Qu Hongji
Qu Hongji (Chinese: 瞿鴻禨; 1850–1918), style name Zijiu (子玖), and art name Zhi'an (止庵), was a politician of the Chinese Qing Dynasty who served in several ministerial positions, most notably being the first Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Qu Hongji | |
|---|---|
瞿鴻禨 | |
| Qing Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 14 November 1901 – 17 June 1907 | |
| Monarch | Guangxu Emperor |
| Preceded by | New position |
| Succeeded by | Lu Haihuan |
| Qing Minister of Industry | |
| In office 11 November 1900 – 14 November 1901 | |
| Monarch | Guangxu Emperor |
| Preceded by | Chen Xuefen |
| Succeeded by | Zhang Baixi |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1850 Changsha, Hunan, Qing China |
| Died | 1918 Shanghai, Jiangsu, Republic of China |
| Education | Jinshi degree in the Imperial Examination |
| Alma mater | Hanlin Academy |
Biography
Qu Hongji was born in 1850 in a small town called Shanhua in the Changsha city area of Hunan Province. He passed the highest level of the Imperial Examinations (jinshi) in 1871 and went to the Hanlin Academy.[1] During 1875 he took first place in the Daijiang Bachelor Examinations. He was promoted to Neige Bachelor in 1897, and organized Town Examinations of Fujian Province and Guangxi Province. He also supervised local government as Provincial Education Commissioner of Henan Province, Zhejiang Province and Sichuan Province. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Qu carried the Four Troops Assaults plan to the emperor. Then he followed the emperor's royal family when it went hunting in the west, and was raised to the position of the Minister of Work Department. Later when he returned to Beijing, he became Minister of the Military and Minister of Government Affairs. He changed the Imperial Examinations into discourses on politics, and added economy examinations. He simplified the Headquarters of All Countries Business Department into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and became the first Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was also a member of the Grand Council.[2] He followed the Dowager Empress Cixi’s imperial edict, and among other things proposed peace plans, was honoured by the Emperor with a gold jacket, and tutored the crown prince.
He was actively involved in the reform of the Imperial Examination system, and was a key proponent of the establishment of the Jinshi Bureau and reorganisation of the Hanlin Academy in around 1901.[3]
During the ‘New Political Affair’, government money was stolen by the ‘Building School, Commercial Intercourse and encourage Jobs’ organisation. Qu asked the Emperor to forbid this fraudulent group. During 1906 he worked with the Grand Secretary, to plan Provisional Constitutionalism, and nominated Ministers. During 1907 Cen Chunxuan(岑春煊), one of his allies, became Minister of Telecommunications, Cen took advantage of the Case of Yang Cuixi (a scandal involving the prince Zaizhen), and secretly impeached Zaizhen's father Prince Yikuang(庆亲王奕劻). Qu used 'Minister Slayer' Cen Chunxuan(岑春煊) against his political enemy Yuan Shikai (袁世凱), which also made Prince Yikuang(庆亲王奕劻) unhappy and he became jealous of Qu. The Empress Dowager Cixi was also becoming uncomfortable with Qu's blunt speaking and withdrew her support. Daijiang Bachelor Yun Yuding (惲毓鼎) impeached Qu for the reason that ‘Qu grasps authority to form a despotic government’, and the Emperor dismissed him from office and sent him back to his hometown. After the Revolution of 1911, Qu escaped to Shanghai from the war, and he died there in 1918.
Famous
Qu Hongji(瞿鸿禨) was famous not only because of his erudition, but also because his face looked like that of the Tongzhi Emperor, 10th emperor of Qing Dynasty who died in 1875.
Publications of Authority
'Collections of Zhi An's Poems'《止庵诗文集》
'Annotations for Book of Han'《汉书笺识》
'Collections of Chaolan lou Library Poems'《超览楼诗稿》
'Handwriting by Duke Wenzhen of Qu'《瞿文慎公诗选遗墨》
‘Diary of Serving Henan Province and Fujian Province’《使豫, 使闽日记》
‘Love and Kindness History’《恩遇纪略》
'Old Anecdote History'《旧闻纪略》etc.
Family
Son - Qu Xuanzhi (瞿宣治), Diplomat in Chinese Embassies to Switzerland and Netherlands, died in Marseille, France, in 1923.
Son - Qu Ruizhi(瞿兌之), Chinese historian, author and painter.
Grandson - Qu Tongzu (瞿同祖), Chinese modern historian, was famous for his investigations into History of Law and Social History.
Nephew - Qu Qiling (朱啟鈐), Chinese politician, businessman, Historical Architect.
References
- Zhao Erxun (赵尔巽) etc., Draft History of Qing, Inspected by Chinese Publication Department
- ^ Celarent, Barbara (2006). Varieties of Social Imagination. University of Chicago Press. p. 66. ISBN 9780226434018.
- ^ Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000). Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928. University of Washington Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780295980409.
- ^ Han, Ce (January 2015). "The reform of the imperial examination system and the origin of the edict ordering the establishment of the Jinshi Bureau". CNKI Journal Translation Project. Modern Chinese History Studies. Retrieved 6 February 2018.