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Adverb

January 23, 2023

An adverb is a word or an expression that generally modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, determiner, clause, preposition, or sentence. Adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc., answering questions such as how, in what way, when, where, to what extent. This is called the adverbial function and may be performed by single words (adverbs) or by multi-word adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.

Adverbs are traditionally regarded as one of the parts of speech. Modern linguists note that the term "adverb" has come to be used as a kind of "catch-all" category, used to classify words with various types of syntactic behavior, not necessarily having much in common except that they do not fit into any of the other available categories (noun, adjective, preposition, etc.) [1]

Functions

The English word adverb derives (through French) from Latin adverbium, from ad- ("to"), verbum ("word", "verb"), and the nominal suffix -ium. The term implies that the principal function of adverbs is to act as modifiers of verbs or verb phrases.[2] An adverb used in this way may provide information about the manner, place, time, frequency, certainty, or other circumstances of the activity denoted by the verb or verb phrase. Some examples:

  • She sang loudly (loudly modifies the verb sang, indicating the manner of singing)
  • We left it here (here modifies the verb phrase left it, indicating place)
  • I worked yesterday (yesterday modifies the verb worked, indicating time)
  • You often make mistakes (often modifies the verb phrase make mistakes, indicating frequency)
  • He undoubtedly did it (undoubtedly modifies the verb phrase did it, indicating certainty)

Adverbs can also be used as modifiers of adjectives, and of other adverbs, often to indicate degree. Examples:

  • You are quite right (the adverb quite modifies the adjective right)
  • She sang very loudly (the adverb very modifies another adverb – loudly)

They can also modify determiners, prepositional phrases,[2] or whole clauses or sentences, as in the following examples:

  • I bought practically the only fruit (practically modifies the determiner the in the noun phrase, "the only fruit" wherein "only" is an adjective)
  • She drove us almost to the station (almost modifies the prepositional phrase to the station)
  • Certainly we need to act (certainly modifies the sentence as a whole)

Adverbs thus perform a wide range of modifying functions. The major exception is the function of modifier of nouns, which is performed instead by adjectives (compare she sang loudly with her loud singing disturbed me; here the verb sang is modified by the adverb loudly, whereas the noun singing is modified by the adjective loud). However, because some adverbs and adjectives are homonyms, their respective functions are sometimes conflated:

  • Even numbers are divisible by two
  • The camel even drank.

The word "even" in the first sentence is an adjective, since it is a prepositive modifier that modifies the noun "numbers". The word "even" in the second sentence is a prepositive adverb that modifies the verb "drank."

Although it is possible for an adverb to precede or to follow a noun or a noun phrase, the adverb nonetheless does not modify either in such cases, as in:

  • Internationally there is a shortage of protein for animal feeds
  • There is a shortage internationally of protein for animal feeds
  • There is an international shortage of protein for animal feeds

In the first sentence, "Internationally" is a prepositive adverb that modifies the clause, "there is ..." In the second sentence, "internationally" is a postpositive adverb that modifies the clause, "There is ..." By contrast, the third sentence contains "international" as a prepositive adjective that modifies the noun, "shortage."

Adverbs can sometimes be used as predicative expressions; in English, this applies especially to adverbs of location:

  • Your seat is there.
  • Here is my boarding pass (wherein "boarding pass" is the subject and "here" is the predicate in a syntax that entails a subject-verb inversion).

When the function of an adverb is performed by an expression consisting of more than one word, it is called an adverbial phrase or adverbial clause, or simply an adverbial.

Formation and comparison

In English, adverbs of manner (answering the question how?) are often formed by adding -ly to adjectives, but flat adverbs (such as in drive fast, drive slow, and drive friendly) have the same form as the corresponding adjective. Other languages often have similar methods for deriving adverbs from adjectives (French, for example, uses the suffix -ment), or else use the same form for both adjectives and adverbs, as in German and Dutch, where for example schnell or snel, respectively, mean either "quick" or "quickly" depending on the context. Many other adverbs, however, are not related to adjectives in this way; they may be derived from other words or phrases, or may be single morphemes. Examples of such adverbs in English include here, there, together, yesterday, aboard, very, almost, etc.

Where the meaning permits, adverbs may undergo comparison, taking comparative and superlative forms. In English this is usually done by adding more and most before the adverb (more slowly, most slowly), although there are a few adverbs that take inflected forms, such as well, for which better and best are used.

For more information about the formation and use of adverbs in English, see English grammar § Adverbs. For other languages, see § In specific languages below, and the articles on individual languages and their grammars.

Adverbs as a "catch-all" category

Adverbs are considered a part of speech in traditional English grammar, and are still included as a part of speech in grammar taught in schools and used in dictionaries. However, modern grammarians recognize that words traditionally grouped together as adverbs serve a number of different functions. Some describe adverbs as a "catch-all" category that includes all words that do not belong to one of the other parts of speech.[3]

A logical approach to dividing words into classes relies on recognizing which words can be used in a certain context. For example, the only type of word that can be inserted in the following template to form a grammatical sentence is a noun:

The _____ is red. (For example, "The hat is red".)

When this approach is taken, it is seen that adverbs fall into a number of different categories. For example, some adverbs can be used to modify an entire sentence, whereas others cannot. Even when a sentential adverb has other functions, the meaning is often not the same. For example, in the sentences She gave birth naturally and Naturally, she gave birth, the word naturally has different meanings: in the first sentence, as a verb-modifying adverb, it means "in a natural manner", while in the second sentence, as a sentential adverb, it means something like "of course".

Words like very afford another example. We can say Perry is very fast, but not Perry very won the race. These words can modify adjectives but not verbs. On the other hand, there are words like here and there that cannot modify adjectives. We can say The sock looks good there but not It is a there beautiful sock. The fact that many adverbs can be used in more than one of these functions can confuse the issue, and it may seem like splitting hairs to say that a single adverb is really two or more words that serve different functions. However, this distinction can be useful, especially when considering adverbs like naturally that have different meanings in their different functions. Rodney Huddleston distinguishes between a word and a lexicogrammatical-word.[4]

Grammarians find difficulty categorizing negating words, such as the English not. Although traditionally listed as an adverb, this word does not behave grammatically like any other, and it probably should be placed in a class of its own.[5][6]

In languages

  • In Dutch adverbs have the basic form of their corresponding adjectives and are not inflected (though they sometimes can be compared).
  • In German the term Adverb is defined differently from its use in the English language. German adverbs form a group of uninflectable words (though a few can be compared). An English adverb which is derived from an adjective is arranged in German under the adjectives with adverbial use in the sentence. The others are also called adverbs in the German language.
  • In Scandinavian languages, adverbs are typically derived from adjectives by adding the suffix '-t', which makes it identical to the adjective's neuter form. Scandinavian adjectives, like English ones, are inflected in terms of comparison by adding '-ere'/'-are' (comparative) or '-est'/'-ast' (superlative). In inflected forms of adjectives, the '-t' is absent. Periphrastic comparison is also possible.
  • In most Romance languages, many adverbs are formed from adjectives (often the feminine form) by adding '-mente' (Portuguese, Spanish, Galician, Italian) or '-ment' (French, Catalan) (from Latin mens, mentis: mind, intelligence, or suffix -mentum, result or way of action), while other adverbs are single forms which are invariable. In Romanian, almost all adverbs are simply the masculine singular form of the corresponding adjective, one notable exception being bine ("well") / bun ("good"). However, there are some Romanian adverbs built from certain masculine singular nouns using the suffix "-ește", such as the following ones: băieț-ește (boyishly), tiner-ește (youthfully), bărbăt-ește (manly), frăț-ește (brotherly), etc.
  • Interlingua also forms adverbs by adding '-mente' to the adjective. If an adjective ends in c, the adverbial ending is '-amente'. A few short, invariable adverbs, such as ben ("well"), and mal ("badly"), are available and widely used.
  • In Esperanto, adverbs are not formed from adjectives but are made by adding '-e' directly to the word root. Thus, from bon are derived bone, "well", and bona, "good". See also: special Esperanto adverbs.
  • In Hungarian adverbs are formed from adjectives of any degree through the suffixes -ul/ül and -an/en depending on the adjective: szép (beautiful) → szépen (beautifully) or the comparative szebb (more beautiful) → szebben (more beautifully)
  • Modern Standard Arabic forms adverbs by adding the indefinite accusative ending '-an' to the root: kathiir-, "many", becomes kathiiran "much". However, Arabic often avoids adverbs by using a cognate accusative followed by an adjective.
  • Austronesian languages generally form comparative adverbs by repeating the root (as in WikiWiki) as with the plural noun.
  • Japanese forms adverbs from verbal adjectives by adding /ku/ (く) to the stem (haya- "swift" hayai "quick/early", hayakatta "was quick", hayaku "quickly") and from nominal adjectives by placing /ni/ (に) after the adjective instead of the copula /na/ (な) or /no/ (の) (rippa "splendid", rippa ni "splendidly"). The derivations are quite productive, but for a few adjectives, adverbs may not be derived.
  • In the Celtic languages, an adverbial form is often made by preceding the adjective with a preposition: go in Irish or gu in Scottish Gaelic, meaning 'until'. In Cornish, yn is used, meaning 'in'.
  • In Modern Greek, an adverb is most commonly made by adding the endings <-α> or <-ως> to the root of an adjective. Often, the adverbs formed from a common root using each of these endings have slightly different meanings. So, <τέλειος> (<téleios>, meaning "perfect" and "complete") yields <τέλεια> (<téleia>, "perfectly") and <τελείως> (<teleíos>, "completely"). Not all adjectives can be transformed into adverbs by using both endings. <Γρήγορος> (<grígoros>, "swift") becomes <γρήγορα> (<grígora>, "swiftly"), but not normally *<γρηγόρως> (*<grigóros>). When the <-ως> ending is used to transform an adjective whose stress accent is on the third syllable from the end, such as <επίσημος> (<epísimos>, "official"), the corresponding adjective is accented on the second syllable from the end; compare <επίσημα> (<epísima>) and <επισήμως> (<episímos>), which both mean "officially". There are also other endings with particular and restricted use as <-ί>, <-εί>, <-ιστί>, etc. For example, <ατιμωρητί> (<atimorití>, "with impunity") and <ασυζητητί> (<asyzitití>, "indisputably"); <αυτολεξεί> (<aftolexí> "word for word") and <αυτοστιγμεί> (<aftostigmí>, "in no time"); <αγγλιστί> [<anglistí> "in English (language)"] and <παπαγαλιστί> (<papagalistí>, "by rote"); etc.
  • In Latvian, an adverb is formed from an adjective by changing the masculine or feminine adjective endings -s and -a to -i. "Labs", meaning "good", becomes "labi" for "well". Latvian adverbs have a particular use in expressions meaning "to speak" or "to understand" a language. Rather than use the noun meaning "Latvian/English/Russian", the adverb formed from these words is used. "Es runāju latviski/angliski/krieviski" means "I speak Latvian/English/Russian" or, literally, "I speak Latvianly/Englishly/Russianly". If a noun is required, the expression used means literally "language of the Latvians/English/Russians", "latviešu/angļu/krievu valoda".
  • In Russian, and analogously in Ukrainian and some other Slavic languages, most adverbs are formed by removing the adjectival suffixes "-ий" "-а" or "-е" from an adjective, and replacing them with the adverbial "-о". For example, in Ukrainian, "швидкий", "гарна", and "смачне" (fast, nice, tasty) become "швидко", "гарно", and "смачно" (quickly, nicely, tastily), while in Russian, "быстрый", "хороший" and "прекрасный" (quick, good, wonderful) become "быстро", "хорошо", "прекрасно" (quickly, well, wonderfully). Another wide group of adverbs are formed by gluing a preposition to an oblique case form. In Ukrainian, for example, (до onto) + (долу bottom) → (додолу downwards); (з off) + (далеку afar) → (здалеку afar-off) . As well, note that adverbs are mostly placed before the verbs they modify: "Добрий син гарно співає." (A good son sings nicely/well). There is no specific word order in East Slavic languages.
  • In Korean, adverbs are commonly formed by replacing the -다 ending of the dictionary form of a descriptive verb with 게. So, 쉽다 (easy) becomes 쉽게 (easily). They are also formed by replacing the 하다 of some compound verbs with 히, e.g. 안녕하다 (peaceful) > 안녕히 (peacefully).
  • In Turkish, the same word usually serves as adjective and adverb: iyi bir kız ("a good girl"), iyi anlamak ("to understand well).
  • In Chinese, adverbs are not a separate class. Adjectives become adverbs when they are marked by an adverbial suffix, for example 地 de（e.g., 孩子們快樂地唱歌 haizimen kuaile.de changge 'the children happily sing a song'), or when adjectives are preceded by a verbal suffix such as 得 (e.g., 她說漢語說得很好 ta shuo hanyu shuo.de henhao 'she speaks Chinese very well').
  • In Persian, many adjectives and adverbs have the same form such as "خوب", "سریع", "تند" so there is no obvious way to recognise them out of context. The only exceptions are Arabic adverbs with a "اً" suffix such as "ظاهراً" and "واقعاً".

See also

References

  1. ^ For example: Thomas Edward Payne, Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists, CUP 1997, p. 69.
  2. ^ a b Rodney D. Huddleston, Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Student's Introduction to English Grammar, CUP 2005, p. 122ff.
  3. ^ For example: Thomas Edward Payne, Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists, CUP 1997, p. 69.
  4. ^ Huddleston, Rodney (1988). English Grammar: An Outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-521-32311-8.
  5. ^ Cinque, Guglielmo. 1999. Adverbs and functional heads—a cross linguistic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  6. ^ Haegeman, Liliane. 1995. The syntax of negation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bibliography

  • Ernst, Thomas. 2002. The syntax of adjuncts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jackendoff, Ray. 1972. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. MIT Press,

External links

 
Look up adverb in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • List of Adverbs
  • The Online Dictionary of Language Terminology

January 23, 2023
adverb, adverb, word, expression, that, generally, modifies, verb, adjective, another, adverb, determiner, clause, preposition, sentence, typically, express, manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level, certainty, answering, questions, such, what, when, wher. An adverb is a word or an expression that generally modifies a verb adjective another adverb determiner clause preposition or sentence Adverbs typically express manner place time frequency degree level of certainty etc answering questions such as how in what way when where to what extent This is called the adverbial function and may be performed by single words adverbs or by multi word adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses Adverbs are traditionally regarded as one of the parts of speech Modern linguists note that the term adverb has come to be used as a kind of catch all category used to classify words with various types of syntactic behavior not necessarily having much in common except that they do not fit into any of the other available categories noun adjective preposition etc 1 Contents 1 Functions 2 Formation and comparison 3 Adverbs as a catch all category 4 In languages 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksFunctions EditThe English word adverb derives through French from Latin adverbium from ad to verbum word verb and the nominal suffix ium The term implies that the principal function of adverbs is to act as modifiers of verbs or verb phrases 2 An adverb used in this way may provide information about the manner place time frequency certainty or other circumstances of the activity denoted by the verb or verb phrase Some examples She sang loudly loudly modifies the verb sang indicating the manner of singing We left it here here modifies the verb phrase left it indicating place I worked yesterday yesterday modifies the verb worked indicating time You often make mistakes often modifies the verb phrase make mistakes indicating frequency He undoubtedly did it undoubtedly modifies the verb phrase did it indicating certainty Adverbs can also be used as modifiers of adjectives and of other adverbs often to indicate degree Examples You are quite right the adverb quite modifies the adjective right She sang very loudly the adverb very modifies another adverb loudly They can also modify determiners prepositional phrases 2 or whole clauses or sentences as in the following examples I bought practically the only fruit practically modifies the determiner the in the noun phrase the only fruit wherein only is an adjective She drove us almost to the station almost modifies the prepositional phrase to the station Certainly we need to act certainly modifies the sentence as a whole Adverbs thus perform a wide range of modifying functions The major exception is the function of modifier of nouns which is performed instead by adjectives compare she sang loudly with her loud singing disturbed me here the verb sang is modified by the adverb loudly whereas the noun singing is modified by the adjective loud However because some adverbs and adjectives are homonyms their respective functions are sometimes conflated Even numbers are divisible by two The camel even drank The word even in the first sentence is an adjective since it is a prepositive modifier that modifies the noun numbers The word even in the second sentence is a prepositive adverb that modifies the verb drank Although it is possible for an adverb to precede or to follow a noun or a noun phrase the adverb nonetheless does not modify either in such cases as in Internationally there is a shortage of protein for animal feeds There is a shortage internationally of protein for animal feeds There is an international shortage of protein for animal feedsIn the first sentence Internationally is a prepositive adverb that modifies the clause there is In the second sentence internationally is a postpositive adverb that modifies the clause There is By contrast the third sentence contains international as a prepositive adjective that modifies the noun shortage Adverbs can sometimes be used as predicative expressions in English this applies especially to adverbs of location Your seat is there Here is my boarding pass wherein boarding pass is the subject and here is the predicate in a syntax that entails a subject verb inversion When the function of an adverb is performed by an expression consisting of more than one word it is called an adverbial phrase or adverbial clause or simply an adverbial Formation and comparison EditIn English adverbs of manner answering the question how are often formed by adding ly to adjectives but flat adverbs such as in drive fast drive slow and drive friendly have the same form as the corresponding adjective Other languages often have similar methods for deriving adverbs from adjectives French for example uses the suffix ment or else use the same form for both adjectives and adverbs as in German and Dutch where for example schnell or snel respectively mean either quick or quickly depending on the context Many other adverbs however are not related to adjectives in this way they may be derived from other words or phrases or may be single morphemes Examples of such adverbs in English include here there together yesterday aboard very almost etc Where the meaning permits adverbs may undergo comparison taking comparative and superlative forms In English this is usually done by adding more and most before the adverb more slowly most slowly although there are a few adverbs that take inflected forms such as well for which better and best are used For more information about the formation and use of adverbs in English see English grammar Adverbs For other languages see In specific languages below and the articles on individual languages and their grammars Adverbs as a catch all category EditAdverbs are considered a part of speech in traditional English grammar and are still included as a part of speech in grammar taught in schools and used in dictionaries However modern grammarians recognize that words traditionally grouped together as adverbs serve a number of different functions Some describe adverbs as a catch all category that includes all words that do not belong to one of the other parts of speech 3 A logical approach to dividing words into classes relies on recognizing which words can be used in a certain context For example the only type of word that can be inserted in the following template to form a grammatical sentence is a noun The is red For example The hat is red When this approach is taken it is seen that adverbs fall into a number of different categories For example some adverbs can be used to modify an entire sentence whereas others cannot Even when a sentential adverb has other functions the meaning is often not the same For example in the sentences She gave birth naturally and Naturally she gave birth the word naturally has different meanings in the first sentence as a verb modifying adverb it means in a natural manner while in the second sentence as a sentential adverb it means something like of course Words like very afford another example We can say Perry is very fast but not Perry very won the race These words can modify adjectives but not verbs On the other hand there are words like here and there that cannot modify adjectives We can say The sock looks good there but not It is a there beautiful sock The fact that many adverbs can be used in more than one of these functions can confuse the issue and it may seem like splitting hairs to say that a single adverb is really two or more words that serve different functions However this distinction can be useful especially when considering adverbs like naturally that have different meanings in their different functions Rodney Huddleston distinguishes between a word and a lexicogrammatical word 4 Grammarians find difficulty categorizing negating words such as the English not Although traditionally listed as an adverb this word does not behave grammatically like any other and it probably should be placed in a class of its own 5 6 In languages EditIn Dutch adverbs have the basic form of their corresponding adjectives and are not inflected though they sometimes can be compared In German the term Adverb is defined differently from its use in the English language German adverbs form a group of uninflectable words though a few can be compared An English adverb which is derived from an adjective is arranged in German under the adjectives with adverbial use in the sentence The others are also called adverbs in the German language In Scandinavian languages adverbs are typically derived from adjectives by adding the suffix t which makes it identical to the adjective s neuter form Scandinavian adjectives like English ones are inflected in terms of comparison by adding ere are comparative or est ast superlative In inflected forms of adjectives the t is absent Periphrastic comparison is also possible In most Romance languages many adverbs are formed from adjectives often the feminine form by adding mente Portuguese Spanish Galician Italian or ment French Catalan from Latin mens mentis mind intelligence or suffix mentum result or way of action while other adverbs are single forms which are invariable In Romanian almost all adverbs are simply the masculine singular form of the corresponding adjective one notable exception being bine well bun good However there are some Romanian adverbs built from certain masculine singular nouns using the suffix ește such as the following ones băieț ește boyishly tiner ește youthfully bărbăt ește manly frăț ește brotherly etc Interlingua also forms adverbs by adding mente to the adjective If an adjective ends in c the adverbial ending is amente A few short invariable adverbs such as ben well and mal badly are available and widely used In Esperanto adverbs are not formed from adjectives but are made by adding e directly to the word root Thus from bon are derived bone well and bona good See also special Esperanto adverbs In Hungarian adverbs are formed from adjectives of any degree through the suffixes ul ul and an en depending on the adjective szep beautiful szepen beautifully or the comparative szebb more beautiful szebben more beautifully Modern Standard Arabic forms adverbs by adding the indefinite accusative ending an to the root kathiir many becomes kathiiran much However Arabic often avoids adverbs by using a cognate accusative followed by an adjective Austronesian languages generally form comparative adverbs by repeating the root as in WikiWiki as with the plural noun Japanese forms adverbs from verbal adjectives by adding ku く to the stem haya swift hayai quick early hayakatta was quick hayaku quickly and from nominal adjectives by placing ni に after the adjective instead of the copula na な or no の rippa splendid rippa ni splendidly The derivations are quite productive but for a few adjectives adverbs may not be derived In the Celtic languages an adverbial form is often made by preceding the adjective with a preposition go in Irish or gu in Scottish Gaelic meaning until In Cornish yn is used meaning in In Modern Greek an adverb is most commonly made by adding the endings lt a gt or lt ws gt to the root of an adjective Often the adverbs formed from a common root using each of these endings have slightly different meanings So lt teleios gt lt teleios gt meaning perfect and complete yields lt teleia gt lt teleia gt perfectly and lt teleiws gt lt teleios gt completely Not all adjectives can be transformed into adverbs by using both endings lt Grhgoros gt lt grigoros gt swift becomes lt grhgora gt lt grigora gt swiftly but not normally lt grhgorws gt lt grigoros gt When the lt ws gt ending is used to transform an adjective whose stress accent is on the third syllable from the end such as lt epishmos gt lt episimos gt official the corresponding adjective is accented on the second syllable from the end compare lt epishma gt lt episima gt and lt epishmws gt lt episimos gt which both mean officially There are also other endings with particular and restricted use as lt i gt lt ei gt lt isti gt etc For example lt atimwrhti gt lt atimoriti gt with impunity and lt asyzhthti gt lt asyzititi gt indisputably lt aytole3ei gt lt aftolexi gt word for word and lt aytostigmei gt lt aftostigmi gt in no time lt agglisti gt lt anglisti gt in English language and lt papagalisti gt lt papagalisti gt by rote etc In Latvian an adverb is formed from an adjective by changing the masculine or feminine adjective endings s and a to i Labs meaning good becomes labi for well Latvian adverbs have a particular use in expressions meaning to speak or to understand a language Rather than use the noun meaning Latvian English Russian the adverb formed from these words is used Es runaju latviski angliski krieviski means I speak Latvian English Russian or literally I speak Latvianly Englishly Russianly If a noun is required the expression used means literally language of the Latvians English Russians latviesu anglu krievu valoda In Russian and analogously in Ukrainian and some other Slavic languages most adverbs are formed by removing the adjectival suffixes ij a or e from an adjective and replacing them with the adverbial o For example in Ukrainian shvidkij garna and smachne fast nice tasty become shvidko garno and smachno quickly nicely tastily while in Russian bystryj horoshij and prekrasnyj quick good wonderful become bystro horosho prekrasno quickly well wonderfully Another wide group of adverbs are formed by gluing a preposition to an oblique case form In Ukrainian for example do onto dolu bottom dodolu downwards z off daleku afar zdaleku afar off As well note that adverbs are mostly placed before the verbs they modify Dobrij sin garno spivaye A good son sings nicely well There is no specific word order in East Slavic languages In Korean adverbs are commonly formed by replacing the 다 ending of the dictionary form of a descriptive verb with 게 So 쉽다 easy becomes 쉽게 easily They are also formed by replacing the 하다 of some compound verbs with 히 e g 안녕하다 peaceful gt 안녕히 peacefully In Turkish the same word usually serves as adjective and adverb iyi bir kiz a good girl iyi anlamak to understand well In Chinese adverbs are not a separate class Adjectives become adverbs when they are marked by an adverbial suffix for example 地 de e g 孩子們快樂地唱歌 haizimen kuaile de changge the children happily sing a song or when adjectives are preceded by a verbal suffix such as 得 e g 她說漢語說得很好 ta shuo hanyu shuo de henhao she speaks Chinese very well In Persian many adjectives and adverbs have the same form such as خوب سریع تند so there is no obvious way to recognise them out of context The only exceptions are Arabic adverbs with a ا suffix such as ظاهرا and واقعا See also EditFlat adverb as in drive fast drive slow drive friendly Category Adverbs by type Prepositional adverb Pronominal adverb Grammatical conjunctionReferences Edit For example Thomas Edward Payne Describing Morphosyntax A Guide for Field Linguists CUP 1997 p 69 a b Rodney D Huddleston Geoffrey K Pullum A Student s Introduction to English Grammar CUP 2005 p 122ff For example Thomas Edward Payne Describing Morphosyntax A Guide for Field Linguists CUP 1997 p 69 Huddleston Rodney 1988 English Grammar An Outline Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 7 ISBN 0 521 32311 8 Cinque Guglielmo 1999 Adverbs and functional heads a cross linguistic perspective Oxford Oxford University Press Haegeman Liliane 1995 The syntax of negation Cambridge Cambridge University Press Bibliography EditErnst Thomas 2002 The syntax of adjuncts Cambridge Cambridge University Press Jackendoff Ray 1972 Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar MIT Press External links Edit Look up adverb in Wiktionary the free dictionary List of Adverbs The Online Dictionary of Language Terminology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Adverb amp oldid 1123071647, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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