fbpx
Wikipedia

Gary Gensler

January 01, 1970

Gary Gensler (born October 18, 1957) is an American government official and former Goldman Sachs investment banker serving as the chair of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).[1] Gensler previously led the Biden–Harris transition's Federal Reserve, Banking, and Securities Regulators agency review team.[2] Prior to his appointment, he was professor of Practice of Global Economics and Management at the MIT Sloan School of Management.[3]

Gary Gensler
Official portrait, 2022
33rd Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission
Assumed office
April 17, 2021
PresidentJoe Biden
Preceded byAllison Lee (Acting)
11th Chair of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission
In office
May 26, 2009 – January 3, 2014
PresidentBarack Obama
Preceded byReuben Jeffery III
Succeeded byTimothy Massad
Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance
In office
April 1999 – January 20, 2001
PresidentBill Clinton
Preceded byJohn Hawke
Succeeded byPeter Fisher
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets
In office
September 1997 – April 1999
PresidentBill Clinton
Preceded byDarcy Bradbury
Succeeded byLee Sachs
Personal details
Born (1957-10-18) October 18, 1957 (age 66)
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1986; died 2006)​
Children3
EducationUniversity of Pennsylvania (BS, MBA)

Gensler served as the 11th chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, under President Barack Obama, from May 26, 2009, to January 3, 2014. He was the Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance (1999–2001), and the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets (1997–1999). Prior to his career in the federal government, Gensler worked at Goldman Sachs, where he was a partner and co-head of finance. Gensler also served as the CFO for the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign.[4] President Joe Biden nominated Gensler to serve as 33rd chair of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.[5] He succeeded SEC Acting Chair Allison Lee.

Early life and education edit

Gensler was born into a Jewish family[6] in Baltimore, Maryland, one of five children of Jane (née Tilles) and Sam Gensler.[7] Sam Gensler was a cigarette and pinball machine vendor to local bars,[8] and he provided Gensler with his first exposure to the real-world side of finance when Sam would take Gensler to the bars of Baltimore to count nickels from the vending machines.[6]

Gensler graduated from Pikesville High School in 1975,[9] where he was later given a Distinguished Alumnus award.[10] Gensler graduated with a degree in economics, summa cum laude, after three years at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania,[11] followed by a master's in business administration the following year.[9] Gensler's identical twin brother also studied at the University of Pennsylvania.[12] As an undergraduate, Gensler joined the University of Pennsylvania crew team as a coxswain, dropping his weight to 112 pounds to keep the boat at its proper weight.[9]

Business career edit

In 1979, Gensler joined Goldman Sachs, where he spent 18 years.[13] At 30, Gensler became one of the youngest persons to have made partner at the firm at the time.[14] He spent the 1980s working as a top mergers and acquisitions banker, having assumed responsibility for Goldman's efforts in advising media companies.[15] He subsequently made the transition to trading and finance[16] in Tokyo,[8] where he directed the firm's fixed income and currency trading.[15]

While at Goldman Sachs, Gensler led a team that advised the National Football League in capturing the then-most lucrative deal in television history, when the NFL secured a $3.6 billion deal selling television sports rights.[17]

Gensler's last role at Goldman Sachs was co-head of finance, responsible for controllers and treasury worldwide.[18] Gensler left Goldman after 18 years[19] when he was nominated by President Bill Clinton and confirmed by the U.S. Senate to be the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.[11]

Gensler served on the board of for-profit university Strayer Education, Inc. from 2001 to 2009.[20]

Public service edit

Gensler has served in various governmental roles since the 1990s.

Treasury Department edit

Gensler served in the United States Department of the Treasury as Assistant Secretary for Financial Markets from 1997 to 1999, then as Undersecretary for Domestic Finance from 1999 to 2001. As Assistant Secretary, Gensler served as a senior advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury in developing and implementing the federal government's policies for debt management and the sale of U.S. government securities.[15] In 1999 and 2000, under then-Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers, Gensler fought for passage of the Commodity Futures Modernization Act, which exempted over-the-counter derivatives from regulation.[21]

As Undersecretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance, Gensler advised and assisted Treasury Secretaries Robert Rubin and Lawrence Summers on aspects of domestic finance, including formulating policy and legislation in the areas of financial institutions, public debt management, capital markets, government financial management services, federal lending, fiscal affairs, government sponsored enterprises, and community development.[15]

While serving at the Treasury Department, Gensler was awarded the agency's highest honor, the Alexander Hamilton Award, for his service.[11]

Sarbanes-Oxley edit

In 2001, Gensler joined the staff of U.S. Senator Paul Sarbanes, chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, as a senior advisor and helped write the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which tightened accounting standards in the wake of the Enron and WorldCom scandals.[14]

CFTC edit

Then-President-elect Barack Obama announced his intent to nominate Gensler to serve as the 11th chairman of the CFTC on December 18, 2008.[18] His nomination was officially sent to the U.S. Senate on January 20, 2009.[22] After some initial opposition to Gensler's nomination amongst the progressive members of the Democratic caucus, Gensler was approved by the U.S. Senate in an 88–6 confirmation vote.[14][23] Gensler was sworn in on May 26, 2009, pledging to work to "urgently close the gaps in our laws to bring much-needed transparency and regulation to the over-the-counter derivatives market to lower risks, strengthen market integrity and protect investors".[24]

Gensler was described as "one of the leading reformers after the financial crisis".[8]

Swaps edit

During Gensler's tenure at the CFTC, he worked closely with the Obama Administration, United States Congress and other regulators to transform the $400 trillion financial derivatives markets that were at the center of the 2008 financial crisis.[25] Upon becoming chairman, Gensler began leading the Obama Administration's effort "to start policing the Wild West of finance: the murky market for over-the-counter derivatives".[14] When the Treasury Department released draft legislation to bring regulatory oversight to the swaps market, Gensler sent a letter to Congress arguing that the proposal did not go far enough.[26]

By the spring of 2010, the momentum in Congress was toward Gensler's vision for derivatives oversight,[13] and Congress passed comprehensive reform as part of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in July 2010.

After the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act, Gensler led the CFTC's effort to write the rules required to regulate the swaps markets.[27] He oversaw the agency as it wrote 68 new rules, orders and guidances[28] and as its reach extended from a $35 trillion futures market to a $400 trillion swaps market.[8] Under Gensler, the bipartisan commission reached unanimous votes to approve more than 70 percent of the agency's rulemakings.[8] By the time Gensler left the CFTC in January 2014, the agency was near completion of the rule-writing process to implement the Dodd-Frank Act.[29]

Enforcement and Libor investigation edit

Gensler led a revitalization of the enforcement division of the agency, most notably in its prosecution of an enforcement case regarding manipulation of Libor, the London interbank offered rate.[30]

Early in his tenure, Gensler listened to tape recordings of two Barclays employees as they discussed plans to report false interest rates in an effort to manipulate Libor.[30] Libor is the average interest rate estimated by leading banks in London that the average leading bank would be charged if borrowing from other banks.[31] It is used as a reference rate for many financial products, including adjustable rate mortgages, student loans, and car payments.[6]

"A driving force behind the latest crackdown tied to LIBOR",[6] Gensler worked with enforcement division director David Meister and his team to lead the investigative effort and brought charges against five financial institutions for the manipulation of Libor and other benchmark interest rates, resulting in more than $1.7 billion in penalties.[11] Barclays alone paid $450 million in fines as a result of the Libor investigation.[6] Gensler has called Libor "unsustainable" and argued that it should be replaced as a benchmark rate.[32]

Frankel Fiduciary Prize edit

For his work to reform the financial regulatory system, The Institute for the Fiduciary Standard awarded Gensler with the 2014 Tamar Frankel Fiduciary Prize.[33]

Maryland Financial Consumer Protection Commission edit

In 2017, Gensler was selected by the Maryland Senate President and House Speaker to serve as Chairman of the Maryland Financial Consumer Protection Commission, which assessed the impact of potential changes to federal financial industry laws, regulations, budgets, and policies on the state.[34] Under Gensler's leadership, the Commission recommended changes to State law to enhance consumer financial protections, including enhancing standards of care, clarifying State law to set standards for student loan servicers, and protecting Maryland buyers of manufactured homes. In 2018, student loan legislation recommended by the Commission established a student loan ombudsman,[35] added the federal Military Lending Act and the federal Servicemembers Civil Relief Act to state law, increased civil monetary penalties for violations, and codified some modifications on debt collection laws.[36] In 2019, the state enacted additional Commission-recommended legislation to create a Student Borrower Bill of Rights to protect students from predatory practices.[37]

SEC edit

Main article: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

In November 2020, Gensler was named a volunteer member of the Joe Biden presidential transition Agency Review Team to support transition efforts related to the Federal Reserve, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Credit Union Administration, and the Securities and Exchange Commission.[38] On March 11, 2021, his nomination was reported out of the Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Development Committee by a vote of 14–10.[39] On April 14, 2021, his nomination was confirmed in the Senate by a vote of 53–45 to fill former chair Jay Clayton's term expiring in June 2021.[40] On April 19, 2021, the Senate confirmed Gensler to a 5-year term through 2026 by a vote of 54–45.[41]

Cryptocurrency edit

Main articles: Economic policy of the Joe Biden administration § Cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, and Cryptocurrency bubble
See also: Commodity market, Exchange-traded fund, Front running, Market maker, Market manipulation, Pure play, Security (finance), and Spot contract

On September 14, 2021, Gensler testified before the U.S. Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee that the SEC was in need of large staffing increases to address regulatory concerns related to cryptocurrencies and other digital assets,[42][43] and Gensler likened the cryptocurrency market to a "Wild West".[44][45] On September 21, Gensler remarked to The Washington Post that most cryptocurrency projects dealing with securities should fall under the regulatory purview of the SEC, though the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), of which he was a former chair, was better suited for some others.[46] On October 5, Gensler testified before the U.S. House Financial Services Committee that the SEC had no plans to ban cryptocurrencies.[47][48] On October 15, the SEC approved the first bitcoin futures exchange-traded fund (ETF) in the United States after Gensler announced support for doing so the previous August.[49][50][51] Gensler is opposed to approving pure play bitcoin ETFs due to bitcoin remaining subject to fraud and market manipulation.[52]

After a period of high anticipation and speculation from financial news outlets and markets about the SEC approval of a spot bitcoin ETF, at 4:11pm ET on January 9, 2024, a post was published to the SEC’s X account announcing the approval of spot bitcoin ETFs. By 4:26 pm, SEC chair Gary Gensler had issued a retraction and said the agency’s account had been “compromised,” and that an “unauthorized tweet was posted.” In the minutes after the fake post was published, the price of bitcoin jumped around 2.5% and led to an overall $40 billion swing in the combined value of bitcoin in circulation.

The Economist identified the risks presented by decentralized finance and crypto-assets valued at $2.5 trillion as a challenge for Gensler in 2022, and noted his experience in teaching blockchain technology.[53] On April 4, 2022, Gensler announced that the SEC would begin to register and regulate cryptocurrency exchanges at a University of Pennsylvania Law School students association conference.[54] On May 11, Gensler stated in an interview with Bloomberg News that cryptocurrency exchanges were market making against the interests of their customers after warning the U.S. House Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government that cryptocurrency exchanges were engaged in front running the previous May.[55][56][57] Following testimony before the U.S. House Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government on May 18, Gensler warned in a post-hearing press conference that many cryptocurrencies were going to fail and expressed concern that it could undermine confidence in the traditional financial markets.[58]

On June 7, U.S. Senators Kirsten Gillibrand (D–NY) and Cynthia Lummis (R–WY) introduced a bill in the 117th U.S. Congress to create a regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies that would treat most digital assets as commodities subject to oversight from the CFTC and would not have cryptocurrencies subject to oversight from the SEC unless a cryptocurrency's holders were entitled to the same privileges as corporate investors.[59] At a conference hosted by The Wall Street Journal on June 14, Gensler expressed concern that the Lummis-Gillibrand bill could inadvertently undermine stock market and mutual fund protections, noted that cryptocurrency companies were already engaging in behaviors overseen by the SEC, and argued that some digital assets are securities necessitating oversight from the SEC rather than commodities (even if the overwhelming majority of tokens offered by cryptocurrency exchanges are commodities).[60] On January 12, 2023, the SEC filed a complaint in Southern New York U.S. District Court that both Genesis and Gemini of offering and selling unregistered securities.[61]

Financial regulation edit

Main articles: Computer security; Data security; Environmental, social, and corporate governance; GameStop short squeeze; Gamification; Internet manipulation; Market manipulation; Meme stock; and Payment for order flow

On May 6, 2021, Gensler testified before the U.S. House Financial Services Committee about the GameStop short squeeze, Robinhood Markets, Archegos Capital Management, market concentration among market makers for payment for order flow, conflict of interest in best execution for trades with PFOF, trading gamification in mobile trading apps and high-frequency trading, the SEC consolidated audit trail, data security, usage of social media and the internet in market manipulation, and ESG disclosure rules (including those proposed by the Task Force on Climate Related Financial Disclosures led by former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg).[list 1] On May 25, U.S. Senators Elizabeth Warren (D–MA) and Bernie Sanders (I–VT) sent a letter to Gensler urging the SEC to remove and replace the sitting members of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), arguing that Trump Administration appointees had politicized the agency and compromised its independence.[66]

On June 4, the SEC voted to remove William Duhnke as PCAOB Chair and began an investigation on June 17 of his handling of internal complaints while serving as PCAOB Chair.[67][68][69] On June 9, Gensler announced that the SEC would review market structure following the GameStop short squeeze and the AMC Entertainment Holding, Inc. meme stock short squeeze,[70] and Gensler signaled in an interview with Barron's the following August that a complete ban on payment for order flow was being considered by the review.[71] Speaking at The Wall Street Journal CFO Network event on June 7, Gensler emphasized the need for new restrictions and rules to reduce the risk of improper insider trading.[72] On June 30, Robinhood Markets agreed to pay $70 million to settle a lawsuit filed by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) that alleged that the company had misled its customers, approved ineligible and inexperienced traders for options strategies, and did not supervise its technology properly to prevent outages.[73]

On July 29, Robinhood Markets launched an IPO for its stock on the Nasdaq.[74][75] On August 6, the SEC approved new rules implemented by Nasdaq, Inc. requiring that companies listed on its exchanges to include at least one female member on their boards of directors and at least one racial minority or LGBTQ board member and to require disclosure of statistics measuring the diversity of their board membership.[76] On August 27, the SEC launched a review of strategies and practices used by online brokers and investment advisors that promote user engagement with trading gamification.[77] On December 2, the SEC finalized a rule to implement the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act.[78] In response to record stock sales by CEOs and other corporate executives that year,[79] Gensler proposed an agency rule for a mandatory 120-day window for corporate executives who are changing existing or adopting new portfolio managements plans on December 15.[80]

On January 27, 2022, Southern Florida U.S. District Court Judge Cecilia Altonaga dismissed a lawsuit filed by investors against Robinhood Markets for acting negligently during the GameStop short squeeze.[81] On February 11, the SEC met to discuss more than 50 proposed rules changes (focused primarily on hedge funds and private equity) including a requirement that the disclosure documents of stock corporations must include a written statement of company cybersecurity risk management policies and disclosure of any cyberattacks.[52] On May 18, Gensler testified before the U.S. House Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government requesting an even greater increase to its appropriation in the 2023 U.S. federal budget than the 8 percent increase proposed by President Biden.[82][83]

On June 8, Gensler announced rules changes to require that market makers disclose more data about payments for order flow (PFOF) and the timing for the best execution of trades, as well as to require direct competition among stockbrokers executing trades for retail investors at a conference hosted by Piper Sandler Companies.[84][85] On May 12, FTX CEO Sam Bankman-Fried disclosed a Schedule 13D filing with the SEC to buy a 7.6 percent ownership stake in Robinhood Markets.[86][87] On June 27, FTX CEO Sam Bankman-Fried stated that no mergers and acquisitions discussions were being held with Robinhood Markets about an acquisition (despite reports of internal discussion to do so and reports of the company approaching at least three stock trading start-ups about acquisitions).[list 2] On July 20, the Social Science Research Network released a preprint written by economists Maureen O'Hara, Robert P. Bartlett, and Justin McCrary that suggested that Robinhood Markets traders caused a surge in trading volume of Berkshire Hathaway Class A shares in February and March 2021.[93][94][95]

Greenwashing, ESG, and carbon neutrality edit

Main articles: Environmental policy of the Joe Biden administration; Greenwashing; Carbon neutrality; Carbon accounting; and Environmental, social, and corporate governance
See also: Afforestation, Biosequestration, Blockchain § Energy consumption concerns, Carbon capture and storage, Carbon capture and utilization, Carbon dioxide removal, Carbon footprint, Carbon offset, Carbon sink, Direct air capture, Carbon sequestration, Economics of plastics processing, Enhanced oil recovery, Environmental impact of cryptocurrencies, Google Ads § Use by fossil fuel companies for greenwashing, Global warming potential, Greenhouse gas emissions, Marine plastic pollution, Methane emissions, Non-fungible token § Environmental concerns, Plastic pollution, Plastic recycling, Reforestation, Restoration ecology, Routine flaring, Screen time § Environmental effects, Sustainable land management, and Waste management
Further information: False advertising § United States, False statements of fact, Making false statements, Materiality (law), Misrepresentation, Omission (law), Prospectus (finance), Public company, and Securities fraud

On January 28, 2021, Microsoft disclosed an investment in Climeworks, a direct air capture company,[96][97][98] one year after the company announced a strategy to take the company carbon negative by 2030 and to remove all the carbon from the environment the company has emitted since 1975 by 2050.[99][100][101] In 2021 and 2022, an index constructed by researchers at the University of Cambridge showed that bitcoin mining consumed more electricity during the course of the year than the entire nations of Argentina (a G20 country) and the Netherlands.[102][103][104] On February 8, 2021, Tesla, Inc. disclosed to the SEC that it purchased $1.5 billion worth of bitcoin.[105] On April 15, Apple Inc. announced the creation of $200 million forestry fund as part of the company's strategy to become carbon neutral by 2030.[106]

On February 7, 2022, the NewClimate Institute, a German environmental policy think tank, published a survey evaluating the transparency and progress of the climate strategies and pledges announced by 25 major companies in the United States that found that the climate pledges of Alphabet, Amazon, and Apple were unsubstantiated and misleading.[107][108] On June 23, 2020, Amazon.com, Inc. announced a $2 billion venture fund to invest in startup companies developing strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as part of a strategy to be climate neutral company by 2040,[109] after announcing a $10 million investment to two projects in the Appalachian Mountains the previous April to manage their lands to maximize greater carbon removal, the first investment from a $100 million initiative to support reforestation and habitat restoration.[110] On June 30, 2021, Amazon released its annual company annual sustainability report that showed that company net carbon emissions grew by 19 percent from 2019 to 2020.[111]

On February 11, 2022, Western Louisiana U.S. District Court Judge James D. Cain Jr. issued a preliminary injunction in Louisiana v. Biden (2022) in favor of the plaintiffs to block federal agency requirements to assess the societal costs of greenhouse gas emissions in regulatory actions under Executive Order 13990.[112] On March 16, the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals stayed the decision following an appeal by the U.S. Justice Department,[113] and on May 26, the U.S. Supreme Court issued an order without comment or opposition dismissing an appeal filed by the plaintiffs to reverse the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals decision.[114][115][116] On February 15, ConocoPhillips announced a pilot program to sell its flare gas to a company operating a bitcoin mine in the Bakken Formation region of North Dakota as part of an industry initiative to reduce routine flaring to zero by 2030.[117] On March 21, the SEC approved rules requiring the disclosure of stock corporation climate risks and net contribution to greenhouse gas emissions in 10-K forms.[118][119] On the same day, The Wall Street Journal criticized Gensler for proposing legislation requiring public companies to disclose climate risks. "The proposal ... is contrary to SEC history, securities law, and sound regulatory practice", the paper wrote. It accused the SEC chairman of trying "to regulate private companies by the back door" and following the bidding of BlackRock and other investors.[120]

On March 26, CNBC reported that ExxonMobil started a pilot program in January 2021 with Crusoe Energy Systems to also divert its flare gas into generators producing electricity to power shipping containers full of bitcoin miners in the North Dakota Bakken region (which it expanded the following July) as part of the same industry initiative with ConocoPhillips, and that Crusoe has stated reduces carbon dioxide equivalent emissions by 63 percent as compared with continued flaring.[121] On April 12, Alphabet Inc., Meta Platforms, Shopify, McKinsey & Company, and Stripe, Inc. announced a $925 million advance market commitment of permanent carbon removal from companies that are developing the technology over the next 9 years.[122][123] On May 19, after Tesla was removed from the S&P 500 ESG Index by S&P Dow Jones Indices, Tesla CEO Elon Musk posted a tweet to his Twitter account criticizing the decision and, in noting that ExxonMobil was rated within the top 10 constituent companies in the index by weight, accused ESG of being a scam.[124][125]

On May 25, the SEC proposed two rules changes to ESG investment fund qualifications to prevent greenwashing marketing practices and to increase disclosure requirements for achieving ESG impacts.[126] On June 10, the SEC was reportedly investigating the ESG investment funds of Goldman Sachs for potential greenwashing.[127] After noting that his company had launched a division to commercialize carbon capture in testimony before the U.S. House Oversight and Reform Committee on October 28, 2021,[128][129] ExxonMobil CEO Darren Woods discussed in an interview with CNBC journalist David Faber on June 24 that part of ExxonMobil's long-term strategy to remain a profitable company while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and plastic pollution was to invest in carbon capture and storage technology with a network hub in Houston and to remain a plastics producer while making improvements to waste management.[130][131][132] On June 30, the Supreme Court ruled in West Virginia v. EPA (2022) that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency did not have the authority under the Clean Air Act to devise a broad cap-and-trade system for carbon emissions by power plants that the agency attempted to promulgate under the Clean Power Plan and instead that the authority to do so rests with the U.S. Congress.[133][134][135]

Social media edit

Main articles: 2021 Facebook leak, Feed (Facebook), Frances Haugen, GameStop short squeeze, Influencer marketing, Internet manipulation, r/wallstreetbets, Section 230, Social media marketing, Trump Media & Technology Group, United States free speech exceptions, and Whistleblower protection in the United States
See also: Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, Climate change denial, Controversial Reddit communities, COVID-19 misinformation, COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy, Criticism of Facebook, Criticism of Google, Earnings call, Facebook content management controversies, Human trafficking, Infodemic, Information pollution, January 6 United States Capitol attack, Meme stock, Online hate speech, Promotion of anorexia, Recommender system, Social media and suicide, Sock puppet account, State-sponsored Internet propaganda, User review § Fake reviews, and Web feed
Further information: False advertising, False statements of fact, Making false statements, Market manipulation, Materiality (law), Misrepresentation, Omission (law), Prospectus (finance), Proxy statement, and Securities fraud

On March 2, 2021, Rocket Mortgage saw a more than 70 percent spike in its stock price during the GameStop short squeeze due to a surge in trading following discussion of the company on r/wallstreetbets,[136][137] but the Rocket Mortgage stock price reverted back to its pre-surge level the next day.[138][139] On September 14, Gensler announced the imminent release of an agency report on the short squeeze in testimony before the U.S. Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee.[140][141][45] On October 18, the SEC released the report.[142][143][144] Also in October 2021, eight whistleblower complaints alleging securities fraud by Facebook, Inc. were filed anonymously with the SEC by Whistleblower Aid on behalf of former company employee Frances Haugen after Haugen leaked thousands of company documents to The Wall Street Journal the previous month.[145][146][147] After publicly revealing her identity on 60 Minutes,[148][149] Haugen testified before the U.S. Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Data Security about the content of the leaked documents and the complaints.[150][151] After the company renamed itself as Meta Platforms,[152] Whistleblower Aid filed two additional securities fraud complaints with the SEC against the company on behalf of Haugen in February 2022.[153]

On November 18, 2021, U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren (D–MA) sent a letter to Gensler requesting that the SEC investigate possible securities law violations in the conduct of a merger between the Digital World Acquisition Corp. (DWAC), a special-purpose acquisition company, and the Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG) announced on October 20.[list 3] On December 6, an ongoing SEC investigation into the DWAC–TMTG merger was disclosed by DWAC in a filing with the agency.[158] On February 18, 2022, the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in a lawsuit against Bitconnect that the Securities Act of 1933 extends to targeted solicitation using social media.[159] In a securities filing dated June 8 and disclosed to the Florida State Department Corporations Division, DWAC stated that Donald Trump and Donald Trump Jr. had been removed from the company board of directors.[160][161] On June 14, DWAC disclosed that the SEC issued a subpoena for additional company documents and information about the merger.[162] On June 27, DWAC disclosed that the SEC issued an additional subpoena as well as an investigation by the U.S. Justice Department.[163][164] On July 19, Amazon.com Inc. filed a lawsuit against more than 10,000 Facebook Group administrators for distributing fake user reviews of Amazon products in violation of Facebook company policies.[165][166]

Tesla and Twitter edit

Main articles: Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk; Insider trading; Internet manipulation; List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.; Market manipulation; United States free speech exceptions; and Whistleblower protection in the United States
See also: False statements of fact, Prospectus (finance), Proxy statement, Securities fraud, Sock puppet account, Spambot, Twitter bot, and Twitter suspensions

On November 6, 2021, Tesla, Inc. CEO Elon Musk posted a tweet on his Twitter account that conducted a poll of his followers over whether he should sell 10% of his Tesla stock.[167] On December 3, Musk had sold approximately $10 billion worth of his Tesla shares.[168][169] On December 6, the SEC opened an investigation of Tesla in response to a whistleblower complaint alleging the company did not properly disclose to its shareholders fire risks associated with its solar panels.[170] On February 7, 2022, Tesla disclosed in a filing to the SEC that the agency had issued a subpoena to the company for information about company governance policies to comply with an October 2018 settlement with the agency in a securities fraud lawsuit over a tweet Musk posted on his Twitter account about taking Tesla private in August 2018 that the agency subsequently requested that Musk be held in contempt of court for violating in February 2019 (that resulted in an amended settlement the following April),[list 4] and that the agency sent letters to the company in 2019 and in 2020 warning the company that tweets Musk posted in July 2019 and in May 2020 were in violation of.[list 5]

On February 17, Musk's attorneys filed a letter with the presiding judge in the 2018 settlement alleging that the SEC was attempting to chill his First Amendment right to freedom of speech and that the SEC had failed to pay Tesla shareholders the $40 million in fines the agency had assessed from him and the company under the terms of the settlement,[184][185] which the SEC disputed in a letter filed with the court in response on February 18.[186][187] On February 21, Musk's attorneys filed a second letter with the court alleging the SEC had illegally leaked information from an investigation into him.[188][189] On February 24, Southern New York U.S. District Court Judge Alison Nathan issued an order rejecting requests made by Musk in his February 21 letter,[190] while the SEC was in the process of conducting an insider trading investigation of Musk and his brother Kimbal Musk for a $108 million sale of Tesla stock before Elon's November 2021 tweet.[191][192]

On March 8, Musk filed a motion with the court to have the 2018 settlement with the SEC terminated.[193][194] On March 22, the SEC filed a response to Musk's March 8 filing requesting that Judge Nathan deny Musk's motion, that its subpoenas were lawful, and disclosed that the agency was investigating Musk for his November 2021 tweet.[195] On March 29, Musk filed another letter with the court reiterating his First Amendment concerns.[196][197] On April 4, Musk submitted a 13G filing with the SEC to purchase a 9.2% passive ownership stake in Twitter, Inc.,[198][199] but then submitted a Schedule 13D beneficial ownership filing reserving the right to purchase a larger stake in the company with the agency the next day (and because the disclosure was filed later than an SEC deadline, it may have made Musk an additional $156 million).[200][201][202] On April 13, a group of Twitter shareholders filed a lawsuit against Musk for failing to disclose his ownership stake to the SEC within the agency's prescribed deadline.[203] On April 14, Musk filed an offer to buy Twitter, Inc. with the SEC for $43 billion and take the company private (which was revised a week later to $46.5 billion).[204][205]

On April 15, Northern California U.S. District Court Judge Edward M. Chen ruled in a lawsuit filed by Tesla shareholders against Musk and the company that his August 2018 tweet was a knowingly made false statement of fact (the day after Musk stated at the 2022 TED conference that it was not).[206][207] On April 22, Republican Conference members of the U.S. House Judiciary Committee wrote a letter to the Twitter board of directors requesting that company executives preserve all company records related to Musk's acquisition proposal.[208] On April 25, the Twitter board of directors unanimously agreed to Musk's acquisition proposal at $44 billion.[209][210] On April 27, Southern New York U.S. District Court Judge Lewis J. Liman denied Musk's motion to terminate the 2018 settlement.[211][212] On April 30, Musk filed an amicus brief along with Dallas Mavericks team owner Mark Cuban in support of a petition to the U.S. Supreme Court by a former chief financial officer at Xerox to review a 2003 settlement the Xerox CFO made with the SEC that includes a gag order that the plaintiff argues is in violation of his First Amendment right to freedom of speech.[213]

On May 13, Musk posted a tweet that his acquisition of Twitter would be put on hold until statistics about spambots and fake accounts on Twitter were verified,[214][215] while the SEC and the Federal Trade Commission began investigations of Musk for violating filing deadlines for his Twitter passive ownership stake and his subsequent company acquisition proposal respectively.[216] On May 16, Twitter CEO Parag Agrawal posted a tweet detailing company policies for addressing fake and spam accounts in response to Musk (to which Musk posted a tweet in return).[217] On May 17, Musk tweeted that the Twitter acquisition would not move forward until he had greater clarification about the ratio of fake and spam accounts on the site,[218] later tweeting a poll of his followers' opinions of Twitter, Inc. statements about the ratio of fake and spam accounts in filings to the SEC (and where Musk posted a comment in the poll thread calling upon the SEC to investigate whether the company's statements disclosing the ratio in filings to the agency are true).[219][220]

On the same day, Twitter submitted a new filing with the SEC that stated that Musk had met with Twitter executives for three days before he announced his acquisition proposal.[221][222] On May 24, Reuters reported that since the April 2019 amended settlement between Musk and the SEC, agency officials have consciously chosen not to pursue legal action against Musk for violating the terms of the agreement and to write letters urging compliance instead due to remarks made by the presiding judge during the case.[223] On May 25, Twitter shareholders filed a class action lawsuit against Musk and Twitter, Inc. alleging market manipulation and violation of California corporate laws.[224] On June 3, a dozen political advocacy groups (including the Center for Countering Digital Hate, GLAAD, and MediaJustice) announced a campaign to block Musk's Twitter acquisition proposal by pressuring government agencies to review the acquisition, persuading Tesla shareholders to take legal action against the proposal, and asking advertisers to boycott the platform.[225]

On June 6, Musk's attorneys disclosed a letter to the SEC accusing Twitter executives of a material breach of contract due to lack of information provided about fake and spam accounts and claimed to reserve Musk's right to terminate the merger agreement (despite Musk waiving due diligence in his offer to buy the company on April 14).[226][227] On July 1, an investment management group affiliated with the pension funds of Strategic Organizing Center labor unions wrote a letter to the SEC requesting that the agency investigate Tesla for violating the terms of the October 2018 settlement with the agency after the company disclosed in its annual proxy statement (filed with the SEC the previous month) that Oracle Corporation CEO Larry Ellison did not intend to stand for re-election as company chairman and that the company did not intend to replace his seat on the board (thereby reducing its size).[228][229]

On July 8, Musk filed a letter with the SEC sent to Twitter executives notifying them that he intended to terminate his acquisition proposal of the company, to which Twitter Board Chairman Bret Taylor posted a tweet stating that the company would continue to attempt to close the transaction and that it would pursue legal action to enforce the merger.[230][231] On July 12, Twitter Inc. filed a lawsuit against Musk in the Delaware Court of Chancery to enforce the acquisition agreement.[232] On July 14, the SEC disclosed a letter sent to Musk on June 2 for additional information about his 13D filing on April 5.[233][234] On July 15, Musk filed a motion requesting that the court not grant Twitter's request for a speedy trial,[235][236] while Twitter submitted an amended proxy statement with the SEC that urged company shareholders to approve the acquisition agreement.[237]

On July 18, Twitter submitted a filing with the court stating that Musk's request to deny a speedy trial was a tactical delay, that Musk's tactics were harming Twitter's reputation and share price, and urged the court to schedule the earliest possible trial date.[238][239] On July 19, the court ruled in Twitter's favor and scheduled a five-day trial to take place the following October.[240][241] On July 22, Twitter released its earnings report for the second quarter of 2022 that showed a 1 percent decline in year-over-year company revenue and that company earnings were lower than analysts' expectations (which the company partially attributed to uncertainty created by the acquisition agreement).[242][243] On July 25, Tesla disclosed in a filing with the SEC that the company had received a second subpoena from the agency on June 13 with respect to the 2018 settlement.[244][245] On July 26, Twitter disclosed in filing with the SEC that the company had scheduled a shareholder meeting on September 13, 2022, to vote on the acquisition agreement.[246][247]

In a complaint filed by Whistleblower Aid with the SEC, the U.S. Justice Department, and the Federal Trade Commission on July 6, former Twitter security officer Peiter Zatko alleged that specific Twitter executives—including Parag Agrawal and certain board members—have repeatedly made false and misleading statements to its board, shareholders, users, regulators, and the public about privacy, security, and content moderation on the platform since 2011 in violation of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 and SEC disclosure rules including misrepresentations to Musk during the course of the acquisition bid (citing Agrawal's May 16 tweet detailing company policies for addressing fake and spam accounts).[248][249]

Author edit

Outside of Gensler's business and public service career, Gensler has co-authored a book with Greg Baer, a fellow Clinton Administration alum, The Great Mutual Fund Trap. The book uses empirical data to show that the average mutual fund consistently underperforms the market.[250] The book argues that actively-traded mutual funds carry high fees and lower-than-market returns, and investors should instead rely on low-fee index funds rather than constantly attempt to beat the market.

Political involvement edit

Gensler served as treasurer of the Maryland Democratic Party for two years,[9] and held several senior roles on the Maryland campaigns of U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski, former Lieutenant Governor Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, and Governor Martin O'Malley.[251] During the 2008 presidential campaign cycle, Gensler served as a senior advisor to Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign and later advised the Obama campaign.[251] In May 2015, Gensler was named chief financial officer of Clinton's campaign for president.[252]

Academic edit

Gensler is Professor of the Practice of Global Economics and Management, MIT Sloan School of Management, co-director of MIT’s Fintech@CSAIL and senior adviser to the MIT Media Lab Digital Currency Initiative.[253] He focuses on the intersection of finance and technology, conducts research and teaches on blockchain technology,[254] digital currencies, financial technology and public policy. He is a member of the New York Fed Fintech Advisory Group, a group of experts in financial technology that regularly presents views and perspectives on the topic to the president of the New York Fed.[255]

Gensler won the MIT Sloan Outstanding Teacher Award based upon student nominations for the 2018–19 academic year.[253]

Personal life edit

Gensler lives in Baltimore with his three daughters, Anna, Lee and Isabel.[6] Gensler was married to filmmaker and photo collagist Francesca Danieli from 1986 until her death from breast cancer in 2006.[256]

Gensler is a runner and has finished nine marathons[8] and one 50-mile ultramarathon.[251] He also is a mountain climber, having summited Mt. Rainier and Mt. Kilimanjaro.[251]

References edit

  1. ^ "Gary Gensler". SEC.gov. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  2. ^ "Agency Review Teams". President-Elect Joe Biden. from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  3. ^ Dizikes, Peter (January 19, 2021). "MIT Sloan's Gary Gensler to be nominated for chair of Securities and Exchange Commission". MIT. MIT News. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  4. ^ "The Problem With Hillary Clinton Using a Progressive Hero to Attack Bernie Sanders". from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  5. ^ "President-elect Joe Biden to name Gary Gensler as U.S. SEC chair, sources say". CNBC. January 12, 2021. from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Foroohar, Rana (December 24, 2012). "The Money Cop; Gary Gensler got his start on Wall Street. Now he's cleaning it up--and taking on the biggest banking scandal since the financial crisis". Time. from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  7. ^ "Sam Gensler". September 16, 2012. from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Protess, Ben (January 2, 2014). "Regulator of Wall Street Loses Its Hard-Charging Chairman". DealBook. The New York Times. from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  9. ^ a b c d Hirschfeld Davis, Julie (November 3, 2002). "The Democrats' stealth fighter". The Baltimore Sun. from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  10. ^ "Remarks of Chairman Gary Gensler, Pikesville High School Distinguished Alumnus Assembly". cftc.gov/. CFTC. from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  11. ^ a b c d "Chairman Gary Gensler". cftc.gov. CFTC. from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  12. ^ . Bloomberg Businessweek. November 17, 2002. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  13. ^ a b Scherer, Michael (April 22, 2010). "An Ex-Goldman Man Goes After Derivatives". Time. from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  14. ^ a b c d Wiseman, Paul (November 23, 2009). "CFTC chief Gary Gensler is out to police financial Wild West". USA Today. from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  15. ^ a b c d . The White House Office of the Press Secretary. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  16. ^ Fineman, Howard (April 22, 2010). "Goldman Alum Who's Trying to Fix Wall Street". Newsweek. from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  17. ^ Eichenwald, Kurt (March 19, 1990). "Investment Bankers Play Football's Newest Position". The New York Times. from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  18. ^ a b "President-elect Obama announces choices for SEC, CFTC and Federal Reserve Board". Newsweek. April 22, 2010. from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  19. ^ Protess, Ben; Bishop, Mac William (February 10, 2011). "At Center of Derivatives Debate, a Gung-Ho Regulator". DealBook. The New York Times. from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  20. ^ "Gensler, Gary". OpenSecrets. from the original on March 22, 2016.
  21. ^ "Bloomberg Politics - Bloomberg". Bloomberg.com. from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  22. ^ "Jan 20 - Subcabinet Nominations". wh.gov. The White House. January 20, 2009. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  23. ^ . thomas.gov. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  24. ^ "Remarks of CFTC Chairman Gary Gensler Swearing-In Ceremony". cftc.gov. from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  25. ^ Miedema, Douwe (January 3, 2014). "Swaps regulator Gensler: banker turned Wall Street scourge". Reuters. from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
  26. ^ "Gary Gensler, derivatives cop". The Economist. September 3, 2009. from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  27. ^ Nocera, Joe (November 15, 2013). "The Little Agency That Could". The New York Times. from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  28. ^ Chon, Gina (December 30, 2013). "Gary Gensler defends record as he leaves CFTC". Financial Times. from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  29. ^ "Remarks of Chairman Gary Gensler before the ISDA European Conference". cftc.gov/. from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  30. ^ a b Protess, Ben (August 12, 2012). "Libor Case Energizes a Wall Street Watchdog". DealBook. The New York Times. from the original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  31. ^ Bischoff, Victoria; McGagh, Michelle (February 6, 2013). "Q&A: what is Libor and what did the banks do to it?". Citywire Money. from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  32. ^ Masters, Brooke; Stafford, Philip (April 22, 2013). "CFTC's Gensler says Libor 'unsustainable'". Financial Times. from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  33. ^ "Gary Gensler, Former Commodity Futures Trading Commission Chairman, Wins Frankel Fiduciary Prize" (PDF). The Institute for the Fiduciary Standard. August 4, 2014. (PDF) from the original on December 14, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  34. ^ "Financial Consumer Protection Commission, Maryland". msa.maryland.gov. from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  35. ^ Williams, Ian (September 26, 2023). "Marylanders hit hard by student loan debt". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  36. ^ "Financial Consumer Protection Act of 2018" (PDF). Maryland General Assembly. Department of Legislative Services. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  37. ^ Service, Capital News (April 23, 2019). "Bill Would Provide Protections to Student Loan Borrowers". Maryland Matters. from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  38. ^ "Agency Review Teams". President-Elect Joe Biden. from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  39. ^ "Brown Statement at Executive Session to Vote on Nominees and Subcommittees" (Press release). United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs. March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  40. ^ "On the Nomination (Confirmation: Gary Gensler, of Maryland, to be a Member of the Securities and Exchange Commission)" United States Senate, April 14, 2021
  41. ^ "On the Nomination (Confirmation: Gary Gensler, of Maryland, to be a Member of the Securities and Exchange Commission)" United States Senate, April 20, 2021
  42. ^ Franck, Thomas (September 14, 2021). "Senators demand cryptocurrency regulation guidance from SEC Chair Gary Gensler". CNBC. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  43. ^ Franck, Thomas (September 15, 2021). "The SEC is 'short-staffed' and it needs more help to tackle everything from crypto to China, Gensler says". CNBC. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  44. ^ Lane, Sylvan (September 14, 2021). "Gensler compares cryptocurrency market, regulations to 'wild west'". The Hill. Nexstar Media Group. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  45. ^ a b "Securities and Exchange Commission Oversight Hearing". C-SPAN. September 14, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  46. ^ "The Path Forward: Cryptocurrency with Gary Gensler". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
  47. ^ Macheel, Tanaya (October 6, 2021). "Bitcoin jumps to nearly 5-month high, topping $55,000 on Wednesday". CNBC. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  48. ^ "Oversight of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission: Wall Street's Cop Is Finally Back on the Beat". U.S. House Financial Services Committee. October 5, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  49. ^ Franck, Thomas (October 15, 2021). "The SEC is poised to allow the first bitcoin futures ETFs to begin trading, source says". CNBC. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  50. ^ Macheel, Tanaya (October 18, 2021). "First bitcoin futures ETF to make its debut Tuesday on the NYSE, ProShares says". CNBC. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  51. ^ Pisani, Bob (August 3, 2021). "What the SEC chair's comments on crypto mean for a possible bitcoin ETF". CNBC. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  52. ^ a b Pisani, Bob (February 4, 2022). "SEC Chairman Gary Gensler embarks on ambitious regulatory agenda. What it means for investors". CNBC. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  53. ^ "A three-way fight to shape the future of digital finance has begun". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
  54. ^ Alessandrini, Sarah (April 4, 2022). "SEC Chair Gensler says agency is planning greater oversight of crypto markets to protect investors". CNBC. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  55. ^ Evans, Brian (May 11, 2022). "SEC chief Gary Gensler says crypto exchanges are 'market making against their customers'". Yahoo! Finance. Yahoo!. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  56. ^ "Securities and Exchange Commission Oversight Hearing". U.S. House Appropriations Committee. May 26, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  57. ^ Matthews, Chris (May 26, 2021). "SEC chairman says Americans need a 'cop on the beat' to protect investors from crypto fraud". MarketWatch. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  58. ^ Kiernan, Paul (May 18, 2022). "More Crypto Market Turmoil Is Predicted by SEC Chairman Gary Gensler". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  59. ^ Franck, Thomas (June 7, 2022). "Bipartisan crypto regulatory overhaul would treat most digital assets as commodities under CFTC oversight". CNBC. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
  60. ^ Kiernan, Paul (June 14, 2022). "Crypto Legislation Could Undermine Market Regulations, Gensler Says". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  61. ^ Goswami, Rohan (January 12, 2023). "Crypto firms Genesis and Gemini charged by SEC with selling unregistered securities". CNBC. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  62. ^ Pisani, Bob (May 6, 2021). "SEC Chair Gary Gensler raises concerns about Robinhood, trading gamification and social media hype". CNBC. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  63. ^ Pisani, Bob (May 20, 2021). "SEC chair Gensler says agency will enforce rules 'aggressively' against bad actors". CNBC. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  64. ^ "GameStop and Protecting Investors". C-SPAN. May 6, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  65. ^ Game Stopped? Who Wins and Loses When Short Sellers, Social Media, and Retail Investors Collide, Part III (PDF) (Report). Vol. 117–22. U.S. House Committee on Financial Services/U.S. Government Printing Office. May 6, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  66. ^ Finn, Teaganne (May 26, 2021). "Warren Asks Gensler to Remove Accounting Oversight Board Members". Bloomberg News. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  67. ^ Mejdrich, Kellie (June 4, 2021). "SEC fires Republican audit watchdog after push from Warren, Sanders". Politico. Axel Springer SE. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  68. ^ Maurer, Mark (June 4, 2021). "SEC Removes Chairman of Audit Watchdog". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  69. ^ Michaels, Dave; Eaglesham, Jean (June 17, 2021). "SEC Investigating Former Chair of Auditing Industry Regulator". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  70. ^ Michaels, Dave; Osipovich, Alexander (June 9, 2021). "SEC to Review Market Structure as Meme Stocks Stir Frenzy". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  71. ^ Osipovich, Alexander (August 30, 2021). "Robinhood Stock Drops After SEC Chairman Warns on Payment for Order Flow". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  72. ^ Michaels, Dave (June 7, 2021). "SEC Chairman Calls for New Restrictions on Executive Stock-Trading Plans". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  73. ^ Michaels, Dave (June 30, 2021). "Robinhood Agrees to Pay $70 Million to Settle Regulatory Investigation". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  74. ^ Fitzgerald, Maggie (July 29, 2021). "Robinhood falls in its public market debut, closes more than 8% lower at $34.82 per share". CNBC. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  75. ^ Rudegeair, Peter; Driebusch, Corrie; McCabe, Caitlin (July 29, 2021). "Robinhood's Stock Price Falls After IPO". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  76. ^ Franck, Thomas (August 6, 2021). "SEC approves Nasdaq's plan to boost diversity on corporate boards". CNBC. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  77. ^ Kiernan, Paul; Rudegeair, Peter (August 27, 2021). "SEC Launches Review of Online Strategies Used by Brokers, Advisers". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  78. ^ Pisani, Bob (December 2, 2021). "SEC finalizes rule that allows it to delist foreign stocks for failure to meet audit requirements". CNBC. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  79. ^ Frank, Robert (December 1, 2021). "CEOs and insiders sell a record $69 billion of their stock, and the year isn't over yet". CNBC. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  80. ^ Franck, Thomas (December 15, 2021). "SEC Chair Gary Gensler wants stronger insider trading rules as executive stock sales hit records". CNBC. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  81. ^ Osipovich, Alexander (January 27, 2022). "Robinhood Meme-Stock Negligence Suit Is Rejected by Judge". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  82. ^ Pisani, Bob (May 18, 2022). "Tough questions await SEC Chair Gensler as he seeks funding for his regulatory agenda". CNBC. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  83. ^ "Fiscal Year 2023 Budget Request for the Federal Trade Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission". U.S. House Appropriations Committee. May 18, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  84. ^ Pisani, Bob (June 7, 2022). "SEC's Gensler speaks Wednesday, and rules that overhaul market operations could be coming". CNBC. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  85. ^ "U.S. SEC chief Gary Gensler unveils plan to overhaul Wall Street stock trading". CNBC. June 8, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  86. ^ Macheel, Tanaya (May 12, 2022). "Robinhood shares pop more than 20% after Sam Bankman-Fried buys 7.6% stake". CNBC. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  87. ^ McCaffrey, Orla (May 12, 2022). "FTX Founder Sam Bankman-Fried Buys 7.6% Stake in Robinhood". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  88. ^ Li, Yun (June 27, 2022). "Robinhood shares jump 14% on report FTX may be exploring a deal". CNBC. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  89. ^ Huang, Vicky Ge; Miao, Hannah (June 27, 2022). "Robinhood Shares Soar on Takeover Hopes". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  90. ^ Melinek, Jacquelyn (June 27, 2022). "FTX says no active talks to buy Robinhood". TechCrunch. Yahoo, Inc. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  91. ^ Macheel, Tanaya (May 19, 2022). "Crypto exchange FTX U.S. moves into stock trading". CNBC. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  92. ^ Rooney, Kate (May 23, 2022). "Crypto exchange FTX quietly shops for brokerage start-ups amid move into stock trading, sources say". CNBC. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  93. ^ Osipovich, Alexander (July 20, 2022). "Robinhood Was Behind Phantom Surge in Berkshire Hathaway Trade Volume, Study Finds". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  94. ^ Li, Yun (July 20, 2022). "The reason behind a mysterious trading surge in stocks like Berkshire Hathaway has been revealed". CNBC. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  95. ^ Bartlett, Robert P.; McCracy, Justin; O'Hara, Maureen (July 20, 2022). "A Fractional Solution to a Stock Market Mystery". Social Science Research Network. Elsevier. SSRN 4167890.
  96. ^ Geman, Ben (January 28, 2021). "Microsoft backs direct air capture player Climeworks". Axios. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  97. ^ Calma, Justine (September 9, 2021). "How the largest direct air capture plant will suck CO2 out of the atmosphere". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  98. ^ Joppa, Lucas; Luers, Amy; Willmott, Elizabeth; Friedmann, S. Julio; Hamburg, Steven P.; Broze, Rafael (September 29, 2021). "Microsoft's million-tonne CO2-removal purchase — lessons for net zero". Nature. 597 (7878): 629–632. Bibcode:2021Natur.597..629J. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02606-3. S2CID 238229298. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  99. ^ Domonoske, Camila (January 16, 2020). "Microsoft Pledges To Remove From The Atmosphere All The Carbon It Has Ever Emitted". NPR. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  100. ^ Calma, Justine (January 16, 2020). "Microsoft wants to capture all of the carbon dioxide it's ever emitted". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  101. ^ Calma, Justine (January 28, 2021). "Microsoft made a giant climate pledge one year ago — here's where it's at now". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  102. ^ Brown, Ryan (February 5, 2021). "Bitcoin's wild ride renews worries about its massive carbon footprint". CNBC. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  103. ^ Criddle, Christina (February 10, 2021). "Bitcoin consumes 'more electricity than Argentina'". BBC. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  104. ^ Webb, Samuel (May 19, 2022). "Crypto crash 'will not affect Bitcoin mining's climate cost'". Yahoo! News. Yahoo, Inc. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  105. ^ Kovach, Steve (February 8, 2021). "Tesla buys $1.5 billion in bitcoin, plans to accept it as payment". CNBC. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  106. ^ Lyons, Kim (April 15, 2021). "Apple launches $200 million fund for climate change". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  107. ^ Bussewitz, Cathy (February 7, 2022). "Report: Climate pledges from Amazon, others weaker than they seem". The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  108. ^ Corporate Climate Responsibility Monitor 2022: Assessing the Transparency and Integrity of Companies' Emission Reduction and Net-Zero Targets (PDF) (Report). NewClimate Institute. 2022. pp. 54–58, 76–78. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  109. ^ Temple, James (June 23, 2020). "Amazon creates a $2 billion climate fund, as it struggles to cut its own emissions". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  110. ^ Temple, James (November 2, 2020). "How Amazon's offsets could exaggerate its progress toward "net zero" emissions". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  111. ^ Palmer, Annie (June 30, 2021). "Amazon's carbon emissions rose 19% in 2020 even as Covid-19 pushed global levels down". CNBC. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  112. ^ Joselow, Maxine (February 22, 2022). "Court ruling on social cost of carbon upends Biden's climate plans". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  113. ^ Phillips, Anna (March 16, 2022). "Appellate court rules Biden can consider climate damage in policymaking". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  114. ^ Williams, Pete (May 26, 2022). "Supreme Court won't block Biden rule on societal cost of greenhouse gases". CNBC. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  115. ^ Liptak, Adam (May 26, 2022). "Supreme Court Allows Greenhouse Gas Cost Estimates". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  116. ^ Barnes, Robert; Phillips, Anna (May 26, 2022). "Supreme Court allows Biden climate regulations while fight continues". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  117. ^ Sigalos, MacKenzie (February 15, 2022). "ConocoPhillips is selling extra gas to bitcoin miners in North Dakota". CNBC. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  118. ^ Pisani, Bob (March 21, 2022). "The SEC wants to know a lot more about what companies are doing about climate change". CNBC. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  119. ^ Franck, Thomas (March 21, 2022). "SEC proposes broad climate rules as Chair Gensler says risk disclosure will help investors". CNBC. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  120. ^ The Editorial Board (March 21, 2022). "Opinion | Gary Gensler Stages a Climate Coup". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  121. ^ Sigalos, MacKenzie (March 26, 2022). "Exxon is mining bitcoin in North Dakota as part of its plan to slash emissions". CNBC. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  122. ^ Clifford, Catherine (April 12, 2022). "Stripe teams up with major tech companies to commit $925 million toward carbon capture". CNBC. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  123. ^ Brigham, Katie (June 28, 2022). "Why Big Tech is pouring money into carbon removal". CNBC. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  124. ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Giang, Vivian; Gandel, Stephen; Hirsch, Lauren; Livni, Ephrat; Gross, Jenny; Gallagher, David F.; Schaverien, Anna (May 19, 2022). "Elon Musk's Next Target". The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
  125. ^ Frangoul, Anmar (July 1, 2022). "Elon Musk is smart — but he doesn't understand ESG, tech CEO says". CNBC. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
  126. ^ Newburger, Emma (May 25, 2022). "SEC unveils rules to prevent misleading claims and enhance disclosures by ESG funds". CNBC. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  127. ^ Michaels, Dave (June 10, 2022). "SEC Is Investigating Goldman Sachs Over ESG Funds, Sources Say". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
  128. ^ "Exxon, BP, Shell and Chevron Executives Testify on Climate Change". C-SPAN. October 28, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
  129. ^ "The Power of Big Oil, Part III: Delay". FRONTLINE. Season 40. Episode 12. May 3, 2022. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
  130. ^ Woods, Darren (June 24, 2022). "How Exxon Mobil plans to meet the energy transition: Extended Interview with CEO Darren Woods" (Interview). Interviewed by David Faber. CNBC. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
  131. ^ Winograd, Amanda (June 23, 2022). "Exxon Mobil is at a crossroads as climate crisis spurs clean energy transition". CNBC. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
  132. ^ "Plastic Wars". FRONTLINE. Season 38. Episode 15. March 31, 2020. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
  133. ^ Newburger, Emma; Mangan, Dan (June 30, 2022). "Supreme Court limits EPA authority to set climate standards for power plants". CNBC. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  134. ^ Clifford, Catherine (July 1, 2022). "The Supreme Court's EPA ruling is a big setback for fighting climate change, but not a death knell". CNBC. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  135. ^ Iacurci, Greg (July 5, 2022). "Supreme Court limited EPA's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions. Here's how investors can buy a carbon-conscious fund". CNBC. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  136. ^ Li, Yun (March 2, 2021). "Shares of Rocket Companies, a large short target of hedge funds, jump more than 70%". CNBC. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  137. ^ Tompor, Susan (March 2, 2021). "Rocket Companies stock soars 70% on speculative trading, mirroring GameStop rally". Detroit Free Press. Gannett. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  138. ^ McCaffrey, Orla (March 3, 2021). "Rocket Stock Is the New Meme Trade. Move Over, GameStop". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  139. ^ Grzelewski, Jordyn (March 3, 2021). "After GameStop-like surge, Rocket stock frenzy shows signs of subsiding". The Detroit News. Digital First Media. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  140. ^ Johnson, Katanga (September 14, 2021). "U.S. SEC "close" to publishing report on Gamestop meme saga - SEC Chair". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  141. ^ Pisani, Bob (September 23, 2021). "Investors brace for SEC Chair Gensler's report on GameStop and how brokerages get paid". CNBC. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  142. ^ Li, Yun (October 18, 2021). "SEC says brokers enticed by payment for order flow are making trading into a game to lure investors". CNBC. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  143. ^ Bain, Ben (October 18, 2021). "SEC GameStop report debunks conspiracies, backs commission chief's plan". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  144. ^ Staff Report on Equity and Options Market Structure Conditions in Early 2021 (PDF) (Report). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. October 14, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  145. ^ Zubrow, Keith; Gavrilovic, Maria; Ortiz, Alex (October 4, 2021). "Whistleblower's SEC complaint: Facebook knew platform was used to "promote human trafficking and domestic servitude"". 60 Minutes Overtime. CBS News. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  146. ^ Horwitz, Jeff (September 13, 2021). "Facebook Says Its Rules Apply to All. Company Documents Reveal a Secret Elite That's Exempt". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  147. ^ Bursztynsky, Jessica; Feiner, Lauren (September 14, 2021). "Facebook documents show how toxic Instagram is for teens, Wall Street Journal reports". CNBC. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  148. ^ Pelley, Scott (October 4, 2021). "Whistleblower: Facebook is misleading the public on progress against hate speech, violence, misinformation". 60 Minutes. CBS News. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  149. ^ Feiner, Lauren (October 3, 2021). "Facebook whistleblower reveals identity, accuses the platform of a 'betrayal of democracy'". CNBC. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  150. ^ "Facebook Whistleblower Testifies on Protecting Children Online". C-SPAN. October 5, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  151. ^ Feiner, Lauren (October 5, 2021). "Facebook whistleblower: The company knows it's harming people and the buck stops with Zuckerberg". CNBC. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  152. ^ Bidar, Musadiq (October 28, 2021). "Facebook to change corporate name to Meta". CBS News. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  153. ^ Zakrzewski, Cat (February 18, 2022). "Facebook whistleblower alleges executives misled investors about climate, covid hoaxes in new SEC complaint". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  154. ^ Mangan, Dan (November 18, 2021). "Sen. Elizabeth Warren calls on SEC to investigate Trump SPAC deal with DWAC for possible securities violations". CNBC. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  155. ^ Sigalos, MacKenzie (October 20, 2021). "Trump announces social media platform launch plan, SPAC deal". CNBC. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  156. ^ Mangan, Dan; Li, Yun; Wilkie, Christina (October 21, 2021). "Shares of Trump-linked SPAC close up 350% following news of social media deal". CNBC. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  157. ^ Goldstein, Matthew; Hirsch, Lauren; Enrich, David (October 29, 2021). "Trump's $300 Million SPAC Deal May Have Skirted Securities Laws". The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  158. ^ Mangan, Dan (December 6, 2021). "Trump SPAC under investigation by federal regulators, including SEC". CNBC. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  159. ^ Lawler, Richard (February 18, 2022). "Influencers beware: promoting the wrong crypto could mean facing a class-action lawsuit". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  160. ^ Whitten, Sarah (July 7, 2022). "Donald Trump left the board of his social media company weeks before federal subpoenas, filing shows". CNBC. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  161. ^ Anderson, Chris (July 7, 2022). "Exclusive: Trump left Sarasota media company weeks before federal subpoenas were issued". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Gannett. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  162. ^ Morris, Chris (June 14, 2022). "SEC expands investigation into Donald Trump's Truth Social". Fortune.
  163. ^ Calia, Mike (June 27, 2022). "Trump SPAC deal threatened by federal criminal probe". CNBC. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  164. ^ Calia, Mike (July 1, 2022). "Trump media company subpoenaed in federal criminal probe of SPAC deal". CNBC. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  165. ^ Palmer, Annie (July 19, 2022). "Amazon sues thousands of Facebook group administrators over fake reviews". CNBC. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  166. ^ Purnell, Newley (July 19, 2022). "Amazon Sues Facebook Group Administrators Over Fake Reviews". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  167. ^ Bursztynsky, Jessica; Kolodny, Lora (November 6, 2021). "Elon Musk says he's using a Twitter poll to determine the future of 10% of his Tesla shares". CNBC. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  168. ^ Wall, Robert (December 2, 2021). "Elon Musk's Tesla Share-Selling Spree Tops $10 Billion". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  169. ^ Hetzner, Christiaan (December 3, 2021). "Elon Musk has now sold more than $10 billion in Tesla stock, part of a record wave of CEOs cashing out". Fortune. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  170. ^ Palmer, Annie (December 6, 2021). "Tesla shares fall into bear market territory after SEC reportedly opens probe into solar panel defects". CNBC. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  171. ^ Ferris, Robert (August 7, 2018). "Tesla shares surge 10% after Elon Musk shocks market with tweet about going private". CNBC. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  172. ^ Salinas, Sara (September 27, 2018). "SEC charges Tesla CEO Elon Musk with fraud". CNBC. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  173. ^ Wattles, Jackie (September 30, 2018). "Elon Musk agrees to pay $20 million and quit as Tesla chairman in deal with SEC". CNN Business. CNN. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  174. ^ Salinas, Sara (February 20, 2019). "Elon Musk tweeted, then revised, Tesla financial guidance. He probably shouldn't have". CNBC. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
  175. ^ Statt, Nick (February 25, 2019). "Elon Musk might be held in contempt of court over a Tesla tweet". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  176. ^ Wattles, Jackie (April 27, 2019). "Elon Musk and SEC reach an agreement over tweeting". CNN Business. CNN. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  177. ^ "US SEC commissioner decries agency's deal with Tesla's Musk". CNBC. April 30, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  178. ^ Trudell, Craig (July 30, 2019). "Elon Musk claims Tesla solar production will jump. Does that violate his SEC accord?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  179. ^ Bursztynsky, Jessica (May 1, 2020). "Tesla shares tank after Elon Musk tweets the stock price is 'too high'". CNBC. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  180. ^ Michaels, Dave; Elliott, Rebecca (June 1, 2021). "Tesla Failed to Oversee Elon Musk's Tweets, SEC Argued in Letters". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  181. ^ Kolodny, Lora (June 1, 2021). "SEC said Elon Musk's Tesla tweets violated settlement agreement, WSJ reports". CNBC. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  182. ^ Elliott, Rebecca; Michaels, Dave (February 7, 2022). "SEC Subpoenas Tesla Seeking Information Linked to Elon Musk Settlement". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  183. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (February 7, 2022). "The SEC subpoenas Tesla over one of Elon Musk's tweets again". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  184. ^ Lyons, Kim (February 17, 2022). "Elon Musk tells a judge the SEC's 'endless' investigation is stifling his free speech". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  185. ^ Isidore, Chris (February 17, 2022). "Elon Musk says the SEC is gunning for his free speech rights". CNN Business. CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  186. ^ Michaels, Dave; Elliott, Rebecca (February 18, 2022). "Elon Musk's Accusation of Harassment Countered by SEC". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  187. ^ Roth, Emma (February 19, 2022). "Elon Musk's claims of 'broken' promises denied by the SEC". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  188. ^ Kolodny, Lora; Wayland, Michael (February 21, 2022). "Tesla CEO Elon Musk accuses SEC of leaking information from federal probe". CNBC. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  189. ^ Isidore, Chris (February 22, 2022). "Elon Musk accuses the SEC of illegally leaking details of its Tesla investigation". CNN Business. CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  190. ^ Kolodny, Lora (February 24, 2022). "Judge rejects Tesla CEO Elon Musk's attempt to bring SEC before the court". CNBC. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  191. ^ Michaels, Dave (February 24, 2022). "SEC Probes Trading by Elon Musk and Brother in Wake of Tesla CEO's Sales". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  192. ^ Palmer, Annie; Kolodny, Lora (February 24, 2022). "SEC reportedly probes Tesla CEO Elon Musk and brother over recent stock sales". CNBC. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  193. ^ Michaels, Dave; Elliott, Rebecca (March 8, 2022). "Elon Musk Seeks to Terminate 2018 Fraud Settlement With SEC". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  194. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (March 8, 2022). "Elon Musk claims he was coerced into settling with the SEC over his 'funding secured' tweet". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  195. ^ Krisher, Tom (March 22, 2022). "SEC claims authority to subpoena Elon Musk over tweets". PBS NewsHour. WETA. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  196. ^ Lyons, Kim (March 29, 2022). "Elon Musk cites Eminem song in latest volley with the SEC". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  197. ^ Maruf, Ramishah (April 3, 2022). "Elon Musk's latest court filing against the SEC quotes Eminem". CNN Business. CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  198. ^ Imbert, Fred (April 4, 2022). "Twitter shares close up 27% after Elon Musk takes 9% stake in social media company". CNBC. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  199. ^ Porter, Jon (April 4, 2022). "Elon Musk buys 9.2 percent of Twitter amid complaints about free speech". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  200. ^ Lawler, Richard (April 5, 2022). "Elon Musk updates the paperwork on his shocking Twitter purchase to avoid extra SEC drama". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  201. ^ Albergotti, Reed (April 6, 2022). "Elon Musk delayed filing a form and made $156 million". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  202. ^ Lawler, Richard (April 11, 2022). "Elon Musk's SEC filings reserve the right to buy a larger stake in Twitter". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  203. ^ Shead, Sam (April 13, 2022). "Twitter investors sue Elon Musk for failing to promptly disclose the size of his stake". CNBC. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  204. ^ Subin, Samantha (April 14, 2022). "Elon Musk offers to buy Twitter for $43 billion, so it can be 'transformed as private company'". CNBC. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  205. ^ Koebler, Jason (April 21, 2022). "Elon Musk Secures $46.5 Billion to Buy Twitter: SEC Filing". Vice. Vice Media. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  206. ^ Kolodny, Lora (April 16, 2022). "Elon Musk's tweets about taking Tesla private were false, new court filing says". CNBC. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  207. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (April 14, 2022). "Elon Musk says the SEC's investigations into Tesla are 'like having a gun to your child's head'". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  208. ^ Feiner, Lauren (April 22, 2022). "House Republicans demand Twitter's board preserve all records about Musk's bid to buy the company". CNBC. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  209. ^ Krisher, Tom; O'Brien, Matt (April 25, 2022). "Elon Musk reaches agreement to acquire Twitter for about $44 billion". PBS NewsHour. WETA. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  210. ^ Feiner, Lauren (April 25, 2022). "Twitter accepts Elon Musk's buyout deal". CNBC. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  211. ^ Katersky, Aaron (April 27, 2022). "Elon Musk's bid to end SEC tweet settlement rejected by judge". ABC News. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  212. ^ O'Donnell, Katy (April 27, 2022). "Judge rejects Elon Musk's bid to end SEC tweet settlement". Politico. Axel Springer SE. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  213. ^ Livni, Ephrat (April 30, 2022). "Musk Joins Moguls to Kill S.E.C. 'Gag Orders' at the Supreme Court". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  214. ^ Siddiqui, Faiz; Albergotti, Reed; Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Lerman, Rachel (May 13, 2022). "Elon Musk says Twitter deal is on hold, putting bid on shaky ground". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  215. ^ Shead, Sam (May 13, 2022). "Elon Musk says Twitter deal on hold pending details on fake accounts; shares sink 9%". CNBC. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  216. ^ Michaels, Dave (May 11, 2022). "Elon Musk's Belated Disclosure of Twitter Stake Triggers Regulators' Probes". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  217. ^ Bursztynsky, Jessica (May 16, 2022). "Twitter CEO explains how the company actually fights spambots in rebuttal to Musk". CNBC. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  218. ^ Shead, Sam (May 17, 2022). "Elon Musk says Twitter deal 'cannot move forward' until he has clarity on fake account numbers". CNBC. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  219. ^ Lawler, Richard (May 17, 2022). "Elon Musk's latest stunt: calling on the SEC to investigate Twitter's user numbers". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  220. ^ Kolodny, Lora (May 17, 2022). "Elon Musk calls on SEC to evaluate Twitter user numbers". CNBC. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  221. ^ Palmer, Annie (May 17, 2022). "Musk met Twitter execs for 3 days before making a bid, unclear if they discussed bots". CNBC. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  222. ^ Feiner, Lauren (May 17, 2022). "New filing reveals the full story behind Musk's bid to buy Twitter". CNBC. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  223. ^ "In a faceoff with Elon Musk, the SEC blinked". CNBC. May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  224. ^ Kolodny, Lora (May 26, 2022). "Twitter shareholders sue Elon Musk and Twitter over chaotic deal". CNBC. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  225. ^ Feiner, Lauren (June 3, 2022). "Musk's Twitter deal faces backlash from advocacy groups that are seeking to block it". CNBC. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
  226. ^ Feuer, Will; Needleman, Sarah E. (June 6, 2022). "Elon Musk Threatens to End Twitter Deal Over Lack of Information on Spam Accounts". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  227. ^ Feiner, Lauren; Kolodny, Lora (June 6, 2022). "Musk accuses Twitter of 'resisting and thwarting' his right to information on fake accounts". CNBC. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  228. ^ Kolodny, Lora (July 1, 2022). "Activist investor group asks SEC to investigate Tesla over plan to shrink board". CNBC. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
  229. ^ "Tesla proposes a 3-for-1 stock split; Ellison to leave Board". ABC News. June 10, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
  230. ^ Feiner, Lauren (July 8, 2022). "Elon Musk notifies Twitter he is terminating deal". CNBC. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
  231. ^ Palmer, Annie (July 8, 2022). "Elon Musk faces a long legal war with Twitter, which has the upper hand". CNBC. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
  232. ^ Leswing, Kif; Feiner, Lauren (July 12, 2022). "Twitter sues Elon Musk to enforce original merger agreement". CNBC. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  233. ^ Feiner, Lauren (July 14, 2022). "SEC letter to Musk questions tweet about Twitter acquisition". CNBC. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  234. ^ Feuer, Will (July 14, 2022). "SEC Questioned Elon Musk Tweet Over Twitter Deal". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  235. ^ Needleman, Sarah E.; Mulvaney, Erin (July 15, 2022). "Elon Musk Fires Back at Twitter Lawsuit". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  236. ^ Kolodny, Lora; Vanian, Jonathan (July 15, 2022). "Elon Musk asks court to reject Twitter's request for speedy trial". CNBC. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  237. ^ Vanian, Jonathan (July 15, 2022). "Twitter board urges shareholders to approve sale to Elon Musk in revised proxy filing". CNBC. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  238. ^ Kolodny, Lora (July 18, 2022). "Twitter fires back at Elon Musk's attempt to delay trial". CNBC. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  239. ^ Needleman, Sarah E.; Lombardo, Cara (July 18, 2022). "Twitter Says Elon Musk's Opposition to Expedited Trial Is a Tactical Delay". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  240. ^ Feiner, Lauren; Vanian, Jonathan (July 19, 2022). "Twitter-Musk trial on $44 billion deal set to begin in October after Musk loses effort to delay". CNBC. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  241. ^ Michaels, Dave (July 19, 2022). "Twitter-Musk Trial Set for October in Lawsuit Over Stalled $44 Billion Takeover". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  242. ^ Needleman, Sarah E. (July 22, 2022). "Amid Musk Fight, Twitter Reports Surprising Drop in Revenue". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  243. ^ Palmer, Annie (July 22, 2022). "Twitter misses earnings expectations, partially blames revenue drop on Elon Musk takeover bid". CNBC. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  244. ^ "Tesla gets second SEC subpoena over Musk's 2018 go-private tweet". CNBC. July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  245. ^ Isidore, Chris (July 25, 2022). "Tesla subpoenaed over Elon Musk's tweets … again". CNN Business. CNN. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  246. ^ Vanian, Jonathan (July 26, 2022). "Twitter to hold vote on Musk merger on Sept. 13". CNBC. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  247. ^ Needleman, Sarah E. (July 26, 2022). "Twitter Schedules Shareholder Vote on Elon Musk's $44 Billion Takeover Bid". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  248. ^ Menn, Joseph; Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Zakrzewski, Cat (August 23, 2022). "Former security chief claims Twitter buried 'egregious deficiencies'". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  249. ^ Siddiqui, Faiz; Dwoskin, Elizabeth (August 23, 2022). "New whistleblower allegations could factor into Twitter vs. Musk trial". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  250. ^ The Great Mutual Fund Trap: An Investment Recovery Plan. ISBN 0767910710.
  251. ^ a b c d McBride, Courtney (July 14, 2013). "Gary Gensler, Chairman". National Journal. from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  252. ^ "Hillary Clinton Hiring of C.F.O. Is Called Signal to Possible Donors". The New York Times. July 3, 2015. from the original on April 11, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  253. ^ a b "Gary Gensler". MIT Sloan. from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  254. ^ "Blockchain and Money". MIT OpenCourseWare. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  255. ^ "Fintech Advisory Group". www.newyorkfed.org. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  256. ^ Sullivan, Patricia (July 2, 2006). "Filmmaker and Honored Photo Collagist Francesca Danieli, 52". Washington Post. from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
Bundled references
  1. ^ [62][63][64][65]
  2. ^ [88][89][90][91][92]
  3. ^ [154][155][156][157]
  4. ^ [171][172][173][174][175][176][177]
  5. ^ [178][179][180][181][182][183]

External links edit

Political offices
Preceded by
Darcy Bradbury
 Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets
1997–1998 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance
1999–2001 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Walter Lukken
Acting
 Chair of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission
2009–2014 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission
2021–present 		Incumbent

January 01, 1970
gary, gensler, born, october, 1957, american, government, official, former, goldman, sachs, investment, banker, serving, chair, securities, exchange, commission, gensler, previously, biden, harris, transition, federal, reserve, banking, securities, regulators,. Gary Gensler born October 18 1957 is an American government official and former Goldman Sachs investment banker serving as the chair of the U S Securities and Exchange Commission SEC 1 Gensler previously led the Biden Harris transition s Federal Reserve Banking and Securities Regulators agency review team 2 Prior to his appointment he was professor of Practice of Global Economics and Management at the MIT Sloan School of Management 3 Gary GenslerOfficial portrait 202233rd Chair of the Securities and Exchange CommissionIncumbentAssumed office April 17 2021PresidentJoe BidenPreceded byAllison Lee Acting 11th Chair of the Commodity Futures Trading CommissionIn office May 26 2009 January 3 2014PresidentBarack ObamaPreceded byReuben Jeffery IIISucceeded byTimothy MassadUnder Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic FinanceIn office April 1999 January 20 2001PresidentBill ClintonPreceded byJohn HawkeSucceeded byPeter FisherAssistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial MarketsIn office September 1997 April 1999PresidentBill ClintonPreceded byDarcy BradburySucceeded byLee SachsPersonal detailsBorn 1957 10 18 October 18 1957 age 66 Baltimore Maryland U S Political partyDemocraticSpouseFrancesca Danieli m 1986 died 2006 wbr Children3EducationUniversity of Pennsylvania BS MBA Gensler served as the 11th chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission under President Barack Obama from May 26 2009 to January 3 2014 He was the Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance 1999 2001 and the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets 1997 1999 Prior to his career in the federal government Gensler worked at Goldman Sachs where he was a partner and co head of finance Gensler also served as the CFO for the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign 4 President Joe Biden nominated Gensler to serve as 33rd chair of the U S Securities and Exchange Commission 5 He succeeded SEC Acting Chair Allison Lee Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Business career 3 Public service 3 1 Treasury Department 3 2 Sarbanes Oxley 3 3 CFTC 3 3 1 Swaps 3 3 2 Enforcement and Libor investigation 3 4 Frankel Fiduciary Prize 3 5 Maryland Financial Consumer Protection Commission 3 6 SEC 3 6 1 Cryptocurrency 3 6 2 Financial regulation 3 6 3 Greenwashing ESG and carbon neutrality 3 6 4 Social media 3 6 5 Tesla and Twitter 4 Author 5 Political involvement 6 Academic 7 Personal life 8 References 9 External linksEarly life and education editGensler was born into a Jewish family 6 in Baltimore Maryland one of five children of Jane nee Tilles and Sam Gensler 7 Sam Gensler was a cigarette and pinball machine vendor to local bars 8 and he provided Gensler with his first exposure to the real world side of finance when Sam would take Gensler to the bars of Baltimore to count nickels from the vending machines 6 Gensler graduated from Pikesville High School in 1975 9 where he was later given a Distinguished Alumnus award 10 Gensler graduated with a degree in economics summa cum laude after three years at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania 11 followed by a master s in business administration the following year 9 Gensler s identical twin brother also studied at the University of Pennsylvania 12 As an undergraduate Gensler joined the University of Pennsylvania crew team as a coxswain dropping his weight to 112 pounds to keep the boat at its proper weight 9 Business career editIn 1979 Gensler joined Goldman Sachs where he spent 18 years 13 At 30 Gensler became one of the youngest persons to have made partner at the firm at the time 14 He spent the 1980s working as a top mergers and acquisitions banker having assumed responsibility for Goldman s efforts in advising media companies 15 He subsequently made the transition to trading and finance 16 in Tokyo 8 where he directed the firm s fixed income and currency trading 15 While at Goldman Sachs Gensler led a team that advised the National Football League in capturing the then most lucrative deal in television history when the NFL secured a 3 6 billion deal selling television sports rights 17 Gensler s last role at Goldman Sachs was co head of finance responsible for controllers and treasury worldwide 18 Gensler left Goldman after 18 years 19 when he was nominated by President Bill Clinton and confirmed by the U S Senate to be the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury 11 Gensler served on the board of for profit university Strayer Education Inc from 2001 to 2009 20 Public service editGensler has served in various governmental roles since the 1990s Treasury Department edit Gensler served in the United States Department of the Treasury as Assistant Secretary for Financial Markets from 1997 to 1999 then as Undersecretary for Domestic Finance from 1999 to 2001 As Assistant Secretary Gensler served as a senior advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury in developing and implementing the federal government s policies for debt management and the sale of U S government securities 15 In 1999 and 2000 under then Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers Gensler fought for passage of the Commodity Futures Modernization Act which exempted over the counter derivatives from regulation 21 As Undersecretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance Gensler advised and assisted Treasury Secretaries Robert Rubin and Lawrence Summers on aspects of domestic finance including formulating policy and legislation in the areas of financial institutions public debt management capital markets government financial management services federal lending fiscal affairs government sponsored enterprises and community development 15 While serving at the Treasury Department Gensler was awarded the agency s highest honor the Alexander Hamilton Award for his service 11 Sarbanes Oxley edit In 2001 Gensler joined the staff of U S Senator Paul Sarbanes chairman of the Senate Banking Committee as a senior advisor and helped write the Sarbanes Oxley Act which tightened accounting standards in the wake of the Enron and WorldCom scandals 14 CFTC edit Then President elect Barack Obama announced his intent to nominate Gensler to serve as the 11th chairman of the CFTC on December 18 2008 18 His nomination was officially sent to the U S Senate on January 20 2009 22 After some initial opposition to Gensler s nomination amongst the progressive members of the Democratic caucus Gensler was approved by the U S Senate in an 88 6 confirmation vote 14 23 Gensler was sworn in on May 26 2009 pledging to work to urgently close the gaps in our laws to bring much needed transparency and regulation to the over the counter derivatives market to lower risks strengthen market integrity and protect investors 24 Gensler was described as one of the leading reformers after the financial crisis 8 Swaps edit During Gensler s tenure at the CFTC he worked closely with the Obama Administration United States Congress and other regulators to transform the 400 trillion financial derivatives markets that were at the center of the 2008 financial crisis 25 Upon becoming chairman Gensler began leading the Obama Administration s effort to start policing the Wild West of finance the murky market for over the counter derivatives 14 When the Treasury Department released draft legislation to bring regulatory oversight to the swaps market Gensler sent a letter to Congress arguing that the proposal did not go far enough 26 By the spring of 2010 the momentum in Congress was toward Gensler s vision for derivatives oversight 13 and Congress passed comprehensive reform as part of the Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in July 2010 After the passage of the Dodd Frank Act Gensler led the CFTC s effort to write the rules required to regulate the swaps markets 27 He oversaw the agency as it wrote 68 new rules orders and guidances 28 and as its reach extended from a 35 trillion futures market to a 400 trillion swaps market 8 Under Gensler the bipartisan commission reached unanimous votes to approve more than 70 percent of the agency s rulemakings 8 By the time Gensler left the CFTC in January 2014 the agency was near completion of the rule writing process to implement the Dodd Frank Act 29 Enforcement and Libor investigation edit Gensler led a revitalization of the enforcement division of the agency most notably in its prosecution of an enforcement case regarding manipulation of Libor the London interbank offered rate 30 Early in his tenure Gensler listened to tape recordings of two Barclays employees as they discussed plans to report false interest rates in an effort to manipulate Libor 30 Libor is the average interest rate estimated by leading banks in London that the average leading bank would be charged if borrowing from other banks 31 It is used as a reference rate for many financial products including adjustable rate mortgages student loans and car payments 6 A driving force behind the latest crackdown tied to LIBOR 6 Gensler worked with enforcement division director David Meister and his team to lead the investigative effort and brought charges against five financial institutions for the manipulation of Libor and other benchmark interest rates resulting in more than 1 7 billion in penalties 11 Barclays alone paid 450 million in fines as a result of the Libor investigation 6 Gensler has called Libor unsustainable and argued that it should be replaced as a benchmark rate 32 Frankel Fiduciary Prize edit For his work to reform the financial regulatory system The Institute for the Fiduciary Standard awarded Gensler with the 2014 Tamar Frankel Fiduciary Prize 33 Maryland Financial Consumer Protection Commission edit In 2017 Gensler was selected by the Maryland Senate President and House Speaker to serve as Chairman of the Maryland Financial Consumer Protection Commission which assessed the impact of potential changes to federal financial industry laws regulations budgets and policies on the state 34 Under Gensler s leadership the Commission recommended changes to State law to enhance consumer financial protections including enhancing standards of care clarifying State law to set standards for student loan servicers and protecting Maryland buyers of manufactured homes In 2018 student loan legislation recommended by the Commission established a student loan ombudsman 35 added the federal Military Lending Act and the federal Servicemembers Civil Relief Act to state law increased civil monetary penalties for violations and codified some modifications on debt collection laws 36 In 2019 the state enacted additional Commission recommended legislation to create a Student Borrower Bill of Rights to protect students from predatory practices 37 SEC edit Main article U S Securities and Exchange Commission In November 2020 Gensler was named a volunteer member of the Joe Biden presidential transition Agency Review Team to support transition efforts related to the Federal Reserve Commodity Futures Trading Commission the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation the National Credit Union Administration and the Securities and Exchange Commission 38 On March 11 2021 his nomination was reported out of the Senate Banking Housing and Urban Development Committee by a vote of 14 10 39 On April 14 2021 his nomination was confirmed in the Senate by a vote of 53 45 to fill former chair Jay Clayton s term expiring in June 2021 40 On April 19 2021 the Senate confirmed Gensler to a 5 year term through 2026 by a vote of 54 45 41 Cryptocurrency edit Main articles Economic policy of the Joe Biden administration Cryptocurrency Bitcoin Cryptocurrency and Cryptocurrency bubble See also Commodity market Exchange traded fund Front running Market maker Market manipulation Pure play Security finance and Spot contract On September 14 2021 Gensler testified before the U S Senate Banking Housing and Urban Affairs Committee that the SEC was in need of large staffing increases to address regulatory concerns related to cryptocurrencies and other digital assets 42 43 and Gensler likened the cryptocurrency market to a Wild West 44 45 On September 21 Gensler remarked to The Washington Post that most cryptocurrency projects dealing with securities should fall under the regulatory purview of the SEC though the Commodity Futures Trading Commission CFTC of which he was a former chair was better suited for some others 46 On October 5 Gensler testified before the U S House Financial Services Committee that the SEC had no plans to ban cryptocurrencies 47 48 On October 15 the SEC approved the first bitcoin futures exchange traded fund ETF in the United States after Gensler announced support for doing so the previous August 49 50 51 Gensler is opposed to approving pure play bitcoin ETFs due to bitcoin remaining subject to fraud and market manipulation 52 After a period of high anticipation and speculation from financial news outlets and markets about the SEC approval of a spot bitcoin ETF at 4 11pm ET on January 9 2024 a post was published to the SEC s X account announcing the approval of spot bitcoin ETFs By 4 26 pm SEC chair Gary Gensler had issued a retraction and said the agency s account had been compromised and that an unauthorized tweet was posted In the minutes after the fake post was published the price of bitcoin jumped around 2 5 and led to an overall 40 billion swing in the combined value of bitcoin in circulation The Economist identified the risks presented by decentralized finance and crypto assets valued at 2 5 trillion as a challenge for Gensler in 2022 and noted his experience in teaching blockchain technology 53 On April 4 2022 Gensler announced that the SEC would begin to register and regulate cryptocurrency exchanges at a University of Pennsylvania Law School students association conference 54 On May 11 Gensler stated in an interview with Bloomberg News that cryptocurrency exchanges were market making against the interests of their customers after warning the U S House Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government that cryptocurrency exchanges were engaged in front running the previous May 55 56 57 Following testimony before the U S House Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government on May 18 Gensler warned in a post hearing press conference that many cryptocurrencies were going to fail and expressed concern that it could undermine confidence in the traditional financial markets 58 On June 7 U S Senators Kirsten Gillibrand D NY and Cynthia Lummis R WY introduced a bill in the 117th U S Congress to create a regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies that would treat most digital assets as commodities subject to oversight from the CFTC and would not have cryptocurrencies subject to oversight from the SEC unless a cryptocurrency s holders were entitled to the same privileges as corporate investors 59 At a conference hosted by The Wall Street Journal on June 14 Gensler expressed concern that the Lummis Gillibrand bill could inadvertently undermine stock market and mutual fund protections noted that cryptocurrency companies were already engaging in behaviors overseen by the SEC and argued that some digital assets are securities necessitating oversight from the SEC rather than commodities even if the overwhelming majority of tokens offered by cryptocurrency exchanges are commodities 60 On January 12 2023 the SEC filed a complaint in Southern New York U S District Court that both Genesis and Gemini of offering and selling unregistered securities 61 Financial regulation edit Main articles Computer security Data security Environmental social and corporate governance GameStop short squeeze Gamification Internet manipulation Market manipulation Meme stock and Payment for order flow On May 6 2021 Gensler testified before the U S House Financial Services Committee about the GameStop short squeeze Robinhood Markets Archegos Capital Management market concentration among market makers for payment for order flow conflict of interest in best execution for trades with PFOF trading gamification in mobile trading apps and high frequency trading the SEC consolidated audit trail data security usage of social media and the internet in market manipulation and ESG disclosure rules including those proposed by the Task Force on Climate Related Financial Disclosures led by former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg list 1 On May 25 U S Senators Elizabeth Warren D MA and Bernie Sanders I VT sent a letter to Gensler urging the SEC to remove and replace the sitting members of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board PCAOB arguing that Trump Administration appointees had politicized the agency and compromised its independence 66 On June 4 the SEC voted to remove William Duhnke as PCAOB Chair and began an investigation on June 17 of his handling of internal complaints while serving as PCAOB Chair 67 68 69 On June 9 Gensler announced that the SEC would review market structure following the GameStop short squeeze and the AMC Entertainment Holding Inc meme stock short squeeze 70 and Gensler signaled in an interview with Barron s the following August that a complete ban on payment for order flow was being considered by the review 71 Speaking at The Wall Street Journal CFO Network event on June 7 Gensler emphasized the need for new restrictions and rules to reduce the risk of improper insider trading 72 On June 30 Robinhood Markets agreed to pay 70 million to settle a lawsuit filed by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority FINRA that alleged that the company had misled its customers approved ineligible and inexperienced traders for options strategies and did not supervise its technology properly to prevent outages 73 On July 29 Robinhood Markets launched an IPO for its stock on the Nasdaq 74 75 On August 6 the SEC approved new rules implemented by Nasdaq Inc requiring that companies listed on its exchanges to include at least one female member on their boards of directors and at least one racial minority or LGBTQ board member and to require disclosure of statistics measuring the diversity of their board membership 76 On August 27 the SEC launched a review of strategies and practices used by online brokers and investment advisors that promote user engagement with trading gamification 77 On December 2 the SEC finalized a rule to implement the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act 78 In response to record stock sales by CEOs and other corporate executives that year 79 Gensler proposed an agency rule for a mandatory 120 day window for corporate executives who are changing existing or adopting new portfolio managements plans on December 15 80 On January 27 2022 Southern Florida U S District Court Judge Cecilia Altonaga dismissed a lawsuit filed by investors against Robinhood Markets for acting negligently during the GameStop short squeeze 81 On February 11 the SEC met to discuss more than 50 proposed rules changes focused primarily on hedge funds and private equity including a requirement that the disclosure documents of stock corporations must include a written statement of company cybersecurity risk management policies and disclosure of any cyberattacks 52 On May 18 Gensler testified before the U S House Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government requesting an even greater increase to its appropriation in the 2023 U S federal budget than the 8 percent increase proposed by President Biden 82 83 On June 8 Gensler announced rules changes to require that market makers disclose more data about payments for order flow PFOF and the timing for the best execution of trades as well as to require direct competition among stockbrokers executing trades for retail investors at a conference hosted by Piper Sandler Companies 84 85 On May 12 FTX CEO Sam Bankman Fried disclosed a Schedule 13D filing with the SEC to buy a 7 6 percent ownership stake in Robinhood Markets 86 87 On June 27 FTX CEO Sam Bankman Fried stated that no mergers and acquisitions discussions were being held with Robinhood Markets about an acquisition despite reports of internal discussion to do so and reports of the company approaching at least three stock trading start ups about acquisitions list 2 On July 20 the Social Science Research Network released a preprint written by economists Maureen O Hara Robert P Bartlett and Justin McCrary that suggested that Robinhood Markets traders caused a surge in trading volume of Berkshire Hathaway Class A shares in February and March 2021 93 94 95 Greenwashing ESG and carbon neutrality edit Main articles Environmental policy of the Joe Biden administration Greenwashing Carbon neutrality Carbon accounting and Environmental social and corporate governance See also Afforestation Biosequestration Blockchain Energy consumption concerns Carbon capture and storage Carbon capture and utilization Carbon dioxide removal Carbon footprint Carbon offset Carbon sink Direct air capture Carbon sequestration Economics of plastics processing Enhanced oil recovery Environmental impact of cryptocurrencies Google Ads Use by fossil fuel companies for greenwashing Global warming potential Greenhouse gas emissions Marine plastic pollution Methane emissions Non fungible token Environmental concerns Plastic pollution Plastic recycling Reforestation Restoration ecology Routine flaring Screen time Environmental effects Sustainable land management and Waste management Further information False advertising United States False statements of fact Making false statements Materiality law Misrepresentation Omission law Prospectus finance Public company and Securities fraud On January 28 2021 Microsoft disclosed an investment in Climeworks a direct air capture company 96 97 98 one year after the company announced a strategy to take the company carbon negative by 2030 and to remove all the carbon from the environment the company has emitted since 1975 by 2050 99 100 101 In 2021 and 2022 an index constructed by researchers at the University of Cambridge showed that bitcoin mining consumed more electricity during the course of the year than the entire nations of Argentina a G20 country and the Netherlands 102 103 104 On February 8 2021 Tesla Inc disclosed to the SEC that it purchased 1 5 billion worth of bitcoin 105 On April 15 Apple Inc announced the creation of 200 million forestry fund as part of the company s strategy to become carbon neutral by 2030 106 On February 7 2022 the NewClimate Institute a German environmental policy think tank published a survey evaluating the transparency and progress of the climate strategies and pledges announced by 25 major companies in the United States that found that the climate pledges of Alphabet Amazon and Apple were unsubstantiated and misleading 107 108 On June 23 2020 Amazon com Inc announced a 2 billion venture fund to invest in startup companies developing strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as part of a strategy to be climate neutral company by 2040 109 after announcing a 10 million investment to two projects in the Appalachian Mountains the previous April to manage their lands to maximize greater carbon removal the first investment from a 100 million initiative to support reforestation and habitat restoration 110 On June 30 2021 Amazon released its annual company annual sustainability report that showed that company net carbon emissions grew by 19 percent from 2019 to 2020 111 On February 11 2022 Western Louisiana U S District Court Judge James D Cain Jr issued a preliminary injunction in Louisiana v Biden 2022 in favor of the plaintiffs to block federal agency requirements to assess the societal costs of greenhouse gas emissions in regulatory actions under Executive Order 13990 112 On March 16 the U S 5th Circuit Court of Appeals stayed the decision following an appeal by the U S Justice Department 113 and on May 26 the U S Supreme Court issued an order without comment or opposition dismissing an appeal filed by the plaintiffs to reverse the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals decision 114 115 116 On February 15 ConocoPhillips announced a pilot program to sell its flare gas to a company operating a bitcoin mine in the Bakken Formation region of North Dakota as part of an industry initiative to reduce routine flaring to zero by 2030 117 On March 21 the SEC approved rules requiring the disclosure of stock corporation climate risks and net contribution to greenhouse gas emissions in 10 K forms 118 119 On the same day The Wall Street Journal criticized Gensler for proposing legislation requiring public companies to disclose climate risks The proposal is contrary to SEC history securities law and sound regulatory practice the paper wrote It accused the SEC chairman of trying to regulate private companies by the back door and following the bidding of BlackRock and other investors 120 On March 26 CNBC reported that ExxonMobil started a pilot program in January 2021 with Crusoe Energy Systems to also divert its flare gas into generators producing electricity to power shipping containers full of bitcoin miners in the North Dakota Bakken region which it expanded the following July as part of the same industry initiative with ConocoPhillips and that Crusoe has stated reduces carbon dioxide equivalent emissions by 63 percent as compared with continued flaring 121 On April 12 Alphabet Inc Meta Platforms Shopify McKinsey amp Company and Stripe Inc announced a 925 million advance market commitment of permanent carbon removal from companies that are developing the technology over the next 9 years 122 123 On May 19 after Tesla was removed from the S amp P 500 ESG Index by S amp P Dow Jones Indices Tesla CEO Elon Musk posted a tweet to his Twitter account criticizing the decision and in noting that ExxonMobil was rated within the top 10 constituent companies in the index by weight accused ESG of being a scam 124 125 On May 25 the SEC proposed two rules changes to ESG investment fund qualifications to prevent greenwashing marketing practices and to increase disclosure requirements for achieving ESG impacts 126 On June 10 the SEC was reportedly investigating the ESG investment funds of Goldman Sachs for potential greenwashing 127 After noting that his company had launched a division to commercialize carbon capture in testimony before the U S House Oversight and Reform Committee on October 28 2021 128 129 ExxonMobil CEO Darren Woods discussed in an interview with CNBC journalist David Faber on June 24 that part of ExxonMobil s long term strategy to remain a profitable company while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and plastic pollution was to invest in carbon capture and storage technology with a network hub in Houston and to remain a plastics producer while making improvements to waste management 130 131 132 On June 30 the Supreme Court ruled in West Virginia v EPA 2022 that the U S Environmental Protection Agency did not have the authority under the Clean Air Act to devise a broad cap and trade system for carbon emissions by power plants that the agency attempted to promulgate under the Clean Power Plan and instead that the authority to do so rests with the U S Congress 133 134 135 Social media edit Main articles 2021 Facebook leak Feed Facebook Frances Haugen GameStop short squeeze Influencer marketing Internet manipulation r wallstreetbets Section 230 Social media marketing Trump Media amp Technology Group United States free speech exceptions and Whistleblower protection in the United States See also Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election Climate change denial Controversial Reddit communities COVID 19 misinformation COVID 19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy Criticism of Facebook Criticism of Google Earnings call Facebook content management controversies Human trafficking Infodemic Information pollution January 6 United States Capitol attack Meme stock Online hate speech Promotion of anorexia Recommender system Social media and suicide Sock puppet account State sponsored Internet propaganda User review Fake reviews and Web feed Further information False advertising False statements of fact Making false statements Market manipulation Materiality law Misrepresentation Omission law Prospectus finance Proxy statement and Securities fraud On March 2 2021 Rocket Mortgage saw a more than 70 percent spike in its stock price during the GameStop short squeeze due to a surge in trading following discussion of the company on r wallstreetbets 136 137 but the Rocket Mortgage stock price reverted back to its pre surge level the next day 138 139 On September 14 Gensler announced the imminent release of an agency report on the short squeeze in testimony before the U S Senate Banking Housing and Urban Affairs Committee 140 141 45 On October 18 the SEC released the report 142 143 144 Also in October 2021 eight whistleblower complaints alleging securities fraud by Facebook Inc were filed anonymously with the SEC by Whistleblower Aid on behalf of former company employee Frances Haugen after Haugen leaked thousands of company documents to The Wall Street Journal the previous month 145 146 147 After publicly revealing her identity on 60 Minutes 148 149 Haugen testified before the U S Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Consumer Protection Product Safety and Data Security about the content of the leaked documents and the complaints 150 151 After the company renamed itself as Meta Platforms 152 Whistleblower Aid filed two additional securities fraud complaints with the SEC against the company on behalf of Haugen in February 2022 153 On November 18 2021 U S Senator Elizabeth Warren D MA sent a letter to Gensler requesting that the SEC investigate possible securities law violations in the conduct of a merger between the Digital World Acquisition Corp DWAC a special purpose acquisition company and the Trump Media amp Technology Group TMTG announced on October 20 list 3 On December 6 an ongoing SEC investigation into the DWAC TMTG merger was disclosed by DWAC in a filing with the agency 158 On February 18 2022 the U S 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in a lawsuit against Bitconnect that the Securities Act of 1933 extends to targeted solicitation using social media 159 In a securities filing dated June 8 and disclosed to the Florida State Department Corporations Division DWAC stated that Donald Trump and Donald Trump Jr had been removed from the company board of directors 160 161 On June 14 DWAC disclosed that the SEC issued a subpoena for additional company documents and information about the merger 162 On June 27 DWAC disclosed that the SEC issued an additional subpoena as well as an investigation by the U S Justice Department 163 164 On July 19 Amazon com Inc filed a lawsuit against more than 10 000 Facebook Group administrators for distributing fake user reviews of Amazon products in violation of Facebook company policies 165 166 Tesla and Twitter edit Main articles Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk Insider trading Internet manipulation List of lawsuits involving Tesla Inc Market manipulation United States free speech exceptions and Whistleblower protection in the United States See also False statements of fact Prospectus finance Proxy statement Securities fraud Sock puppet account Spambot Twitter bot and Twitter suspensions On November 6 2021 Tesla Inc CEO Elon Musk posted a tweet on his Twitter account that conducted a poll of his followers over whether he should sell 10 of his Tesla stock 167 On December 3 Musk had sold approximately 10 billion worth of his Tesla shares 168 169 On December 6 the SEC opened an investigation of Tesla in response to a whistleblower complaint alleging the company did not properly disclose to its shareholders fire risks associated with its solar panels 170 On February 7 2022 Tesla disclosed in a filing to the SEC that the agency had issued a subpoena to the company for information about company governance policies to comply with an October 2018 settlement with the agency in a securities fraud lawsuit over a tweet Musk posted on his Twitter account about taking Tesla private in August 2018 that the agency subsequently requested that Musk be held in contempt of court for violating in February 2019 that resulted in an amended settlement the following April list 4 and that the agency sent letters to the company in 2019 and in 2020 warning the company that tweets Musk posted in July 2019 and in May 2020 were in violation of list 5 On February 17 Musk s attorneys filed a letter with the presiding judge in the 2018 settlement alleging that the SEC was attempting to chill his First Amendment right to freedom of speech and that the SEC had failed to pay Tesla shareholders the 40 million in fines the agency had assessed from him and the company under the terms of the settlement 184 185 which the SEC disputed in a letter filed with the court in response on February 18 186 187 On February 21 Musk s attorneys filed a second letter with the court alleging the SEC had illegally leaked information from an investigation into him 188 189 On February 24 Southern New York U S District Court Judge Alison Nathan issued an order rejecting requests made by Musk in his February 21 letter 190 while the SEC was in the process of conducting an insider trading investigation of Musk and his brother Kimbal Musk for a 108 million sale of Tesla stock before Elon s November 2021 tweet 191 192 On March 8 Musk filed a motion with the court to have the 2018 settlement with the SEC terminated 193 194 On March 22 the SEC filed a response to Musk s March 8 filing requesting that Judge Nathan deny Musk s motion that its subpoenas were lawful and disclosed that the agency was investigating Musk for his November 2021 tweet 195 On March 29 Musk filed another letter with the court reiterating his First Amendment concerns 196 197 On April 4 Musk submitted a 13G filing with the SEC to purchase a 9 2 passive ownership stake in Twitter Inc 198 199 but then submitted a Schedule 13D beneficial ownership filing reserving the right to purchase a larger stake in the company with the agency the next day and because the disclosure was filed later than an SEC deadline it may have made Musk an additional 156 million 200 201 202 On April 13 a group of Twitter shareholders filed a lawsuit against Musk for failing to disclose his ownership stake to the SEC within the agency s prescribed deadline 203 On April 14 Musk filed an offer to buy Twitter Inc with the SEC for 43 billion and take the company private which was revised a week later to 46 5 billion 204 205 On April 15 Northern California U S District Court Judge Edward M Chen ruled in a lawsuit filed by Tesla shareholders against Musk and the company that his August 2018 tweet was a knowingly made false statement of fact the day after Musk stated at the 2022 TED conference that it was not 206 207 On April 22 Republican Conference members of the U S House Judiciary Committee wrote a letter to the Twitter board of directors requesting that company executives preserve all company records related to Musk s acquisition proposal 208 On April 25 the Twitter board of directors unanimously agreed to Musk s acquisition proposal at 44 billion 209 210 On April 27 Southern New York U S District Court Judge Lewis J Liman denied Musk s motion to terminate the 2018 settlement 211 212 On April 30 Musk filed an amicus brief along with Dallas Mavericks team owner Mark Cuban in support of a petition to the U S Supreme Court by a former chief financial officer at Xerox to review a 2003 settlement the Xerox CFO made with the SEC that includes a gag order that the plaintiff argues is in violation of his First Amendment right to freedom of speech 213 On May 13 Musk posted a tweet that his acquisition of Twitter would be put on hold until statistics about spambots and fake accounts on Twitter were verified 214 215 while the SEC and the Federal Trade Commission began investigations of Musk for violating filing deadlines for his Twitter passive ownership stake and his subsequent company acquisition proposal respectively 216 On May 16 Twitter CEO Parag Agrawal posted a tweet detailing company policies for addressing fake and spam accounts in response to Musk to which Musk posted a tweet in return 217 On May 17 Musk tweeted that the Twitter acquisition would not move forward until he had greater clarification about the ratio of fake and spam accounts on the site 218 later tweeting a poll of his followers opinions of Twitter Inc statements about the ratio of fake and spam accounts in filings to the SEC and where Musk posted a comment in the poll thread calling upon the SEC to investigate whether the company s statements disclosing the ratio in filings to the agency are true 219 220 On the same day Twitter submitted a new filing with the SEC that stated that Musk had met with Twitter executives for three days before he announced his acquisition proposal 221 222 On May 24 Reuters reported that since the April 2019 amended settlement between Musk and the SEC agency officials have consciously chosen not to pursue legal action against Musk for violating the terms of the agreement and to write letters urging compliance instead due to remarks made by the presiding judge during the case 223 On May 25 Twitter shareholders filed a class action lawsuit against Musk and Twitter Inc alleging market manipulation and violation of California corporate laws 224 On June 3 a dozen political advocacy groups including the Center for Countering Digital Hate GLAAD and MediaJustice announced a campaign to block Musk s Twitter acquisition proposal by pressuring government agencies to review the acquisition persuading Tesla shareholders to take legal action against the proposal and asking advertisers to boycott the platform 225 On June 6 Musk s attorneys disclosed a letter to the SEC accusing Twitter executives of a material breach of contract due to lack of information provided about fake and spam accounts and claimed to reserve Musk s right to terminate the merger agreement despite Musk waiving due diligence in his offer to buy the company on April 14 226 227 On July 1 an investment management group affiliated with the pension funds of Strategic Organizing Center labor unions wrote a letter to the SEC requesting that the agency investigate Tesla for violating the terms of the October 2018 settlement with the agency after the company disclosed in its annual proxy statement filed with the SEC the previous month that Oracle Corporation CEO Larry Ellison did not intend to stand for re election as company chairman and that the company did not intend to replace his seat on the board thereby reducing its size 228 229 On July 8 Musk filed a letter with the SEC sent to Twitter executives notifying them that he intended to terminate his acquisition proposal of the company to which Twitter Board Chairman Bret Taylor posted a tweet stating that the company would continue to attempt to close the transaction and that it would pursue legal action to enforce the merger 230 231 On July 12 Twitter Inc filed a lawsuit against Musk in the Delaware Court of Chancery to enforce the acquisition agreement 232 On July 14 the SEC disclosed a letter sent to Musk on June 2 for additional information about his 13D filing on April 5 233 234 On July 15 Musk filed a motion requesting that the court not grant Twitter s request for a speedy trial 235 236 while Twitter submitted an amended proxy statement with the SEC that urged company shareholders to approve the acquisition agreement 237 On July 18 Twitter submitted a filing with the court stating that Musk s request to deny a speedy trial was a tactical delay that Musk s tactics were harming Twitter s reputation and share price and urged the court to schedule the earliest possible trial date 238 239 On July 19 the court ruled in Twitter s favor and scheduled a five day trial to take place the following October 240 241 On July 22 Twitter released its earnings report for the second quarter of 2022 that showed a 1 percent decline in year over year company revenue and that company earnings were lower than analysts expectations which the company partially attributed to uncertainty created by the acquisition agreement 242 243 On July 25 Tesla disclosed in a filing with the SEC that the company had received a second subpoena from the agency on June 13 with respect to the 2018 settlement 244 245 On July 26 Twitter disclosed in filing with the SEC that the company had scheduled a shareholder meeting on September 13 2022 to vote on the acquisition agreement 246 247 In a complaint filed by Whistleblower Aid with the SEC the U S Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commission on July 6 former Twitter security officer Peiter Zatko alleged that specific Twitter executives including Parag Agrawal and certain board members have repeatedly made false and misleading statements to its board shareholders users regulators and the public about privacy security and content moderation on the platform since 2011 in violation of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 and SEC disclosure rules including misrepresentations to Musk during the course of the acquisition bid citing Agrawal s May 16 tweet detailing company policies for addressing fake and spam accounts 248 249 Author editOutside of Gensler s business and public service career Gensler has co authored a book with Greg Baer a fellow Clinton Administration alum The Great Mutual Fund Trap The book uses empirical data to show that the average mutual fund consistently underperforms the market 250 The book argues that actively traded mutual funds carry high fees and lower than market returns and investors should instead rely on low fee index funds rather than constantly attempt to beat the market Political involvement editGensler served as treasurer of the Maryland Democratic Party for two years 9 and held several senior roles on the Maryland campaigns of U S Senator Barbara Mikulski former Lieutenant Governor Kathleen Kennedy Townsend and Governor Martin O Malley 251 During the 2008 presidential campaign cycle Gensler served as a senior advisor to Hillary Clinton s presidential campaign and later advised the Obama campaign 251 In May 2015 Gensler was named chief financial officer of Clinton s campaign for president 252 Academic editGensler is Professor of the Practice of Global Economics and Management MIT Sloan School of Management co director of MIT s Fintech CSAIL and senior adviser to the MIT Media Lab Digital Currency Initiative 253 He focuses on the intersection of finance and technology conducts research and teaches on blockchain technology 254 digital currencies financial technology and public policy He is a member of the New York Fed Fintech Advisory Group a group of experts in financial technology that regularly presents views and perspectives on the topic to the president of the New York Fed 255 Gensler won the MIT Sloan Outstanding Teacher Award based upon student nominations for the 2018 19 academic year 253 Personal life editGensler lives in Baltimore with his three daughters Anna Lee and Isabel 6 Gensler was married to filmmaker and photo collagist Francesca Danieli from 1986 until her death from breast cancer in 2006 256 Gensler is a runner and has finished nine marathons 8 and one 50 mile ultramarathon 251 He also is a mountain climber having summited Mt Rainier and Mt Kilimanjaro 251 References edit Gary Gensler SEC gov Retrieved September 15 2021 Agency Review Teams President Elect Joe Biden Archived from the original on November 10 2020 Retrieved November 13 2020 Dizikes Peter January 19 2021 MIT Sloan s Gary Gensler to be nominated for chair of Securities and Exchange Commission MIT MIT News Retrieved November 27 2022 The Problem With Hillary Clinton Using a Progressive Hero to Attack Bernie Sanders Archived from the original on January 27 2016 Retrieved January 22 2016 President elect Joe Biden to name Gary Gensler as U S SEC chair sources say CNBC January 12 2021 Archived from the original on January 13 2021 Retrieved January 12 2021 a b c d e f Foroohar Rana December 24 2012 The Money Cop Gary Gensler got his start on Wall Street Now he s cleaning it up and taking on the biggest banking scandal since the financial crisis Time Archived from the original on December 10 2014 Retrieved October 28 2014 Sam Gensler September 16 2012 Archived from the original on October 30 2014 Retrieved October 28 2014 a b c d e f Protess Ben January 2 2014 Regulator of Wall Street Loses Its Hard Charging Chairman DealBook The New York Times Archived from the original on August 20 2018 Retrieved October 28 2014 a b c d Hirschfeld Davis Julie November 3 2002 The Democrats stealth fighter The Baltimore Sun Archived from the original on October 30 2014 Retrieved October 28 2014 Remarks of Chairman Gary Gensler Pikesville High School Distinguished Alumnus Assembly cftc gov CFTC Archived from the original on October 30 2014 Retrieved October 28 2014 a b c d Chairman Gary Gensler cftc gov CFTC Archived from the original on October 24 2014 Retrieved October 28 2014 The Gensler Twins Identical Don t You Believe It Bloomberg Businessweek November 17 2002 Archived from the original on December 14 2014 Retrieved December 13 2014 a b Scherer Michael April 22 2010 An Ex Goldman Man Goes After Derivatives Time Archived from the original on December 10 2014 Retrieved October 28 2014 a b c d Wiseman Paul November 23 2009 CFTC chief Gary Gensler is out to police financial Wild West USA Today Archived from the original on October 30 2014 Retrieved October 28 2014 a b c d President Clinton Names Gary Gensler as Under Secretary for Domestic Finance at the Department of the Treasury The White House Office of the Press Secretary Archived from the original on October 14 2014 Retrieved October 28 2014 Fineman Howard April 22 2010 Goldman Alum Who s Trying to Fix Wall Street Newsweek Archived from the original on October 30 2014 Retrieved October 28 2014 Eichenwald Kurt March 19 1990 Investment Bankers Play Football s Newest Position The New York Times Archived from the original on December 16 2014 Retrieved December 13 2014 a b President elect Obama announces choices for SEC CFTC and Federal Reserve Board Newsweek April 22 2010 Archived from the original on October 30 2014 Retrieved October 28 2014 Protess Ben Bishop Mac William February 10 2011 At Center of Derivatives Debate a Gung Ho Regulator DealBook The New York Times Archived from the original on December 5 2013 Retrieved October 28 2014 Gensler Gary OpenSecrets Archived from the original on March 22 2016 Bloomberg Politics Bloomberg Bloomberg com Archived from the original on November 11 2020 Retrieved November 11 2020 Jan 20 Subcabinet Nominations wh gov The White House January 20 2009 Retrieved August 7 2021 Presidential Nominations thomas gov Archived from the original on December 21 2014 Retrieved November 1 2014 Remarks of CFTC Chairman Gary Gensler Swearing In Ceremony cftc gov Archived from the original on October 30 2014 Retrieved October 29 2014 Miedema Douwe January 3 2014 Swaps regulator Gensler banker turned Wall Street scourge Reuters Archived from the original on October 30 2014 Retrieved October 27 2014 Gary Gensler derivatives cop The Economist September 3 2009 Archived from the original on October 30 2014 Retrieved October 29 2014 Nocera Joe November 15 2013 The Little Agency That Could The New York Times Archived from the original on December 11 2013 Retrieved November 1 2014 Chon Gina December 30 2013 Gary Gensler defends record as he leaves CFTC Financial Times Archived from the original on January 18 2021 Retrieved December 13 2014 Remarks of Chairman Gary Gensler before the ISDA European Conference cftc gov Archived from the original on October 30 2014 Retrieved October 29 2014 a b Protess Ben August 12 2012 Libor Case Energizes a Wall Street Watchdog DealBook The New York Times Archived from the original on October 21 2014 Retrieved October 29 2014 Bischoff Victoria McGagh Michelle February 6 2013 Q amp A what is Libor and what did the banks do to it Citywire Money Archived from the original on October 30 2014 Retrieved October 28 2014 Masters Brooke Stafford Philip April 22 2013 CFTC s Gensler says Libor unsustainable Financial Times Archived from the original on January 18 2021 Retrieved December 13 2014 Gary Gensler Former Commodity Futures Trading Commission Chairman Wins Frankel Fiduciary Prize PDF The Institute for the Fiduciary Standard August 4 2014 Archived PDF from the original on December 14 2014 Retrieved December 13 2014 Financial Consumer Protection Commission Maryland msa maryland gov Archived from the original on October 31 2020 Retrieved November 13 2020 Williams Ian September 26 2023 Marylanders hit hard by student loan debt The Baltimore Banner Retrieved November 15 2023 Financial Consumer Protection Act of 2018 PDF Maryland General Assembly Department of Legislative Services Retrieved November 15 2023 Service Capital News April 23 2019 Bill Would Provide Protections to Student Loan Borrowers Maryland Matters Archived from the original on April 25 2019 Retrieved November 14 2020 Agency Review Teams President Elect Joe Biden Archived from the original on November 10 2020 Retrieved November 10 2020 Brown Statement at Executive Session to Vote on Nominees and Subcommittees Press release United States Senate Committee on Banking Housing and Urban Affairs March 10 2021 Retrieved March 12 2021 On the Nomination Confirmation Gary Gensler of Maryland to be a Member of the Securities and Exchange Commission United States Senate April 14 2021 On the Nomination Confirmation Gary Gensler of Maryland to be a Member of the Securities and Exchange Commission United States Senate April 20 2021 Franck Thomas September 14 2021 Senators demand cryptocurrency regulation guidance from SEC Chair Gary Gensler CNBC Retrieved May 12 2022 Franck Thomas September 15 2021 The SEC is short staffed and it needs more help to tackle everything from crypto to China Gensler says CNBC Retrieved May 12 2022 Lane Sylvan September 14 2021 Gensler compares cryptocurrency market regulations to wild west The Hill Nexstar Media Group Retrieved July 11 2022 a b Securities and Exchange Commission Oversight Hearing C SPAN September 14 2021 Retrieved July 20 2022 The Path Forward Cryptocurrency with Gary Gensler The Washington Post Retrieved August 7 2023 Macheel Tanaya October 6 2021 Bitcoin jumps to nearly 5 month high topping 55 000 on Wednesday CNBC Retrieved July 22 2022 Oversight of the U S Securities and Exchange Commission Wall Street s Cop Is Finally Back on the Beat U S House Financial Services Committee October 5 2021 Retrieved July 22 2022 Franck Thomas October 15 2021 The SEC is poised to allow the first bitcoin futures ETFs to begin trading source says CNBC Retrieved May 18 2022 Macheel Tanaya October 18 2021 First bitcoin futures ETF to make its debut Tuesday on the NYSE ProShares says CNBC Retrieved May 18 2022 Pisani Bob August 3 2021 What the SEC chair s comments on crypto mean for a possible bitcoin ETF CNBC Retrieved July 21 2022 a b Pisani Bob February 4 2022 SEC Chairman Gary Gensler embarks on ambitious regulatory agenda What it means for investors CNBC Retrieved May 18 2022 A three way fight to shape the future of digital finance has begun The Economist ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved August 7 2023 Alessandrini Sarah April 4 2022 SEC Chair Gensler says agency is planning greater oversight of crypto markets to protect investors CNBC Retrieved May 18 2022 Evans Brian May 11 2022 SEC chief Gary Gensler says crypto exchanges are market making against their customers Yahoo Finance Yahoo Retrieved July 11 2022 Securities and Exchange Commission Oversight Hearing U S House Appropriations Committee May 26 2021 Retrieved July 20 2022 Matthews Chris May 26 2021 SEC chairman says Americans need a cop on the beat to protect investors from crypto fraud MarketWatch Retrieved July 20 2022 Kiernan Paul May 18 2022 More Crypto Market Turmoil Is Predicted by SEC Chairman Gary Gensler The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 20 2022 Franck Thomas June 7 2022 Bipartisan crypto regulatory overhaul would treat most digital assets as commodities under CFTC oversight CNBC Retrieved July 10 2022 Kiernan Paul June 14 2022 Crypto Legislation Could Undermine Market Regulations Gensler Says The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 12 2022 Goswami Rohan January 12 2023 Crypto firms Genesis and Gemini charged by SEC with selling unregistered securities CNBC Retrieved January 13 2023 Pisani Bob May 6 2021 SEC Chair Gary Gensler raises concerns about Robinhood trading gamification and social media hype CNBC Retrieved July 20 2022 Pisani Bob May 20 2021 SEC chair Gensler says agency will enforce rules aggressively against bad actors CNBC Retrieved July 21 2022 GameStop and Protecting Investors C SPAN May 6 2021 Retrieved July 20 2022 Game Stopped Who Wins and Loses When Short Sellers Social Media and Retail Investors Collide Part III PDF Report Vol 117 22 U S House Committee on Financial Services U S Government Printing Office May 6 2021 Retrieved July 21 2022 Finn Teaganne May 26 2021 Warren Asks Gensler to Remove Accounting Oversight Board Members Bloomberg News Retrieved July 21 2022 Mejdrich Kellie June 4 2021 SEC fires Republican audit watchdog after push from Warren Sanders Politico Axel Springer SE Retrieved July 21 2022 Maurer Mark June 4 2021 SEC Removes Chairman of Audit Watchdog The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 21 2022 Michaels Dave Eaglesham Jean June 17 2021 SEC Investigating Former Chair of Auditing Industry Regulator The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 21 2022 Michaels Dave Osipovich Alexander June 9 2021 SEC to Review Market Structure as Meme Stocks Stir Frenzy The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 21 2022 Osipovich Alexander August 30 2021 Robinhood Stock Drops After SEC Chairman Warns on Payment for Order Flow The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 21 2022 Michaels Dave June 7 2021 SEC Chairman Calls for New Restrictions on Executive Stock Trading Plans The Wall Street Journal Retrieved January 24 2022 Michaels Dave June 30 2021 Robinhood Agrees to Pay 70 Million to Settle Regulatory Investigation The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 21 2022 Fitzgerald Maggie July 29 2021 Robinhood falls in its public market debut closes more than 8 lower at 34 82 per share CNBC Retrieved July 21 2022 Rudegeair Peter Driebusch Corrie McCabe Caitlin July 29 2021 Robinhood s Stock Price Falls After IPO The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 21 2022 Franck Thomas August 6 2021 SEC approves Nasdaq s plan to boost diversity on corporate boards CNBC Retrieved July 13 2022 Kiernan Paul Rudegeair Peter August 27 2021 SEC Launches Review of Online Strategies Used by Brokers Advisers The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 21 2022 Pisani Bob December 2 2021 SEC finalizes rule that allows it to delist foreign stocks for failure to meet audit requirements CNBC Retrieved July 21 2022 Frank Robert December 1 2021 CEOs and insiders sell a record 69 billion of their stock and the year isn t over yet CNBC Retrieved May 26 2022 Franck Thomas December 15 2021 SEC Chair Gary Gensler wants stronger insider trading rules as executive stock sales hit records CNBC Retrieved May 26 2022 Osipovich Alexander January 27 2022 Robinhood Meme Stock Negligence Suit Is Rejected by Judge The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 21 2022 Pisani Bob May 18 2022 Tough questions await SEC Chair Gensler as he seeks funding for his regulatory agenda CNBC Retrieved May 18 2022 Fiscal Year 2023 Budget Request for the Federal Trade Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission U S House Appropriations Committee May 18 2022 Retrieved July 20 2022 Pisani Bob June 7 2022 SEC s Gensler speaks Wednesday and rules that overhaul market operations could be coming CNBC Retrieved June 8 2022 U S SEC chief Gary Gensler unveils plan to overhaul Wall Street stock trading CNBC June 8 2022 Retrieved June 8 2022 Macheel Tanaya May 12 2022 Robinhood shares pop more than 20 after Sam Bankman Fried buys 7 6 stake CNBC Retrieved July 21 2022 McCaffrey Orla May 12 2022 FTX Founder Sam Bankman Fried Buys 7 6 Stake in Robinhood The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 21 2022 Li Yun June 27 2022 Robinhood shares jump 14 on report FTX may be exploring a deal CNBC Retrieved July 21 2022 Huang Vicky Ge Miao Hannah June 27 2022 Robinhood Shares Soar on Takeover Hopes The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 21 2022 Melinek Jacquelyn June 27 2022 FTX says no active talks to buy Robinhood TechCrunch Yahoo Inc Retrieved July 21 2022 Macheel Tanaya May 19 2022 Crypto exchange FTX U S moves into stock trading CNBC Retrieved July 21 2022 Rooney Kate May 23 2022 Crypto exchange FTX quietly shops for brokerage start ups amid move into stock trading sources say CNBC Retrieved July 21 2022 Osipovich Alexander July 20 2022 Robinhood Was Behind Phantom Surge in Berkshire Hathaway Trade Volume Study Finds The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 21 2022 Li Yun July 20 2022 The reason behind a mysterious trading surge in stocks like Berkshire Hathaway has been revealed CNBC Retrieved July 21 2022 Bartlett Robert P McCracy Justin O Hara Maureen July 20 2022 A Fractional Solution to a Stock Market Mystery Social Science Research Network Elsevier SSRN 4167890 Geman Ben January 28 2021 Microsoft backs direct air capture player Climeworks Axios Retrieved July 14 2022 Calma Justine September 9 2021 How the largest direct air capture plant will suck CO2 out of the atmosphere The Verge Vox Media Retrieved July 14 2022 Joppa Lucas Luers Amy Willmott Elizabeth Friedmann S Julio Hamburg Steven P Broze Rafael September 29 2021 Microsoft s million tonne CO2 removal purchase lessons for net zero Nature 597 7878 629 632 Bibcode 2021Natur 597 629J doi 10 1038 d41586 021 02606 3 S2CID 238229298 Retrieved July 14 2022 Domonoske Camila January 16 2020 Microsoft Pledges To Remove From The Atmosphere All The Carbon It Has Ever Emitted NPR Retrieved July 14 2022 Calma Justine January 16 2020 Microsoft wants to capture all of the carbon dioxide it s ever emitted The Verge Vox Media Retrieved July 14 2022 Calma Justine January 28 2021 Microsoft made a giant climate pledge one year ago here s where it s at now The Verge Vox Media Retrieved July 14 2022 Brown Ryan February 5 2021 Bitcoin s wild ride renews worries about its massive carbon footprint CNBC Retrieved July 13 2022 Criddle Christina February 10 2021 Bitcoin consumes more electricity than Argentina BBC Retrieved July 14 2022 Webb Samuel May 19 2022 Crypto crash will not affect Bitcoin mining s climate cost Yahoo News Yahoo Inc Retrieved July 14 2022 Kovach Steve February 8 2021 Tesla buys 1 5 billion in bitcoin plans to accept it as payment CNBC Retrieved July 14 2022 Lyons Kim April 15 2021 Apple launches 200 million fund for climate change The Verge Vox Media Retrieved July 14 2022 Bussewitz Cathy February 7 2022 Report Climate pledges from Amazon others weaker than they seem The Seattle Times Retrieved July 14 2022 Corporate Climate Responsibility Monitor 2022 Assessing the Transparency and Integrity of Companies Emission Reduction and Net Zero Targets PDF Report NewClimate Institute 2022 pp 54 58 76 78 Retrieved July 14 2022 Temple James June 23 2020 Amazon creates a 2 billion climate fund as it struggles to cut its own emissions MIT Technology Review Retrieved July 14 2022 Temple James November 2 2020 How Amazon s offsets could exaggerate its progress toward net zero emissions MIT Technology Review Retrieved July 14 2022 Palmer Annie June 30 2021 Amazon s carbon emissions rose 19 in 2020 even as Covid 19 pushed global levels down CNBC Retrieved July 14 2022 Joselow Maxine February 22 2022 Court ruling on social cost of carbon upends Biden s climate plans The Washington Post Retrieved July 18 2022 Phillips Anna March 16 2022 Appellate court rules Biden can consider climate damage in policymaking The Washington Post Retrieved July 18 2022 Williams Pete May 26 2022 Supreme Court won t block Biden rule on societal cost of greenhouse gases CNBC Retrieved July 18 2022 Liptak Adam May 26 2022 Supreme Court Allows Greenhouse Gas Cost Estimates The New York Times Retrieved July 18 2022 Barnes Robert Phillips Anna May 26 2022 Supreme Court allows Biden climate regulations while fight continues The Washington Post Retrieved July 18 2022 Sigalos MacKenzie February 15 2022 ConocoPhillips is selling extra gas to bitcoin miners in North Dakota CNBC Retrieved July 13 2022 Pisani Bob March 21 2022 The SEC wants to know a lot more about what companies are doing about climate change CNBC Retrieved May 18 2022 Franck Thomas March 21 2022 SEC proposes broad climate rules as Chair Gensler says risk disclosure will help investors CNBC Retrieved May 18 2022 The Editorial Board March 21 2022 Opinion Gary Gensler Stages a Climate Coup Wall Street Journal Retrieved March 14 2023 Sigalos MacKenzie March 26 2022 Exxon is mining bitcoin in North Dakota as part of its plan to slash emissions CNBC Retrieved July 13 2022 Clifford Catherine April 12 2022 Stripe teams up with major tech companies to commit 925 million toward carbon capture CNBC Retrieved July 6 2022 Brigham Katie June 28 2022 Why Big Tech is pouring money into carbon removal CNBC Retrieved July 6 2022 Sorkin Andrew Ross Giang Vivian Gandel Stephen Hirsch Lauren Livni Ephrat Gross Jenny Gallagher David F Schaverien Anna May 19 2022 Elon Musk s Next Target The New York Times Retrieved July 7 2022 Frangoul Anmar July 1 2022 Elon Musk is smart but he doesn t understand ESG tech CEO says CNBC Retrieved July 7 2022 Newburger Emma May 25 2022 SEC unveils rules to prevent misleading claims and enhance disclosures by ESG funds CNBC Retrieved June 8 2022 Michaels Dave June 10 2022 SEC Is Investigating Goldman Sachs Over ESG Funds Sources Say The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved June 10 2022 Exxon BP Shell and Chevron Executives Testify on Climate Change C SPAN October 28 2021 Retrieved July 8 2022 The Power of Big Oil Part III Delay FRONTLINE Season 40 Episode 12 May 3 2022 PBS WGBH Retrieved July 8 2022 Woods Darren June 24 2022 How Exxon Mobil plans to meet the energy transition Extended Interview with CEO Darren Woods Interview Interviewed by David Faber CNBC Retrieved July 7 2022 Winograd Amanda June 23 2022 Exxon Mobil is at a crossroads as climate crisis spurs clean energy transition CNBC Retrieved July 7 2022 Plastic Wars FRONTLINE Season 38 Episode 15 March 31 2020 PBS WGBH Retrieved July 10 2022 Newburger Emma Mangan Dan June 30 2022 Supreme Court limits EPA authority to set climate standards for power plants CNBC Retrieved July 18 2022 Clifford Catherine July 1 2022 The Supreme Court s EPA ruling is a big setback for fighting climate change but not a death knell CNBC Retrieved July 18 2022 Iacurci Greg July 5 2022 Supreme Court limited EPA s ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions Here s how investors can buy a carbon conscious fund CNBC Retrieved July 18 2022 Li Yun March 2 2021 Shares of Rocket Companies a large short target of hedge funds jump more than 70 CNBC Retrieved July 22 2022 Tompor Susan March 2 2021 Rocket Companies stock soars 70 on speculative trading mirroring GameStop rally Detroit Free Press Gannett Retrieved July 22 2022 McCaffrey Orla March 3 2021 Rocket Stock Is the New Meme Trade Move Over GameStop The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 22 2022 Grzelewski Jordyn March 3 2021 After GameStop like surge Rocket stock frenzy shows signs of subsiding The Detroit News Digital First Media Retrieved July 22 2022 Johnson Katanga September 14 2021 U S SEC close to publishing report on Gamestop meme saga SEC Chair Reuters Thomson Reuters Retrieved May 18 2022 Pisani Bob September 23 2021 Investors brace for SEC Chair Gensler s report on GameStop and how brokerages get paid CNBC Retrieved May 18 2022 Li Yun October 18 2021 SEC says brokers enticed by payment for order flow are making trading into a game to lure investors CNBC Retrieved July 22 2022 Bain Ben October 18 2021 SEC GameStop report debunks conspiracies backs commission chief s plan Los Angeles Times Retrieved July 22 2022 Staff Report on Equity and Options Market Structure Conditions in Early 2021 PDF Report U S Securities and Exchange Commission October 14 2021 Retrieved May 18 2022 Zubrow Keith Gavrilovic Maria Ortiz Alex October 4 2021 Whistleblower s SEC complaint Facebook knew platform was used to promote human trafficking and domestic servitude 60 Minutes Overtime CBS News Retrieved May 12 2022 Horwitz Jeff September 13 2021 Facebook Says Its Rules Apply to All Company Documents Reveal a Secret Elite That s Exempt The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved May 23 2022 Bursztynsky Jessica Feiner Lauren September 14 2021 Facebook documents show how toxic Instagram is for teens Wall Street Journal reports CNBC Retrieved May 12 2022 Pelley Scott October 4 2021 Whistleblower Facebook is misleading the public on progress against hate speech violence misinformation 60 Minutes CBS News Retrieved May 16 2022 Feiner Lauren October 3 2021 Facebook whistleblower reveals identity accuses the platform of a betrayal of democracy CNBC Retrieved May 16 2022 Facebook Whistleblower Testifies on Protecting Children Online C SPAN October 5 2021 Retrieved May 16 2022 Feiner Lauren October 5 2021 Facebook whistleblower The company knows it s harming people and the buck stops with Zuckerberg CNBC Retrieved May 16 2022 Bidar Musadiq October 28 2021 Facebook to change corporate name to Meta CBS News Retrieved May 16 2022 Zakrzewski Cat February 18 2022 Facebook whistleblower alleges executives misled investors about climate covid hoaxes in new SEC complaint The Washington Post Retrieved May 12 2022 Mangan Dan November 18 2021 Sen Elizabeth Warren calls on SEC to investigate Trump SPAC deal with DWAC for possible securities violations CNBC Retrieved July 11 2022 Sigalos MacKenzie October 20 2021 Trump announces social media platform launch plan SPAC deal CNBC Retrieved July 11 2022 Mangan Dan Li Yun Wilkie Christina October 21 2021 Shares of Trump linked SPAC close up 350 following news of social media deal CNBC Retrieved July 11 2022 Goldstein Matthew Hirsch Lauren Enrich David October 29 2021 Trump s 300 Million SPAC Deal May Have Skirted Securities Laws The New York Times Retrieved October 31 2021 Mangan Dan December 6 2021 Trump SPAC under investigation by federal regulators including SEC CNBC Retrieved July 11 2022 Lawler Richard February 18 2022 Influencers beware promoting the wrong crypto could mean facing a class action lawsuit The Verge Vox Media Retrieved July 13 2022 Whitten Sarah July 7 2022 Donald Trump left the board of his social media company weeks before federal subpoenas filing shows CNBC Retrieved July 11 2022 Anderson Chris July 7 2022 Exclusive Trump left Sarasota media company weeks before federal subpoenas were issued Sarasota Herald Tribune Gannett Retrieved July 26 2022 Morris Chris June 14 2022 SEC expands investigation into Donald Trump s Truth Social Fortune Calia Mike June 27 2022 Trump SPAC deal threatened by federal criminal probe CNBC Retrieved July 11 2022 Calia Mike July 1 2022 Trump media company subpoenaed in federal criminal probe of SPAC deal CNBC Retrieved July 11 2022 Palmer Annie July 19 2022 Amazon sues thousands of Facebook group administrators over fake reviews CNBC Retrieved July 19 2022 Purnell Newley July 19 2022 Amazon Sues Facebook Group Administrators Over Fake Reviews The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 19 2022 Bursztynsky Jessica Kolodny Lora November 6 2021 Elon Musk says he s using a Twitter poll to determine the future of 10 of his Tesla shares CNBC Retrieved May 26 2022 Wall Robert December 2 2021 Elon Musk s Tesla Share Selling Spree Tops 10 Billion The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved May 26 2022 Hetzner Christiaan December 3 2021 Elon Musk has now sold more than 10 billion in Tesla stock part of a record wave of CEOs cashing out Fortune Retrieved May 26 2022 Palmer Annie December 6 2021 Tesla shares fall into bear market territory after SEC reportedly opens probe into solar panel defects CNBC Retrieved May 26 2022 Ferris Robert August 7 2018 Tesla shares surge 10 after Elon Musk shocks market with tweet about going private CNBC Retrieved May 24 2022 Salinas Sara September 27 2018 SEC charges Tesla CEO Elon Musk with fraud CNBC Retrieved May 24 2022 Wattles Jackie September 30 2018 Elon Musk agrees to pay 20 million and quit as Tesla chairman in deal with SEC CNN Business CNN Retrieved May 24 2022 Salinas Sara February 20 2019 Elon Musk tweeted then revised Tesla financial guidance He probably shouldn t have CNBC Retrieved June 9 2022 Statt Nick February 25 2019 Elon Musk might be held in contempt of court over a Tesla tweet The Verge Vox Media Retrieved May 26 2022 Wattles Jackie April 27 2019 Elon Musk and SEC reach an agreement over tweeting CNN Business CNN Retrieved May 24 2022 US SEC commissioner decries agency s deal with Tesla s Musk CNBC April 30 2019 Retrieved May 24 2022 Trudell Craig July 30 2019 Elon Musk claims Tesla solar production will jump Does that violate his SEC accord Los Angeles Times Retrieved May 25 2022 Bursztynsky Jessica May 1 2020 Tesla shares tank after Elon Musk tweets the stock price is too high CNBC Retrieved May 25 2022 Michaels Dave Elliott Rebecca June 1 2021 Tesla Failed to Oversee Elon Musk s Tweets SEC Argued in Letters The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved May 25 2022 Kolodny Lora June 1 2021 SEC said Elon Musk s Tesla tweets violated settlement agreement WSJ reports CNBC Retrieved May 25 2022 Elliott Rebecca Michaels Dave February 7 2022 SEC Subpoenas Tesla Seeking Information Linked to Elon Musk Settlement The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved May 26 2022 Hawkins Andrew J February 7 2022 The SEC subpoenas Tesla over one of Elon Musk s tweets again The Verge Vox Media Retrieved May 26 2022 Lyons Kim February 17 2022 Elon Musk tells a judge the SEC s endless investigation is stifling his free speech The Verge Vox Media Retrieved May 26 2022 Isidore Chris February 17 2022 Elon Musk says the SEC is gunning for his free speech rights CNN Business CNN Retrieved May 26 2022 Michaels Dave Elliott Rebecca February 18 2022 Elon Musk s Accusation of Harassment Countered by SEC The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved May 26 2022 Roth Emma February 19 2022 Elon Musk s claims of broken promises denied by the SEC The Verge Vox Media Retrieved May 26 2022 Kolodny Lora Wayland Michael February 21 2022 Tesla CEO Elon Musk accuses SEC of leaking information from federal probe CNBC Retrieved May 26 2022 Isidore Chris February 22 2022 Elon Musk accuses the SEC of illegally leaking details of its Tesla investigation CNN Business CNN Retrieved May 26 2022 Kolodny Lora February 24 2022 Judge rejects Tesla CEO Elon Musk s attempt to bring SEC before the court CNBC Retrieved May 24 2022 Michaels Dave February 24 2022 SEC Probes Trading by Elon Musk and Brother in Wake of Tesla CEO s Sales The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved May 26 2022 Palmer Annie Kolodny Lora February 24 2022 SEC reportedly probes Tesla CEO Elon Musk and brother over recent stock sales CNBC Retrieved May 26 2022 Michaels Dave Elliott Rebecca March 8 2022 Elon Musk Seeks to Terminate 2018 Fraud Settlement With SEC The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved May 26 2022 Hawkins Andrew J March 8 2022 Elon Musk claims he was coerced into settling with the SEC over his funding secured tweet The Verge Vox Media Retrieved May 26 2022 Krisher Tom March 22 2022 SEC claims authority to subpoena Elon Musk over tweets PBS NewsHour WETA Retrieved May 26 2022 Lyons Kim March 29 2022 Elon Musk cites Eminem song in latest volley with the SEC The Verge Vox Media Retrieved May 26 2022 Maruf Ramishah April 3 2022 Elon Musk s latest court filing against the SEC quotes Eminem CNN Business CNN Retrieved May 26 2022 Imbert Fred April 4 2022 Twitter shares close up 27 after Elon Musk takes 9 stake in social media company CNBC Retrieved May 27 2022 Porter Jon April 4 2022 Elon Musk buys 9 2 percent of Twitter amid complaints about free speech The Verge Vox Media Retrieved May 27 2022 Lawler Richard April 5 2022 Elon Musk updates the paperwork on his shocking Twitter purchase to avoid extra SEC drama The Verge Vox Media Retrieved May 27 2022 Albergotti Reed April 6 2022 Elon Musk delayed filing a form and made 156 million The Washington Post Retrieved May 27 2022 Lawler Richard April 11 2022 Elon Musk s SEC filings reserve the right to buy a larger stake in Twitter The Verge Vox Media Retrieved May 27 2022 Shead Sam April 13 2022 Twitter investors sue Elon Musk for failing to promptly disclose the size of his stake CNBC Retrieved May 28 2022 Subin Samantha April 14 2022 Elon Musk offers to buy Twitter for 43 billion so it can be transformed as private company CNBC Retrieved May 27 2022 Koebler Jason April 21 2022 Elon Musk Secures 46 5 Billion to Buy Twitter SEC Filing Vice Vice Media Retrieved May 27 2022 Kolodny Lora April 16 2022 Elon Musk s tweets about taking Tesla private were false new court filing says CNBC Retrieved May 27 2022 Hawkins Andrew J April 14 2022 Elon Musk says the SEC s investigations into Tesla are like having a gun to your child s head The Verge Vox Media Retrieved May 27 2022 Feiner Lauren April 22 2022 House Republicans demand Twitter s board preserve all records about Musk s bid to buy the company CNBC Retrieved May 28 2022 Krisher Tom O Brien Matt April 25 2022 Elon Musk reaches agreement to acquire Twitter for about 44 billion PBS NewsHour WETA Retrieved May 27 2022 Feiner Lauren April 25 2022 Twitter accepts Elon Musk s buyout deal CNBC Retrieved May 28 2022 Katersky Aaron April 27 2022 Elon Musk s bid to end SEC tweet settlement rejected by judge ABC News Retrieved May 27 2022 O Donnell Katy April 27 2022 Judge rejects Elon Musk s bid to end SEC tweet settlement Politico Axel Springer SE Retrieved May 27 2022 Livni Ephrat April 30 2022 Musk Joins Moguls to Kill S E C Gag Orders at the Supreme Court The New York Times Retrieved May 27 2022 Siddiqui Faiz Albergotti Reed Dwoskin Elizabeth Lerman Rachel May 13 2022 Elon Musk says Twitter deal is on hold putting bid on shaky ground The Washington Post Retrieved May 28 2022 Shead Sam May 13 2022 Elon Musk says Twitter deal on hold pending details on fake accounts shares sink 9 CNBC Retrieved May 28 2022 Michaels Dave May 11 2022 Elon Musk s Belated Disclosure of Twitter Stake Triggers Regulators Probes The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved May 28 2022 Bursztynsky Jessica May 16 2022 Twitter CEO explains how the company actually fights spambots in rebuttal to Musk CNBC Retrieved May 28 2022 Shead Sam May 17 2022 Elon Musk says Twitter deal cannot move forward until he has clarity on fake account numbers CNBC Retrieved May 28 2022 Lawler Richard May 17 2022 Elon Musk s latest stunt calling on the SEC to investigate Twitter s user numbers The Verge Vox Media Retrieved May 28 2022 Kolodny Lora May 17 2022 Elon Musk calls on SEC to evaluate Twitter user numbers CNBC Retrieved May 28 2022 Palmer Annie May 17 2022 Musk met Twitter execs for 3 days before making a bid unclear if they discussed bots CNBC Retrieved May 28 2022 Feiner Lauren May 17 2022 New filing reveals the full story behind Musk s bid to buy Twitter CNBC Retrieved May 28 2022 In a faceoff with Elon Musk the SEC blinked CNBC May 24 2022 Retrieved May 28 2022 Kolodny Lora May 26 2022 Twitter shareholders sue Elon Musk and Twitter over chaotic deal CNBC Retrieved May 28 2022 Feiner Lauren June 3 2022 Musk s Twitter deal faces backlash from advocacy groups that are seeking to block it CNBC Retrieved June 3 2022 Feuer Will Needleman Sarah E June 6 2022 Elon Musk Threatens to End Twitter Deal Over Lack of Information on Spam Accounts The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved June 6 2022 Feiner Lauren Kolodny Lora June 6 2022 Musk accuses Twitter of resisting and thwarting his right to information on fake accounts CNBC Retrieved June 6 2022 Kolodny Lora July 1 2022 Activist investor group asks SEC to investigate Tesla over plan to shrink board CNBC Retrieved July 7 2022 Tesla proposes a 3 for 1 stock split Ellison to leave Board ABC News June 10 2022 Retrieved July 7 2022 Feiner Lauren July 8 2022 Elon Musk notifies Twitter he is terminating deal CNBC Retrieved July 9 2022 Palmer Annie July 8 2022 Elon Musk faces a long legal war with Twitter which has the upper hand CNBC Retrieved July 9 2022 Leswing Kif Feiner Lauren July 12 2022 Twitter sues Elon Musk to enforce original merger agreement CNBC Retrieved July 12 2022 Feiner Lauren July 14 2022 SEC letter to Musk questions tweet about Twitter acquisition CNBC Retrieved July 17 2022 Feuer Will July 14 2022 SEC Questioned Elon Musk Tweet Over Twitter Deal The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 17 2022 Needleman Sarah E Mulvaney Erin July 15 2022 Elon Musk Fires Back at Twitter Lawsuit The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 17 2022 Kolodny Lora Vanian Jonathan July 15 2022 Elon Musk asks court to reject Twitter s request for speedy trial CNBC Retrieved July 17 2022 Vanian Jonathan July 15 2022 Twitter board urges shareholders to approve sale to Elon Musk in revised proxy filing CNBC Retrieved July 17 2022 Kolodny Lora July 18 2022 Twitter fires back at Elon Musk s attempt to delay trial CNBC Retrieved July 19 2022 Needleman Sarah E Lombardo Cara July 18 2022 Twitter Says Elon Musk s Opposition to Expedited Trial Is a Tactical Delay The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 19 2022 Feiner Lauren Vanian Jonathan July 19 2022 Twitter Musk trial on 44 billion deal set to begin in October after Musk loses effort to delay CNBC Retrieved July 19 2022 Michaels Dave July 19 2022 Twitter Musk Trial Set for October in Lawsuit Over Stalled 44 Billion Takeover The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 19 2022 Needleman Sarah E July 22 2022 Amid Musk Fight Twitter Reports Surprising Drop in Revenue The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 22 2022 Palmer Annie July 22 2022 Twitter misses earnings expectations partially blames revenue drop on Elon Musk takeover bid CNBC Retrieved July 22 2022 Tesla gets second SEC subpoena over Musk s 2018 go private tweet CNBC July 25 2022 Retrieved July 25 2022 Isidore Chris July 25 2022 Tesla subpoenaed over Elon Musk s tweets again CNN Business CNN Retrieved July 25 2022 Vanian Jonathan July 26 2022 Twitter to hold vote on Musk merger on Sept 13 CNBC Retrieved July 26 2022 Needleman Sarah E July 26 2022 Twitter Schedules Shareholder Vote on Elon Musk s 44 Billion Takeover Bid The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved July 26 2022 Menn Joseph Dwoskin Elizabeth Zakrzewski Cat August 23 2022 Former security chief claims Twitter buried egregious deficiencies The Washington Post Retrieved August 23 2022 Siddiqui Faiz Dwoskin Elizabeth August 23 2022 New whistleblower allegations could factor into Twitter vs Musk trial The Washington Post Retrieved August 23 2022 The Great Mutual Fund Trap An Investment Recovery Plan ISBN 0767910710 a b c d McBride Courtney July 14 2013 Gary Gensler Chairman National Journal Archived from the original on October 30 2014 Retrieved October 29 2014 Hillary Clinton Hiring of C F O Is Called Signal to Possible Donors The New York Times July 3 2015 Archived from the original on April 11 2018 Retrieved February 8 2017 a b Gary Gensler MIT Sloan Archived from the original on November 13 2020 Retrieved November 13 2020 Blockchain and Money MIT OpenCourseWare Retrieved May 22 2021 Fintech Advisory Group www newyorkfed org Federal Reserve Bank of New York Archived from the original on November 18 2020 Retrieved November 13 2020 Sullivan Patricia July 2 2006 Filmmaker and Honored Photo Collagist Francesca Danieli 52 Washington Post Archived from the original on June 27 2015 Retrieved October 28 2014 Bundled references 62 63 64 65 88 89 90 91 92 154 155 156 157 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 External links editAppearances on C SPAN nbsp CFTC biography Archived October 30 2014 at the Wayback Machine Political offices Preceded byDarcy Bradbury Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets1997 1998 Succeeded byLee Sachs Preceded byJohn Hawke Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance1999 2001 Succeeded byPeter Fisher Preceded byWalter LukkenActing Chair of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission2009 2014 Succeeded byMark WetjenActing Preceded byAllison LeeActing Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission2021 present Incumbent Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gary Gensler amp oldid 1222149441, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.