter Linda Turner Bullock born in 1949 212 However Turner asserted in his book that he is not the biological father 210 The couple married on September 19 1950 68 Davis and Bullock attended Turner s Mississippi Blues Trail marker unveiling in 2010 192 Turner then married Rosa Lee Sane in West Memphis Arkansas 210 She had a mental breakdown so her family put her in an insane asylum in Tennessee Turner tried to get her out but he never saw her again 210 Turner married Marion Louis Lee Bonnie Turner in Clarksdale on September 24 1952 68 Lee was a member of the Kings of Rhythm as a pianist and vocalist In 1952 under the alias Mary Sue she released the single Everybody s Talking Love Is a Gamble on Modern Records 68 She co wrote both tunes with Turner The couple also recorded for RPM Records and Sun Records 213 Turner recalled Bonnie played piano It was a job staying ahead of this chick man cos she was always trying to outdo me 72 While they were in Sarasota Florida for a gig she ran off to New York with another man in 1953 72 Their divorce was finalized in 1955 68 After Lee Turner married a woman named Alice in Helena Arkansas 214 According to Turner they did not consummate their marriage Alice was dating his vocalist Johnny O Neal but Turner liked her so he married her to avoid locking heads with O Neal If I married her he couldn t do nothing he said 214 After Alice Turner married Annie Mae Wilson from Greenville Mississippi 215 She played piano and was the secretary for his band 216 Wilson left Turner for a policeman in East St Louis Illinois 217 In 1958 Turner presented a petition to the East St Louis Board of Police Commissioners stating that that police officer Curtis Smith had harassed him and burst his eardrum out of spite because of his relationship with Wilson 216 In East St Louis Turner lived with Lorraine Taylor Her parents owned the Taylor Sausage Factory in St Louis 218 Sources often incorrectly refer to Taylor as one of Turner s wives but she was his live in girlfriend 218 219 Lorraine already had two children of her own before she had two sons Ike Jr and Michael with Turner 220 Tina Turner edit I still love Tina as much as I ever loved her I wrote her a letter five years ago I never sent it I was telling her in this letter that I m sorry for putting her and the kids through that kind of stuff I was stupid I was inconsiderate about her feelings I understand today She came from an abusive relationship and went straight to the top Ike Turner 2007 200 In 1956 Turner met Ann Bullock whom he later renamed Tina Turner at the Club Manhattan in East St Louis 94 102 They became close friends and she began dating his saxophonist Raymond Hill When Bullock became pregnant by Hill they lived with Turner and his live in girlfriend Lorraine Taylor 221 Hill injured his ankle and left Bullock before their son Craig was born in August 1958 222 During Bullock s pregnancy Taylor became suspicious that Bullock was pregnant by Turner and threatened her with a gun before shooting herself her injuries were nonfatal 220 However Turner and Bullock eventually began having an affair and she became pregnant in January 1960 223 Following the birth of their son Ronnie in October 1960 they were married in Tijuana in 1962 224 Turner stated that the reason they went to Tijuana was to see sex shows and whores 225 At the time he was still legally married to Alice Bell 226 He used a detective agency to locate Bell in Chicago and they divorced in 1974 227 On multiple occasions Turner said that he was never officially married to Tina 208 228 8 He also revealed on The Howard Stern Show in 1993 and on Fresh Air in 1996 that Tina s birth name was Martha Nell not Anna Mae Bullock 229 Tina signed her legal name as Martha Nell Turner on multiple contracts 230 231 Following a violent altercation in July 1976 Tina filed for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences 232 8 Although Turner reiterated that they were never officially married they had a common law marriage and still had to go through a formal divorce 233 Their divorce was finalized on March 29 1978 234 In the final divorce decree Tina took responsibility for missed concert dates as well as an IRS lien Tina retained songwriter royalties from songs she had written but Turner got the publishing royalties for his compositions and hers She also kept her two Jaguar cars furs and jewelry along with her stage name 234 Tina gave up her share of their Bolic Sound recording studio publishing companies and real estate 235 In her 1986 autobiography Tina revealed that Turner had been abusive during their marriage She said It was my relationship with Ike that made me most unhappy At first I had really been in love with him Look what he d done for me But he was totally unpredictable 236 Turner admitted he took Tina for granted and called her the best woman I ever knew 237 In his autobiography he said Sure I ve slapped Tina We had fights and there have been times when I punched her to the ground without thinking But I never beat her 238 In a 1999 interview Roseanne Barr urged him to publicly apologize to Tina on The Roseanne Barr Show 239 In 2007 Turner told Jet that he had written Tina an apology letter but had never sent it 200 240 In 2018 Tina told The Sunday Times that as an old person I have forgiven him but I would not work with him He asked for one more tour with me and I said No absolutely not Ike wasn t someone you could forgive and allow him back in 241 242 Later marriages edit Turner married Margaret Ann Thomas in Las Vegas on April 11 1981 243 they divorced in 1990 They had met in the mid 1960s at a concert in Bakersfield California 244 According to Turner Tina suggested Ann fill in as an Ikette because although she could not sing she was attractive 245 Eventually she moved into their View Park home 246 Turner stated I loved Tina but I was in love with Ann Thomas 245 Their daughter Mia was born in January 1969 They rekindled their friendship years after their divorce and she found Turner unconscious at his home the day he died 16 Turner was introduced to St Louis native singer Jeanette Bazzell by his son Ike Turner Jr in 1988 247 She became his lead vocalist and they married in a private ceremony at Circus Circus Hotel amp Resort in Las Vegas on July 4 1995 248 249 They divorced in 2000 but later rekindled their friendship According to Jeanette Turner called her his backbone 250 In 2019 she told Palm Spring Life that the film What s Love Got to Do with It assassinated Ike s career But more than that it broke his heart She added Ike doesn t get any recognition because of all the negative things shown in that movie and in his relationship with Tina I went through things with Ike too but there s a time to forgive and to let go To strip him from having the opportunity to get recognition in an area where he was entitled to deserve it it s so wrong to me 250 Turner met San Francisco native singer Audrey Madison through a mutual friend in 1993 She started as an Ikette before becoming his lead singer 16 They married at A Special Memory Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas on October 8 2006 251 Turner filed for divorce two months later on December 22 but after the divorce was granted they reconciled in 2007 16 In 2011 Audrey appeared as a contestant on The X Factor 252 In 2016 she released her memoir Love Had Everything to Do with It which details her volatile relationship with Turner due to his bipolar disorder and schizophrenia 253 She told The Afro I decided to write it because it was like a cleansing and it released all of the trauma Also I wanted the general public to have a better outlook and perspective on where Ike was mentally and emotionally because so often as a nation we turn on people who have mental health issues and define them by their behaviors rather than their condition 254 Children edit Turner had six children He had two sons Ike Turner Jr b 1958 and Michael Turner b 1960 with Lorraine Taylor 255 He had a son Ronald Ronnie Turner 1960 2022 with Tina Turner 256 Tina s son Craig Turner 1958 2018 with Raymond Hill was adopted by Turner and therefore carried his surname Craig died in an apparent suicide 257 Turner had a daughter Mia Turner b 1969 with Ann Thomas 16 and he later discovered he had another daughter Twanna Melby Turner b 1959 with Pat Richard 258 Turner s second wife Velma Davis nee Dishman claimed that Turner was the father of her daughter Linda Turner Bullock b 1949 212 but Turner denied that assertion in his autobiography in which Velma is mistakenly referred to as Thelma I met Thelma Dishman who at that time I thought was a pretty girl Thelma was pregnant not by me but I liked her 210 In 1988 Turner discovered he had a daughter named Twanna Melby 259 He was paroled into her custody in 1991 6 237 Her mother Pat Richard attended Sumner High School with Tina in St Louis 16 Ike Turner Jr released an album Hard Labor in 1987 260 He won a Grammy Award for his involvement with Turner s 2006 album Risin with the Blues 261 He toured with former Ikette Randi Love as Sweet Randi Love and The Love Thang Band 262 263 Ronnie Turner was in a band called Manufactured Funk with songwriter and musician Patrick Moten 262 He played bass guitar in his mother s band after his parents divorced and he later played in his father s band 264 He married French singer Afida Turner in 2007 265 266 After his father s death he told Jet magazine I loved my father very much You can talk 5 or 10 minutes about the bad he s done You can talk all night about the achievements he s had He was successful with my mom and after my mom He won a Grammy before he died That s a lifetime achievement 175 Ronnie died from complications of colon cancer in 2022 256 Legal problems and drug addiction edit In 1960 Turner and two others were charged for interstate transportation of forged checks and conspiracy 267 268 Turner plead not guilty and was forced to stand trial in St Louis 269 The jury failed to reach a verdict at the first trial but he was found not guilty at the retrial in 1961 270 271 In 1974 Turner and three others were arrested for using illegal blue boxes at Bolic Sound studio to make long distance phone calls 272 He was cleared of the charges 273 8 Before the age of thirty Turner did not use drugs or drink alcohol 16 He would fire anyone in his band who used any substances 274 Turner was first introduced to cocaine by two very famous people he had been working with at the International Hotel in Las Vegas 219 274 Producer D Angela Proctor alleged in Turner s Unsung documentary that the two famous people were Elvis Presley and Redd Foxx 275 204 He took the cocaine home and tried it one night while writing songs at the piano 16 Turner said he liked the reduced need for sleep the drug gave him which allowed him to write more music 276 By the early 1970s he was heavily addicted to the drug buying it in large quantities and sharing it with friends Turner later estimated that he had spent 11 million on cocaine 277 His addiction caused a hole through his nasal septum the pain of which he relieved by using more cocaine He eventually began freebasing crack cocaine 278 16 By the 1980s Turner s finances were in disarray and he owed the state of California 12 802 in back taxes 8 He later settled his account He had tried to sell his studio Bolic Sound to raise funds to avoid foreclosure but the studio burned down on the day a potential buyer was scheduled to view it in January 1981 279 8 During the 1980s Turner was arrested multiple times for drug and firearm offenses which resulted in two convictions 278 In 1980 a SWAT team raided his Bolic Sound studio finding a live hand grenade and seven grams of cocaine Turner received his first conviction for cocaine possession He was sentenced to thirty days in the L A county jail with three years probation 8 In April 1981 Turner was arrested for shooting a 49 year old newspaper delivery man He accused the man of assaulting his wife Ann Thomas and of kicking his dog Turner said he only fired a shot to scare him off and that the man had injured himself when he climbed over the fence to get away A jury acquitted Turner of assault in 1982 8 In June 1985 Turner was arrested and charged with conspiracy to sell 16 000 worth of cocaine possession and maintaining a residence for selling or using a controlled substance 280 The police took 1 000 worth of rock cocaine from his North Hollywood apartment Record producer Eddie Coleman Jr and music company writer Richard Lee Griffin were also arrested and charged Turner was released on a 5 000 bond 281 In 1986 Turner was arrested for cocaine possession concealed carry of a handgun and traffic violations he was released on bail 282 In January 1987 Turner was arrested for trying to sell 10 ounces of cocaine to an undercover police officer he pleaded not guilty 283 In May 1989 Turner was arrested on drug charges in West Hollywood He was convicted of cocaine intoxication and driving under the influence of cocaine in January 1990 284 The next month he was sentenced to four years in prison 285 He was released on parole in September 1991 after completing 18 months of his sentence at California Men s Colony in San Luis Obispo 6 237 Larry Kamien associate warden of the California Men s Colony said Turner was a model inmate 6 In prison he became a trustee working in the library and saved 13 000 by selling cigarettes candy bars and coffee to other inmates 237 286 Turner managed to break his dependency on cocaine while in prison and remained clean for more than ten years He visited high schools during Black History Month to speak against drug use 2 While trying to help an acquaintance from crack addiction at a crack house he relapsed in 2004 16 Health problems edit In 2005 Turner revealed he had been diagnosed with emphysema which required him to use an oxygen tank 287 His daughter Mia Turner said He was too weak from the emphysema to do anything He d go in the studio for a couple of minutes and play a couple of bars and say he had to go lay down 288 Despite his ill health he collaborated with Gorillaz on their album Demon Days and performed the track with them at the Manchester Opera House in November 2005 156 After his death in 2007 Turner s autopsy and toxicology report showed he was taking Seroquel at the time of his death The medicine is most commonly used as treatment for bipolar disorder Alzheimer s disease and schizophrenia His ex wife Audrey Madison claimed Turner was bipolar and that she was helping him with his illness a claim supported by Turner s personal assistant and caretaker Falina Rasool Rasool said she talked to Turner about his bipolar disorder and witnessed its effects I would come in the room and see him change like a lightbulb switch on and switch off I did ask him about it He said he made a song about it and we started laughing said Rasool referring to Bi Polar from the Grammy winning album Risin with the Blues I know I m bipolar And I ve been bipolar but a lot of people is bipolar he told her 16 However Turner s daughter Mia Turner disagreed with this diagnosis and felt he was being overmedicated 16 Religious affiliation edit Turner was raised a Baptist and reportedly converted to Judaism in 1994 but never spoke about it 289 290 Death editIn the weeks leading up to his death Turner became reclusive On December 10 2007 he told his assistant Falina Rasool that he believed he was dying and would not live until Christmas 16 He died two days later on December 12 at the age of 76 at his home in San Marcos California 5 291 He was found dead by his former wife Ann Thomas Rasool was also in the house and administered CPR Turner was pronounced dead at 11 38 a m 16 His funeral was held on December 21 2007 at the City of Refuge Church in Gardena California 292 Among those who spoke at the funeral were Little Richard Solomon Burke and Phil Spector The Kings of Rhythm played Rocket 88 and Proud Mary Turner was cremated after the funeral service 16 On January 16 2008 the San Diego County Medical Examiner s Office reported that Turner had died from a cocaine overdose The cause of death for Ike Turner is cocaine toxicity with other significant conditions such as hypertensive cardiovascular disease and pulmonary emphysema Supervising Medical Examiner Investigator Paul Parker told CNN 293 His daughter Mia was said to be surprised at the coroner s assessment believing his advanced stage emphysema was a larger factor 288 Turner died without a valid will Less than a week after his death his former wife Audrey Madison Turner filed a petition stating that he had penned a handwritten will naming her as a beneficiary In 2009 a judge ruled that the handwritten will was invalid and that Turner s children were legally the direct heirs of his estate 294 Awards and nominations editTurner has received various awards in recognition for his significant role as a pioneer of rock and roll 2001 Inducted into the St Louis Walk of Fame 184 2002 Inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame 183 2004 Memphis Heroes Award 186 295 2005 Inducted into Guitar Center s RockWalk 296 2007 Mojo Legend Award 187 2010 Inducted into the Clarksdale Walk of Fame 192 2015 Inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame 297 2015 Inducted into St Louis Classic Rock Hall of Fame with Tina Turner 298 Blues Foundation Awards edit Blues Music Awards Year Nominee work Award Result1981 Ike Turner s Kings Of Rhythm Reissue album Nominated2002 Here and Now Comeback Album of The Year Won2002 Here and Now Soul Blues Album Nominated2002 Ike Turner Soul Blues Male Artist Nominated2002 Ike Turner Blues Entertainer of the Year NominatedBlues Hall of Fame Year Nominee work Award Result1991 Rocket 88 Classic of Blues Recording Single or Album Track Inducted2005 Ike Turner Performer InductedGrammy Awards edit Year Nominee work Award Result1962 It s Gonna Work Out Fine Best Rock amp Roll Recording Nominated1970 A Black Man s Soul Best R amp B Instrumental Performance Nominated1972 Proud Mary Best R amp B Vocal Performance by a Group Won1975 Father Alone Best Soul Gospel Performance Nominated1975 The Gospel According to Ike amp Tina Best Soul Gospel Performance Nominated2002 Here and Now Best Traditional Blues Album Nominated2007 Risin with the Blues Best Traditional Blues Album WonGrammy Hall of Fame Year Nominee work Award Result1998 Rocket 88 as Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats Hall of Fame Single Inducted1999 River Deep Mountain High Hall of Fame Single Inducted2003 Proud Mary Hall of Fame Single InductedIndependent Music Awards edit Year Nominee work Award Result2007 Ike Turner Risin with the Blues Blues Album NominatedRock and Roll Hall of Fame edit Year Nominee work Award Result1991 Ike amp Tina Turner Hall of Fame Performers Inducted2018 Rocket 88 as Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats Hall of Fame Singles InductedSelected discography editMain article Ike Turner discography See also List of songs written by Ike Turner Studio albums edit 1962 Ike amp Tina Turner s Kings of Rhythm Dance Sue 2003 1963 Rocks The Blues Crown CLP 5367 CST 367 1969 A Black Man s Soul Pompeii SD 6003 1972 Blues Roots United Artists UAS 5576 1973 Bad Dreams United Artists UA LA087 F 1980 The Edge featuring Tina Turner and Home Grown Funk Fantasy F 9597 2001 Here and Now Ikon IKOCD 8850 2006 Risin with the Blues Zoho Roots ZM 200611 299 Live albums edit 2002 The Resurrection Live Montreux Jazz Festival Isabel IS 640202 2006 Ike Turner amp The Kings Of Rhythm Live In Concert Charly Films CHF F1014LF DVD 2CD Compilations edit 1976 Sun The Roots Of Rock Volume 3 Delta Rhythm Kings Charly CR 30103 1976 I m Tore Up Red Lightnin RL0016 1984 Hey Hey Red Lightin RL 0047 2LP 1994 I Like Ike The Best of Ike Turner Rhino R2 71819 2001 The Sun Sessions Varese Sarabande 302 066 232 2 2004 His Woman Her Man The Ike Turner Diaries Unreleased Funk Rock 1970 1973 2004 The Bad Man Rare amp Unreissued Ike Turner Produced Recordings 1962 1965 Night Train International NTICD 7139 2004 King Cobra The Chicago Sessions Fuel 2000 302 061 390 2 2006 The Chronological Ike Turner 1951 1954 Classics Blues amp Rhythm Series 5176 2008 Classic Early Sides 1952 1957 JSP 4203 2CD 2011 Rocket 88 The Original 1951 1960 R amp B and Rock amp Roll Sides Soul Jam 600803 2011 That Kat Sure Could Play The Singles 1951 To 1957 Secret SECBX 025 4CD 2011 Jack Rabbit Blues The Singles of 1958 1960 Secret SECSP 041 2012 Ike Turner Studio Productions New Orleans and Los Angeles 1963 1965 Ace CDCHD 1329 2017 She Made My Blood Run Cold Southern Routes SR CD 3502Recordings as a sideman edit Howlin Wolf 1962 Wolf Sings the BluesAlbert King 1962 The Big BluesEarl Hooker 1969 Sweet Black AngelGorillaz 2005 Demon DaysIke and Tina Turner edit Main article Ike amp Tina Turner discographyNotes edit Blues historian Ted Drozdowski claimed that Turner s father died in an industrial accident References edit Blues trail Ike Turner Retrieved 06 June 2022 a b c d Pareles Jon December 13 2007 Ike Turner Musician and Songwriter in Duo With Tina Turner Dies at 76 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved September 30 2011 subscription required a b c d Fowler James E April 23 1998 New Improved Ike Turner Los Angeles Times subscription required a b c d Collis 2003 pp 41 52 a b Ken Barnes December 12 2007 Ike Turner A tarnished rock legend USA Today Retrieved December 23 2007 a b c d e Philips Chuck September 5 1991 Will They Still Like Ike Turner Nervous About Restarting His Pop Career Los Angeles Times Retrieved February 27 2012 subscription required Braiker Brian December 17 2007 Remembering Ike Turner Newsweek Archived from the original on January 17 2012 Retrieved October 4 2011 a b c d e f g h i j k l Kiersh Ed August 1985 Ike s Story Spin Vol 1 no 4 pp 36 43 Retrieved October 5 2011 a b c d The musical legacy of Ike Turner BBC News entertainment BBC December 13 2007 Retrieved October 1 2011 a b Fricke David December 3 2010 100 Greatest Guitarists David Fricke s Picks Rolling Stone a b Grammy Hall of Fame Recording Academy Grammy Awards October 18 2010 a b c d e f g Ike Turner Recording Academy Grammy Awards November 23 2020 a b c Ike and Tina Turner Rock amp Roll Hall of Fame Mississippi Blues Trail Visit Clarksdale Coahoma County Tourism Archived from the original on February 8 2012 Retrieved March 27 2012 Santelli Robert 1993 The Big Book of Blues A Biographical Encyclopedia Penguin p 410 ISBN 0 14 015939 8 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Christian Margena A October 2008 The Last Days of Ike Turner Ebony Vol 63 no 12 pp 94 100 Retrieved October 7 2011 a b c d Turner 1999 p 7 Drozdowski Ted King of Rhythm Rock and Roll Pioneer Ike Turner November 5 1931 December 12 2007 Gibson com lifestyle features 12 13 2007 Gibson Inc Archived from the original on January 31 2013 Retrieved October 1 2011 Turner 1999 p 12 Turner 1999 p 13 a b Collis 2003 p 28 Turner 1999 p 16 17 Turner 1999 p 17 19 Turner 1999 p 27 a b Turner 1999 p 28 Turner 1999 p 34 Turner 1999 p 36 a b Martin Douglas December 17 1999 Early Wright 84 Disc Jockey Who Made the Delta Blue Dies The New York Times Retrieved October 2 2011 subscription required a b WROX Mississippi Blues Trail a b c d Moser Margaret March 16 2001 Spotlight Ike Turner Antone s Midnight Auston Chronicle Retrieved November 4 2011 Collis 2003 p 27 a b c d Selvin Joe September 14 1997 POP QUIZ Q amp A With Ike Turner SFGATE Retrieved May 28 2020 Turner 1999 pp 26 27 a b Huffman Alan November 23 2016 All the Blues Players Shacked Up at This Hotel Meridian Retrieved March 1 2021 Riverside Hotel The Mississippi Blues Trail Retrieved July 22 2023 a b c Collis 2003 pp 28 30 Mississippi Blues Trail Ike Turner Mississippi Blues Trail Mississippi Blues Commission Retrieved October 1 2011 Ike Turner s Kings of Rhythm I m Tore Up Discogs 1976 Retrieved October 1 2011 Turner 1999 p 40 Hawkins Martin 1976 Sun The Roots of Rock Delta Rhythm Kings sleevenotes Sun The Roots of Rock 3 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c Palmer Robert June 20 1993 Commentary What Ike Had to Do With It Los Angeles Times Retrieved November 6 2011 subscription required Collis 2003 pp 30 31 Turner 1999 p 43 Shepard John 2003 Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Performance and Production Vol II Continuum International p 286 ISBN 978 0 8264 6322 7 a b Sims Lydel March 28 1951 Rocket Becomes Flying Disc Spins Toward Record Glory The Commercial Appeal p 1 Turner 1999 p 46 Best Selling Rhythm amp Blues Records PDF Billboard June 9 1951 p 32 Most Played Juke Box Rhythm amp Blues Records PDF Billboard July 7 1951 p 28 Turner 1986 p 55 O Toole Kit August 8 2019 Rocket 88 One of The Pioneering Songs of Rock CultureSonar Will the creator of modern music please stand up The Guardian April 16 2004 Retrieved December 26 2022 Listen to the first rock and roll song ever recorded Faroutmagazine com November 13 2021 Retrieved December 26 2022 a b Turner 1999 p 47 Salem James M 2001 The Late Great Johnny Ace and the Transition from R amp B to Rock n Roll University of Illinois Press p 37 ISBN 978 0 252 06969 7 a b Farley Charles 2011 Soul of the Man Bobby Blue Bland University Press of Mississippi ISBN 978 1 60473 919 0 Kostelanetz Richard 2005 Kostelanetz Richard Reiswig Jesse eds The B B King Reader 6 Decades of Commentary 2nd ed Milwaukee WI Hal Leonard p 7 ISBN 0 634 09927 2 a b Turner 1999 p 50 The Bihari Brothers All About Blues Music February 22 2013 Yardley William December 12 2013 Joe Bihari Who Put Early R amp B on Record Dies at 88 Published 2013 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved March 2 2021 subscription required Broven John 2009 Record Makers and Breakers Voices of the Independent Rock n Roll Pioneers University of Illinois Press p 155 ISBN 978 0 252 09401 9 a b Turner 1999 p 246 Chess Biharis Skirmish This Time Over Wolf PDF Billboard December 22 1951 p 17 Howlin Wolf Bio Rolling Stone Archived from the original on January 9 2015 a b Collis John 1998 The Story of Chess Records Bloomsbury Publishing USA p 54 ISBN 978 1 58234 005 0 Club Desire Canton Mississippi Blues Trail marker Mississippi Blues Commission Retrieved March 27 2012 O Neal Jim Singel Amy van September 5 2013 The Voice of the Blues Classic Interviews from Living Blues Magazine Routledge p 131 ISBN 978 1 136 70741 4 Matt Guitar Murphy Blues Foundation Retrieved March 2 2021 The Hippodrome s Annual Labor Day Breakfast Dance Sunday Night August 31 Advertisement The Commercial Appeal August 31 1952 pp 6 Section V a b c d e f Biographies Bonnie Turner 706 Union Avenue Sessions Ruttenberg Jay May 17 2001 Ike Turner Time Out New York Archived from the original on December 30 2019 Retrieved December 31 2019 Bobbito plays the tracks Ike Turner states the facts Vibe August 2001 p 62 Maycock James August 3 2001 Rocky road to rock and roll The Telegraph Archived from the original on January 11 2022 a b c Turner 1999 p 58 Ike Turner That Kat Sure Could Play The Singles 1951 To 1957 Discogs 2010 Billy The Kid Emerson Sun Record Company Sun Records March 27 2012 a b c Finney Chick October 14 1955 Chick Finney s Blue Notes The St Louis Argus p 22 a b c d Durchholz Daniel May 16 2001 We Like Ike Riverfront Times a b c DeCurtis 1992 pp 32 36 Turner 1999 p 66 Club Riviera In Person Sat May 25 Ike Turner Advertisement The St Louis Argus May 24 1957 p 19 Turner 1999 p 62 Duncan Steve January 20 1956 Cry Me A Creek The St Louis Argus p 9 Club Imperial in St Louis in Its Heyday PHOTOS Riverfront Times January 19 2018 Retrieved September 4 2023 Lonesome Buddy August 9 1957 Ike Turner Converts Renovated Tavern Into Rock and Roll Rendezvous The St Louis Argus 13 Lonesome Buddy November 30 1956 Strolling Along The Avenoo The St Louis Argus p 23 Reviews of New R amp B Records PDF Billboard April 28 1956 p 60 Finney Chick December 28 1956 Chick Finney s Blue Notes The St Louis Argus p 22 Turner 1986 p 57 a b Obrecht Jas 2000 Rollin and Tumblin The Postwar Blues Guitarists Miller Freeman pp 9 349 ISBN 0 87930 613 0 OCLC 472553017 Dahl Bill August 27 1993 Ike Turner Upbeat On His Future Chicago Tribune Buddy Guy And His Band You Sure Can t Do This Is The End 45cat Moon Jill August 24 2016 Lucky break Rhythm runs through renowned Ike amp Tina guitarist s veins The Telegraph Reviews of New Pop Records PDF Billboard September 7 1959 p 45 Collis 2003 p 154 a b Turner 1986 p 60 Gleason Ralph J November 16 1969 Tina Turner A Triumph of Instant Ecstasy San Francisco Sunday Examiner amp Chronicle p 37 Olson Bruce R 2016 That St Louis Thing Vol 2 An American Story of Roots Rhythm and Race Lulu Publishing Services ISBN 978 1 4834 5799 4 Turner 1986 p 61 a b Turner 1999 p 71 Turner 1986 p 62 Turner 1986 p 71 72 a b Collis 2003 pp 70 76 a b c Greensmith Bill 2015 Blues Unlimited Essential Interviews from the Original Blues Magazine Russell Tony Camarigg Mark Rowe Mike Urbana Chicago and Springfield University of Illinois Press pp 247 248 ISBN 978 0 252 09750 8 OCLC 922018263 Turner 1999 p 35 Turner 1999 pp 74 75 a b c d e Ike amp Tina Turner Top Songs Chart Singles Discography Music VF Retrieved May 27 2020 a b Ike amp Tina Turner Recording Academy Grammy Awards November 23 2020 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time Critics Picks Billboard July 10 2017 Retrieved March 2 2021 Peneny Douglas Ike and Tina Turner The History of Rock n Roll The Golden Decade 1954 1963 Retrieved July 26 2019 a b Ike Turner Forms Label PDF Billboard November 9 1963 p 4 Callahan Michael The Sue Records Story Both Sides Now Mike Callahan Archived from the original on December 29 2011 Retrieved October 31 2011 Top 50 In R amp B Locations PDF Cash Box November 20 1965 p 36 Roby Steven October 1 2012 Hendrix on Hendrix Interviews and Encounters with Jimi Hendrix Chicago Review Press p 20 ISBN 978 1 61374 324 9 Loder Kurt March 1 1985 Tina Turner Stages Rock Solid Comeback Chicago Tribune Retrieved March 2 2021 Philips Signs Ike amp Tina Turner PDF Cash Box April 23 1966 p 45 a b Fong Torres Ben October 14 1971 Tales of Ike and Tina Turner Rolling Stone subscription required Ike amp Tina to Philles PDF Cash Box April 30 1966 p 56 LOS40 Cuando naci era numero 1 de los 40 1966 12 17 Ike amp Tina Turner River deep Mountain high LOS40 in Spanish Archived from the original on March 22 2020 Billig Michael June 1 2001 Rock n roll Jews Syracuse University Press p 110 ISBN 978 0 8156 0705 2 Walker Michael May 16 1993 Tina Turner s Story Through a Disney Prism Los Angeles Times Retrieved December 23 2011 subscription required Weingarten Christopher June 12 2017 The 50 Greatest Concerts of the Last 50 Years Rolling Stone Archived from the original on November 7 2017 Retrieved November 5 2017 Ike amp Tina Strive to Soulfulize Vegas Hearts PDF Billboard October 4 1969 pp SC 7 16 Spring Albums From Atlantic PDF Cash Box April 26 1969 p 32 Bogdanov Vladimir Woodstra Chris Erlewine Stephen Thomas 2003 All Music Guide to the Blues The Definitive Guide to the Blues Hal Leonard Corporation p 244 ISBN 978 0 87930 736 3 Classic Album Sly and the Family Stone There s A Riot Goin On Clash Magazine December 11 2009 Archived from the original on May 10 2020 Ike amp Tina Turner s Bolic Sound Studio Billboard March 4 1972 p 58 Sutherland Sam March 18 1972 Studio Track PDF Billboard p 8 Golden First For The Turner s PDF Cash Box December 28 1974 p 116 Judy Cheeks Judy Cheeks Discogs 1973 Top Album Picks Religious PDF Billboard April 27 1974 p 54 Trouble Trails Tina Turner Jet April 15 1976 pp 58 61 a b Turner 1999 p 180 Turner 1999 p 182 Tyehimba Cheo August 2 1996 Tina Turner left Ike 20 years ago Entertainment Weekly Retrieved January 11 2019 Winfrey Opray May 2005 Oprah Talks to Tina Turner O Magazine Retrieved May 26 2023 Billboard Disco Top 100 PDF Billboard November 1 1980 p 39 Krakow Steve July 2 2020 From soul sweetheart to blues bombshell Chicago Reader Retrieved March 2 2021 Chaka Hubby Split Not Talking Divorce Jet August 30 1979 p 53 a b c Strauss Neil August 22 1996 The Pop Life Ike Turner Return The New York Times Retrieved October 3 2011 subscription required Willman Chris October 10 1988 Ike Turner Doesn t Quite Get It Turned Around Los Angeles Times subscription required Watrous Peter January 17 1991 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Its 6th Crop of Legends The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 11 2020 War Casts Shadow On Hall Ceremony Variety January 20 1991 Ike Turner To Release Old Masters Chicago Tribune September 19 1991 Harris Paul A June 21 1992 St Louis Summit Ike Turner s Return Recalls R amp B Heyday St Louis Post Dispatch pp 3C Singles Reviews Billboard January 14 1995 p 45 Considine J D November 24 1998 Not for the faint of heart Review You ll be happy to know star studded Chef Aid lives down to the tastelessness of South Park The Baltimore Sun Archived from the original on December 4 2019 Retrieved December 2 2019 Pareles Jon August 26 1996 Turner Revue Is Back Minus Tina The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved December 4 2019 subscription required Appleford Steve July 11 1994 Pop Ike Turner Relies on Hits of the Past Los Angeles Times subscription required a b Sunflower River Blues amp Gospel Festival Chronology Delta Blues Museum Collis 2003 p 133 a b Drozdowski Ted May 24 31 2001 Living legend Ike Turner returns to rock and roll Archived from the original on November 22 2012 Retrieved November 5 2011 Mitchell Elvis September 26 2003 Television Review The Blues A History A Homage The New York Times subscription required About the Film Series PBS The Blues Vulcan Productions Inc Retrieved October 4 2011 Ayers Mike Schrodt Paul May 1 2014 The 20 Essential Damon Albarn Songs Esquire Hughes Rob Ike can see clearly now Record Collector Magazine McLean Craig January 2006 Gorillaz Spin p 40 a b Gorillaz kick off unique Manchester residency NME November 2 2005 Gorillaz to release DVD NME February 24 2006 D Souza Jerry October 5 2006 Ike Turner Risin With the Blues All About Jazz com 5 October 2006 allaboutjazz com Retrieved October 3 2011 7th Annual Independent Music Awards Finalists Announced Top40 Charts com November 3 2007 a b c Relic Peter March 6 2008 In the Studio The Black Keys Attack amp Release Rolling Stone Retrieved November 18 2020 subscription required 100 Best ALbums of the 00 s Rolling Stone July 18 2011 Retrieved November 13 2011 Strew Roque The Black Keys Attack amp Release Pitchfork Media April 1 2008 Pitchfork Media Inc Retrieved November 13 2011 McGee Mike April 15 1951 Will Plugs Really Sell Any Ducats One Can Really Learn About Rocket 88 If One Time The Commercial Appeal pp Section V 9 Turner 1999 p 25 26 Turner 1999 p 28 29 Fagen Donald December 17 2007 The Devil and Ike Turner Parsing his hits Slate Obituary Dec 17 2007 Retrieved November 8 2011 a b Rubin Dave December 2009 Ike Turner The Soulful Style of the Electric Blues R amp B Guitarist Premier Guitar 88 Archived from the original on March 28 2010 Retrieved October 1 2011 Lord Derreck Ike Turner Here and Now all about jazz 2011 04 06 All About Jazz Derreck Lord Archived from the original on January 16 2013 Retrieved November 6 2011 a b Ike Turner 1931 2007 Fender News Fender Inc Archived from the original on January 16 2017 Retrieved October 5 2011 Wheeler Tom 2004 The Stratocaster Chronicles Hal Leonard ISBN 978 0 634 05678 9 Christgau Robert 1981 Consumer Guide 70s T Christgau s Record Guide Rock Albums of the Seventies Ticknor amp Fields ISBN 0 89919 026 X Retrieved March 16 2019 via robertchristgau com Ike Turner Nigel Cawthorne 1999 Takin Back My Name The Confessions of Ike Turner Virgin Books Limited pp xi ISBN 978 1 85227 850 2 Collis 2003 p 41 Ike Turner amp The Kings of Rhythm Here and Now PDF Billboard June 2 2001 p 118 a b Musical Tributes Honor Ike Turner s Legacy At Funeral Jet January 14 2008 pp 52 56 Weinstein Deena 2015 Rock n America A Social and Cultural History University of Toronto Press p 68 ISBN 978 1 4426 0015 7 Turner 1999 p xi jonbream June 16 2010 Ebony visits Prince at Paisley Park Star Tribune Retrieved January 16 2022 Goldie Inner City Life sample of Ike Turner and the Kings of Rhythm whosampled com WhoSampled com Limited Retrieved October 7 2011 Rocket 88 Tribute to Ike Turner Mr Groove Band Songs Reviews Credits AllMusic 1971 Grammy Champions PDF Billboard March 25 1972 p 6 Ike Turner wins first Grammy since 1972 Reuters February 12 2007 Retrieved March 3 2021 a b Inductees Rock and Roll Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame a b Ike Turner St Louis Walk of Fame Archived from the original on November 3 2019 Chris Morris June 1 1986 Buddy Guy Picks Up Three Handy Awards PDF Billboard p 12 a b Ed Christman May 1 2004 Value Central Hosts Heroes At New Memphis Store PDF Billboard Vol 116 no 18 p 47 a b The Mojo Honours List 2007 Archived from the original on July 9 2012 Retrieved May 12 2019 The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time Levy Joe 1st ed New York Wenner Books 2005 ISBN 1 932958 01 0 OCLC 60596234 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link 500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rolling Stone May 31 2012 2004 Fender Custom Shop Ike Turner Limited Edition Stratocaster Garrett Park Guitars Retrieved March 5 2021 Byrd Shelia August 5 2010 Ike Turner focus of weekend celebration in Miss Associated Press Retrieved March 5 2021 via The Washington Times a b c This Week s Featured Marker Ike Turner Mississippi Blues Trail Archived from the original on February 24 2021 Retrieved March 11 2023 20 Greatest Duos of All Time Rolling Stone December 17 2015 Mississippi Blues Trail Reaches 200th Marker with Rocket 88 Deep South USA November 14 2017 Archived from the original on February 2 2020 Retrieved February 2 2020 Graff Gary April 18 2018 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Songs for the First Time Including Born to Be Wild amp Louie Louie Billboard Turner 1999 p 227 228 THE 66th ACADEMY AWARD NOMINATIONS OSCARS The Nominees Los Angeles Times February 10 1994 Ike at the Mike John Boy amp Billy iTunes Store Apple Inc December 10 2008 Retrieved November 1 2011 Dauphin Gary April 2006 Bad Guys Vibe Retrieved February 27 2012 a b c Christian Margena A January 7 2008 Rock N Roll Pioneer Ike Turner Dies At 76 Jet Vol 112 no 26 pp 56 59 Rocker Supreme 1958 2007 The Pop History Dig Retrieved December 7 2019 Winfrey Oprah October 3 2018 Tina Turner Talks To Oprah About Keeping Her Spirits Up After a Stroke and Losing Her Son Oprah magazine Leeds Jeff December 22 2007 Ike Turner is Eulogized as misunderstood The New York Times Retrieved October 3 2011 subscription required a b Penrice Ronda Racha June 3 2015 TV One s Unsung Offers Redemption for Ike Turner The Root CAST amp CREATIVE Tina Turner Musical Limited Retrieved May 31 2018 What love had to do with it The Guardian May 25 1999 Retrieved March 2 2021 Collis 2003 a b Ike Turner Is Still With His 14th Wife Howard Stern October 17 2007 Turner 1999 p 56 a b c d e Turner 1999 p 57 Interview Joshie Armstead othersounds com January 24 2012 Archived from the original on July 4 2019 Retrieved November 12 2019 a b O Neal Jim 2017 Yazoo Mississippi Blues Living Blues 48 3 249 Rhythm amp Blues Record Reviews PDF Billboard August 30 1952 p 40 a b Turner 1999 p 59 Turner 1999 p 60 a b Shades of Rock n Roll Ike Turner Says Officer Harasses Him In Feud The St Louis Argus February 14 1958 p 1 Turner 1999 p 65 a b Turner 1999 p 77 a b Becker Stan September 30 1990 MARKING TIME Chicago Tribune Retrieved March 2 2021 a b Turner 1999 p 79 Turner 1999 p 72 Turner 1986 p 66 68 Turner 1986 p 74 Turner 1986 p 96 97 Turner 1986 p 96 Turner 1999 p 96 Turner 1986 p 97 Turner 1999 p 97 R amp B Legend Ike Turner 1931 2007 NPR Fresh Air December 14 2007 At 8 06 in the interview Turner corrects the host who says Tina s real name is Annie Mae Bullock He says No her name is Martha Nell Bullock Tina Turner Signed Contract 1977 Music Memorabilia Autographs Lot 52395 Heritage Auctions Retrieved July 31 2019 Tina Turner Signed Agreement 1978 Music Memorabilia Lot 23263 Heritage Auctions Retrieved August 16 2021 Turner 1986 p 200 Turner 1986 p 210 He also claimed that he and Tina had never actually been married all those years ago a point that under California common law was by now moot a b Turner 1986 p 211 Turner 1999 p 210 Turner 1986 p 91 a b c d Ike Turner Released From Prison Returns To Music And Appreciates Tina Jet Vol 80 no 23 September 23 1991 p 37 Turner 1999 p 174 The Roseanne Show January 6 1999 Internet Archive January 6 1999 Ike Turner Dies at 76 NPR December 13 2007 Leckie Michael March 18 2018 Tina Turner interview the singer on Ike Buddhism and leaving America for Switzerland The Sunday Times Jefferson J na March 22 2018 Tina Turner Says She Forgives Ex Husband Ike Billboard Turner 1999 p 195 Turner 1999 p 105 a b Turner 1999 p 106 Turner 1999 p 107 Ike Turner Talks About His Ex Wife Tina And New Fiancee Jet September 27 1993 p 58 Allison Lynn July 17 1995 Passages People Retrieved March 2 2021 Ike Takes A Bride Jet July 24 1995 p 16 a b Archer Greg June 10 2019 Talking Turner Palm Springs Life Ike Turner s wedding 10 08 2006 archived from the original on October 31 2021 retrieved November 15 2019 Starr Michael October 5 2011 Famous X New York Post Turner Audrey About Audrey Turner Personal web page of Audrey Turner Retrieved August 16 2021 Cornish Stephanie June 8 2016 Ike Turner s Widow Pens Memoir on Singer s Violent Bipolar Condition The Afro Archived from the original on December 5 2018 Turner 1999 p 83 a b Dasrath Diana Stump Scott December 13 2022 Tina Turner s son Ronnie s cause of death is revealed TODAY com Retrieved December 23 2022 Andrea Mandell Bryan Alexander July 3 2018 Tina Turner s firstborn son dies of apparent suicide USA Today Ike Turner Is Paroled The New York Times September 5 1991 subscription required Turner 1999 p 211 Ike Turner Jr advertisement St Louis Post Despatch April 30 1987 p 23 Ike Turner Jr Recording Academy Grammy Award November 23 2020 a b An Interview with Ike Turner Jr and Randi Love on The Bobby Eaton Show BlogTalkRadio 2017 Jones Fred L October 12 2017 Tulsa Native Randi Love Giving To Give Back The Oklahoma Eagle Turner 1999 p 232 PHOTOS Lesly Mess alias Afida Turner au cote de son mari Ronnie Turner et de sa belle mere Tina Turner Mort de Craig Turner Afida Turner rend hommage a son beau frere Voici July 5 2018 Archived from the original on March 7 2019 Band Leader Indicted in Bad Check Swindle St Louis Globe Democrat June 7 1960 pp 8A Hunter Bob June 10 1960 Ike Turner Charged In Check Deal The St Louis Argus p 1 Two Deny 33 394 Check Forging Spree St Louis Globe Democrat June 22 1960 pp 12A Jury Deadlocked In Ike Turner Case St Louis Post Dispatch November 3 1960 pp 5D Ike Turner Is Freed By Jury On Check Charge The St Louis Argus January 13 1961 p 1 Turner Says He s Innocent Of Telephone Abuse Rap Jet Vol 46 no 6 May 2 1974 p 53 Singer Cleared In Phone Fraud The Miami Herald August 8 1974 pp 2 A a b Turner 1999 p 135 Pendleton Tonya June 2 2015 D Angela Proctor Talks Ike Turner Unsung Reveals Who Introduced Him To Cocaine Black America Web Archived from the original on June 9 2015 Retrieved August 20 2019 Turner 1999 p 136 Ike Turner The Economist December 19 2007 ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved November 4 2019 subscription required a b Dougherty Steve September 3 1990 Soul Star on Ice Divorced by Tina Ike Turner Pays for His Romance with Cocaine in a California Prison People Retrieved March 2 2021 Fire Razes Turner Recording Studio The Fresno Bee January 22 1981 pp C7 Lakeland Wire Services June 28 1985 Ike Turner Released From Jail Lakeland Ledger Retrieved February 27 2012 Drug Charges Filed Against Musician Ike Turner AP News Archive Jun 27 1985 Associated Press Retrieved February 27 2012 Ike Turner Arrested on Cocaine Charge in Calif Jet Vol 69 no 19 January 27 1986 p 9 Retrieved February 27 2012 Not Guilty Plea on Drugs The New York Times Associated Press January 3 1987 Retrieved October 2 2011 subscription required Ike Turner Gets 4 Years on Cocaine Convictions Los Angeles Times February 17 1990 subscription required 4 Year Sentence for Ike Turner The New York Times Associated Press February 17 1990 Retrieved October 2 2011 subscription required Miserandino Dominick A Ike Turner The Celebrity Cafe com 12 99 99 Archived from the original on November 15 2011 Retrieved October 3 2011 Adams Guy October 27 2005 Ike Turner On sex drugs and rock n roll The Independent Retrieved October 3 2011 a b Carter Chelsea J January 17 2008 Cocaine overdose killed Ike Turner San Diego coroner rules San Francisco Chronicle AP Retrieved October 3 2011 Turner 1999 p 7 21 Black Jews You Should Know Part 2 Tablet Magazine February 9 2016 Retrieved March 2 2021 McDonald Ray December 13 2007 Rock and Roll Legend Ike Turner Dies VOA News Voice of America Archived from the original on December 17 2008 Retrieved January 2 2009 Memorial service for Ike Turner today Daily News December 21 2007 Retrieved January 16 2021 Medical examiner says Ike Turner died of cocaine overdose CNN January 17 2008 Retrieved January 17 2008 Figueroa Teri October 30 2009 EXCLUSIVE Judge leans toward finding Ike Turner s children as heirs The San Diego Union Tribune Memphis Heroes Awards www scottymoore net Archived from the original on August 4 2017 RockWalk Honors BMI Blues Legends BMI April 7 2005 Inductees National Rhythm amp Blues Hall of Fame Archived from the original on October 20 2019 St Louis Classic Rock Hall of Fame Vote Class of 2019 www stlouisclassicrock com Ike Turner discography Discogs Retrieved September 30 2011 Bibliography edit Collis John 2003 Ike Turner King of Rhythm Do Not Press ISBN 978 1 904316 24 4 DeCurtis Anthony September 18 1992 Present Tense Rock amp Roll and Culture Duke University Press ISBN 0 8223 1265 4 Turner Ike 1999 Takin Back My Name The Confessions of Ike Turner Virgin Books Limited ISBN 978 1 85227 850 2 Turner Tina 1986 I Tina My Life Story New York Avon Books ISBN 0 380 70097 2 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ike Turner Ike Turner at AllMusic Ike Turner at IMDb Obituary by Donald Fagen in Slate Ike Turner Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection 2005 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ike Turner amp oldid 1184902813, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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