The Academy had its origin as the Kadem bevünetik volapüka (literally 'International Academy of the World Language') at a congress in Munich in August 1887, was set up to conserve and perfect the auxiliary language Volapük. Under Rosenberger, who became the Academy’s director in 1892, the group began to make considerable changes in the grammar and vocabulary of Volapük, changing its nature into an entirely different language. The vocabulary was almost completely replaced by words more closely resembling those used in Western European languages, and a number of grammatical forms unfamiliar to Western Europeans were discarded. It was understood that the changes effectively resulted in the creation of a new language, which was named Idiom Neutral (which means “the neutral idiom” or “the neutral language”).
The name of the Academy was changed to Akademi Internasional de Lingu Universal in 1898 and the circulars of the Academy were written in the new language from that year. Those who continued to use Volapük re-formed the International Academy of Volapük, retaining its name (with a spelling change) as Kadäm Bevünetik Volapüka.
Dictionaries of Idiom Neutral including an outline of the grammar were published in several European languages in 1902 and 1903.
The language, sometimes referred to as “Neutral” or “the Neutral language” by English-speaking writers, created interest among international language enthusiasts at the time. Rosenberger published a periodical in the language called Progres. In 1907 Neutral was one of the projects considered by a committee of scholars which met in Paris to select an international auxiliary language (what the committee actually decided upon is disputed; see Ido and its external links for more information).
In 1912 Rosenberger published a reformed version of Neutral called Reform-Neutral.[1]
Grammar
The following is a rough sketch of Idiom Neutral grammar. It does not lay out every detail of grammar worked out for the language. The simple grammar of Idiom Neutral is similar to Interlingua's.
Twenty-two letters of the Latin script are used to write Neutral; the letters q, w, x, and z do not occur. The five vowels (a, e, i, o, u) are pronounced roughly as in Spanish. Vowels which appear next to each other are pronounced separately, not as a diphthong. The consonants have the same values as in English, except that c is pronounced like English ch in church, g is always like the g in gate, and j is pronounced as the s in measure. The combination sh is pronounced like English sh.
The stress falls on the vowel that precedes the last consonant. If no vowel precedes the last consonant (e.g. viaway) the stress is on the first vowel. In a few cases the vowel at the end of a word is stressed; these vowels are marked with an acute accent (e.g. idéidea). Such accents are the only diacritics used in writing Neutral words.
Nouns and adjectives
Unlike Esperanto and Ido, nouns can end in any letter. There is no inflection for case. The plural is formed by adding the letter i at the end of the word.
Adjectives can also end in any letter. They normally appear after the nouns they modify and do not agree in number with their nouns, e.g. kaset grandbig box, kaseti grandbig boxes.
Comparison of adjectives (and adverbs) is with plu ... ka (more ... than), tale ... kuale (as ... as) and leplu (most, -est).
Infinitive: amarto love Present: mi amI love Imperfect: mi amavI loved, I was loving Future: mi ameroI shall love Present perfect: mi av amedI have loved Pluperfect: mi avav amedI had loved Future perfect: mi avero amedI shall have loved Conditional: mi amerioI would love Past conditional: mi averio amedI would have loved Imperative second person singular: ama!Love! Imperative second person plural: amate!Love! Imperative first person plural: amam!Let's love! Active participle: amantloving Passive participle: amedloved
The passive voice is formed with the verb esarto be and the passive participle: mi es amedI am loved, mi averio esed amedI would have been loved, etc.
There is no inflection for a subjunctive or volitive. In expressions of desire etc., the present tense is used e.g. mi volu ke il amI want him to love; ila demandav ke vo lekt itshe asked you to read it.
Other parts of speech
There is no definite or indefinite article. Adverbs can be formed from adjectives by adding e. Some prepositions are formed from other words by adding u e.g. relativurelative to from relativrelative (adj.).
Sample texts
Aparati deb esar adresed a shef de stasion Peterburg e deb esar asekured per vo e per votr kont; if aparati u partii de ili esero ruined u perded in voyaj, vo deb mitar nemediate otri, plasu aparati e partii ruined u perded.
The apparatus must be addressed to the chief of the St. Petersburg station and must be insured by you and by your account; if the apparatus or parts of them are ruined or lost in the voyage, you must send others immediately in place of the apparatus and parts ruined or lost.
Publikasion de idiom neutral interesero votr filio, kel kolekt postmarki, kause ist idiom es lingu praktikal pro korespondad ko kolektatori in otr landi.
The publication of Idiom Neutral will interest your son, who collects postage stamps, because this idiom is a practical language for correspondence with collectors in other countries.
References
^[1] Handbook of Reform-Neutral (1912) at archive.org
External links
Holmes, M. A. F. (1903), Dictionary of the Neutral Language (Idiom Neutral), Neutral-English and English-Neutral, with a complete grammar in accordance with the resolutions of the International Academy of the Universal Language and a brief history of the Neutral Language. [2], [3]. Rochester, N. Y. (1903); Milton Keynes, UK (2010).
idiom, neutral, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, possibly, contains, original, research, please, improve, verifying, claims, made, adding,. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed March 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Idiom Neutral news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Idiom Neutral is an international auxiliary language published in 1902 by the International Academy of the Universal Language Akademi Internasional de Lingu Universal under the leadership of Waldemar Rosenberger a St Petersburg engineer Idiom NeutralCreated byWaldemar RosenbergerDate1902Setting and usageinternational auxiliary languageUsersNonePurposeconstructed languages international auxiliary languagesIdiom NeutralSourcesdeveloped from a heavily revised form of VolapukLanguage codesISO 639 3None mis GlottologNoneIETFart x idiomneu Contents 1 History 2 Grammar 2 1 Writing and pronunciation 2 2 Nouns and adjectives 2 3 Verbs 2 4 Other parts of speech 3 Sample texts 4 References 5 External linksHistory EditThe Academy had its origin as the Kadem bevunetik volapuka literally International Academy of the World Language at a congress in Munich in August 1887 was set up to conserve and perfect the auxiliary language Volapuk Under Rosenberger who became the Academy s director in 1892 the group began to make considerable changes in the grammar and vocabulary of Volapuk changing its nature into an entirely different language The vocabulary was almost completely replaced by words more closely resembling those used in Western European languages and a number of grammatical forms unfamiliar to Western Europeans were discarded It was understood that the changes effectively resulted in the creation of a new language which was named Idiom Neutral which means the neutral idiom or the neutral language The name of the Academy was changed to Akademi Internasional de Lingu Universal in 1898 and the circulars of the Academy were written in the new language from that year Those who continued to use Volapuk re formed the International Academy of Volapuk retaining its name with a spelling change as Kadam Bevunetik Volapuka Dictionaries of Idiom Neutral including an outline of the grammar were published in several European languages in 1902 and 1903 The language sometimes referred to as Neutral or the Neutral language by English speaking writers created interest among international language enthusiasts at the time Rosenberger published a periodical in the language called Progres In 1907 Neutral was one of the projects considered by a committee of scholars which met in Paris to select an international auxiliary language what the committee actually decided upon is disputed see Ido and its external links for more information In 1908 the Akademi which had created Idiom Neutral effectively chose to abandon it in favor of Latino sine flexione a simplified form of Latin developed by Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano Peano was appointed the director of the Akademi and its name was changed to Academia pro Interlingua Peano s language was also called Interlingua not to be confused with the better known Interlingua presented in 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association IALA In 1912 Rosenberger published a reformed version of Neutral called Reform Neutral 1 Grammar EditThe following is a rough sketch of Idiom Neutral grammar It does not lay out every detail of grammar worked out for the language The simple grammar of Idiom Neutral is similar to Interlingua s Writing and pronunciation Edit Idiom neutral alphabet 1 digraph Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Upper case A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Y SHLower case a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v y shIPA phonemes a b t ʃ d e f g h i ʒ k l m n o p r s t u v j ʃTwenty two letters of the Latin script are used to write Neutral the letters q w x and z do not occur The five vowels a e i o u are pronounced roughly as in Spanish Vowels which appear next to each other are pronounced separately not as a diphthong The consonants have the same values as in English except that c is pronounced like English ch in church g is always like the g in gate and j is pronounced as the s in measure The combination sh is pronounced like English sh The stress falls on the vowel that precedes the last consonant If no vowel precedes the last consonant e g via way the stress is on the first vowel In a few cases the vowel at the end of a word is stressed these vowels are marked with an acute accent e g ide idea Such accents are the only diacritics used in writing Neutral words Nouns and adjectives Edit Unlike Esperanto and Ido nouns can end in any letter There is no inflection for case The plural is formed by adding the letter i at the end of the word Adjectives can also end in any letter They normally appear after the nouns they modify and do not agree in number with their nouns e g kaset grand big box kaseti grand big boxes Comparison of adjectives and adverbs is with plu ka more than tale kuale as as and leplu most est Verbs Edit Verbs are conjugated as follows Examples are shown for the verb amar to love in the active voice the endings do not change for person or number except in the imperative Infinitive amar to lovePresent mi am I love Imperfect mi amav I loved I was lovingFuture mi amero I shall lovePresent perfect mi av amed I have lovedPluperfect mi avav amed I had lovedFuture perfect mi avero amed I shall have lovedConditional mi amerio I would love Past conditional mi averio amed I would have lovedImperative second person singular ama Love Imperative second person plural amate Love Imperative first person plural amam Let s love Active participle amant loving Passive participle amed lovedThe passive voice is formed with the verb esar to be and the passive participle mi es amed I am loved mi averio esed amed I would have been loved etc There is no inflection for a subjunctive or volitive In expressions of desire etc the present tense is used e g mi volu ke il am I want him to love ila demandav ke vo lekt it she asked you to read it Other parts of speech Edit There is no definite or indefinite article Adverbs can be formed from adjectives by adding e Some prepositions are formed from other words by adding u e g relativu relative to from relativ relative adj Sample texts EditAparati deb esar adresed a shef de stasion Peterburg e deb esar asekured per vo e per votr kont if aparati u partii de ili esero ruined u perded in voyaj vo deb mitar nemediate otri plasu aparati e partii ruined u perded The apparatus must be addressed to the chief of the St Petersburg station and must be insured by you and by your account if the apparatus or parts of them are ruined or lost in the voyage you must send others immediately in place of the apparatus and parts ruined or lost Publikasion de idiom neutral interesero votr filio kel kolekt postmarki kause ist idiom es lingu praktikal pro korespondad ko kolektatori in otr landi The publication of Idiom Neutral will interest your son who collects postage stamps because this idiom is a practical language for correspondence with collectors in other countries References Edit 1 Handbook of Reform Neutral 1912 at archive orgExternal links EditHolmes M A F 1903 Dictionary of the Neutral Language Idiom Neutral Neutral English and English Neutral with a complete grammar in accordance with the resolutions of the International Academy of the Universal Language and a brief history of the Neutral Language 2 3 Rochester N Y 1903 Milton Keynes UK 2010 Chapter on Idiom Neutral in Otto Jespersen s An International Language 1928 LangMaker entry about Idiom Neutral archived Page F30 Complete grammar of Idiom Neutral Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Idiom Neutral amp oldid 1090210678, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
