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Hanlin Academy

January 17, 2024

The Hanlin Academy was an academic and administrative institution of higher learning founded in the 8th century Tang China by Emperor Xuanzong in Chang'an. It has also been translated as "College of Literature" and "Academy of the Forest of Pencils."[1]

Hanlin Academy
翰林院
Active708 CE Tang dynasty, reign of Emperor Xuanzong–1911 (burned)
FounderEmperor Xuanzong
Location
Chang'an, Luoyang, Beijing, Nanjing
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese翰林院
Traditional Chinese翰林院
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHànlín Yuàn

Membership in the academy was confined to an elite group of scholars, who performed secretarial and literary tasks for the court. One of its primary duties was to decide on an interpretation of the Chinese classics. This formed the basis of the Imperial examinations, which aspiring government bureaucrats had to pass to attain higher-level government posts. Painters working for the court were also attached to the academy.[2]

Academy members edit

Some of the more famous academicians of Hanlin were:

Bureau of Translators edit

Subordinated to the Hanlin Academy was the Bureau of Translators (Chinese: 四夷館/四译館; pinyin: Sìyí Guǎn/Sìyì Guǎn; Wade–Giles: Szu4-i2 Kuan3/Szu4-i4 Kuan3).[4] Founded by the Ming dynasty in 1407, after the first expedition of Zheng He to the Indian Ocean, the Bureau dealt with the memorials delivered by foreign ambassadors and trained foreign language specialists. It included departments for many languages[5] such as the Jurchen,[6][7][8] "Tartar" (Mongol),[9][10][11][12] Korean,[13] Ryukyuan, Japanese,[14][15] Tibetan,[16] "Huihui" (the "Muslim" language, Persian)[17][18][9][19][20][21] Vietnamese[22] and Burmese languages,[22] as well as for the languages of the "various barbarian tribes" (Bai yi 百夷, i.e., Shan ethnic groups on China's southwestern borders), "Gaochang" (people of Turfan, i.e. Old Uyghur language),[9][20][23][24][25][26][27] and Xitian (西天; (Sanskrit, spoken in India). In 1511 and 1579 departments for the languages of Ba bai (八百; Lao) and Thai were added, respectively.[28] A Malay language vocabulary (Manlajia Guan Yiyu) 滿剌加館譯語 (Words-list of Melaka Kingdom) for the Malay spoken in the Malacca Sultanate was compiled.[29][30][31][32][33] A Cham language vocabulary 占城館 was created for the language spoken in the Champa Kingdom.[34][35]

When the Qing dynasty revived the Ming Siyiguan 四夷館, the Manchus, who "were sensitive to references to barbarians", changed the name from yi 夷 "barbarian" to yi 彝 "Yi people", and changed the Shan exonym from Baiyi 百夷 "hundred barbarians" to Baiyi 百譯 "hundred translations".[36]

The later Tongwen Guan set up by the Qing dynasty for translating western languages was subordinated to the Zongli Yamen and not the Hanlin.

1900 fire edit

 
The Hanlin Academy in 1744, after a renovation under the Qianlong Emperor

The Beijing Hanlin Academy and its library were severely damaged in a fire during the siege of the International Legations in Peking (now known as Beijing) in 1900 by the Kansu Braves while fighting against the Eight-Nation Alliance. On June 24, the fire spread to the academy:

The old buildings burned like tinder with a roar which drowned the steady rattle of musketry as Tung Fu-shiang's Moslems fired wildly through the smoke from upper windows.

Some of the incendiaries were shot down, but the buildings were an inferno and the old trees standing round them blazed like torches.

An attempt was made to save the famous Yung Lo Ta Tien, but heaps of volumes had been destroyed, so the attempt was given up.

— eyewitness Lancelot Giles, son of Herbert Giles[37]

The flames destroyed many ancient texts.[38]

The academy operated continuously until its closure during the 1911 Xinhai Revolution.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Stevens, Keith. "THE HAN LIN ACADEMY AND A CHINESE DEITY". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 36: 231–233 – via JSTOR.
  2. ^ Chung, A. L. Y. (1966). "The Hanlin Academy in the Early Ch'ing Period (1644-1795)". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6: 100–119. ISSN 0085-5774.
  3. ^ Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen (1996). "Alchemy and Self-Cultivation in Literary Circles of the Northern Song Dynasty – Su Shi 蘇軾 (1037-1101) and His Techniques of Survival –". Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie. 9: 15–53. ISSN 0766-1177.
  4. ^ Wild, Norman (1945). "Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan 四 夷 譯 館 (Bureau of Translators)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 11 (3): 617–640. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00072311. JSTOR 609340. S2CID 154048910.
  5. ^ . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013.
  6. ^ Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. pp. xix–.
  7. ^ Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.). Mission Press. 1855. pp. xix–.
  8. ^ de Lacouperie, Terrien (1889). "The Djurtchen of Mandshuria: Their Name, Language, and Literature". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 21 (2): 433–460. JSTOR 25208941.
  9. ^ a b c Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014). From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3.
  10. ^ Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. pp. xxvi–.
  11. ^ Alexander Wylie; Henri Cordier (1897). Chinese Researches. pp. 261–. termed 1407 certain number of students were appointed by imperial authority instructed in knowledge writing language tribes.
  12. ^ Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.). Mission Press. 1855. pp. xxvi–.
  13. ^ Ogura, S. (1926). "A Corean Vocabulary". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 4 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00102538. JSTOR 607397. S2CID 145363934.
  14. ^ Mai, Yun (2005). "漢語歷史音韻研究中的 一些方法問題 [Some Methodological Problems in Chinese Phonetics]". 浙江大学汉语史研究中心简报 [The Briefing News of Research Center for History of Chinese Language]. 18 (2). Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  15. ^ Chiu, Chichu (21 December 2012). 中國翻譯史學會論文投稿： 16世紀日本譯語的出版及傳抄 [The Publishing and Writing of Chinese-Japanese Dictionary in the 16th Century]. 書寫中國翻譯史：第五屆中國譯學新芽研討會 [Writing Chinese Translation History: Fifth Young Researchers’ Conference on Chinese Translation Studies] (in Chinese). Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  16. ^ Lotze, Johannes S. (2016). Translation of Empire: Mongol Legacy, Language Policy, and the Early Ming World Order, 1368-1453 (PDF) (PhD). Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  17. ^ Ido, Shinji (2018). "Chapter 2: Huihuiguan zazi: A New Persian glossary compiled in Ming China". Trends in Iranian and Persian Linguistics. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–52. doi:10.1515/9783110455793-003.
  18. ^ Ido, Shinji (2015). "New Persian vowels transcribed in Ming China". Iranian languages and literatures of Central Asia: from the 18th century to the present. Association pour l’Avancement des Études Iraniennes. pp. 99–136.
  19. ^ Hecker, Felicia J. (1993). "A Fifteenth-Century Chinese Diplomat in Herat". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 3 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1017/S1356186300003692. JSTOR 25182641. S2CID 153758529.
  20. ^ a b Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014). From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL. pp. 94–. ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3.
  21. ^ "p. 5" (PDF). Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  22. ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  23. ^ Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee; Luther Carrington Goodrich (15 October 1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368–1644. Columbia University Press. pp. 1042, 1126. ISBN 9780231038010.
  24. ^ Heinrich Julius Klaproth (January 1985). Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren. Buske Verlag. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-3-87118-710-0.
  25. ^ Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1820). Abhandlungen über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren. pp. 6–.
  26. ^ Heinrich Julius von Klaproth (1820). Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren, nebst einem Wörterverzeichnisse und anderen uigurischen Sprachproben (etc.). Königl. Dr. pp. 6–.
  27. ^ Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1812). Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren. pp. 41–.
  28. ^ Norman Wild (1945), "Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan 四夷(譯)館 (Bureau of Translators)", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 11 (3): 617–640, doi:10.1017/s0041977x00072311, JSTOR 609340, S2CID 154048910; pp. 617-618.
  29. ^ Vladimir Braginsky (18 March 2014). Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia. Routledge. pp. 366–. ISBN 978-1-136-84879-7.
  30. ^ Edwards, E. D.; Blagden, C. O. (1931). "A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 6 (3): 715–749. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00093204. JSTOR 607205. S2CID 129174700.
  31. ^ B., C. O. (1939). "Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 10 (1). JSTOR 607921.
  32. ^ Phyllis Ghim-Lian Chew (7 December 2012). A Sociolinguistic History of Early Identities in Singapore: From Colonialism to Nationalism. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-1-137-01233-3.
  33. ^ Donald F. Lach (15 January 2010). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume II: A Century of Wonder. Book 3: The Scholarly Disciplines. University of Chicago Press. pp. 493–. ISBN 978-0-226-46713-9.
  34. ^ Edwards, E. D.; Blagden, C. O. (1939). "A Chinese Vocabulary of Cham Words and Phrases". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 10 (1): 53–91. JSTOR 607926.
  35. ^ Vladimir Braginsky (18 March 2014). Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia. Routledge. pp. 398–. ISBN 978-1-136-84879-7.
  36. ^ Wild (1945), p. 620.
  37. ^ . HISTORIK ORDERS, LTD WEBSITE. Archived from the original on 12 February 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
  38. ^ Diana Preston (1999). The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900. pp. 138–140. ISBN 0-8027-1361-0.

Further reading edit

  • Martin, William Alexander Parsons (1880). Hanlin Papers: Or, Essays on the Intellectual Life of the Chinese. Trübner & Company. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  • Sparks, Jared; Everett, Edward; Lowell, James Russell; et al., eds. (1874). The North American Review, Volume 119. American periodical series, 1800-1850. O. Everett. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

External links edit

Foreign language vocabularies edit

  • wikisource:zh:華夷譯語 – 達達館（蒙古語）Mongol language
  • 華夷譯語(一) – 暹羅館（泰語） 天文門。 Thai language
  • 華夷譯語(二) – 緬甸館譯語 緬甸館來文（緬甸語）通用門。Burmese language
  • 華夷譯語(三) – 百夷館（雲南傣語）天文門。Baiyi (Dai, Shan)
  • 華夷譯語(四) – 百夷館（雲南傣語）天文門和地理門。Baiyi (Dai, Shan)
  • 華夷譯語(五) – 回回館《回回館雜字》（波斯語）天文門。Persian language
  • 華夷譯語(六) – 回回館《回回館雜字》（波斯語）天文門和地理門。Persian language
  • 高昌館來文 – 高昌館來文（高昌）回鶻語 (畏兀兒館（回鶻語）。Old Uyghur language
  • 譯文備覽 – 譯文備覽 西番館（藏語）。Tibetan language
  • 西番譯語 – 《西番譯語》西番館（藏語）Tibetan language
  • wikisource:zh:華夷譯語/朝鮮館譯語 Korean language
  • wikisource:zh:使琉球錄 (陳侃)#.E5.A4.B7.E8.AA.9E.EF.BC.88.E9.99.84.EF.BC.89 Ryukyuan language
  • wikisource:zh:使琉球錄 (蕭崇業)/附#.E5.A4.B7.E8.AA.9E – 使琉球錄 夷語 夷字 Ryukyuan language
  • wikisource:zh:使琉球錄 (夏子陽)/卷下#.E5.A4.B7.E8.AA.9E.E3.80.90.E9.99.84.E3.80.91 Ryukyuan language
  • wikisource:zh:中山傳信錄/卷六#.E9.A2.A8.E4.BF.97 Ryukyuan language
  • wikisource:zh:重修使琉球錄 Ryukyuan language
  • 使琉球录三种-夷语（附）_国学导航 Ryukyuan language
  • 0-使琉球录-明-陈侃 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine Ryukyuan language
  • 國朝典故卷之一百二　　使琉球錄（明）陳侃 撰 Ryukyuan language
  • 《女直館》（女真語） 《女真譯語》《女真館雜字》在 Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen by Wilhem Grube by Wilhem Grube 《女真文和女真語》作者：葛祿博 [1] [2] Jurchen language

January 17, 2024
hanlin, academy, academic, administrative, institution, higher, learning, founded, century, tang, china, emperor, xuanzong, chang, also, been, translated, college, literature, academy, forest, pencils, 翰林院active708, tang, dynasty, reign, emperor, xuanzong, 191. The Hanlin Academy was an academic and administrative institution of higher learning founded in the 8th century Tang China by Emperor Xuanzong in Chang an It has also been translated as College of Literature and Academy of the Forest of Pencils 1 Hanlin Academy翰林院Active708 CE Tang dynasty reign of Emperor Xuanzong 1911 burned FounderEmperor XuanzongLocationChang an Luoyang Beijing NanjingChinese nameSimplified Chinese翰林院Traditional Chinese翰林院TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHanlin YuanMembership in the academy was confined to an elite group of scholars who performed secretarial and literary tasks for the court One of its primary duties was to decide on an interpretation of the Chinese classics This formed the basis of the Imperial examinations which aspiring government bureaucrats had to pass to attain higher level government posts Painters working for the court were also attached to the academy 2 Contents 1 Academy members 2 Bureau of Translators 3 1900 fire 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links 7 1 Foreign language vocabulariesAcademy members editSome of the more famous academicians of Hanlin were Li Bai 701 762 Poet Bai Juyi 772 846 Poet Su Shi 1037 1101 Poet 3 Yan Shu 991 1055 Poet calligrapher prime minister 1042 Ouyang Xiu 1007 1072 Historian Shen Kuo 1031 1095 Chancellor Zhang Zeduan 1085 1145 Painter Zhao Mengfu 1254 1322 Painter calligrapher poet rector 1314 1320 Huang Zicheng 1350 1402 Imperial scholar Li Dongyang 1447 1516 Imperial officer poet served as Grand Historian Ni Yuanlu 1593 1644 Calligrapher painter high ranking official Wu Renchen 1628 1689 Historian and mathematician Chen Menglei 1650 1741 Scholar writer Editor in Chief of the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China Zhang Tingyu 1672 1755 Politician and historian Ji Xiaolan 1724 1805 Scholar poet Editor in Chief of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries Yao Nai 1731 1815 Scholar Gao E 1738 1815 Scholar and editor He Changling 1785 1848 Scholar and official Zeng Guofan 1811 1872 Scholar and later key military official Chen Lanbin 1816 1895 Diplomat ambassador to the U S Spain and Peru Weng Tonghe 1830 1904 Imperial Tutor Cai Yuanpei 1868 1940 Educator Qu Hongji 1850 1918 PoliticianBureau of Translators editSubordinated to the Hanlin Academy was the Bureau of Translators Chinese 四夷館 四译館 pinyin Siyi Guǎn Siyi Guǎn Wade Giles Szu4 i2 Kuan3 Szu4 i4 Kuan3 4 Founded by the Ming dynasty in 1407 after the first expedition of Zheng He to the Indian Ocean the Bureau dealt with the memorials delivered by foreign ambassadors and trained foreign language specialists It included departments for many languages 5 such as the Jurchen 6 7 8 Tartar Mongol 9 10 11 12 Korean 13 Ryukyuan Japanese 14 15 Tibetan 16 Huihui the Muslim language Persian 17 18 9 19 20 21 Vietnamese 22 and Burmese languages 22 as well as for the languages of the various barbarian tribes Bai yi 百夷 i e Shan ethnic groups on China s southwestern borders Gaochang people of Turfan i e Old Uyghur language 9 20 23 24 25 26 27 and Xitian 西天 Sanskrit spoken in India In 1511 and 1579 departments for the languages of Ba bai 八百 Lao and Thai were added respectively 28 A Malay language vocabulary Manlajia Guan Yiyu 滿剌加館譯語 Words list of Melaka Kingdom for the Malay spoken in the Malacca Sultanate was compiled 29 30 31 32 33 A Cham language vocabulary 占城館 was created for the language spoken in the Champa Kingdom 34 35 When the Qing dynasty revived the Ming Siyiguan 四夷館 the Manchus who were sensitive to references to barbarians changed the name from yi 夷 barbarian to yi 彝 Yi people and changed the Shan exonym from Baiyi 百夷 hundred barbarians to Baiyi 百譯 hundred translations 36 The later Tongwen Guan set up by the Qing dynasty for translating western languages was subordinated to the Zongli Yamen and not the Hanlin 1900 fire edit nbsp The Hanlin Academy in 1744 after a renovation under the Qianlong EmperorThe Beijing Hanlin Academy and its library were severely damaged in a fire during the siege of the International Legations in Peking now known as Beijing in 1900 by the Kansu Braves while fighting against the Eight Nation Alliance On June 24 the fire spread to the academy The old buildings burned like tinder with a roar which drowned the steady rattle of musketry as Tung Fu shiang s Moslems fired wildly through the smoke from upper windows Some of the incendiaries were shot down but the buildings were an inferno and the old trees standing round them blazed like torches An attempt was made to save the famous Yung Lo Ta Tien but heaps of volumes had been destroyed so the attempt was given up eyewitness Lancelot Giles son of Herbert Giles 37 The flames destroyed many ancient texts 38 The academy operated continuously until its closure during the 1911 Xinhai Revolution See also editAcademia Sinica Academies of Classical Learning Chen Cheng Ming dynasty Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Education in ChinaReferences edit Stevens Keith THE HAN LIN ACADEMY AND A CHINESE DEITY Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 36 231 233 via JSTOR Chung A L Y 1966 The Hanlin Academy in the Early Ch ing Period 1644 1795 Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 6 100 119 ISSN 0085 5774 Baldrian Hussein Farzeen 1996 Alchemy and Self Cultivation in Literary Circles of the Northern Song Dynasty Su Shi 蘇軾 1037 1101 and His Techniques of Survival Cahiers d Extreme Asie 9 15 53 ISSN 0766 1177 Wild Norman 1945 Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan 四 夷 譯 館 Bureau of Translators Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 11 3 617 640 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00072311 JSTOR 609340 S2CID 154048910 ͼ ݹz 䱾 Կ Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 Shou p ing Wu Ko 1855 Translation by A Wylie of the Ts ing wan k e mung a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language by Woo Kĭh Show ping revised and ed by Ching Ming yuen Pei ho with intr notes on Manchu literature pp xix Translation of the Ts ing wan k e mung a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language with introductory notes on Manchu Literature translated by A Wylie Mission Press 1855 pp xix de Lacouperie Terrien 1889 The Djurtchen of Mandshuria Their Name Language and Literature Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 21 2 433 460 JSTOR 25208941 a b c Morris Rossabi 28 November 2014 From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia The Writings of Morris Rossabi BRILL pp 98 ISBN 978 90 04 28529 3 Shou p ing Wu Ko 1855 Translation by A Wylie of the Ts ing wan k e mung a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language by Woo Kĭh Show ping revised and ed by Ching Ming yuen Pei ho with intr notes on Manchu literature pp xxvi Alexander Wylie Henri Cordier 1897 Chinese Researches pp 261 termed 1407 certain number of students were appointed by imperial authority instructed in knowledge writing language tribes Translation of the Ts ing wan k e mung a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language with introductory notes on Manchu Literature translated by A Wylie Mission Press 1855 pp xxvi Ogura S 1926 A Corean Vocabulary Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies University of London 4 1 1 10 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00102538 JSTOR 607397 S2CID 145363934 Mai Yun 2005 漢語歷史音韻研究中的 一些方法問題 Some Methodological Problems in Chinese Phonetics 浙江大学汉语史研究中心简报 The Briefing News of Research Center for History of Chinese Language 18 2 Retrieved 24 May 2020 Chiu Chichu 21 December 2012 中國翻譯史學會論文投稿 16世紀日本譯語的出版及傳抄 The Publishing and Writing of Chinese Japanese Dictionary in the 16th Century 書寫中國翻譯史 第五屆中國譯學新芽研討會 Writing Chinese Translation History Fifth Young Researchers Conference on Chinese Translation Studies in Chinese Retrieved 24 May 2020 Lotze Johannes S 2016 Translation of Empire Mongol Legacy Language Policy and the Early Ming World Order 1368 1453 PDF PhD Retrieved 24 May 2020 Ido Shinji 2018 Chapter 2 Huihuiguan zazi A New Persian glossary compiled in Ming China Trends in Iranian and Persian Linguistics De Gruyter Mouton pp 21 52 doi 10 1515 9783110455793 003 Ido Shinji 2015 New Persian vowels transcribed in Ming China Iranian languages and literatures of Central Asia from the 18th century to the present Association pour l Avancement des Etudes Iraniennes pp 99 136 Hecker Felicia J 1993 A Fifteenth Century Chinese Diplomat in Herat Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3 1 85 98 doi 10 1017 S1356186300003692 JSTOR 25182641 S2CID 153758529 a b Morris Rossabi 28 November 2014 From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia The Writings of Morris Rossabi BRILL pp 94 ISBN 978 90 04 28529 3 p 5 PDF Retrieved 25 June 2023 a b Thong bao về việc cac GS Nhật Bản sang trao đổi khoa học tham gia đao tạo cao học Han Nom PDF Archived from the original PDF on 9 March 2016 Retrieved 22 January 2016 Association for Asian Studies Ming Biographical History Project Committee Luther Carrington Goodrich 15 October 1976 Dictionary of Ming biography 1368 1644 Columbia University Press pp 1042 1126 ISBN 9780231038010 Heinrich Julius Klaproth January 1985 Abhandlung uber die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren Buske Verlag pp 6 ISBN 978 3 87118 710 0 Heinrich Julius Klaproth 1820 Abhandlungen uber die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren pp 6 Heinrich Julius von Klaproth 1820 Abhandlung uber die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren nebst einem Worterverzeichnisse und anderen uigurischen Sprachproben etc Konigl Dr pp 6 Heinrich Julius Klaproth 1812 Abhandlung uber die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren pp 41 Norman Wild 1945 Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan 四夷 譯 館 Bureau of Translators Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 11 3 617 640 doi 10 1017 s0041977x00072311 JSTOR 609340 S2CID 154048910 pp 617 618 Vladimir Braginsky 18 March 2014 Classical Civilizations of South East Asia Routledge pp 366 ISBN 978 1 136 84879 7 Edwards E D Blagden C O 1931 A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A D 1403 and 1511 Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies University of London 6 3 715 749 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00093204 JSTOR 607205 S2CID 129174700 B C O 1939 Corrigenda and Addenda A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A D 1403 and 1511 Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies University of London 10 1 JSTOR 607921 Phyllis Ghim Lian Chew 7 December 2012 A Sociolinguistic History of Early Identities in Singapore From Colonialism to Nationalism Palgrave Macmillan pp 79 ISBN 978 1 137 01233 3 Donald F Lach 15 January 2010 Asia in the Making of Europe Volume II A Century of Wonder Book 3 The Scholarly Disciplines University of Chicago Press pp 493 ISBN 978 0 226 46713 9 Edwards E D Blagden C O 1939 A Chinese Vocabulary of Cham Words and Phrases Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies University of London 10 1 53 91 JSTOR 607926 Vladimir Braginsky 18 March 2014 Classical Civilizations of South East Asia Routledge pp 398 ISBN 978 1 136 84879 7 Wild 1945 p 620 BOXER REBELLION CHINA 1900 HISTORIK ORDERS LTD WEBSITE Archived from the original on 12 February 2005 Retrieved 20 October 2008 Diana Preston 1999 The Boxer Rebellion The Dramatic Story of China s War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900 pp 138 140 ISBN 0 8027 1361 0 Further reading editMartin William Alexander Parsons 1880 Hanlin Papers Or Essays on the Intellectual Life of the Chinese Trubner amp Company Retrieved 24 April 2014 Sparks Jared Everett Edward Lowell James Russell et al eds 1874 The North American Review Volume 119 American periodical series 1800 1850 O Everett Retrieved 24 April 2014 External links editForeign language vocabularies edit wikisource zh 華夷譯語 達達館 蒙古語 Mongol language 華夷譯語 一 暹羅館 泰語 天文門 Thai language 華夷譯語 二 緬甸館譯語 緬甸館來文 緬甸語 通用門 Burmese language 華夷譯語 三 百夷館 雲南傣語 天文門 Baiyi Dai Shan 華夷譯語 四 百夷館 雲南傣語 天文門和地理門 Baiyi Dai Shan 華夷譯語 五 回回館 回回館雜字 波斯語 天文門 Persian language 華夷譯語 六 回回館 回回館雜字 波斯語 天文門和地理門 Persian language 高昌館來文 高昌館來文 高昌 回鶻語 畏兀兒館 回鶻語 Old Uyghur language 譯文備覽 譯文備覽 西番館 藏語 Tibetan language 西番譯語 西番譯語 西番館 藏語 Tibetan language wikisource zh 華夷譯語 朝鮮館譯語 Korean language wikisource zh 使琉球錄 陳侃 E5 A4 B7 E8 AA 9E EF BC 88 E9 99 84 EF BC 89 Ryukyuan language wikisource zh 使琉球錄 蕭崇業 附 E5 A4 B7 E8 AA 9E 使琉球錄 夷語 夷字 Ryukyuan language wikisource zh 使琉球錄 夏子陽 卷下 E5 A4 B7 E8 AA 9E E3 80 90 E9 99 84 E3 80 91 Ryukyuan language wikisource zh 中山傳信錄 卷六 E9 A2 A8 E4 BF 97 Ryukyuan language wikisource zh 重修使琉球錄 Ryukyuan language 使琉球录三种 夷语 附 国学导航 Ryukyuan language 0 使琉球录 明 陈侃 Archived 2014 11 29 at the Wayback Machine Ryukyuan language 國朝典故卷之一百二 使琉球錄 明 陳侃 撰 Ryukyuan language 女直館 女真語 女真譯語 女真館雜字 在 Die Sprache und Schrift der Jucen by Wilhem Grube by Wilhem Grube 女真文和女真語 作者 葛祿博 1 2 Jurchen language Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hanlin Academy amp oldid 1178761882, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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