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Twitter, Inc.

March 15, 2023

This article is about the company that operates the social media service. For the networking service, see Twitter.

Twitter, Inc. is an American social media company based in San Francisco, California. The company operates the social networking service Twitter. It previously operated the Vine short video app and Periscope livestreaming service.

Twitter, Inc.
Logo since 2012
Headquarters in San Francisco (2023)
TypePrivate
IndustrySocial media
FoundedMarch 21, 2006; 16 years ago (2006-03-21) in San Francisco
Founders
Headquarters
San Francisco, California
,
United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Elon Musk (Owner & CEO)[1]
Services
Revenue US$5.1 billion (2021)
US$−273 million (2021)
US$−221 million (2021)
Total assets US$14.1 billion (2021)
Total equity US$7.3 billion (2021)
OwnerElon Musk[2][3]
Number of employees
c. 2,000[4] (Feb 2023)
Websiteabout.twitter.com
Footnotes / references
[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Twitter was created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams in March 2006 and was launched that July. By 2012, more than 100 million users tweeted 340 million tweets a day,[13] and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day.[14][15][13] The company went public in November 2013. By 2019, Twitter had more than 330 million monthly active users.[16]

On April 25, 2022, Twitter agreed to a $44 billion buyout by Elon Musk, CEO of SpaceX and Tesla, one of the biggest deals to turn a company private.[17][18] On July 8, Musk terminated the deal.[19] Twitter's shares fell,[20] leading company officials to sue Musk in the Chancery Court of Delaware on July 12.[21] On October 4, Musk announced his intention to purchase the company as he had agreed, for $44 billion, or $54.20 a share;[22] the agreement closed on October 27.

Following Musk's takeover, Twitter has been criticized for a perceived increase in hate speech and prioritization of right-wing content, which was followed by advertiser moratoriums, mass dismissals and mass resignations.[23][24][25][26][27] After his acquisition of the company, Musk immediately dismissed numerous top executives.[28] On November 3, Twitter laid off approximately 3,700 employees, or about half of their staff. In the following week, the company's security, compliance, and privacy executives resigned.[29] On November 16, Musk sent an email to remaining employees outlining a shift in the work culture of the company and requesting employees opt-in or leave by November 17, leading to hundreds of additional resignations.[30]

History

Further information: Timeline of Twitter

2006–2007: Creation and initial reaction

 
A sketch, c. 2006, by Jack Dorsey, envisioning an SMS-based social network

Twitter origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then an undergraduate student at New York University, introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group.[31][32] Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 12:50 p.m. PST (UTC−08:00): "just setting up my twttr".[5] The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for Odeo employees.[33] The full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.[9] In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo, together with its assets—including Odeo.com and Twitter.com—from the investors and shareholders.[34] Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011.[35] Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.[36]

The tipping point for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive (SXSWi) conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.[37] "The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked Newsweek's Steven Levy. "Hundreds of conference-goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers in attendance touted it."[38] Reaction at the conference was highly positive. Blogger Scott Beale said that Twitter was "absolutely ruling" SXSWi. Social software researcher danah boyd said Twitter was "owning" the conference.[39]

2007–2022: Growth

In April 2012, Twitter announced that it was opening an office in Detroit, with the aim of working with automotive brands and advertising agencies.[40] Twitter also expanded its office in Dublin.[41] On December 18, 2012, Twitter announced it had surpassed 200 million monthly active users. Twitter hit 100 million monthly active users in September 2011.[42]

The company had its initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange on November 7, 2013.[43]

In September 2016, Twitter shares rose 20% after a report that it had received takeover approaches.[44] Potential buyers were Alphabet (the parent company of Google),[44] Microsoft,[45][46][47] Salesforce.com,[44][48] Verizon,[48] and The Walt Disney Company.[49][50] Twitter's board of directors were open to a deal, which could have come by the end of 2016.[44][51] However, no deal was made, with reports in October stating that all the potential buyers dropped out partly due to concerns over abuse and harassment on the service.[52][53][54] In June 2017, Twitter revamped its dashboard to improve the new user experience.[55][56]

In April 2021, Twitter announced that it was establishing its African headquarters in Ghana.[57][58]

In January 2022, Twitter finalized the sale of MoPub to AppLovin. The deal was first announced in October 2021, and the selling price was reported at $1.05 billion.[59]

2022–present

Acquisition by Elon Musk

Main article: Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk

Business magnate Elon Musk revealed that he had bought 9.1% of Twitter for $2.64 billion on April 4, 2022.[60][61][62] In response, Twitter's stock rose by as much as 27% and Twitter shares experienced the largest intraday surge since Twitter's IPO in 2013.[63] Musk was appointed to Twitter's board on April 9, under a deal that prohibited him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.[61][64][65]

Musk made an unsolicited offer on April 14 to acquire Twitter for $43 billion and take the company private.[66] Publicly, Musk expressed that his offer was motivated by concerns with how the company was managed, emphasizing his concern that policies he described as censorship were leading to a lack of free speech on the platform.[67][68] Twitter's board introduced a "poison pill" strategy on April 15, which would allow shareholders to buy additional stock should a hostile takeover occur as a means to block Musk's takeover.[69] On April 20, Musk secured $46.5 billion in funding as a tender offer, which the board accepted on April 25.[70][71][72]

On July 8, Musk announced he was unilaterally terminating the proposed acquisition, claiming in a regulatory filing that Twitter was in "material breach" of several parts of the agreement by refusing to comply with Musk's requests for spambot account data and dismissing high-ranking employees.[73][74] In response, Twitter board chair Bret Taylor pledged to pursue legal action against Musk at the Delaware Court of Chancery with the goal of completing the acquisition.[75][76] On July 12, Twitter opened a lawsuit against Musk to force the sale to proceed.[77] On September 13, 2022, Twitter shareholders voted to approve Elon Musk's takeover of the company.[78]

On October 4, 2022, it was reported that Musk offered to proceed with the deal at the original offer price of $54.20 per share.[79][80] The deal closed on October 27, 2022, with the merger between Twitter, Inc. and X Holdings II, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of X Holdings I, Inc., wholly owned by Musk,[3] and Musk took control of the company,[81] paying $54.20 per share, or about $44 billion.[28]

Post-acquisition

Main article: Twitter under Elon Musk

On October 28, immediately following Musk's acquisition, he fired CEO Parag Agrawal and CFO Ned Segal.[82] Twitter's stock was suspended from trading prior to the New York Stock Exchange opening the next day and was delisted on November 8.[83][84] On October 31, Musk announced in a security filing that he had dissolved the board of directors and would serve as the CEO of the company.[85] In January 2023, he also fired an employee who criticized him.[86]

On November 4, Twitter laid off about half of its 7,500 employees,[87] leaving several internal departments, including communication and core engineering teams understaffed.[88] Some of the employees were later asked to return, with Twitter stating that they were "laid off by mistake".[89] Several current and former Twitter employees sued the company for violations of the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 due to failures to provide a 60-day notice prior to mass firings.[90][91]

Top security, compliance, content moderation, and sales executives resigned due to Musk stating that employees must either work longer hours or resign from the company.[29] On November 16, Musk issued an "ultimatum" to all remaining Twitter employees warning that workers could expect "long, intense hours of work" if they decided to stay, a decision that was ordered to be made by the following day, with news sources reporting numerous employees leaving on the same day.[92][93][94] The Verge reported that multiple critical engineering teams "completely or near-total[ly] resigned", increasing internal fears of a collapse of Twitter.[95]

Within a week of Musk's acquisition and subsequent internal instability of the firm, including layoffs of Twitter's trust and safety teams, large advertisers including General Mills, Pfizer, Volkswagen, and General Motors announced an advertising pause.[96] Advertising agencies, including IPG and Omnicom Media Group, advised clients to pause ad spending on Twitter temporarily until the platform can sufficiently assure brand safety concerns.[97] Apprehension over increased hate speech made advertisers leave in large numbers. Impersonator accounts had increased following errors in the blue tick scheme for verified users causing concerns.[98] Musk said Twitter was experiencing "a massive drop in revenue" causing losses of $4 million per day, which he attributed to "activist groups pressuring advertisers," adding that "nothing is working" to lure advertisers back.[99]

According to a November 2022 report from Media Matters for America, Twitter had lost half of its top 100 advertisers, which spent $750 million on ads in 2022.[100] Advertising research firm Standard Media Index said advertiser spending on Twitter declined 55% in November year-on-year, and declined 71% in December, despite those holiday months typically seeing higher ad spending.[101]

By December 2022, Musk's family office privately sought to sell new shares valued at his original acquisition price of $54.20, amid turmoil among users and advertisers, and debt payments approaching. Musk's money manager wrote to investors that in recent weeks the family office had received "numerous inbound requests to invest in Twitter."[102][103] The Wall Street Journal reported in January 2023 that talks had been held to raise up to $3 billion to pay down some of the $13 billion in bank debt incurred in the deal, which includes a $3 billion high interest rate bridge loan. Musk denied the report, saying, "corpo media shills clearly have their marching orders to write hit pieces on me these days."[104][105]

Services

Twitter

Main article: Twitter

Twitter is a social networking service on which users send and respond publicly or privately texts, images and videos known as "tweets".

Former services

Vine

Main article: Vine (service)

On October 5, 2012, Twitter acquired a video clip company called Vine that launched in January 2013.[106][107] Twitter released Vine as a standalone app that allows users to create and share six-second looping video clips on January 24, 2013. Vine videos shared on Twitter are visible directly in users' Twitter feeds.[108] On October 27, 2016, Twitter announced that it would disable all uploads, but that viewing and download would continue to work.[109][110] On January 20, 2017, Twitter launched an Internet archive of all Vine videos that had ever been published. The archive was officially discontinued in April 2019.[111]

Periscope

Main article: Periscope (service)

On March 13, 2015, Twitter announced its acquisition of Periscope, an app that allowed live streaming of video.[112] Periscope was launched on March 26, 2015.[113] Due to declining usage, product realignment, and high maintenance costs the service was discontinued on March 31, 2021.[114] However, past Periscope videos can still be watched via Twitter and most of its core features are now incorporated into the app.[115]

Crashlytics and Fabric

Main article: Crashlytics

Twitter acquired Crashlytics, a crash reporting tool for developers, on January 28, 2013, for over US$100 million, its largest acquisition at the time.[116] Twitter committed to continue supporting and expanding the service.[117]

In October 2014, Twitter announced Fabric, a suite of mobile developer tools built around Crashlytics.[118] Fabric brought together Crashlytics, Answers (mobile app analytics), Beta (mobile app distribution), Digits (mobile app identity and authentication services), MoPub, and TwitterKit (login with Twitter and Tweet display functionality) into a single, modular SDK, allowing developers to pick and choose which features they needed while guaranteeing ease of installation and compatibility. By building Fabric on top of Crashlytics, Twitter was able to take advantage of Crashlytics' large adoption and device footprint to rapidly scale usage of MoPub and TwitterKit. Fabric reached active distribution across 1 billion mobile devices just 8 months after its launch.[119]

In early 2016, Twitter announced that Fabric was installed on more than 2 billion active devices and used by more than 225,000 developers. Fabric is recognized as the #1 most popular crash reporting and also the #1 mobile analytics solution among the top 200 iOS apps, beating out Google Analytics, Flurry, and MixPanel.[120][121] In January 2017, Google acquired Fabric from Twitter and later integrated it into their Firebase platform.[122][123]

Revue

Revue was a service which lets writers create email newsletters and offer free or paid subscriptions to them. Revue was founded in the Netherlands in 2015 and acquired by Twitter on January 26, 2021.[124] On December 14, 2022, Twitter announced the service would be discontinued on January 18, 2023, at which point all user data would be deleted.[125]

Acquisitions

Main article: List of mergers and acquisitions by Twitter

On April 11, 2010, Twitter acquired Atebits, developers of the Twitter client Tweetie for the Mac and iPhone.[126]

On January 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Crashlytics in order to build out its mobile developer products.[116] On August 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Trendrr,[127] followed by the acquisition of MoPub on September 9, 2013.[128]

On June 4, 2014, Twitter announced that it would acquire Namo Media, a technology firm specializing in "native advertising" for mobile devices.[129] On June 19, 2014, Twitter announced that it had reached an undisclosed deal to buy SnappyTV, a service that helps edit and share video from television broadcasts.[130][131] The company was helping broadcasters and rights holders to share video content both organically across social and via Twitter's Amplify program.[132] In July 2014, Twitter announced that it intended to buy a young company called CardSpring for an undisclosed sum. CardSpring enabled retailers to offer online shoppers coupons that they could automatically sync to their credit cards in order to receive discounts when they shopped in physical stores.[133] On July 31, 2014, Twitter announced that it had acquired a small password-security startup called Mitro.[134] On October 29, 2014, Twitter announced a new partnership with IBM. The partnership was intended to help businesses use Twitter data to understand their customers, businesses and other trends.[135]

On February 11, 2015, Twitter announced that it had acquired Niche, an advertising network for social media stars, founded by Rob Fishman and Darren Lachtman.[136] The acquisition price was reportedly $50 million.[137] Twitter announced that it had acquired TellApart, a commerce ads tech firm, with $532 million stock.[138][139] In June 2016, Twitter [140] acquired an artificial intelligence startup called Magic Pony for $150 million.[141][142]

On January 26, 2021, Twitter acquired Revue, an email newsletter service to compete with platforms like Substack.[124]

In November and December 2021, Twitter acquired and immediately shut down two competitors: threader.app, a service to transform Twitter threads into accessible web pages, and Quill, a messaging service.[143] Threader.app users were directed to instead purchase the Twitter Blue service, which at the time was available only in some countries.[144]

Leadership

 
Jack Dorsey, co-founder and then CEO of Twitter, in 2009

As chief executive officer, Dorsey saw the startup through two rounds of capital funding by the venture capitalists who backed the company.[145] On October 16, 2008,[146] Williams took over the role of CEO, and Dorsey became chairman of the board.[147] On October 4, 2010, Williams announced that he was stepping down as CEO. Dick Costolo, formerly Twitter's chief operating officer, became CEO. On October 4, 2010, Williams made an announcement saying that he will stay with the company and "be completely focused on product strategy".[148][149]

According to The New York Times, "Mr. Dorsey and Mr. Costolo forged a close relationship" when Williams was away.[150] According to PC Magazine, Williams was "no longer involved in the day-to-day goings on at the company". He was focused on developing a new startup, and became a member of Twitter's board of directors, and promised to "help in any way [he could]."[151] Dorsey rejoined Twitter in March 2011, as executive chairman focusing on product development. At that time, he split his schedule with Square (where he is CEO), whose offices are within walking distance of Twitter's in San Francisco.[150]

In September 2011, board members and investors Fred Wilson and Bijan Sabet resigned from Twitter's board of directors.[152] In October 2012, Twitter announced it had hired former Google executive Matt Derella to become their new director of business agency development.[153] Twitter named former Goldman Sachs executive Anthony Noto as the company's CFO in July 2014, with an "annual salary of $250,000 and one-time restricted stock options of 1.5 million shares ... valued at $61.5 million".[154] On June 10, 2015, Twitter announced its CEO Dick Costolo would resign on July 1, 2015.[155] Noto was said to be considered a potential replacement for outgoing CEO Costolo.[156] On October 14, 2015, former Google chief business officer Omid Kordestani became executive chairman, replacing Dorsey who remains CEO.[157] On January 26, 2016, Leslie Berland, former executive vice president of global advertising, marketing, and digital partnerships at American Express, was named chief marketing officer.[158] In November 2016, COO Adam Bain announced his resignation and CFO Anthony Noto took over Bain's role.[159][160] A month later, on December 20, 2016, CTO Adam Messinger announced that he too was leaving.[161][162]

In February 2020, it was reported that Elliott Management Corporation had acquired a stake in Twitter, with activist shareholder and Republican Party supporter Paul Singer expected to seek the removal of Dorsey as CEO.[163] Twitter agreed to appoint a new independent director and two new board members, and to perform $2 billion in share buybacks.[164]

On November 29, 2021, Jack Dorsey stepped down as CEO. He was replaced by CTO Parag Agrawal.[165][166] On October 27, 2022, Elon Musk closed a deal to purchase the company and fired Agrawal, CFO Ned Segal, chief legal officer Vijaya Gadde, and general counsel Sean Edgett.[28] Musk replaced the prior board as the sole director of Twitter and appointed himself as the CEO.[85]

List of chairmen

  1. Jack Dorsey (2008–2015)
  2. Omid Kordestani (2015–2020)
  3. Patrick Pichette (2020–2021)
  4. Bret Taylor (2021–2022)
  5. Elon Musk (2022-present)

List of CEOs

  1. Jack Dorsey (2006–2008); first term
  2. Evan Williams (2008–2010)
  3. Dick Costolo (2010–2015)
  4. Jack Dorsey (2015–2021); second term
  5. Parag Agrawal (2021–2022)
  6. Elon Musk (2022–present)

Finances

Year Revenue
in mil. US$ 		Net income
in mil. US$ 		Total assets
in mil. US$ 		Employees
2010[167] 28 −67 0 —
2011[167] 106 −164 721 —
2012[167] 317 −79 832 2,000
2013[167] 665 −645 3,366 2,712
2014[168] 1,403 −578 5,583 3,638
2015[169] 2,218 −521 6,442 3,898
2016[170] 2,530 −457 6,870 3,583
2017[171] 2,443 −108 7,412 3,372
2018[172] 3,042 1,206 10,163 3,900
2019[173] 3,459 1,466 12,703 4,900
2020[174] 3,716 −1,136 13,379 5,500+
2021[175] 5,077 −221 14,060 7,500+

Funding

Twitter raised over US$57 million from venture capitalist growth funding, although exact figures are not publicly disclosed. Twitter's first A round of funding was for an undisclosed amount that is rumored to have been between US$1 million and US$5 million.[176] Its second B round of funding in 2008 was for US$22 million[177] and its third C round of funding in 2009 was for US$35 million from Institutional Venture Partners and Benchmark Capital along with an undisclosed amount from other investors including Union Square Ventures, Spark Capital, and Insight Venture Partners.[176] Twitter is backed by Union Square Ventures, Digital Garage, Spark Capital, and Bezos Expeditions.[145]

The company raised US$200 million in new venture capital in December 2010, at a valuation of approximately US$3.7 billion.[178] In August 2010 Twitter announced a "significant" investment led by Digital Sky Technologies that, at US$800 million, was reported to be the largest venture round in history.[179] In December 2011, the Saudi prince Alwaleed bin Talal invested US$300 million in Twitter. The company was valued at US$8.4 billion at the time.[180]

Stock launch and tax issues

On September 12, 2013, Twitter announced that it had filed papers with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ahead of a planned stock market listing.[181] It revealed its prospectus in an 800-page filing.[182] Twitter planned to raise US$1 billion as the basis for its stock market debut.[183] The initial public offering (IPO) filing states that "200,000,000+ monthly active users" access Twitter and "500,000,000+ tweets per day" are posted.[184][185] In an October 15, 2013, amendment to their SEC S-1 filing,[186] Twitter declared that they would list on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), quashing speculation that their stock would trade on the NASDAQ exchange. This decision was widely viewed to be a reaction to the botched initial public offering of Facebook.[187] On November 6, 2013, 70 million shares[188] were priced at US$26 and issued by lead underwriter Goldman Sachs.[189]

On November 7, 2013, the first day of trading on the NYSE, Twitter shares opened at $26.00 and closed at US$44.90, giving the company a valuation of around US$31 billion.[190] Consequently, executives and early investors marginally increased their capital, including co-founders Williams and Dorsey who received a sum of US$2.56 billion and US$1.05 billion respectively, while Costolo's payment was US$345 million.[191] On February 5, 2014, Twitter published its first results as a public company, showing a net loss of $511 million in the fourth quarter of 2013.[192]

In November 2017, the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment, revealed that Twitter is among the corporations that avoided paying taxes by using offshore companies.[193] Later The New York Times reported that Russian-American billionaire Yuri Milner had strong Kremlin backing for his investments in Facebook and Twitter.[194]

See also

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External links

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March 15, 2023
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This article is about the company that operates the social media service For the networking service see Twitter The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Twitter Inc is an American social media company based in San Francisco California The company operates the social networking service Twitter It previously operated the Vine short video app and Periscope livestreaming service Twitter Inc Logo since 2012Headquarters in San Francisco 2023 TypePrivateIndustrySocial mediaFoundedMarch 21 2006 16 years ago 2006 03 21 in San FranciscoFoundersJack DorseyNoah GlassBiz StoneEvan WilliamsHeadquartersSan Francisco California United StatesArea servedWorldwideKey peopleElon Musk Owner amp CEO 1 ServicesTwitterVine discontinued Periscope discontinued RevenueUS 5 1 billion 2021 Operating incomeUS 273 million 2021 Net incomeUS 221 million 2021 Total assetsUS 14 1 billion 2021 Total equityUS 7 3 billion 2021 OwnerElon Musk 2 3 Number of employeesc 2 000 4 Feb 2023 Websiteabout wbr twitter wbr comFootnotes references 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Twitter was created by Jack Dorsey Noah Glass Biz Stone and Evan Williams in March 2006 and was launched that July By 2012 update more than 100 million users tweeted 340 million tweets a day 13 and the service handled an average of 1 6 billion search queries per day 14 15 13 The company went public in November 2013 By 2019 update Twitter had more than 330 million monthly active users 16 On April 25 2022 Twitter agreed to a 44 billion buyout by Elon Musk CEO of SpaceX and Tesla one of the biggest deals to turn a company private 17 18 On July 8 Musk terminated the deal 19 Twitter s shares fell 20 leading company officials to sue Musk in the Chancery Court of Delaware on July 12 21 On October 4 Musk announced his intention to purchase the company as he had agreed for 44 billion or 54 20 a share 22 the agreement closed on October 27 Following Musk s takeover Twitter has been criticized for a perceived increase in hate speech and prioritization of right wing content which was followed by advertiser moratoriums mass dismissals and mass resignations 23 24 25 26 27 After his acquisition of the company Musk immediately dismissed numerous top executives 28 On November 3 Twitter laid off approximately 3 700 employees or about half of their staff In the following week the company s security compliance and privacy executives resigned 29 On November 16 Musk sent an email to remaining employees outlining a shift in the work culture of the company and requesting employees opt in or leave by November 17 leading to hundreds of additional resignations 30 Contents 1 History 1 1 2006 2007 Creation and initial reaction 1 2 2007 2022 Growth 1 3 2022 present 1 3 1 Acquisition by Elon Musk 1 3 2 Post acquisition 2 Services 2 1 Twitter 2 2 Former services 2 2 1 Vine 2 2 2 Periscope 2 2 3 Crashlytics and Fabric 2 2 4 Revue 3 Acquisitions 4 Leadership 4 1 List of chairmen 4 2 List of CEOs 5 Finances 5 1 Funding 5 2 Stock launch and tax issues 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory EditFurther information Timeline of Twitter 2006 2007 Creation and initial reaction Edit A sketch c 2006 by Jack Dorsey envisioning an SMS based social network Twitter origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo Jack Dorsey then an undergraduate student at New York University introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group 31 32 Work on the project started on March 21 2006 when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 12 50 p m PST UTC 08 00 just setting up my twttr 5 The first Twitter prototype developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber was used as an internal service for Odeo employees 33 The full version was introduced publicly on July 15 2006 9 In October 2006 Biz Stone Evan Williams Dorsey and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo together with its assets including Odeo com and Twitter com from the investors and shareholders 34 Williams fired Glass who was silent about his part in Twitter s startup until 2011 35 Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007 36 The tipping point for Twitter s popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive SXSWi conference During the event Twitter usage increased from 20 000 tweets per day to 60 000 37 The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60 inch plasma screens in the conference hallways exclusively streaming Twitter messages remarked Newsweek s Steven Levy Hundreds of conference goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters Panelists and speakers mentioned the service and the bloggers in attendance touted it 38 Reaction at the conference was highly positive Blogger Scott Beale said that Twitter was absolutely ruling SXSWi Social software researcher danah boyd said Twitter was owning the conference 39 2007 2022 Growth Edit In April 2012 Twitter announced that it was opening an office in Detroit with the aim of working with automotive brands and advertising agencies 40 Twitter also expanded its office in Dublin 41 On December 18 2012 Twitter announced it had surpassed 200 million monthly active users Twitter hit 100 million monthly active users in September 2011 42 The company had its initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange on November 7 2013 43 In September 2016 Twitter shares rose 20 after a report that it had received takeover approaches 44 Potential buyers were Alphabet the parent company of Google 44 Microsoft 45 46 47 Salesforce com 44 48 Verizon 48 and The Walt Disney Company 49 50 Twitter s board of directors were open to a deal which could have come by the end of 2016 44 51 However no deal was made with reports in October stating that all the potential buyers dropped out partly due to concerns over abuse and harassment on the service 52 53 54 In June 2017 Twitter revamped its dashboard to improve the new user experience 55 56 In April 2021 Twitter announced that it was establishing its African headquarters in Ghana 57 58 In January 2022 Twitter finalized the sale of MoPub to AppLovin The deal was first announced in October 2021 and the selling price was reported at 1 05 billion 59 2022 present Edit Acquisition by Elon Musk Edit Main article Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk Business magnate Elon Musk revealed that he had bought 9 1 of Twitter for 2 64 billion on April 4 2022 60 61 62 In response Twitter s stock rose by as much as 27 and Twitter shares experienced the largest intraday surge since Twitter s IPO in 2013 63 Musk was appointed to Twitter s board on April 9 under a deal that prohibited him from acquiring more than 14 9 of the company 61 64 65 Musk made an unsolicited offer on April 14 to acquire Twitter for 43 billion and take the company private 66 Publicly Musk expressed that his offer was motivated by concerns with how the company was managed emphasizing his concern that policies he described as censorship were leading to a lack of free speech on the platform 67 68 Twitter s board introduced a poison pill strategy on April 15 which would allow shareholders to buy additional stock should a hostile takeover occur as a means to block Musk s takeover 69 On April 20 Musk secured 46 5 billion in funding as a tender offer which the board accepted on April 25 70 71 72 On July 8 Musk announced he was unilaterally terminating the proposed acquisition claiming in a regulatory filing that Twitter was in material breach of several parts of the agreement by refusing to comply with Musk s requests for spambot account data and dismissing high ranking employees 73 74 In response Twitter board chair Bret Taylor pledged to pursue legal action against Musk at the Delaware Court of Chancery with the goal of completing the acquisition 75 76 On July 12 Twitter opened a lawsuit against Musk to force the sale to proceed 77 On September 13 2022 Twitter shareholders voted to approve Elon Musk s takeover of the company 78 On October 4 2022 it was reported that Musk offered to proceed with the deal at the original offer price of 54 20 per share 79 80 The deal closed on October 27 2022 with the merger between Twitter Inc and X Holdings II Inc a wholly owned subsidiary of X Holdings I Inc wholly owned by Musk 3 and Musk took control of the company 81 paying 54 20 per share or about 44 billion 28 Post acquisition Edit Main article Twitter under Elon Musk On October 28 immediately following Musk s acquisition he fired CEO Parag Agrawal and CFO Ned Segal 82 Twitter s stock was suspended from trading prior to the New York Stock Exchange opening the next day and was delisted on November 8 83 84 On October 31 Musk announced in a security filing that he had dissolved the board of directors and would serve as the CEO of the company 85 In January 2023 he also fired an employee who criticized him 86 On November 4 Twitter laid off about half of its 7 500 employees 87 leaving several internal departments including communication and core engineering teams understaffed 88 Some of the employees were later asked to return with Twitter stating that they were laid off by mistake 89 Several current and former Twitter employees sued the company for violations of the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 due to failures to provide a 60 day notice prior to mass firings 90 91 Top security compliance content moderation and sales executives resigned due to Musk stating that employees must either work longer hours or resign from the company 29 On November 16 Musk issued an ultimatum to all remaining Twitter employees warning that workers could expect long intense hours of work if they decided to stay a decision that was ordered to be made by the following day with news sources reporting numerous employees leaving on the same day 92 93 94 The Verge reported that multiple critical engineering teams completely or near total ly resigned increasing internal fears of a collapse of Twitter 95 Within a week of Musk s acquisition and subsequent internal instability of the firm including layoffs of Twitter s trust and safety teams large advertisers including General Mills Pfizer Volkswagen and General Motors announced an advertising pause 96 Advertising agencies including IPG and Omnicom Media Group advised clients to pause ad spending on Twitter temporarily until the platform can sufficiently assure brand safety concerns 97 Apprehension over increased hate speech made advertisers leave in large numbers Impersonator accounts had increased following errors in the blue tick scheme for verified users causing concerns 98 Musk said Twitter was experiencing a massive drop in revenue causing losses of 4 million per day which he attributed to activist groups pressuring advertisers adding that nothing is working to lure advertisers back 99 According to a November 2022 report from Media Matters for America Twitter had lost half of its top 100 advertisers which spent 750 million on ads in 2022 100 Advertising research firm Standard Media Index said advertiser spending on Twitter declined 55 in November year on year and declined 71 in December despite those holiday months typically seeing higher ad spending 101 By December 2022 Musk s family office privately sought to sell new shares valued at his original acquisition price of 54 20 amid turmoil among users and advertisers and debt payments approaching Musk s money manager wrote to investors that in recent weeks the family office had received numerous inbound requests to invest in Twitter 102 103 The Wall Street Journal reported in January 2023 that talks had been held to raise up to 3 billion to pay down some of the 13 billion in bank debt incurred in the deal which includes a 3 billion high interest rate bridge loan Musk denied the report saying corpo media shills clearly have their marching orders to write hit pieces on me these days 104 105 Services EditTwitter Edit Main article TwitterTwitter is a social networking service on which users send and respond publicly or privately texts images and videos known as tweets Former services Edit Vine Edit Main article Vine service On October 5 2012 Twitter acquired a video clip company called Vine that launched in January 2013 106 107 Twitter released Vine as a standalone app that allows users to create and share six second looping video clips on January 24 2013 Vine videos shared on Twitter are visible directly in users Twitter feeds 108 On October 27 2016 Twitter announced that it would disable all uploads but that viewing and download would continue to work 109 110 On January 20 2017 Twitter launched an Internet archive of all Vine videos that had ever been published The archive was officially discontinued in April 2019 111 Periscope Edit Main article Periscope service On March 13 2015 Twitter announced its acquisition of Periscope an app that allowed live streaming of video 112 Periscope was launched on March 26 2015 113 Due to declining usage product realignment and high maintenance costs the service was discontinued on March 31 2021 114 However past Periscope videos can still be watched via Twitter and most of its core features are now incorporated into the app 115 Crashlytics and Fabric Edit Main article Crashlytics Twitter acquired Crashlytics a crash reporting tool for developers on January 28 2013 for over US 100 million its largest acquisition at the time 116 Twitter committed to continue supporting and expanding the service 117 In October 2014 Twitter announced Fabric a suite of mobile developer tools built around Crashlytics 118 Fabric brought together Crashlytics Answers mobile app analytics Beta mobile app distribution Digits mobile app identity and authentication services MoPub and TwitterKit login with Twitter and Tweet display functionality into a single modular SDK allowing developers to pick and choose which features they needed while guaranteeing ease of installation and compatibility By building Fabric on top of Crashlytics Twitter was able to take advantage of Crashlytics large adoption and device footprint to rapidly scale usage of MoPub and TwitterKit Fabric reached active distribution across 1 billion mobile devices just 8 months after its launch 119 In early 2016 Twitter announced that Fabric was installed on more than 2 billion active devices and used by more than 225 000 developers Fabric is recognized as the 1 most popular crash reporting and also the 1 mobile analytics solution among the top 200 iOS apps beating out Google Analytics Flurry and MixPanel 120 121 In January 2017 Google acquired Fabric from Twitter and later integrated it into their Firebase platform 122 123 Revue Edit Revue was a service which lets writers create email newsletters and offer free or paid subscriptions to them Revue was founded in the Netherlands in 2015 and acquired by Twitter on January 26 2021 124 On December 14 2022 Twitter announced the service would be discontinued on January 18 2023 at which point all user data would be deleted 125 Acquisitions EditMain article List of mergers and acquisitions by Twitter On April 11 2010 Twitter acquired Atebits developers of the Twitter client Tweetie for the Mac and iPhone 126 On January 28 2013 Twitter acquired Crashlytics in order to build out its mobile developer products 116 On August 28 2013 Twitter acquired Trendrr 127 followed by the acquisition of MoPub on September 9 2013 128 On June 4 2014 Twitter announced that it would acquire Namo Media a technology firm specializing in native advertising for mobile devices 129 On June 19 2014 Twitter announced that it had reached an undisclosed deal to buy SnappyTV a service that helps edit and share video from television broadcasts 130 131 The company was helping broadcasters and rights holders to share video content both organically across social and via Twitter s Amplify program 132 In July 2014 Twitter announced that it intended to buy a young company called CardSpring for an undisclosed sum CardSpring enabled retailers to offer online shoppers coupons that they could automatically sync to their credit cards in order to receive discounts when they shopped in physical stores 133 On July 31 2014 Twitter announced that it had acquired a small password security startup called Mitro 134 On October 29 2014 Twitter announced a new partnership with IBM The partnership was intended to help businesses use Twitter data to understand their customers businesses and other trends 135 On February 11 2015 Twitter announced that it had acquired Niche an advertising network for social media stars founded by Rob Fishman and Darren Lachtman 136 The acquisition price was reportedly 50 million 137 Twitter announced that it had acquired TellApart a commerce ads tech firm with 532 million stock 138 139 In June 2016 Twitter 140 acquired an artificial intelligence startup called Magic Pony for 150 million 141 142 On January 26 2021 Twitter acquired Revue an email newsletter service to compete with platforms like Substack 124 In November and December 2021 Twitter acquired and immediately shut down two competitors threader app a service to transform Twitter threads into accessible web pages and Quill a messaging service 143 Threader app users were directed to instead purchase the Twitter Blue service which at the time was available only in some countries 144 Leadership Edit Jack Dorsey co founder and then CEO of Twitter in 2009As chief executive officer Dorsey saw the startup through two rounds of capital funding by the venture capitalists who backed the company 145 On October 16 2008 146 Williams took over the role of CEO and Dorsey became chairman of the board 147 On October 4 2010 Williams announced that he was stepping down as CEO Dick Costolo formerly Twitter s chief operating officer became CEO On October 4 2010 Williams made an announcement saying that he will stay with the company and be completely focused on product strategy 148 149 According to The New York Times Mr Dorsey and Mr Costolo forged a close relationship when Williams was away 150 According to PC Magazine Williams was no longer involved in the day to day goings on at the company He was focused on developing a new startup and became a member of Twitter s board of directors and promised to help in any way he could 151 Dorsey rejoined Twitter in March 2011 as executive chairman focusing on product development At that time he split his schedule with Square where he is CEO whose offices are within walking distance of Twitter s in San Francisco 150 In September 2011 board members and investors Fred Wilson and Bijan Sabet resigned from Twitter s board of directors 152 In October 2012 Twitter announced it had hired former Google executive Matt Derella to become their new director of business agency development 153 Twitter named former Goldman Sachs executive Anthony Noto as the company s CFO in July 2014 with an annual salary of 250 000 and one time restricted stock options of 1 5 million shares valued at 61 5 million 154 On June 10 2015 Twitter announced its CEO Dick Costolo would resign on July 1 2015 155 Noto was said to be considered a potential replacement for outgoing CEO Costolo 156 On October 14 2015 former Google chief business officer Omid Kordestani became executive chairman replacing Dorsey who remains CEO 157 On January 26 2016 Leslie Berland former executive vice president of global advertising marketing and digital partnerships at American Express was named chief marketing officer 158 In November 2016 COO Adam Bain announced his resignation and CFO Anthony Noto took over Bain s role 159 160 A month later on December 20 2016 CTO Adam Messinger announced that he too was leaving 161 162 In February 2020 it was reported that Elliott Management Corporation had acquired a stake in Twitter with activist shareholder and Republican Party supporter Paul Singer expected to seek the removal of Dorsey as CEO 163 Twitter agreed to appoint a new independent director and two new board members and to perform 2 billion in share buybacks 164 On November 29 2021 Jack Dorsey stepped down as CEO He was replaced by CTO Parag Agrawal 165 166 On October 27 2022 Elon Musk closed a deal to purchase the company and fired Agrawal CFO Ned Segal chief legal officer Vijaya Gadde and general counsel Sean Edgett 28 Musk replaced the prior board as the sole director of Twitter and appointed himself as the CEO 85 List of chairmen Edit Jack Dorsey 2008 2015 Omid Kordestani 2015 2020 Patrick Pichette 2020 2021 Bret Taylor 2021 2022 Elon Musk 2022 present List of CEOs Edit Jack Dorsey 2006 2008 first term Evan Williams 2008 2010 Dick Costolo 2010 2015 Jack Dorsey 2015 2021 second term Parag Agrawal 2021 2022 Elon Musk 2022 present Finances EditYear Revenuein mil US Net incomein mil US Total assetsin mil US Employees2010 167 28 67 0 2011 167 106 164 721 2012 167 317 79 832 2 0002013 167 665 645 3 366 2 7122014 168 1 403 578 5 583 3 6382015 169 2 218 521 6 442 3 8982016 170 2 530 457 6 870 3 5832017 171 2 443 108 7 412 3 3722018 172 3 042 1 206 10 163 3 9002019 173 3 459 1 466 12 703 4 9002020 174 3 716 1 136 13 379 5 500 2021 175 5 077 221 14 060 7 500 Funding Edit Twitter raised over US 57 million from venture capitalist growth funding although exact figures are not publicly disclosed Twitter s first A round of funding was for an undisclosed amount that is rumored to have been between US 1 million and US 5 million 176 Its second B round of funding in 2008 was for US 22 million 177 and its third C round of funding in 2009 was for US 35 million from Institutional Venture Partners and Benchmark Capital along with an undisclosed amount from other investors including Union Square Ventures Spark Capital and Insight Venture Partners 176 Twitter is backed by Union Square Ventures Digital Garage Spark Capital and Bezos Expeditions 145 The company raised US 200 million in new venture capital in December 2010 at a valuation of approximately US 3 7 billion 178 In August 2010 Twitter announced a significant investment led by Digital Sky Technologies that at US 800 million was reported to be the largest venture round in history 179 In December 2011 the Saudi prince Alwaleed bin Talal invested US 300 million in Twitter The company was valued at US 8 4 billion at the time 180 Stock launch and tax issues Edit On September 12 2013 Twitter announced that it had filed papers with the U S Securities and Exchange Commission SEC ahead of a planned stock market listing 181 It revealed its prospectus in an 800 page filing 182 Twitter planned to raise US 1 billion as the basis for its stock market debut 183 The initial public offering IPO filing states that 200 000 000 monthly active users access Twitter and 500 000 000 tweets per day are posted 184 185 In an October 15 2013 amendment to their SEC S 1 filing 186 Twitter declared that they would list on the New York Stock Exchange NYSE quashing speculation that their stock would trade on the NASDAQ exchange This decision was widely viewed to be a reaction to the botched initial public offering of Facebook 187 On November 6 2013 70 million shares 188 were priced at US 26 and issued by lead underwriter Goldman Sachs 189 On November 7 2013 the first day of trading on the NYSE Twitter shares opened at 26 00 and closed at US 44 90 giving the company a valuation of around US 31 billion 190 Consequently executives and early investors marginally increased their capital including co founders Williams and Dorsey who received a sum of US 2 56 billion and US 1 05 billion respectively while Costolo s payment was US 345 million 191 On February 5 2014 Twitter published its first results as a public company showing a net loss of 511 million in the fourth quarter of 2013 192 In November 2017 the Paradise Papers a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment revealed that Twitter is among the corporations that avoided paying taxes by using offshore companies 193 Later The New York Times reported that Russian American billionaire Yuri Milner had strong Kremlin backing for his investments in Facebook and Twitter 194 See also Edit Companies portalTimeline of social mediaReferences Edit Mehta Chavi Dang Sheila Ghosh Sayantani October 31 2022 Elon Musk who runs four other companies will now be Twitter CEO Reuters Archived from the original on October 31 2022 Retrieved November 1 2022 Elon Musk now in charge of Twitter CEO and CFO have left sources say CNBC Archived from the original on November 6 2022 Retrieved October 28 2022 a b SEC Form 25 NSE sec gov U S Securities and Exchange Commission Archived from the original on October 28 2022 Retrieved October 29 2022 Twitter lays off at least 50 in relentless cost cuts The Information reports Reuters February 26 2023 Archived from the original on 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in droves after Elon Musk s ultimatum passes NPR Archived from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Wagner Kurt Alba Davey Musk s Hardcore Ultimatum Sparks Exodus Leaving Twitter at Risk finance yahoo com Archived from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Corse Alexa Needleman Sarah E Twitter Workers Say Farewell After Musk Ultimatum Over Terms of Employment Passes WSJ Archived from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Sato Mia November 17 2022 Hundreds of employees say no to being part of Elon Musk s extremely hardcore Twitter The Verge Archived from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Twitter Advertiser Pause Widens as General Mills Taps the Brakes Bloomberg com November 3 2022 Archived from the original on March 4 2023 Retrieved November 28 2022 Sato Mia November 11 2022 Another major ad agency recommends pausing Twitter ad campaigns The Verge Archived from the original on November 27 2022 Retrieved November 28 2022 Twitter hit by 40 revenue drop amid ad squeeze say reports Archived January 18 2023 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian Sarah E Needleman Alexa Corse November 5 2022 Elon Musk Says Twitter Has Had Massive Revenue Drop as Layoffs Begin The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on January 26 2023 Retrieved January 26 2023 Hubbard Halisia November 25 2022 Twitter has lost 50 of its top 100 advertisers since Elon Musk took over report says NPR Archived from the original on November 29 2022 Retrieved November 29 2022 Ad spending on Twitter falls by over 70 in Dec data Reuters January 24 2023 Archived from the original on January 25 2023 Retrieved January 25 2023 Primack Dan December 16 2022 Elon Musk asks Twitter investors for more money Axios Archived from the original on December 17 2022 Retrieved December 17 2022 Liz Hoffman Reed Albergotti December 16 2022 Elon Musk s team is seeking new investors for Twitter Semafor Archived from the original on December 17 2022 Retrieved December 17 2022 Berber Jin Alexander Saeedy January 25 2023 Elon Musk Explores Raising Up to 3 Billion to Help Pay Off Twitter Debt The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on January 26 2023 Retrieved January 26 2023 Kirsch Noah January 25 2023 Elon Musk Denies Report That He s Thinking of Raising 3 Billion for Twitter The Daily Beast Archived from the original on January 26 2023 Retrieved January 26 2023 Twitter Acquires Video Service Are Third Party Video Developers In Danger Now Too MediaBistro October 9 2012 Archived from the original on October 11 2012 Retrieved October 10 2012 Twitter Buys Vine a Video Clip Company That Never Launched All Things D October 9 2012 Archived from the original on September 25 2014 Retrieved October 10 2012 Dredge Stuart January 23 2013 Vine iPhone app brings short sharp video to Twitter The Guardian London Archived from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved January 26 2013 Foxx Chris October 27 2016 Twitter 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Boston Acquisitions Crashlytics Tops 100M Bluefin Labs Close Behind Xconomy Archived from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved November 22 2021 Olanoff Drew January 28 2013 Twitter Acquires Mobile Crash Reporting Tool Crashlytics Development Of The Product Will Continue Unabated TechCrunch Archived from the original on January 25 2021 Retrieved December 18 2016 Honan Mat Twitter s Audacious Plan to Infiltrate All Your Apps WIRED Archived from the original on December 4 2020 Retrieved December 18 2016 Milestone Achieved Over 1 Billion Devices Fabric Blog Archived from the original on November 8 2020 Retrieved December 18 2016 Lew Jason December 15 2016 The State of Mobile SDKs in 2016 MightySignal Mobile Trends Archived from the original on March 4 2023 Retrieved December 18 2016 Fabric lands top spots for app analytics stability and monetization Fabric Blog Archived from the original on June 13 2020 Retrieved December 18 2016 Wagner Kurt Townsend Tess January 18 2017 Google has acquired most of Twitter s developer products including Fabric and Crashlytics Recode Archived from the original on May 13 2022 Retrieved May 13 2022 Protalinski Emil September 14 2018 Google is killing Fabric in mid 2019 pushes developers to Firebase VentureBeat Archived from the original on May 13 2022 Retrieved May 13 2022 a b Conger Kate January 26 2021 Twitter Acquires Revue a Newsletter Company The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 28 2021 Retrieved January 26 2021 Silberling Amanda December 14 2022 Twitter shuts down Revue its newsletter platform TechCrunch Archived from the original on December 19 2022 Retrieved December 19 2022 Miller Claire Cain April 11 2010 Twitter Acquires Atebits Maker of Tweetie Bits blog of The New York Times Archived from the original on December 18 2010 Retrieved February 7 2011 Twitter acquires real time social data company Trendrr to help it better tap into TV and media The Next web August 28 2013 Archived from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved August 29 2013 Isidore Chris September 10 2013 Twitter makes another acquisition CNN Money Archived from the original on April 24 2019 Retrieved September 10 2013 Shih Gerry June 6 2014 Twitter acquires mobile advertising startup Namo Media Reuters Archived from the original on September 24 2015 Retrieved June 6 2014 Calia Michael June 19 2014 Twitter Boosts Video Push With SnappyTV Buy The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved June 19 2014 Tom Cheredar Venture Beat Twitter buys SnappyTV to beef up its arsenal of TV focused ad tools Archived October 19 2017 at the Wayback Machine June 19 2014 Retrieved June 19 2014 Sawers Paul June 19 2014 Twitter s evolution as a broadcasting platform continues as it acquires live TV clipping service SnappyTV The Next Web Archived from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved August 28 2014 With CardSpring Deal Twitter s E Commerce Strategy Emerges in Time for Holidays July 20 2014 Archived from the original on July 21 2014 Retrieved July 21 2014 Austin Scott July 31 2014 Twitter Acquires Security Password Startup Mitro The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved August 1 2014 Lopes Marina IBM Twitter to partner on business data analytics Archived November 27 2015 at the Wayback Machine Reuters October 29 2014 Retrieved October 29 2014 Ha Anthony February 11 2015 Twitter Acquires Niche A Startup That Helps Advertisers Work With Social Media Celebrities TechCrunch Archived from the original on November 15 2019 Retrieved April 10 2016 Twitter buys Niche an ad network for Vine stars for about 50 million in cash and stock Business Insider Archived from the original on October 4 2019 Retrieved April 10 2016 Constine Josh April 29 2015 Twitter Improves Ads By Acquiring TellApart Selling Them Through Google s DoubleClick Archived from the original on November 14 2019 Retrieved April 29 2015 Rosoff Matt April 29 2015 Twitter s price for TellApart 532 million Business Insider Archived from the original on November 6 2019 Retrieved April 30 2015 Musk promises a Twitter content moderation council Lahore Herald October 29 2022 Archived from the original on October 31 2022 Retrieved October 31 2022 Murgia Madhumita June 20 2016 Twitter pays 150m for London AI startup Magic Pony The Telegraph Archived from the original on January 10 2022 Retrieved April 23 2017 Lunden Ingrid June 20 2016 Twitter pays up to 150M for Magic Pony Technology which uses neural networks to improve images TechCrunch AOL Archived from the original on October 16 2019 Retrieved April 23 2017 Twitter Acquires and Shuts Down Slack Competitor Quill HYPEBEAST December 8 2021 Archived from the original on December 9 2021 Retrieved April 16 2022 Twitter Acquires Threader App Which Compiles Tweet Threads into Readable Text November 25 2021 Retrieved April 16 2022 permanent dead link a b Miller Claire Cain Vindu Goel October 16 2008 Twitter Sidelines One Founder and Promotes Another The New York Times Bits Archived from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved February 5 2011 registration required Miller Claire Cain October 20 2008 Popularity or Income Two Sites Fight It Out The New York Times Archived from the original on October 22 2008 Retrieved November 5 2008 McCarthy Caroline October 16 2008 Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey Steps Down CNET CBS Interactive Archived from the original on July 29 2009 Retrieved November 5 2008 newtwitterceo Blog of Twitter October 4 2010 Archived from the original on March 22 2012 Retrieved February 5 2011 Twitter CEO Evan Williams Stepping Down Mashable October 4 2010 Archived from the original on November 10 2019 Retrieved May 10 2022 a b Miller Claire Cain March 28 2011 Two Twitter Founders Trade Places The New York Times Archived from the original on March 29 2011 Retrieved March 28 2011 Albanesius Chloe March 29 2011 Twitter s Evan Williams Confirms Departure PC Magazine Ziff Davis Archived from the original on November 30 2018 Retrieved March 29 2011 Twitter Shakes Things Up Again Fred Wilson Bijan Sabet Leaving Board Peter Kafka Social AllThingsD September 16 2011 Archived from the original on November 24 2011 Retrieved November 14 2011 Olanoff Drew Twitter Poaches Former Google Exec Matt Derella As New Director Of Agency Business Development Archived March 9 2018 at the Wayback Machine October 23 2012 Retrieved October 24 2012 Reuters Twitter replaces CFO with former Goldman manager Archived August 14 2014 at the Wayback Machine July 1 2014 Retrieved June 15 2015 Goel Vindu June 11 2015 Twitter s Embattled Chief Executive Costolo Will Resign The New York Times Archived from the original on June 11 2015 Retrieved June 11 2015 Koh Yoree Twitter CFO s Ascent Creates New Power Center please edit this parenthetical note to subscribers only if link does not work for non subscribers Archived September 9 2018 at the Wayback Machine Wall Street Journal June 15 2015 Retrieved June 15 2015 Koh Yoree October 14 2015 Twitter Taps Former Google Officer as Executive Chairman The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved October 17 2015 Kosoff Maya Twitter just named its new CMO Business Insider Archived from the original on February 27 2021 Retrieved January 29 2016 Twitter COO Adam Bain to Leave the Company Fortune Archived from the original on November 8 2020 Retrieved December 21 2016 Isaac Mike November 9 2016 Twitter s Chief Operating Officer to Step Down The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 9 2016 Retrieved December 21 2016 Lynley Matthew December 20 2016 Twitter s CTO Adam Messinger is leaving the company along with VP of product Josh McFarland TechCrunch Archived from the original on January 19 2021 Retrieved December 21 2016 Isaac Mike December 20 2016 Twitter s Chief Technology Officer to Leave Company The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved December 21 2016 Elliott targets Twitter seeking CEO Dorsey s removal sources Reuters February 29 2020 Archived from the original on November 20 2020 Retrieved March 2 2020 Driebusch Corrie March 9 2020 Twitter Elliott Strike Truce That Leaves CEO Dorsey in Place The Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the original on January 16 2021 Retrieved March 9 2020 Bursztynsky Jessica November 29 2021 Twitter CTO Parag Agrawal will replace Jack Dorsey as CEO CNBC Archived from the original on November 29 2021 Retrieved November 29 2021 IITian Parag Agrawal to replace Jack Dorsey as Twitter CEO The Economic Times Archived from the original on November 29 2021 Retrieved November 29 2021 a b c d 2013 Annual Report PDF Archived PDF from the original on February 25 2021 Retrieved May 10 2022 2014 Annual Report PDF Archived PDF from the original on February 26 2021 Retrieved May 10 2022 2015 Annual Report PDF Archived PDF from the original on March 1 2021 Retrieved May 10 2022 2016 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from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved February 23 2011 Delevett Peter August 1 2011 Twitter lands 800 million venture capital deal breaking record San Jose Mercury News Archived from the original on March 3 2016 Retrieved May 10 2022 Scott Mark December 19 2011 Saudi Prince Invests 300 Million in Twitter The New York Times Archived from the original on May 3 2019 Retrieved December 19 2011 Twitter plans stock market listing BBC News September 12 2013 Archived from the original on April 7 2019 Retrieved September 13 2013 Twitter s filing for IPO The New York Times November 7 2013 Archived from the original on January 28 2018 Retrieved September 23 2016 Twitter wants to raise 1bn in its stock market debut BBC News October 4 2013 Archived from the original on April 14 2019 Retrieved October 12 2013 Lapowsky Issie October 4 2013 Ev Williams on Twitter s Early Years Inc Archived from the original on April 10 2019 Retrieved October 5 2013 S 1 1 d564001ds1 htm FORM S 1 United States Securities Exchange Commission United States Securities Exchange Commission October 3 2013 Archived from the original on November 7 2019 Retrieved October 5 2013 Amendment 1 to Form S 1 Registration Statement Twitter Inc EDGAR October 15 2013 Archived from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved November 8 2013 Twitter Announces It Will List On The NYSE Under TWTR Twitter Inc TechCrunch October 15 2013 Archived from the original on November 7 2019 Retrieved November 8 2013 Interesting Numbers From Twitter s IPO ABC News November 8 2013 Archived from the original on November 12 2013 Retrieved November 8 2013 Twitter prices IPO at 26 per share Yahoo Finance November 6 2013 Archived from the original on November 7 2019 Retrieved November 8 2013 Twitter shares jump 73 in market debut BBC News November 7 2013 Archived from the original on November 23 2018 Retrieved November 8 2013 Wagner Kurt November 8 2013 Twitter IPO Guess Who Just Got Rich Mashable Mashable Archived from the original on December 31 2019 Retrieved November 8 2013 Rushe Dominic February 5 2014 Twitter posts revenues of 242m but share price plummets as growth stalls The Guardian Archived from the original on November 6 2018 Retrieved February 7 2014 So lief die SZ Recherche Archived November 5 2017 at the Wayback Machine Suddeutsche Zeitung November 5 2017 Drucker Jesse November 5 2017 Kremlin Cash Behind Billionaire s Twitter and Facebook Investments The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 5 2017 Retrieved November 6 2017 External links EditOfficial website Mobile twitter3e4tixl4xyajtrzo62zg5vztmjuricljdp2c5kshju4avyoid onion Accessing link help Historical business data for Twitter Inc SEC filings Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Twitter Inc amp oldid 1144395610, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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