fbpx
Wikipedia

Yongle Encyclopedia

January 13, 2023

The Yongle Encyclopedia (English: /jɒŋlə/) or Yongle Dadian (traditional Chinese: 永樂大典; simplified Chinese: 永乐大典; pinyin: Yǒnglè Dàdiǎn; Wade–Giles: Yung-lo Ta-tien; lit. 'Great Canon of Yongle') is a largely-lost Chinese leishu encyclopedia commissioned by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty in 1403 and completed by 1408. It comprised 22,937 manuscript rolls or chapters, in 11,095 volumes.[1] Fewer than 400 volumes survive today,[2] comprising about 800 chapters (rolls), or 3.5 percent of the original work.[3]

The Yongle Encyclopedia, in 2014, on display at The National Library of China.
The Yongle Encyclopedia volume 2262
A page from the manuscript of 'Yongle Encyclopedia'. Chester Beatty Library

Most of it was lost in the 2nd half of the 19th century, in the midst of events as Second Opium War, the Boxer Rebellion and subsequent social unrests. Its sheer scope and size made it the world's largest general encyclopedia until it was surpassed by Wikipedia in late 2007, nearly six centuries later.[4][5][6]

Background

Although known for his military achievements, the Yongle Emperor was an intellectual who enjoyed reading.[7] His love for research led him to develop the idea of categorizing literary works into a reference encyclopedia to preserve rare books and simplify research.[8][9] Instrumental to this undertaking was Emperor Yongle’s own changes to the function of the Hanlin Academy.[8]

Prior to his reign, the Hanlin Academy was responsible for various clerical tasks such as drafting proclamations and edicts.[8] Emperor Yongle decided to elevate the status of the Hanlin Academy and began selecting only the highest-ranking recruits for the academy.[7] Clerical duties were relegated to Imperial officers, whereas the Hanlin Academy, now full of elite scholars, began to work on literary projects for the Emperor.[7]

Development

The Yongle Dadian was commissioned by the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) and completed in 1408. In 1404, a year after the work was commissioned, a team of 100 scholars, mostly from the Hanlin Academy, completed a manuscript called A Complete Work of Literature.[8] Emperor Yongle rejected this work and insisted on adding other volumes.[8]

In 1405, under Emperor Yongle’s command, the number of scholars rose to 2,169. Scholars were sent all over China to find books and expand the encyclopedia.[8] Emperor Yongle assigned his personal advisor, Dao Yan, a monk, and Liu Jichi, the deputy minister of punishment, as co-editors of the encyclopedia, supporting Yao Guangxiao.[9] The scholars spent four years compiling the leishu encyclopedia, under the leadership of general editor Yao Guangxiao.[10][2]

The encyclopedia was completed in 1408[1] at the Guozijian in Nanjing (now Nanjing University). It comprised 22,937 manuscript rolls[1] or chapters, in 11,095 volumes, occupying roughly 40 cubic metres (1,400 cu ft), and using 370 million Chinese characters[2][11] — the equivalent of about a quarter of a billion English words (around six times as many as the Encyclopædia Britannica).[9]

It was designed to include all that had been written on the Confucian canon, as well as all history, philosophy, arts and sciences. It was a massive collation of excerpts and works from the entirety of Chinese literature and knowledge. Emperor Yongle was so pleased with the finished encyclopedia, that he named it after his reign, and personally wrote a lengthy preface highlighting the importance of preserving the works.[9]

Style

The encyclopedia's physical appearance differed from any other Chinese encyclopedias of the time.[12] It was larger in size, used special paper, and was bound in a "wrapped back" (包背裝, bao bei zhuang) style.[13] The use of red ink for titles and authors, an ink exclusively reserved for the emperor, helped to confirm that the volumes were of royal production.[12]

Each volume was protected by a hard-cover which was wrapped in yellow silk.[13] The encyclopedia was not arranged by subject, like other encyclopedias, but rather by 洪武正韻 (Hongwu zhengyun), a system in which characters are ordered phonetically/rhythmically.[13] The use of this system helped the reader find specific entries with ease.[13]

Although book printing already existed in the Ming Dynasty, the Yongle Encyclopedia was exclusively handwritten.[13] Each handwritten entry was a collection of existing literature, some of which derived from rare and delicate texts.[13] The importance of the Yongle Encyclopedia was the preservation of such texts, and the vast number of subjects it covered.[13]

Reception

At the end of the Ming dynasty, scholars began to question Emperor Yongle's motives for not commissioning more copies of the encyclopedia, instead of keeping them in storage.[9] Some scholars, like Sun Chengze, a Qin scholar, theorized that Emperor Yongle used the literary project for political reasons.[9] At the time, Neo-Confucians were refusing to take civil service exams, or participate in any imperial duties, due to Emperor Yongle's violent usurpation of the throne.[9] Emperor Yongle's literary undertaking did attract the attention of these scholars, who eventually joined the project.[9]

Because Emperor Yongle did not want a strictly Confucian point of view for the encyclopedia, non-Confucian scholars were also included, and contributed to the Buddhist, Daoist, and Divination sections of the encyclopedia.[9] The inclusion of these subjects intensified the scrutiny against Emperor Yongle amongst Neo-Confucians who believed the encyclopedia was nothing but "wheat and chaff".[9] However, despite the varied opinions, the encyclopedia is widely regarded as a priceless contribution in preserving a wide range of China's historic works, many of which would be lost otherwise.

Disappearance

The Yongle Dadian was not printed for the general public because the treasury had run out of funds when it was completed in 1408.[citation needed] It was placed in Wenyuan Ge (文淵閣) in Nanjing until 1421, when the Yongle Emperor moved the capital to Beijing and placed the Yongle Dadian in the Forbidden City.[14] In 1557, during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor, the encyclopedia was narrowly saved from a fire that burnt down three palaces in the Forbidden City. A manuscript copy was commissioned by Jiajing Emperor in 1562 and completed in 1567.[10] The original copy was lost afterwards. There are three major hypotheses for its disappearance, but no conclusion was made:

  • Destroyed in late Ming dynasty. Li Zicheng, rebel leader, in 1644 overthrew the Ming dynasty and took over the Ming capital, Beijing. A few months later, he was defeated by the coalition of Wu Sangui and Dorgon. Li burned the Forbidden City when he withdrew from Beijing.[15] The Yongle Dadian may have been destroyed in the fire.
  • Buried with Jiajing Emperor. The time when the Jiajing Emperor was buried was very close to the time of completion of the manuscript copy. Jiajing Emperor died in December 1566, but was buried three months later, in March 1567.[15] One possibility is that they were waiting for the manuscript to be completed.
  • Burned in the Qianqing Palace fire.

The original manuscript of the Yongle Dadian was almost completely lost by the end of the Ming dynasty.[10] 90 percent of the 1567 manuscript survived until the Second Opium War during the Qing dynasty. In 1860, the Anglo-French invasion of Beijing resulted in the majority of the encyclopedia being burnt or looted, with British and French soldiers taking large portions of the manuscript as souvenirs.[3][10]

5,000 volumes remained by 1875, less than half of the original, which dwindled to 800 by 1894. During the Boxer Rebellion and the 1900 Eight-Nation Alliance occupation of Beijing, allied soldiers took hundreds of volumes, and many were destroyed in the Hanlin Academy fire. Only 60 volumes remained in Beijing.[10]

Current status

The most complete collection is kept at the National Library of China in Beijing, which holds 221 volumes.[2] The next largest collection is at the National Palace Museum in Taipei, which holds 62 volumes.[16]

Sections of the Yongle Encyclopedia (sections 10,270 and 10,271) reside at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California.[6][17]

51 volumes are in the United Kingdom held at the British Library, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London, and Cambridge University Library; the Library of Congress of the United States holds 41 volumes;[18] Cornell University Library has 6 volumes; and 5 volumes are held in various libraries in Germany.[19][20]

Two volumes were sold at a Paris auction on July 7, 2020, for more than €8 million (US$9 million).[21]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Kathleen Kuiper (31 Aug 2006). "Yongle dadian (Chinese encyclopaedia)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved 9 May 2012. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
  2. ^ a b c d "Yongle Encyclopedia". World Digital Library. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  3. ^ a b Foot, Sarah; Woolf, Daniel R.; Robinson, Chase F. (2012). The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 2: 400-1400. Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-19-923642-8.
  4. ^ "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257–286.
  5. ^ "An Encyclopedia Finished in 1408 That Contained Nearly One Million Pages". April 6, 2011.
  6. ^ a b "600-year-old Chinese book found in SoCal |Across America |chinadaily.com.cn". www.chinadaily.com.cn.
  7. ^ a b c Christos, Lauren. "The Yongle Dadian: The Origin, Destruction, Dispersal, and Reclamation of a Chinese Cultural Treasure." Journal of Library and Information Science 36, no. 1 (April 2010): 85. http://140.122.104.2/ojs/index.php/jlis/article/view/538.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Jianying, Huo. "Emperor Yongle." China Today, April 2004, 58.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry. Perpetual The Ming Emperor Yongle, University of Washington Press, 2011. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.oca.ucsc.edu/lib/ucsc/detail.action?docID=3444272.
  10. ^ a b c d e Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). Chinese History: A Manual. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 604–5. ISBN 978-0-674-00249-4.
  11. ^ 陈红彦 (2008). (PDF). National Library of China. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2010.
  12. ^ a b Campbell, Ducan. "The Huntington Library’s Volume of the Yongle Encyclopaedia (Yongle Dadian 湛樂댕듕): A Bibliographical and Historical Note." East Asian History, no. 42 (March 2018): 1. http://www.eastasianhistory.org/42/campbell.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Clunas, Craig, and Jessica Harrison-Hall. The BP Exhibition: Ming: 50 Years That Changed China. The British Museum, 2014.
  14. ^ Lauren Christos (2010-01-04). "The Yongle Dadian: The Origin, Destruction, Dispersal and Reclamation of a Chinese Cultural Treasure". 圖書館學與資訊科學. 36 (1). ISSN 2224-1574.
  15. ^ a b Lin, Guang (2017-02-28). "《永乐大典》 正本陪葬了嘉靖帝？". 《北京日报》. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  16. ^ Vast Documents of the Yung-lo Era National Palace Museum
  17. ^ "Huntington archivist finds historic piece of China's largest book". Los Angeles Times. October 16, 2014.
  18. ^ Tucker, Neely (2021-11-19). "China's Colossal Encyclopedia | Library of Congress Blog". blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  19. ^ "Experts Urge Collectors To Share World's Earliest Encyclopedia". Xinhua News Agency. April 2002.
  20. ^ Helliwell, David. "Holdings of Yong Le Da Dian in United Kingdom Libraries" (PDF). Bodleian Library.
  21. ^ Guy, Jack (July 8, 2020). "Ming Dynasty encyclopedia sells for 1,000 times the expected price at auction". CTVNews.

Sources

  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais. (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4.
  • Guo Bogong (郭佰恭). Yongle dadian kao 永樂大典考. Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1937.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yongle Encyclopedia.
  • Digitized chapters of the Encyclopedia:
  • Davis, Donald G.; Cheng, Huanwen (1996). Destruction of Chinese books in the Peking Siege of 1900. 62nd IFLA General Conference. Beijing.
  • China to Digitalize World's Earliest Encyclopedia. People's Daily Online. April 2002 - aspirations, pending approval.
  • . chinaculture.org.
  • Experts Urge Collectors To Share World's Earliest Encyclopedia. china.org.cn. April 2002.

January 13, 2023
yongle, encyclopedia, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, chinese, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation, like, deepl, google, translate, useful, starting, point, translations, transl. This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 800 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at zh 永乐大典 see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated zh 永乐大典 to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Yongle Encyclopedia English j ɒ ŋ l e or Yongle Dadian traditional Chinese 永樂大典 simplified Chinese 永乐大典 pinyin Yǒngle Dadiǎn Wade Giles Yung lo Ta tien lit Great Canon of Yongle is a largely lost Chinese leishu encyclopedia commissioned by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty in 1403 and completed by 1408 It comprised 22 937 manuscript rolls or chapters in 11 095 volumes 1 Fewer than 400 volumes survive today 2 comprising about 800 chapters rolls or 3 5 percent of the original work 3 The Yongle Encyclopedia in 2014 on display at The National Library of China The Yongle Encyclopedia volume 2262 A page from the manuscript of Yongle Encyclopedia Chester Beatty Library Most of it was lost in the 2nd half of the 19th century in the midst of events as Second Opium War the Boxer Rebellion and subsequent social unrests Its sheer scope and size made it the world s largest general encyclopedia until it was surpassed by Wikipedia in late 2007 nearly six centuries later 4 5 6 Contents 1 Background 2 Development 3 Style 4 Reception 5 Disappearance 6 Current status 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Citations 8 2 Sources 9 External linksBackground EditAlthough known for his military achievements the Yongle Emperor was an intellectual who enjoyed reading 7 His love for research led him to develop the idea of categorizing literary works into a reference encyclopedia to preserve rare books and simplify research 8 9 Instrumental to this undertaking was Emperor Yongle s own changes to the function of the Hanlin Academy 8 Prior to his reign the Hanlin Academy was responsible for various clerical tasks such as drafting proclamations and edicts 8 Emperor Yongle decided to elevate the status of the Hanlin Academy and began selecting only the highest ranking recruits for the academy 7 Clerical duties were relegated to Imperial officers whereas the Hanlin Academy now full of elite scholars began to work on literary projects for the Emperor 7 Development EditThe Yongle Dadian was commissioned by the Yongle Emperor r 1402 1424 and completed in 1408 In 1404 a year after the work was commissioned a team of 100 scholars mostly from the Hanlin Academy completed a manuscript called A Complete Work of Literature 8 Emperor Yongle rejected this work and insisted on adding other volumes 8 In 1405 under Emperor Yongle s command the number of scholars rose to 2 169 Scholars were sent all over China to find books and expand the encyclopedia 8 Emperor Yongle assigned his personal advisor Dao Yan a monk and Liu Jichi the deputy minister of punishment as co editors of the encyclopedia supporting Yao Guangxiao 9 The scholars spent four years compiling the leishu encyclopedia under the leadership of general editor Yao Guangxiao 10 2 The encyclopedia was completed in 1408 1 at the Guozijian in Nanjing now Nanjing University It comprised 22 937 manuscript rolls 1 or chapters in 11 095 volumes occupying roughly 40 cubic metres 1 400 cu ft and using 370 million Chinese characters 2 11 the equivalent of about a quarter of a billion English words around six times as many as the Encyclopaedia Britannica 9 It was designed to include all that had been written on the Confucian canon as well as all history philosophy arts and sciences It was a massive collation of excerpts and works from the entirety of Chinese literature and knowledge Emperor Yongle was so pleased with the finished encyclopedia that he named it after his reign and personally wrote a lengthy preface highlighting the importance of preserving the works 9 Style EditThe encyclopedia s physical appearance differed from any other Chinese encyclopedias of the time 12 It was larger in size used special paper and was bound in a wrapped back 包背裝 bao bei zhuang style 13 The use of red ink for titles and authors an ink exclusively reserved for the emperor helped to confirm that the volumes were of royal production 12 Each volume was protected by a hard cover which was wrapped in yellow silk 13 The encyclopedia was not arranged by subject like other encyclopedias but rather by 洪武正韻 Hongwu zhengyun a system in which characters are ordered phonetically rhythmically 13 The use of this system helped the reader find specific entries with ease 13 Although book printing already existed in the Ming Dynasty the Yongle Encyclopedia was exclusively handwritten 13 Each handwritten entry was a collection of existing literature some of which derived from rare and delicate texts 13 The importance of the Yongle Encyclopedia was the preservation of such texts and the vast number of subjects it covered 13 Reception EditAt the end of the Ming dynasty scholars began to question Emperor Yongle s motives for not commissioning more copies of the encyclopedia instead of keeping them in storage 9 Some scholars like Sun Chengze a Qin scholar theorized that Emperor Yongle used the literary project for political reasons 9 At the time Neo Confucians were refusing to take civil service exams or participate in any imperial duties due to Emperor Yongle s violent usurpation of the throne 9 Emperor Yongle s literary undertaking did attract the attention of these scholars who eventually joined the project 9 Because Emperor Yongle did not want a strictly Confucian point of view for the encyclopedia non Confucian scholars were also included and contributed to the Buddhist Daoist and Divination sections of the encyclopedia 9 The inclusion of these subjects intensified the scrutiny against Emperor Yongle amongst Neo Confucians who believed the encyclopedia was nothing but wheat and chaff 9 However despite the varied opinions the encyclopedia is widely regarded as a priceless contribution in preserving a wide range of China s historic works many of which would be lost otherwise Disappearance EditThe Yongle Dadian was not printed for the general public because the treasury had run out of funds when it was completed in 1408 citation needed It was placed in Wenyuan Ge 文淵閣 in Nanjing until 1421 when the Yongle Emperor moved the capital to Beijing and placed the Yongle Dadian in the Forbidden City 14 In 1557 during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor the encyclopedia was narrowly saved from a fire that burnt down three palaces in the Forbidden City A manuscript copy was commissioned by Jiajing Emperor in 1562 and completed in 1567 10 The original copy was lost afterwards There are three major hypotheses for its disappearance but no conclusion was made Destroyed in late Ming dynasty Li Zicheng rebel leader in 1644 overthrew the Ming dynasty and took over the Ming capital Beijing A few months later he was defeated by the coalition of Wu Sangui and Dorgon Li burned the Forbidden City when he withdrew from Beijing 15 The Yongle Dadian may have been destroyed in the fire Buried with Jiajing Emperor The time when the Jiajing Emperor was buried was very close to the time of completion of the manuscript copy Jiajing Emperor died in December 1566 but was buried three months later in March 1567 15 One possibility is that they were waiting for the manuscript to be completed Burned in the Qianqing Palace fire The original manuscript of the Yongle Dadian was almost completely lost by the end of the Ming dynasty 10 90 percent of the 1567 manuscript survived until the Second Opium War during the Qing dynasty In 1860 the Anglo French invasion of Beijing resulted in the majority of the encyclopedia being burnt or looted with British and French soldiers taking large portions of the manuscript as souvenirs 3 10 5 000 volumes remained by 1875 less than half of the original which dwindled to 800 by 1894 During the Boxer Rebellion and the 1900 Eight Nation Alliance occupation of Beijing allied soldiers took hundreds of volumes and many were destroyed in the Hanlin Academy fire Only 60 volumes remained in Beijing 10 Current status EditThe most complete collection is kept at the National Library of China in Beijing which holds 221 volumes 2 The next largest collection is at the National Palace Museum in Taipei which holds 62 volumes 16 Sections of the Yongle Encyclopedia sections 10 270 and 10 271 reside at the Huntington Library in San Marino California 6 17 51 volumes are in the United Kingdom held at the British Library the Bodleian Library in Oxford the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London and Cambridge University Library the Library of Congress of the United States holds 41 volumes 18 Cornell University Library has 6 volumes and 5 volumes are held in various libraries in Germany 19 20 Two volumes were sold at a Paris auction on July 7 2020 for more than 8 million US 9 million 21 See also EditChinese encyclopedia Four Great Books of Song Gujin Tushu Jicheng List of most expensive books and manuscripts Siku QuanshuReferences EditCitations Edit a b c Kathleen Kuiper 31 Aug 2006 Yongle dadian Chinese encyclopaedia Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Chicago Illinois Retrieved 9 May 2012 Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc a b c d Yongle Encyclopedia World Digital Library Retrieved 24 January 2013 a b Foot Sarah Woolf Daniel R Robinson Chase F 2012 The Oxford History of Historical Writing Volume 2 400 1400 Oxford University Press p 42 ISBN 978 0 19 923642 8 Encyclopedias and Dictionaries Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 18 15th ed 2007 pp 257 286 An Encyclopedia Finished in 1408 That Contained Nearly One Million Pages April 6 2011 a b 600 year old Chinese book found in SoCal Across America chinadaily com cn www chinadaily com cn a b c Christos Lauren The Yongle Dadian The Origin Destruction Dispersal and Reclamation of a Chinese Cultural Treasure Journal of Library and Information Science 36 no 1 April 2010 85 http 140 122 104 2 ojs index php jlis article view 538 a b c d e f Jianying Huo Emperor Yongle China Today April 2004 58 a b c d e f g h i j Tsai Shih Shan Henry Perpetual The Ming Emperor Yongle University of Washington Press 2011 ProQuest Ebook Central https ebookcentral proquest com oca ucsc edu lib ucsc detail action docID 3444272 a b c d e Wilkinson Endymion 2000 Chinese History A Manual Harvard University Asia Center pp 604 5 ISBN 978 0 674 00249 4 陈红彦 2008 国家图书馆 永乐大典 收藏史话 PDF National Library of China Archived from the original PDF on December 26 2010 a b Campbell Ducan The Huntington Library s Volume of the Yongle Encyclopaedia Yongle Dadian 湛樂댕듕 A Bibliographical and Historical Note East Asian History no 42 March 2018 1 http www eastasianhistory org 42 campbell a b c d e f g Clunas Craig and Jessica Harrison Hall The BP Exhibition Ming 50 Years That Changed China The British Museum 2014 Lauren Christos 2010 01 04 The Yongle Dadian The Origin Destruction Dispersal and Reclamation of a Chinese Cultural Treasure 圖書館學與資訊科學 36 1 ISSN 2224 1574 a b Lin Guang 2017 02 28 永乐大典 正本陪葬了嘉靖帝 北京日报 Retrieved 2018 07 30 Vast Documents of the Yung lo Era National Palace Museum Huntington archivist finds historic piece of China s largest book Los Angeles Times October 16 2014 Tucker Neely 2021 11 19 China s Colossal Encyclopedia Library of Congress Blog blogs loc gov Retrieved 2021 11 20 Experts Urge Collectors To Share World s Earliest Encyclopedia Xinhua News Agency April 2002 Helliwell David Holdings of Yong Le Da Dian in United Kingdom Libraries PDF Bodleian Library Guy Jack July 8 2020 Ming Dynasty encyclopedia sells for 1 000 times the expected price at auction CTVNews Sources Edit Ebrey Patricia Buckley Anne Walthall James B Palais 2006 East Asia A Cultural Social and Political History Boston Houghton Mifflin Company ISBN 0 618 13384 4 Guo Bogong 郭佰恭 Yongle dadian kao 永樂大典考 Shanghai Commercial Press 1937 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yongle Encyclopedia Digitized chapters of the Encyclopedia 221 chapters held by the National Library of China in Beijing online via the World Digital Library 49 chapters held by the British Library in London 9 chapters held by the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Davis Donald G Cheng Huanwen 1996 Destruction of Chinese books in the Peking Siege of 1900 62nd IFLA General Conference Beijing China to Digitalize World s Earliest Encyclopedia People s Daily Online April 2002 aspirations pending approval Biggest and Earliest Encyclopedia chinaculture org Experts Urge Collectors To Share World s Earliest Encyclopedia china org cn April 2002 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yongle Encyclopedia amp oldid 1124005101, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.