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Gothenburg

January 01, 1970

This article is about the city in Sweden. For other uses, see Gothenburg (disambiguation).
"Göteborg" and "Goteborg" redirect here. For other uses, see Göteborg (disambiguation).

Gothenburg (/ˈɡɒθənbɜːrɡ/ ⓘ;[6] abbreviated Gbg;[7][8] Swedish: Göteborg [jœtɛˈbɔrj] ⓘ) is the capital of Västra Götaland County in Sweden. It is the second-largest city in Sweden, after the capital Stockholm, and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. It is situated by the Kattegat on the west coast of Sweden, with a population of approximately 600,000 in the city proper and about 1.1 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area.[9][10]

Gothenburg
Göteborg
City
Clockwise, from top: Göta älv with Barken Viking to the left, Gunnebo House, Gothia Towers including Svenska Mässan, Elfsborg Fortress, Ullevi stadium, Gothenburg heritage tram, Poseidon at Götaplatsen, The Göteborg Opera
Flag
Coat of arms
Gothenburg
Location within Västra Götaland
Gothenburg
Location within South Sweden
Gothenburg
Location within Sweden
Coordinates: 57°42′27″N 11°58′03″E / 57.70750°N 11.96750°E / 57.70750; 11.96750
Country Sweden
ProvinceVästergötland, Bohuslän and Halland
CountyVästra Götaland County
MunicipalityGothenburg Municipality
Charter1621
Area
[1]
 • City447.76 km2 (172.88 sq mi)
 • Water14.5 km2 (5.6 sq mi)  3.2%
 • Urban
203.67 km2 (78.64 sq mi)
 • Metro
3,694.86 km2 (1,426.59 sq mi)
Elevation
12 m (39 ft)
Population
 (2019)[1][4]
 • City603,325
 • Density1,300/km2 (3,500/sq mi)
 • Urban
607,882[3]
 • Metro
1,077,128 [2]
DemonymGöteborgare/Gothenburger
GDP
[5]
 • Metro€79.086 billion (2021)
 • Per capita€73,400 (2021)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
40xxx – 41xxx – 421xx – 427xx
Area code(+46) 31
Website
  • goteborg.se
  • goteborg.se – Short ENG description
  • international.goteborg.se

King Gustavus Adolphus founded Gothenburg by royal charter in 1621 as a heavily fortified, primarily Dutch, trading colony. In addition to the generous privileges given to his Dutch allies during the ongoing Thirty Years' War, e.g. tax relaxation, he also attracted significant numbers of his German and Scottish allies to populate his only town on the western coast; this trading status was furthered by the founding of the Swedish East India Company. At a key strategic location at the mouth of the Göta älv, where Scandinavia's largest drainage basin enters the sea, the Port of Gothenburg is now the largest port in the Nordic countries.[11] The presence of the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology has led Gothenburg to become home to many students. Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927,[12] with both the original Volvo Group and the separate Volvo Car Corporation still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city. Other key companies in the area are AstraZeneca, Ericsson, and SKF.

Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the city centre. The smaller Göteborg City Airport, 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city centre, was closed to regular airline traffic in 2015. The city hosts the Gothia Cup, the world's largest youth football tournament, and the Göteborg Basketball Festival, Europe's largest youth basketball tournament, alongside some of the largest annual events in Scandinavia. The Gothenburg Film Festival, held in January since 1979, is the leading Scandinavian film festival and attracts over 155,000 visitors each year.[13] In summer, a wide variety of music festivals are held in the city, including the popular Way Out West Festival.

Name edit

Further information: Name of the Goths

The city was named Göteborg in the city's charter in 1621[14] and simultaneously given the German and English name Gothenburg.[15] The Swedish name was given after the Göta älv, called Göta River in English,[16] and other cities ending in -borg.[17][18][19]

Both the Swedish and German/English names were in use before 1621 and had already been used for the previous city founded in 1604 that burned down in 1611.[20] Gothenburg is one of few Swedish cities to still have an official and widely used exonym.

The city council of 1641 consisted of four Swedish, three Dutch, three German, and two Scottish members. In Dutch, Scots, English, and German, all languages with a long history in this trade and maritime-oriented city, the name Gothenburg is or was (in the case of German) used for the city. Variations of the official German/English name Gothenburg in the city's 1621 charter existed or exist in many languages. The French form of the city name is Gothembourg, but in French texts, the Swedish name Göteborg is more frequent. In addition, the traditional forms ("Gothenburg" in English, or Gotemburgo in Spanish and Portuguese) are sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish Göteborg, for example by The Göteborg Opera and the Göteborg Ballet. However, Göteborgs universitet, previously designated as the Göteborg University in English, changed its name to the University of Gothenburg in 2008.[21] The Gothenburg municipality has also reverted to the use of the English name in international contexts.[22]

In 2009, the city council launched a new logotype for Gothenburg. Since the name "Göteborg" contains the Swedish letter "ö", they planned to make the name more "international" and "up to date" by turning the "ö" sideways. As of 2015, the name is spelled "Go:teborg" on a large number of signs in the city.[23]

History edit

Further information: History of Gothenburg
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Gothenburg.

In the early modern period, the configuration of Sweden's borders made Gothenburg strategically critical as the only Swedish gateway to Skagerrak, the North Sea and Atlantic, situated on the west coast in a very narrow strip of Swedish territory between Danish Halland in the south and Norwegian Bohuslän in the north. After several failed attempts, Gothenburg was successfully founded in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus (Gustaf II Adolf).[24]

 
View from Älvsborg Bridge

The site of the first church built in Gothenburg, subsequently destroyed by Danish invaders, is marked by a stone near the north end of the Älvsborg Bridge in the Färjenäs Park. The church was built in 1603 and destroyed in 1611.[25] The city was heavily influenced by the Dutch, Germans, and Scots, and Dutch planners and engineers were contracted to construct the city as they had the skills needed to drain and build in the marshy areas chosen for the city. The town was designed like Dutch cities such as Amsterdam, Batavia (Jakarta) and New Amsterdam (Manhattan).[24] The planning of the streets and canals of Gothenburg closely resembled that of Jakarta, which was built by the Dutch around the same time.[26] The Dutchmen initially won political power, and it was not until 1652, when the last Dutch politician in the city's council died, that Swedes acquired political power over Gothenburg.[27] During the Dutch period, the town followed Dutch town laws and Dutch was proposed as the official language in the town. Robust city walls were built during the 17th century. In 1807, a decision was made to tear down most of the city's wall. The work started in 1810 and was carried out by 150 soldiers from the Bohus regiment.[28]

Along with the Dutch, the town also was heavily influenced by Scots who settled down in Gothenburg. Many became people of high-profile.[29] William Chalmers, the son of a Scottish immigrant, donated his fortunes to set up what later became the Chalmers University of Technology.[30] In 1841, the Scotsman Alexander Keiller founded the Götaverken shipbuilding company that was in business until 1989.[31] His son James Keiller donated Keiller Park to the city in 1906.[32]

The Gothenburg coat of arms was based on the lion of the coat of arms of Sweden, symbolically holding a shield with the national emblem, the Three Crowns, to defend the city against its enemies.[33]

In the Treaty of Roskilde (1658), Denmark–Norway ceded the Danish province of Halland, in the south, and the Norwegian province of Bohus County or Bohuslän in the north, which left Gothenburg less exposed. Gothenburg grew into a significant port and trade centre on the west coast, because it was the only city on the west coast that, along with Marstrand, was granted the rights to trade with merchants from other countries.[27]

In the 18th century, fishing was the most important industry. However, in 1731, the Swedish East India Company was founded, and the city flourished due to its foreign trade with highly profitable commercial expeditions to China.[34]

The harbour developed into Sweden's main harbour for trade towards the west, and when Swedish emigration to the United States increased, Gothenburg became Sweden's main point of departure for these travellers. The impact of Gothenburg as a main port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants is reflected by Gothenburg, Nebraska, a small Swedish settlement in the United States.[35]

With the 19th century, Gothenburg evolved into a modern industrial city that continued on into the 20th century. The population increased tenfold in the century, from 13,000 (1800) to 130,000 (1900).[36][37][38] In the 20th century, major companies that developed included SKF (1907)[39] and Volvo (1927).[40]

 
Panoramic view of Gothenburg's downtown coast line

Geography edit

 
Satellite picture of Gothenburg

Gothenburg is located on the west coast, in southwestern Sweden, about halfway between the capital cities of Copenhagen (Denmark) and Oslo (Norway). The location at the mouth of the Göta älv, which feeds into the Kattegat, an arm of the North Sea, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city. The archipelago of Gothenburg consists of rough, barren rocks and cliffs, which also is typical for the coast of Bohuslän.[41] Due to the Gulf Stream, the city has a mild climate and moderately heavy precipitation.[42] It is the second-largest city in Sweden after its capital Stockholm.[43]

The Gothenburg Metropolitan Area (Stor-Göteborg) has 982,360 inhabitants and extends to the municipalities of Ale, Alingsås, Göteborg, Härryda, Kungälv, Lerum, Lilla Edet, Mölndal, Partille, Stenungsund, Tjörn, Öckerö within Västra Götaland County, and Kungsbacka within Halland County.[44]

Angered, a suburb outside Gothenburg, consists of Hjällbo, Eriksbo, Rannebergen, Hammarkullen, Gårdsten, and Lövgärdet.[45] It is a Million Programme part of Gothenburg, like Rosengård in Malmö and Botkyrka in Stockholm.[46] Angered had about 50,000 inhabitants in 2015.[47][?] It lies north of Gothenburg and is isolated from the rest of the city. Bergsjön is another Million Programme suburb north of Gothenburg, it has 14,000 inhabitants. Biskopsgården is the biggest multicultural suburb on the island of Hisingen, which is a part of Gothenburg but separated from the city by the river.

 
A panorama of central Gothenburg taken from Keillers park, facing south – from left to right: Göta älvbron, Lilla Bommen, Viking, The Göteborg Opera in front of Göteborgshjulet, Skansen Kronan, Oscar Fredrik Church, Masthugg Church, and Älvsborg Bridge

Climate edit

Gothenburg has an oceanic climate (Cfb according to the Köppen climate classification). Despite its northerly latitude, temperatures are quite mild throughout the year and warmer than places at a similar latitude such as Stockholm; this is mainly because of the moderating influence of the Gulf Stream.[42] During the summer, daylight extends 18 hours and 5 minutes, but lasts 6 hours and 32 minutes in late December. The climate has become significantly milder in later decades, particularly in summer and winter; July temperatures used to be below Stockholm's 1961–1990 averages, but have since been warmer than that benchmark.

Summers are warm and pleasant with average high temperatures of 20 to 22 °C (68 to 72 °F) and lows of 12 to 15 °C (54 to 59 °F), but temperatures of 25–30 °C (77–86 °F) occur on many days during the summer. Winters are cold and windy with temperatures of around −1 to 4 °C (30 to 39 °F), though it rarely drops below −20 °C (−4 °F). Precipitation is regular but generally moderate throughout the year. Snow mainly occurs from December to March, but is not unusual in November and April and can sometimes occur even in October and May.[48]

Climate data for Gothenburg (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.8
(51.4) 		12.6
(54.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		28.5
(83.3) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.9
(89.4) 		34.1
(93.4) 		32.0
(89.6) 		27.4
(81.3) 		21.3
(70.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		34.1
(93.4)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 7.8
(46.0) 		8.1
(46.6) 		12.9
(55.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		25.4
(77.7) 		27.6
(81.7) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.4
(83.1) 		23.3
(73.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		9.8
(49.6) 		30.3
(86.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		3.2
(37.8) 		6.4
(43.5) 		12.1
(53.8) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		22.5
(72.5) 		21.9
(71.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		7.4
(45.3) 		4.2
(39.6) 		12.3
(54.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.8
(33.4) 		0.7
(33.3) 		3.0
(37.4) 		7.7
(45.9) 		12.4
(54.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.0
(48.2) 		5.1
(41.2) 		2.1
(35.8) 		8.9
(48.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		8.1
(46.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		14.5
(58.1) 		14.1
(57.4) 		10.6
(51.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		5.7
(42.3)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −11.0
(12.2) 		−9.9
(14.2) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		2.1
(35.8) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.1
(50.2) 		8.7
(47.7) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−13.2
(8.2)
Record low °C (°F) −18.5
(−1.3) 		−16.0
(3.2) 		−16.2
(2.8) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		4.3
(39.7) 		8.4
(47.1) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.1
(32.2) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−18.7
(−1.7) 		−18.7
(−1.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 83.0
(3.27) 		61.0
(2.40) 		54.0
(2.13) 		51.3
(2.02) 		54.3
(2.14) 		73.7
(2.90) 		81.4
(3.20) 		92.8
(3.65) 		80.0
(3.15) 		102.9
(4.05) 		84.7
(3.33) 		93.1
(3.67) 		912.2
(35.91)
Source: SMHI Open Data[49]
Climate data for Gothenburg, 2002–2020; sunshine 1961–1990; extremes since 1901
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.8
(51.4) 		11.2
(52.2) 		18.9
(66.0) 		28.5
(83.3) 		31.3
(88.3) 		32.0
(89.6) 		34.1
(93.4) 		33.5
(92.3) 		28.5
(83.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		34.1
(93.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.9
(37.2) 		3.2
(37.8) 		6.7
(44.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		17.2
(63.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		21.9
(71.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		12.1
(53.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		4.7
(40.5) 		12.5
(54.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3) 		0.9
(33.6) 		3.3
(37.9) 		8.2
(46.8) 		12.9
(55.2) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		14.7
(58.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		2.6
(36.7) 		9.3
(48.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.5
(47.3) 		12.3
(54.1) 		14.8
(58.6) 		14.3
(57.7) 		11.1
(52.0) 		6.2
(43.2) 		3.3
(37.9) 		0.4
(32.7) 		6.0
(42.7)
Record low °C (°F) −26.0
(−14.8) 		−22.8
(−9.0) 		−19.2
(−2.6) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		5.3
(41.5) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−13.5
(7.7) 		−21.9
(−7.4) 		−26.0
(−14.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 84.2
(3.31) 		57.1
(2.25) 		58.5
(2.30) 		48.6
(1.91) 		54.0
(2.13) 		73.1
(2.88) 		75.2
(2.96) 		83.7
(3.30) 		73.2
(2.88) 		95.9
(3.78) 		84.8
(3.34) 		86.5
(3.41) 		874.8
(34.45)
Average precipitation days 12 9 9 8 8 10 9 11 10 12 12 12 122
Mean monthly sunshine hours 44 69 167 211 239 256 234 196 168 99 47 32 1,762
Source: [50][51][52]
Climate data for Gothenburg
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 4.0
 3.0
 2.7
 6.8
 11.2
 15.5
 18.0
 18.5
 16.5
 12.4
 9.2
 6.1
 10.3
Mean daily daylight hours 7.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 17.0 18.0 17.0 15.0 13.0 10.0 9.0 7.0 12.4
Average Ultraviolet index 0 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3
Source: Weather Atlas[53]

Parks and nature edit

 
The Gothenburg Botanical Garden

Gothenburg has several parks and nature reserves ranging in size from tens of square meters to hundreds of hectares. It also has many green areas that are not designated as parks or reserves.

Selection of parks:

  • Kungsparken, 13 ha (32 acres), built between 1839 and 1861, surrounds the canal that circles the city centre.[54]
  • Garden Society of Gothenburg, a park and horticultural garden, is located next to Kungsportsavenyen. Founded in 1842 by the Swedish king Carl XIV Johan and on initiative of the amateur botanist Henric Elof von Normann, the park has a noted rose garden with some 4,000 roses of 1,900 cultivars.[55]
  • Slottsskogen, 137 ha (340 acres), was created in 1874 by August Kobb. It has a free "open" zoo that includes harbor seals, penguins, horses, pigs, deer, moose, goats, and many birds. The Natural History Museum (Naturhistoriska Museet) and the city's oldest observatory are located in the park.[55] The annual Way Out West festival is held in the park.[56]
  • Änggårdsbergens naturreservat, 320 ha (790 acres), was bought in 1840 by pharmacist Arvid Gren, and donated in 1963 to the city by Sven and Carl Gren Broberg, who stated the area must remain a nature and bird reserve. It lies partly in Mölndal.[57]
  • Delsjöområdets naturreservat, about 760 ha (1,900 acres),[58] has been in use since the 17th century as a farming area; significant forest management was carried out in the late 19th century. Skatås gym and motionscentrum is situated here.
  • Rya Skogs Naturreservat, 17 ha (42 acres), became a protected area in 1928. It contains remnants of a defensive wall built in the mid- to late-17th century.[59]
  • Keillers park was donated by James Keiller in 1906. He was the son of Scottish Alexander Keiller, who founded the Götaverken shipbuilding company.[32][45]
  • S A Hedlunds park: Sven Adolf Hedlund, newspaper publisher and politician, bought the 15 ha (37 acres) Bjurslätt farm in 1857, and in 1928 it was given to the city.
  • Hisingsparken is Gothenburg's largest park.[60]
  • Flunsåsparken, built in 1950, has many free activities during the summer such as concerts and theatre.[61]
  • Gothenburg Botanical Garden, 175 ha (430 acres), opened in 1923.[62] It won an award in 2003, and in 2006 was third in "The most beautiful garden in Europe" competition. It has around 16,000 species of plants and trees. The greenhouses contain around 4,500 species including 1,600 orchids.[55] It is considered to be one of the most important botanical gardens in Europe with three stars in the French Guide Rouge.

Architecture edit

 
The German Church in central Gothenburg.

Very few buildings are left from the 17th century when the city was founded, since all but the military and royal houses were built of wood.[63] Some structures which do survive from this early phase in the city's history are Kronhuset and the Torstenson Palace, and the fortresses Skansen Kronan[64] and Skansen Lejonet.

The first major architecturally interesting period is the 18th century when the East India Company made Gothenburg an important trade city. Imposing stone houses in Neo-Classical style were erected around the canals. One example from this period is the East India House, which today houses the Göteborg City Museum.[65]

In the 19th century, the wealthy bourgeoisie began to move outside the city walls which had protected the city. The style now was an eclectic, academic, somewhat overdecorated style which the middle-class favoured. The working class lived in the overcrowded city district Haga in wooden houses.[66]

In the 19th century, the first comprehensive town plan after the founding of city was created, which led to the construction of the main street, Kungsportsavenyen.[67] Perhaps the most significant type of houses of the city, Landshövdingehusen, were built in the end of the 19th century – three-storey houses with the first floor in stone and the other two in wood.[68]

The early 20th century, characterized by the National Romantic style, was rich in architectural achievements.[66] Masthugg Church is a noted example of the style of this period.[69][70] In the early 1920s, on the city's 300th anniversary, the Götaplatsen square with its Neoclassical look was built.[66]

After this, the predominant style in Gothenburg and rest of Sweden was Functionalism which especially dominated the suburbs such as Västra Frölunda and Bergsjön. The Swedish functionalist architect Uno Åhrén served as city planner from 1932 through 1943.[66] In the 1950s, the big stadium Ullevi was built when Sweden hosted the 1958 FIFA World Cup.[71]

The modern architecture of the city has been formed by such architects as Gert Wingårdh,[72] who started as a Post-modernist in the 1980s.[73]

Gustaf Adolf Square is a town square located in central Gothenburg. Noted buildings on the square include Gothenburg City Hall (formerly the stock exchange, opened in 1849) and the Nordic Classicism law court. The main canal of Gothenburg also flanks the square.[66]

Characteristic buildings edit

 
Skanskaskrapan

The Gothenburg Central Station is in the centre of the city, next to Nordstan and Drottningtorget.[74] The building has been renovated and expanded numerous times since the grand opening in October 1858. In 2003, a major reconstruction was finished which brought the 19th-century building into the 21st century expanding the capacity for trains, travellers, and shopping.[75] Not far from the central station is the Skanskaskrapan, or more commonly known as "The Lipstick". It is 86 m (282 ft) high with 22 floors and coloured in red-white stripes. The skyscraper was designed by Ralph Erskine and built by Skanska in the late 1980s as the headquarters for the company.[76]

By the shore of the Göta Älv at Lilla Bommen is The Göteborg Opera. It was completed in 1994. The architect Jan Izikowitz was inspired by the landscape and described his vision as "Something that makes your mind float over the squiggling landscape like the wings of a seagull."[77]

 
Feskekörka fishmarket

Feskekörka, or Fiskhallen, is an indoor fishmarket by the Rosenlundskanalen in central Gothenburg. Feskekörkan was opened on 1 November 1874 and its name from the building's resemblance to a Gothic church.[78] The Gothenburg city hall is in the Beaux-Arts architectural style. The Gothenburg Synagogue at Stora Nygatan, near Drottningtorget, was built in 1855 according to the designs of the German architect August Krüger.[79]

The Gunnebo House is a country house located to the south of Gothenburg, in Mölndal. It was built in a neoclassical architecture towards the end of the 18th century.[80] Created in the early 1900s was the Vasa Church. It is located in Vasastan and is built of granite in a neo-Romanesque style.[81]

Another noted construction is Brudaremossen TV Tower, one of the few partially guyed towers in the world.[82]

Culture edit

 
The Poseidon Statue at Götaplatsen, a well-known cultural symbol and landmark

The sea, trade, and industrial history of the city are evident in the cultural life of Gothenburg.[83] It is also a popular destination for tourists on the Swedish west coast.

Museums edit

Many of the cultural institutions, as well as hospitals and the university, were created by donations from rich merchants and industrialists, for example the Röhsska Museum.[84] On 29 December 2004, the Museum of World Culture opened near Korsvägen.[85][86] Museums include the Göteborgs Konsthall, Gothenburg Museum of Art, and several museums of sea and navigation history, natural history, the sciences, and East India.[87] Aeroseum, close to the Göteborg City Airport, is an aircraft museum in a former military underground air force base.[88] The Volvo museum has exhibits of the history of Volvo and the development from 1927 until today. Products shown include cars, trucks, marine engines, and buses.[89]

Universeum is a public science centre that opened in 2001, the largest of its kind in Scandinavia. It is divided into six sections, each containing experimental workshops and a collection of reptiles, fish, and insects.[90] Universeum occasionally host debates between Swedish secondary-school students and Nobel Prize laureates or other scholars.[91]

Leisure and entertainment edit

 
Liseberg amusement park

The most noted attraction is the amusement park Liseberg, located in the central part of the city. It is the largest amusement park in Scandinavia by number of rides,[92] and was chosen as one of the top ten amusement parks in the world (2005) by Forbes.[93] It is the most popular attraction in Sweden by number of visitors per year (more than 3 million).[94]

There are a number of independent theatre ensembles in the city, besides institutions such as Gothenburg City Theatre, Backa Theatre (youth theatre), and Folkteatern.[95]

The main boulevard is called Kungsportsavenyn (commonly known as Avenyn, "The Avenue"). It is about 1 km (0.6 mi) long and starts at Götaplatsen – which is the location of the Gothenburg Museum of Art, the city's theatre, and the city library, as well as the concert hall – and stretches all the way to Kungsportsplatsen in the old city centre of Gothenburg, crossing a canal and a small park.[96] The Avenyn was created in the 1860s and 1870s as a result of an international architecture contest, and is the product of a period of extensive town planning and remodelling.[97] Avenyn has Gothenburg's highest concentration of pubs and clubs. Gothenburg's largest shopping centre (8th largest in Sweden), Nordstan, is located in central Gothenburg.[98]

 
The Haga district

Gothenburg's Haga district is known for its picturesque wooden houses[94] and its cafés serving the well-known Haga bulle – a large cinnamon roll similar to the kanelbulle.[99]

Five Gothenburg restaurants have a star in the 2008 Michelin Guide: 28 +, Basement, Fond, Kock & Vin, Fiskekrogen, and Sjömagasinet.[100] The city has a number of star chefs – over the past decade, seven of the Swedish Chef of the Year awards have been won by people from Gothenburg.[101]

The Gustavus Adolphus pastry, eaten every 6 November in Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus Day, is especially connected to, and appreciated in, Gothenburg because the city was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus.[102]

One of Gothenburg's most popular natural tourist attractions is the southern Gothenburg archipelago, which is a set of several islands that can be reached by ferry boats mainly operating from Saltholmen. Within the archipelago are the Älvsborg fortress, Vinga and Styrsö islands.[94]

Festivals and fairs edit

 
Discussion by Nanna Ullman (1957) in front of the Swedish Exhibition and Congress Centre

The annual Gothenburg Film Festival, is the largest film festival in Scandinavia.[13] The Gothenburg Book Fair, held each year in September.[103] It is the largest literary festival in Scandinavia, and the second largest book fair in Europe.[104] A radical bookfair is held at the same time at the Syndikalistiskt Forum.[105]

The International Science Festival in Gothenburg is an annual festival since April 1997, in central Gothenburg with thought-provoking science activities for the public. The festival is visited by about 100,000 people each year.[106] This makes it the largest popular-science event in Sweden[107] and one of the leading popular-science events in Europe.[108]

Citing the financial crisis, the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions moved the 2010 World Library and Information Congress, previously to be held in Brisbane, Australia, to Gothenburg. The event took place on 10–15 August 2010.[109]

Music edit

Further information: List of bands from Gothenburg
 
Entrance to the Way Out West Festival

Gothenburg has a diverse music community—the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra is the best-known in classical music.[110] Gothenburg also was the birthplace of the Swedish composer Kurt Atterberg.[111] The first internationally successfully Swedish group, instrumental rock group The Spotnicks came from Gothenburg.[112]

Bands such as The Soundtrack of Our Lives[113] and Ace of Base are well-known pop representatives of the city. During the 1970s, Gothenburg had strong roots in the Swedish progressive movement (progg) with such groups as Nationalteatern, Nynningen, and Motvind. The record company Nacksving and the editorial office for the magazine Musikens Makt which also were part of the progg movement were located in Gothenburg during this time as well.[114]

There is also an active indie scene in Gothenburg. For example, the musician Jens Lekman was born in the suburb of Angered[115] and named his 2007 release Night Falls Over Kortedala after another suburb, Kortedala.[116] Other internationally acclaimed indie artists include the electro pop duos Studio,[117] The Knife,[118] Air France,[119] The Tough Alliance,[120] indie rock band Love is All, songwriter José González,[121] and pop singer El Perro del Mar,[122] as well as genre-bending quartet Little Dragon fronted by vocalist Yukimi Nagano.[123] Another son of the city is one of Sweden's most popular singers, Håkan Hellström, who often includes many places from the city in his songs.[124][125] The glam rock group Supergroupies derives from Gothenburg.[126]

Gothenburg's own commercially successful At the Gates, In Flames, and Dark Tranquillity are credited with pioneering melodic death metal.[127] Other well-known bands of the Gothenburg scene are thrash metal band The Haunted,[128] progressive power metal band Evergrey,[129] and power metal bands HammerFall and Dream Evil.[130]

Many music festivals take place in the city every year. The Metaltown Festival was a two-day festival featuring heavy metal music bands, held in Gothenburg. It used to be arranged annually since 2004, taking place at the Frihamnen venue.[131] In June 2012, the festival included bands such as In Flames, Marilyn Manson, Slayer, Lamb of God, and Mastodon.[132] Another popular festival, Way Out West, focuses more on rock, electronic, and hip-hop genres.[133][134]

Sports edit

 
Fireworks at the opening ceremony of Gothia Cup

As in all of Sweden, a variety of sports are followed, including football, ice hockey, basketball, handball, floorball, baseball, and figure skating. A varied amateur and professional sports clubs scene exists.[135]

Gothenburg is the birthplace of football in Sweden as the first football match in Sweden was played there in 1892.[136] The city's three major football clubs, IFK Göteborg, Örgryte IS, and GAIS[137] share a total of 34 Swedish championships between them.[138] IFK has also won the UEFA Cup twice.[139] Other notable clubs include BK Häcken (football),[140] Göteborg HC (women's ice hockey), Pixbo Wallenstam IBK (floorball),[141] multiple national handball champion Redbergslids IK,[142] and five-time national ice hockey champion Frölunda HC,[143] Gothenburg had a professional basketball team, Gothia Basket, until 2010 when it ceased.[144] The bandy department of GAIS, GAIS Bandy, played the first season in the highest division Elitserien last season. The group stage match between the main rivals Sweden and Russia in the 2013 Bandy World Championship was played at Arena Heden in central Gothenburg.[145]

The city's most notable sports venues are Scandinavium,[146] and Ullevi (multisport) and the newly built Gamla Ullevi[147] (football).

The 2003 World Allround Speed Skating Championships were held in Rudhallen, Sweden's only indoor speed-skating arena.[148] It is a part of Ruddalens IP, which also has a bandy field and several football fields.[149]

The only Swedish heavyweight champion of the world in boxing, Ingemar Johansson, who took the title from Floyd Paterson in 1959, was from Gothenburg.[150]

 
Boats at Saltholmen in the Gothenburg archipelago

Gothenburg has hosted a number of international sporting events including the 1958 FIFA World Cup,[71] the 1983 European Cup Winners' Cup Final,[151] an NFL preseason game on 14 August 1988 between the Chicago Bears and the Minnesota Vikings,[152] the 1992 European Football Championship, the 1993[153] and the 2002 World Men's Handball Championship,[154] the 1995 World Championships in Athletics,[155] the 1997 World Championships in Swimming (short track),[156] the 2002 Ice Hockey World Championships,[154] the 2004 UEFA Cup final,[157] the 2006 European Championships in Athletics,[158] and the 2008 World Figure Skating Championships.[159] Annual events held in the city are the Gothia Cup[160] and the Göteborgsvarvet.[161] The annual Gothia Cup, is the world's largest football tournament with regards to the number of participants: in 2011, a total of 35,200 players from 1,567 teams and 72 nations participated.

Gothenburg hosted the XIII FINA World Masters Championships in 2010.[162] Diving, swimming, synchronized swimming and open-water competitions were held on 28 July to 7 August. The water polo events were played on the neighboring city of Borås.[163]

Gothenburg is also home to the Gothenburg Sharks, a professional baseball team in the Elitserien division of baseball in Sweden.[164]

With around 25,000 sailboats and yachts scattered about the city, sailing is a popular sports activity in the region, particularly because of the nearby Gothenburg archipelago.[165] In June 2015, the Volvo Ocean Race, professional sailing's leading crewed offshore race, concluded in Gothenburg,[166] as well as an event in the 2015–2016 America's Cup World Series in August 2015.[167]

The Gothenburg Amateur Diving Club (Göteborgs amatördykarklubb) has been operating since October 1938.

Economy edit

 
SKF Wingquist self-aligning bearing

Due to Gothenburg's advantageous location in the centre of Scandinavia, trade and shipping have always played a major role in the city's economic history, and they continue to do so. Gothenburg port has come to be the largest harbour in Scandinavia.[11]

Apart from trade, the second pillar of Gothenburg has traditionally been manufacturing and industry, which significantly contributes to the city's wealth.[168] Major companies operating plants in the area include SKF, Volvo (both cars and trucks), and Ericsson. Volvo Cars is the largest employer in Gothenburg, not including jobs in supply companies. The blue-collar industries which have dominated the city for long are still important factors in the city's economy, but they are being gradually replaced by high-tech industries.[169][170]

Banking and finance are also important, as well as the event and tourist industry.[11]

Gothenburg is the terminus of the Valdemar-Göteborg gas pipeline, which brings natural gas from the North Sea fields to Sweden, through Denmark.[171]

Historically, Gothenburg was home base from the 18th century of the Swedish East India Company.[172] From its founding until the late 1970s, the city was a world leader in shipbuilding, with such shipyards as Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad, Götaverken, Arendalsvarvet, and Lindholmens varv.[173] In 1875, the Lindholmsdockan drydock opened in Gothenburg.[174] Gothenburg is classified as a global city by GaWC, with a ranking of Gamma.[175] The city has been ranked as the 12th-most inventive city in the world by Forbes.[176]

Government edit

Main article: Gothenburg Municipality

Gothenburg became a city municipality with an elected city council when the first Swedish local government acts were implemented in 1863.[177] The municipality has an assembly consisting of 81 members,[178] elected every fourth year.[179] Political decisions depend on citizens considering them legitimate. Political legitimacy can be based on various factors: legality, due process, and equality before the law, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of public policy. One method used to achieve greater legitimacy for controversial policy reforms such as congestion charges is to allow citizens to decide or advise on the issue in public referendums.

In December 2010 a petition for a local referendum on the congestion tax, signed by 28,000 citizens, was submitted to the City Council. This right to submit so-called "people's initiatives" was inscribed in the Local Government Act, which obliged local governments to hold a local referendum if petitioned by 5% of the citizens unless the issue was deemed to be outside their area of jurisdiction or if a majority in the City Council voted against holding such a referendum.[180] A second petition for a referendum, signed by 57,000 citizens, was submitted to the local government in February 2013. This petition followed a campaign organised by a local newspaper – Göteborgs Tidningen – whose editor-in-chief argued that the paper's involvement was justified by the large public response to a series of articles on the congestion tax, as well as out of concern for the local democracy.[181][180]

 
View over Gustav Adolfs torg, square named after Gustavus Adolphus, the founding father of Gothenburg

Demographics edit

Largest groups of foreign residents[182]
Foreign born Population (2021)
  Iraq 12,999
  Iran 12,902
  Somalia 9,756
  Syria 8,839
  India 7,639
  Bosnia 7,151
  Poland 5,901
  Finland 5,539
  Turkey 5,382
  China 4,315
  Afghanistan 3,685
  Germany 3,117
  Romania 2,975
  Lebanon 2,691
  Ethiopia 2,474
 
Gothenburg Municipality population pyramid in 2022

In 2019, approximately 28% (159,342 residents) of the population of Gothenburg were foreign born and approximately 46% (265,019 residents) had at least one parent born abroad.[183] In addition, approximately 12% (69,263 residents) were foreign citizens.[184]

In 2016, 45% of Gothenburg's immigrant population is from other parts of Europe, and 10% of the total population is from another Nordic country.[185] The city's population increased by 9,292 during 2022.[186]

Education edit

Gothenburg has two universities, both of which started as colleges founded by private donations in the 19th century. The University of Gothenburg has about 38,000 students and is one of the largest universities in Scandinavia,[187] and one of the most versatile in Sweden. Chalmers University of Technology is a well-known university located in Johanneberg 2 km (1 mi) south of the inner city, lately also established at Lindholmen in Norra Älvstranden, Hisingen.[188]

In 2015, there were ten adult education centres in Gothenburg: Agnesbergs folkhögskola, Arbetarrörelsens folkhögskola i Göteborg, Finska folkhögskolan, Folkhögskolan i Angered, Göteborgs folkhögskola, Kvinnofolkhögskolan, Mo Gård folkhögskola, S:ta Birgittas folkhögskola, Västra Götalands folkhögskolor and Wendelsbergs folkhögskola.[189]

In 2015, there were 49 high schools in Gothenburg. Some of the more notable schools are Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet, Göteborgs Högre Samskola, Sigrid Rudebecks gymnasium and Polhemsgymnasiet. Some high-schools are also connected to large Swedish corporations, such as SKF Technical high-school owned by SKF and Gothenburg's technical high-school jointly owned by Volvo, Volvo Cars and Gothenburg municipality.[190]

There are two folkhögskola that teach fine arts: Domen and Goteborg Folkhögskola.

Transport edit

 
The west coast motorway E6/E20 in Gothenburg, coming from Malmö. In the interchange (Olskroksmotet) the motorway E20 continue in east direction to Stockholm and E6 continue in north direction to Oslo.

Public transport edit

 
Gothenburg's trams

With over 80 km (50 mi) of double track, the Gothenburg tram network covers most of the city and is the largest tram/light rail network in Scandinavia. Gothenburg also has a bus network. Boat and ferry services connect the Gothenburg archipelago to the mainland. The lack of a subway is due to the soft ground on which Gothenburg is situated. Tunneling is very expensive in such conditions.[191]

The Gothenburg commuter rail with three lines services some nearby cities and towns.[192]

Public transport on the Göta älv river is operated on the Älvsnabben ferry line, operated by Styrsöbolaget on a commission from Västtrafik.

Rail and intercity bus edit

 
Platforms at Åkareplatsen bus station.

Other major transportation hubs are Centralstationen (Gothenburg Central Station) and the Nils Ericson Terminal with trains and buses to various destinations in Sweden, as well as connections to Oslo and Copenhagen (via Malmö).[193]

Air edit

 
 
 
 
class=notpageimage|
Map showing the locations of airports around Gothenburg

Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport (IATA: GOT, ICAO: ESGG), located about 20 km (12 mi) east of the city centre. It is named after nearby locality Landvetter. Flygbussarna offer frequent bus connections to and from Gothenburg with travel time 20–30 minutes. Swebus, Flixbus and Nettbuss also serve the airport with several daily departures to Gothenburg, Borås and other destinations along European route E4. Västtrafik, the local public transport provider in the area, offers additional connections to Landvetter.[194]

The airport is operated by Swedish national airport operator Swedavia, and with 6.8 million passengers served in 2017, it is Sweden's second-largest airport after Stockholm Arlanda.[195] It serves as a base for several domestic and international airlines, e.g. Scandinavian Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Ryanair. Göteborg Landvetter, however, does not serve as a hub for any airline. In total, there are about 50 destinations with scheduled direct flights to and from Gothenburg, most of them European. An additional 40 destinations are served via charter.[196]

The second airport in the area, Göteborg City Airport (IATA: GSE, ICAO: ESGP), is closed. On 13 January 2015, Swedish airport operator Swedavia announced that Göteborg City Airport will not reopen for commercial services following an extensive rebuild of the airport started in November 2014, citing that the cost of making the airport viable for commercial operations again was too high, at 250 million kronor ($31 million). Commercial operations will be gradually wound down.[197] The airport was located 10 km (6 mi) northwest of the city centre. It was formerly known as Säve Flygplats. It is located within the borders of Gothenburg Municipality. In addition to commercial airlines, the airport was also operated by a number of rescue services, including the Swedish Coast Guard, and was used for other general aviation.[198] Most civil air traffic to Göteborg City Airport was via low-cost airlines such as Ryanair and Wizz Air. Those companies have now been relocated to Landvetter Airport.[199]

Sea edit

 
Gothenburg harbour seen from the Älvsborg bridge, seen to the left is the ship HSS Stena Carisma and to the right MS Stena Scandinavica (1983).

The Swedish company Stena Line operates between Gothenburg/Frederikshavn in Denmark and Gothenburg/Kiel in Germany.[200]

The "England ferry" (Englandsfärjan) to Newcastle via Kristiansand (run by the Danish company DFDS Seaways) ceased at the end of October 2006,[201] after being a Gothenburg institution since the 19th century.[202] DFDS Seaways' sister company, DFDS Tor Line, continues to run scheduled cargo ships between Gothenburg and several English ports, and these used to have limited capacity for passengers and their private vehicles. Also freight ships to North America and East Asia leave from the port.[203]

Freight edit

Gothenburg is an intermodal logistics hub and Gothenburg harbour has access to Sweden and Norway via rail and trucks. Gothenburg harbour is the largest port in Scandinavia with a cargo turnover of 36.9 million tonnes per year in 2004.[204]

Notable people edit

Main article: List of people from Gothenburg
 
Kal and Ada at Liseberg

Two of the noted people from Gothenburg are fictional, but have become synonymous with "people from Gothenburg". They are a working class couple called Kal and Ada, featured in "Gothenburg jokes" (göteborgsvitsar), songs, plays and names of events.[205][206] Each year two persons who have significantly contributed to culture in the city are given the honorary titles of "Kal and Ada".[207] A bronze statue of the couple made by Svenrobert Lundquist, was placed outside the entrance to Liseberg in 1995.[208] Other notable people from Gothenburg include:

Sport edit

International rankings edit

Gothenburg has performed well in international rankings, some of which are mentioned below: The Global Destination Sustainability Index has named Gothenburg the world's most sustainable destination every year since 2016.[211]

In 2019 Gothenburg was selected by the EU as one of the top 2020 European Capitals of Smart Tourism.[212]

In 2020 Business Region Göteborg received the 'European Entrepreneurial Region Award 2020' (EER Award 2020) from the EU.[212]

International relations edit

The Gothenburg Award is the city's international prize that recognises and supports work to achieve sustainable development – in the Gothenburg region and from a global perspective.[213] The award, which is one million Swedish crowns, is administered and funded by a coalition of the City of Gothenburg and 12 companies.[214] Past winners of the award have included Kofi Annan, Al Gore, and Michael Biddle.[215]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Sweden

Twin towns and sister cities edit

Gothenburg is twinned with:[216]

With Lyon (France) there is no formal partnership, but "a joint willingness to cooperate".[218] Gothenburg had signed an agreement with Shanghai in 1986 which was upgraded in 2003 to include exchanges in culture, economics, trade and sport. The agreement was allowed to lapse in 2020.[219]

See also edit

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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Göteborg.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gothenburg.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Gothenburg".
KML file (edit • help)
w:sv:Wikipedia:KML/Göteborg
KML is from Wikidata
  • Goteborg.se – Official site for city of Gothenburg (in Swedish)
  • – Official web page for short English description of the content in city of Gothenburg site
  • – Official international site for city of Gothenburg
  •   Göteborg travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • Goteborg.com – Gothenburg tourism portal
  •  – VisitSweden's profile of Gothenburg
  • Virtual Tour Panoramas of Goteborg
Preceded by
Berlin, Germany (1995)
 World Gymnaestrada host city
1999 		Succeeded by
Lisbon, Portugal (2003)

January 01, 1970
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This article is about the city in Sweden For other uses see Gothenburg disambiguation Goteborg and Goteborg redirect here For other uses see Goteborg disambiguation Gothenburg ˈ ɡ ɒ 8 en b ɜːr ɡ 6 abbreviated Gbg 7 8 Swedish Goteborg jœtɛˈbɔrj is the capital of Vastra Gotaland County in Sweden It is the second largest city in Sweden after the capital Stockholm and the fifth largest in the Nordic countries It is situated by the Kattegat on the west coast of Sweden with a population of approximately 600 000 in the city proper and about 1 1 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area 9 10 Gothenburg GoteborgCityClockwise from top Gota alv with Barken Viking to the left Gunnebo House Gothia Towers including Svenska Massan Elfsborg Fortress Ullevi stadium Gothenburg heritage tram Poseidon at Gotaplatsen The Goteborg OperaFlagCoat of armsGothenburgLocation within Vastra GotalandShow map of Vastra GotalandGothenburgLocation within South SwedenShow map of Southern SwedenGothenburgLocation within SwedenShow map of SwedenCoordinates 57 42 27 N 11 58 03 E 57 70750 N 11 96750 E 57 70750 11 96750Country SwedenProvinceVastergotland Bohuslan and HallandCountyVastra Gotaland CountyMunicipalityGothenburg MunicipalityCharter1621Area 1 City447 76 km2 172 88 sq mi Water14 5 km2 5 6 sq mi 3 2 Urban203 67 km2 78 64 sq mi Metro3 694 86 km2 1 426 59 sq mi Elevation12 m 39 ft Population 2019 1 4 City603 325 Density1 300 km2 3 500 sq mi Urban607 882 3 Metro1 077 128 2 DemonymGoteborgare GothenburgerGDP 5 Metro 79 086 billion 2021 Per capita 73 400 2021 Time zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postal code40xxx 41xxx 421xx 427xxArea code 46 31Websitegoteborg wbr se goteborg se Short ENG description international wbr goteborg wbr se King Gustavus Adolphus founded Gothenburg by royal charter in 1621 as a heavily fortified primarily Dutch trading colony In addition to the generous privileges given to his Dutch allies during the ongoing Thirty Years War e g tax relaxation he also attracted significant numbers of his German and Scottish allies to populate his only town on the western coast this trading status was furthered by the founding of the Swedish East India Company At a key strategic location at the mouth of the Gota alv where Scandinavia s largest drainage basin enters the sea the Port of Gothenburg is now the largest port in the Nordic countries 11 The presence of the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology has led Gothenburg to become home to many students Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927 12 with both the original Volvo Group and the separate Volvo Car Corporation still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city Other key companies in the area are AstraZeneca Ericsson and SKF Gothenburg is served by Goteborg Landvetter Airport 25 km 16 mi southeast of the city centre The smaller Goteborg City Airport 15 km 9 3 mi from the city centre was closed to regular airline traffic in 2015 The city hosts the Gothia Cup the world s largest youth football tournament and the Goteborg Basketball Festival Europe s largest youth basketball tournament alongside some of the largest annual events in Scandinavia The Gothenburg Film Festival held in January since 1979 is the leading Scandinavian film festival and attracts over 155 000 visitors each year 13 In summer a wide variety of music festivals are held in the city including the popular Way Out West Festival Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 4 Parks and nature 5 Architecture 5 1 Characteristic buildings 6 Culture 6 1 Museums 6 2 Leisure and entertainment 6 3 Festivals and fairs 6 4 Music 6 5 Sports 7 Economy 8 Government 9 Demographics 10 Education 11 Transport 11 1 Public transport 11 2 Rail and intercity bus 11 3 Air 11 4 Sea 11 5 Freight 12 Notable people 12 1 Sport 13 International rankings 14 International relations 14 1 Twin towns and sister cities 15 See also 16 References 17 External linksName editFurther information Name of the Goths The city was named Goteborg in the city s charter in 1621 14 and simultaneously given the German and English name Gothenburg 15 The Swedish name was given after the Gota alv called Gota River in English 16 and other cities ending in borg 17 18 19 Both the Swedish and German English names were in use before 1621 and had already been used for the previous city founded in 1604 that burned down in 1611 20 Gothenburg is one of few Swedish cities to still have an official and widely used exonym The city council of 1641 consisted of four Swedish three Dutch three German and two Scottish members In Dutch Scots English and German all languages with a long history in this trade and maritime oriented city the name Gothenburg is or was in the case of German used for the city Variations of the official German English name Gothenburg in the city s 1621 charter existed or exist in many languages The French form of the city name is Gothembourg but in French texts the Swedish name Goteborg is more frequent In addition the traditional forms Gothenburg in English or Gotemburgo in Spanish and Portuguese are sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish Goteborg for example by The Goteborg Opera and the Goteborg Ballet However Goteborgs universitet previously designated as the Goteborg University in English changed its name to the University of Gothenburg in 2008 21 The Gothenburg municipality has also reverted to the use of the English name in international contexts 22 In 2009 the city council launched a new logotype for Gothenburg Since the name Goteborg contains the Swedish letter o they planned to make the name more international and up to date by turning the o sideways As of 2015 update the name is spelled Go teborg on a large number of signs in the city 23 History editFurther information History of Gothenburg For a chronological guide see Timeline of Gothenburg In the early modern period the configuration of Sweden s borders made Gothenburg strategically critical as the only Swedish gateway to Skagerrak the North Sea and Atlantic situated on the west coast in a very narrow strip of Swedish territory between Danish Halland in the south and Norwegian Bohuslan in the north After several failed attempts Gothenburg was successfully founded in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus Gustaf II Adolf 24 nbsp View from Alvsborg Bridge The site of the first church built in Gothenburg subsequently destroyed by Danish invaders is marked by a stone near the north end of the Alvsborg Bridge in the Farjenas Park The church was built in 1603 and destroyed in 1611 25 The city was heavily influenced by the Dutch Germans and Scots and Dutch planners and engineers were contracted to construct the city as they had the skills needed to drain and build in the marshy areas chosen for the city The town was designed like Dutch cities such as Amsterdam Batavia Jakarta and New Amsterdam Manhattan 24 The planning of the streets and canals of Gothenburg closely resembled that of Jakarta which was built by the Dutch around the same time 26 The Dutchmen initially won political power and it was not until 1652 when the last Dutch politician in the city s council died that Swedes acquired political power over Gothenburg 27 During the Dutch period the town followed Dutch town laws and Dutch was proposed as the official language in the town Robust city walls were built during the 17th century In 1807 a decision was made to tear down most of the city s wall The work started in 1810 and was carried out by 150 soldiers from the Bohus regiment 28 Along with the Dutch the town also was heavily influenced by Scots who settled down in Gothenburg Many became people of high profile 29 William Chalmers the son of a Scottish immigrant donated his fortunes to set up what later became the Chalmers University of Technology 30 In 1841 the Scotsman Alexander Keiller founded the Gotaverken shipbuilding company that was in business until 1989 31 His son James Keiller donated Keiller Park to the city in 1906 32 The Gothenburg coat of arms was based on the lion of the coat of arms of Sweden symbolically holding a shield with the national emblem the Three Crowns to defend the city against its enemies 33 In the Treaty of Roskilde 1658 Denmark Norway ceded the Danish province of Halland in the south and the Norwegian province of Bohus County or Bohuslan in the north which left Gothenburg less exposed Gothenburg grew into a significant port and trade centre on the west coast because it was the only city on the west coast that along with Marstrand was granted the rights to trade with merchants from other countries 27 In the 18th century fishing was the most important industry However in 1731 the Swedish East India Company was founded and the city flourished due to its foreign trade with highly profitable commercial expeditions to China 34 The harbour developed into Sweden s main harbour for trade towards the west and when Swedish emigration to the United States increased Gothenburg became Sweden s main point of departure for these travellers The impact of Gothenburg as a main port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants is reflected by Gothenburg Nebraska a small Swedish settlement in the United States 35 With the 19th century Gothenburg evolved into a modern industrial city that continued on into the 20th century The population increased tenfold in the century from 13 000 1800 to 130 000 1900 36 37 38 In the 20th century major companies that developed included SKF 1907 39 and Volvo 1927 40 nbsp Panoramic view of Gothenburg s downtown coast lineGeography edit nbsp Satellite picture of Gothenburg Gothenburg is located on the west coast in southwestern Sweden about halfway between the capital cities of Copenhagen Denmark and Oslo Norway The location at the mouth of the Gota alv which feeds into the Kattegat an arm of the North Sea has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city The archipelago of Gothenburg consists of rough barren rocks and cliffs which also is typical for the coast of Bohuslan 41 Due to the Gulf Stream the city has a mild climate and moderately heavy precipitation 42 It is the second largest city in Sweden after its capital Stockholm 43 The Gothenburg Metropolitan Area Stor Goteborg has 982 360 inhabitants and extends to the municipalities of Ale Alingsas Goteborg Harryda Kungalv Lerum Lilla Edet Molndal Partille Stenungsund Tjorn Ockero within Vastra Gotaland County and Kungsbacka within Halland County 44 Angered a suburb outside Gothenburg consists of Hjallbo Eriksbo Rannebergen Hammarkullen Gardsten and Lovgardet 45 It is a Million Programme part of Gothenburg like Rosengard in Malmo and Botkyrka in Stockholm 46 Angered had about 50 000 inhabitants in 2015 47 It lies north of Gothenburg and is isolated from the rest of the city Bergsjon is another Million Programme suburb north of Gothenburg it has 14 000 inhabitants Biskopsgarden is the biggest multicultural suburb on the island of Hisingen which is a part of Gothenburg but separated from the city by the river nbsp A panorama of central Gothenburg taken from Keillers park facing south from left to right Gota alvbron Lilla Bommen Viking The Goteborg Opera in front of Goteborgshjulet Skansen Kronan Oscar Fredrik Church Masthugg Church and Alvsborg Bridge Climate edit Gothenburg has an oceanic climate Cfb according to the Koppen climate classification Despite its northerly latitude temperatures are quite mild throughout the year and warmer than places at a similar latitude such as Stockholm this is mainly because of the moderating influence of the Gulf Stream 42 During the summer daylight extends 18 hours and 5 minutes but lasts 6 hours and 32 minutes in late December The climate has become significantly milder in later decades particularly in summer and winter July temperatures used to be below Stockholm s 1961 1990 averages but have since been warmer than that benchmark Summers are warm and pleasant with average high temperatures of 20 to 22 C 68 to 72 F and lows of 12 to 15 C 54 to 59 F but temperatures of 25 30 C 77 86 F occur on many days during the summer Winters are cold and windy with temperatures of around 1 to 4 C 30 to 39 F though it rarely drops below 20 C 4 F Precipitation is regular but generally moderate throughout the year Snow mainly occurs from December to March but is not unusual in November and April and can sometimes occur even in October and May 48 Climate data for Gothenburg 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high C F 10 8 51 4 12 6 54 7 18 9 66 0 28 5 83 3 31 1 88 0 31 9 89 4 34 1 93 4 32 0 89 6 27 4 81 3 21 3 70 3 15 7 60 3 12 7 54 9 34 1 93 4 Mean maximum C F 7 8 46 0 8 1 46 6 12 9 55 2 20 8 69 4 25 4 77 7 27 6 81 7 29 2 84 6 28 4 83 1 23 3 73 9 17 2 63 0 12 1 53 8 9 8 49 6 30 3 86 5 Mean daily maximum C F 3 0 37 4 3 2 37 8 6 4 43 5 12 1 53 8 17 0 62 6 20 1 68 2 22 5 72 5 21 9 71 4 17 7 63 9 12 0 53 6 7 4 45 3 4 2 39 6 12 3 54 1 Daily mean C F 0 8 33 4 0 7 33 3 3 0 37 4 7 7 45 9 12 4 54 3 15 7 60 3 18 3 64 9 17 7 63 9 14 0 57 2 9 0 48 2 5 1 41 2 2 1 35 8 8 9 48 0 Mean daily minimum C F 1 5 29 3 1 6 29 1 0 1 31 8 3 6 38 5 8 1 46 6 12 0 53 6 14 5 58 1 14 1 57 4 10 6 51 1 6 3 43 3 3 0 37 4 0 2 31 6 5 7 42 3 Mean minimum C F 11 0 12 2 9 9 14 2 7 3 18 9 2 7 27 1 2 1 35 8 7 2 45 0 10 1 50 2 8 7 47 7 3 7 38 7 1 6 29 1 5 0 23 0 9 5 14 9 13 2 8 2 Record low C F 18 5 1 3 16 0 3 2 16 2 2 8 6 2 20 8 1 0 30 2 4 3 39 7 8 4 47 1 5 0 41 0 0 1 32 2 8 5 16 7 10 4 13 3 18 7 1 7 18 7 1 7 Average precipitation mm inches 83 0 3 27 61 0 2 40 54 0 2 13 51 3 2 02 54 3 2 14 73 7 2 90 81 4 3 20 92 8 3 65 80 0 3 15 102 9 4 05 84 7 3 33 93 1 3 67 912 2 35 91 Source SMHI Open Data 49 Climate data for Gothenburg 2002 2020 sunshine 1961 1990 extremes since 1901 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high C F 10 8 51 4 11 2 52 2 18 9 66 0 28 5 83 3 31 3 88 3 32 0 89 6 34 1 93 4 33 5 92 3 28 5 83 3 20 7 69 3 14 5 58 1 12 7 54 9 34 1 93 4 Mean daily maximum C F 2 9 37 2 3 2 37 8 6 7 44 1 12 5 54 5 17 2 63 0 20 6 69 1 22 7 72 9 21 9 71 4 18 2 64 8 12 1 53 8 7 7 45 9 4 7 40 5 12 5 54 6 Daily mean C F 0 7 33 3 0 9 33 6 3 3 37 9 8 2 46 8 12 9 55 2 16 5 61 7 18 8 65 8 18 1 64 6 14 7 58 5 9 2 48 6 5 5 41 9 2 6 36 7 9 3 48 7 Mean daily minimum C F 1 6 29 1 1 5 29 3 0 2 31 6 3 8 38 8 8 5 47 3 12 3 54 1 14 8 58 6 14 3 57 7 11 1 52 0 6 2 43 2 3 3 37 9 0 4 32 7 6 0 42 7 Record low C F 26 0 14 8 22 8 9 0 19 2 2 6 11 0 12 2 4 3 24 3 1 8 35 2 5 3 41 5 3 5 38 3 2 5 27 5 8 5 16 7 13 5 7 7 21 9 7 4 26 0 14 8 Average precipitation mm inches 84 2 3 31 57 1 2 25 58 5 2 30 48 6 1 91 54 0 2 13 73 1 2 88 75 2 2 96 83 7 3 30 73 2 2 88 95 9 3 78 84 8 3 34 86 5 3 41 874 8 34 45 Average precipitation days 12 9 9 8 8 10 9 11 10 12 12 12 122 Mean monthly sunshine hours 44 69 167 211 239 256 234 196 168 99 47 32 1 762 Source 50 51 52 Climate data for Gothenburg Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average sea temperature C F 4 0 3 0 2 7 6 8 11 2 15 5 18 0 18 5 16 5 12 4 9 2 6 1 10 3 Mean daily daylight hours 7 0 10 0 12 0 14 0 17 0 18 0 17 0 15 0 13 0 10 0 9 0 7 0 12 4 Average Ultraviolet index 0 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3 Source Weather Atlas 53 Parks and nature edit nbsp The Gothenburg Botanical Garden Gothenburg has several parks and nature reserves ranging in size from tens of square meters to hundreds of hectares It also has many green areas that are not designated as parks or reserves Selection of parks Kungsparken 13 ha 32 acres built between 1839 and 1861 surrounds the canal that circles the city centre 54 Garden Society of Gothenburg a park and horticultural garden is located next to Kungsportsavenyen Founded in 1842 by the Swedish king Carl XIV Johan and on initiative of the amateur botanist Henric Elof von Normann the park has a noted rose garden with some 4 000 roses of 1 900 cultivars 55 Slottsskogen 137 ha 340 acres was created in 1874 by August Kobb It has a free open zoo that includes harbor seals penguins horses pigs deer moose goats and many birds The Natural History Museum Naturhistoriska Museet and the city s oldest observatory are located in the park 55 The annual Way Out West festival is held in the park 56 Anggardsbergens naturreservat 320 ha 790 acres was bought in 1840 by pharmacist Arvid Gren and donated in 1963 to the city by Sven and Carl Gren Broberg who stated the area must remain a nature and bird reserve It lies partly in Molndal 57 Delsjoomradets naturreservat about 760 ha 1 900 acres 58 has been in use since the 17th century as a farming area significant forest management was carried out in the late 19th century Skatas gym and motionscentrum is situated here Rya Skogs Naturreservat 17 ha 42 acres became a protected area in 1928 It contains remnants of a defensive wall built in the mid to late 17th century 59 Keillers park was donated by James Keiller in 1906 He was the son of Scottish Alexander Keiller who founded the Gotaverken shipbuilding company 32 45 S A Hedlunds park Sven Adolf Hedlund newspaper publisher and politician bought the 15 ha 37 acres Bjurslatt farm in 1857 and in 1928 it was given to the city Hisingsparken is Gothenburg s largest park 60 Flunsasparken built in 1950 has many free activities during the summer such as concerts and theatre 61 Gothenburg Botanical Garden 175 ha 430 acres opened in 1923 62 It won an award in 2003 and in 2006 was third in The most beautiful garden in Europe competition It has around 16 000 species of plants and trees The greenhouses contain around 4 500 species including 1 600 orchids 55 It is considered to be one of the most important botanical gardens in Europe with three stars in the French Guide Rouge Architecture edit nbsp The German Church in central Gothenburg Very few buildings are left from the 17th century when the city was founded since all but the military and royal houses were built of wood 63 Some structures which do survive from this early phase in the city s history are Kronhuset and the Torstenson Palace and the fortresses Skansen Kronan 64 and Skansen Lejonet The first major architecturally interesting period is the 18th century when the East India Company made Gothenburg an important trade city Imposing stone houses in Neo Classical style were erected around the canals One example from this period is the East India House which today houses the Goteborg City Museum 65 In the 19th century the wealthy bourgeoisie began to move outside the city walls which had protected the city The style now was an eclectic academic somewhat overdecorated style which the middle class favoured The working class lived in the overcrowded city district Haga in wooden houses 66 In the 19th century the first comprehensive town plan after the founding of city was created which led to the construction of the main street Kungsportsavenyen 67 Perhaps the most significant type of houses of the city Landshovdingehusen were built in the end of the 19th century three storey houses with the first floor in stone and the other two in wood 68 The early 20th century characterized by the National Romantic style was rich in architectural achievements 66 Masthugg Church is a noted example of the style of this period 69 70 In the early 1920s on the city s 300th anniversary the Gotaplatsen square with its Neoclassical look was built 66 After this the predominant style in Gothenburg and rest of Sweden was Functionalism which especially dominated the suburbs such as Vastra Frolunda and Bergsjon The Swedish functionalist architect Uno Ahren served as city planner from 1932 through 1943 66 In the 1950s the big stadium Ullevi was built when Sweden hosted the 1958 FIFA World Cup 71 The modern architecture of the city has been formed by such architects as Gert Wingardh 72 who started as a Post modernist in the 1980s 73 Gustaf Adolf Square is a town square located in central Gothenburg Noted buildings on the square include Gothenburg City Hall formerly the stock exchange opened in 1849 and the Nordic Classicism law court The main canal of Gothenburg also flanks the square 66 Characteristic buildings edit nbsp Skanskaskrapan The Gothenburg Central Station is in the centre of the city next to Nordstan and Drottningtorget 74 The building has been renovated and expanded numerous times since the grand opening in October 1858 In 2003 a major reconstruction was finished which brought the 19th century building into the 21st century expanding the capacity for trains travellers and shopping 75 Not far from the central station is the Skanskaskrapan or more commonly known as The Lipstick It is 86 m 282 ft high with 22 floors and coloured in red white stripes The skyscraper was designed by Ralph Erskine and built by Skanska in the late 1980s as the headquarters for the company 76 By the shore of the Gota Alv at Lilla Bommen is The Goteborg Opera It was completed in 1994 The architect Jan Izikowitz was inspired by the landscape and described his vision as Something that makes your mind float over the squiggling landscape like the wings of a seagull 77 nbsp Feskekorka fishmarket Feskekorka or Fiskhallen is an indoor fishmarket by the Rosenlundskanalen in central Gothenburg Feskekorkan was opened on 1 November 1874 and its name from the building s resemblance to a Gothic church 78 The Gothenburg city hall is in the Beaux Arts architectural style The Gothenburg Synagogue at Stora Nygatan near Drottningtorget was built in 1855 according to the designs of the German architect August Kruger 79 The Gunnebo House is a country house located to the south of Gothenburg in Molndal It was built in a neoclassical architecture towards the end of the 18th century 80 Created in the early 1900s was the Vasa Church It is located in Vasastan and is built of granite in a neo Romanesque style 81 Another noted construction is Brudaremossen TV Tower one of the few partially guyed towers in the world 82 Culture edit nbsp The Poseidon Statue at Gotaplatsen a well known cultural symbol and landmark The sea trade and industrial history of the city are evident in the cultural life of Gothenburg 83 It is also a popular destination for tourists on the Swedish west coast Museums edit Many of the cultural institutions as well as hospitals and the university were created by donations from rich merchants and industrialists for example the Rohsska Museum 84 On 29 December 2004 the Museum of World Culture opened near Korsvagen 85 86 Museums include the Goteborgs Konsthall Gothenburg Museum of Art and several museums of sea and navigation history natural history the sciences and East India 87 Aeroseum close to the Goteborg City Airport is an aircraft museum in a former military underground air force base 88 The Volvo museum has exhibits of the history of Volvo and the development from 1927 until today Products shown include cars trucks marine engines and buses 89 Universeum is a public science centre that opened in 2001 the largest of its kind in Scandinavia It is divided into six sections each containing experimental workshops and a collection of reptiles fish and insects 90 Universeum occasionally host debates between Swedish secondary school students and Nobel Prize laureates or other scholars 91 Leisure and entertainment edit nbsp Liseberg amusement park The most noted attraction is the amusement park Liseberg located in the central part of the city It is the largest amusement park in Scandinavia by number of rides 92 and was chosen as one of the top ten amusement parks in the world 2005 by Forbes 93 It is the most popular attraction in Sweden by number of visitors per year more than 3 million 94 There are a number of independent theatre ensembles in the city besides institutions such as Gothenburg City Theatre Backa Theatre youth theatre and Folkteatern 95 The main boulevard is called Kungsportsavenyn commonly known as Avenyn The Avenue It is about 1 km 0 6 mi long and starts at Gotaplatsen which is the location of the Gothenburg Museum of Art the city s theatre and the city library as well as the concert hall and stretches all the way to Kungsportsplatsen in the old city centre of Gothenburg crossing a canal and a small park 96 The Avenyn was created in the 1860s and 1870s as a result of an international architecture contest and is the product of a period of extensive town planning and remodelling 97 Avenyn has Gothenburg s highest concentration of pubs and clubs Gothenburg s largest shopping centre 8th largest in Sweden Nordstan is located in central Gothenburg 98 nbsp The Haga district Gothenburg s Haga district is known for its picturesque wooden houses 94 and its cafes serving the well known Haga bulle a large cinnamon roll similar to the kanelbulle 99 Five Gothenburg restaurants have a star in the 2008 Michelin Guide 28 Basement Fond Kock amp Vin Fiskekrogen and Sjomagasinet 100 The city has a number of star chefs over the past decade seven of the Swedish Chef of the Year awards have been won by people from Gothenburg 101 The Gustavus Adolphus pastry eaten every 6 November in Sweden Gustavus Adolphus Day is especially connected to and appreciated in Gothenburg because the city was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus 102 One of Gothenburg s most popular natural tourist attractions is the southern Gothenburg archipelago which is a set of several islands that can be reached by ferry boats mainly operating from Saltholmen Within the archipelago are the Alvsborg fortress Vinga and Styrso islands 94 Festivals and fairs edit nbsp Discussion by Nanna Ullman 1957 in front of the Swedish Exhibition and Congress Centre The annual Gothenburg Film Festival is the largest film festival in Scandinavia 13 The Gothenburg Book Fair held each year in September 103 It is the largest literary festival in Scandinavia and the second largest book fair in Europe 104 A radical bookfair is held at the same time at the Syndikalistiskt Forum 105 The International Science Festival in Gothenburg is an annual festival since April 1997 in central Gothenburg with thought provoking science activities for the public The festival is visited by about 100 000 people each year 106 This makes it the largest popular science event in Sweden 107 and one of the leading popular science events in Europe 108 Citing the financial crisis the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions moved the 2010 World Library and Information Congress previously to be held in Brisbane Australia to Gothenburg The event took place on 10 15 August 2010 109 Music edit Further information List of bands from Gothenburg nbsp Entrance to the Way Out West Festival Gothenburg has a diverse music community the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra is the best known in classical music 110 Gothenburg also was the birthplace of the Swedish composer Kurt Atterberg 111 The first internationally successfully Swedish group instrumental rock group The Spotnicks came from Gothenburg 112 Bands such as The Soundtrack of Our Lives 113 and Ace of Base are well known pop representatives of the city During the 1970s Gothenburg had strong roots in the Swedish progressive movement progg with such groups as Nationalteatern Nynningen and Motvind The record company Nacksving and the editorial office for the magazine Musikens Makt which also were part of the progg movement were located in Gothenburg during this time as well 114 There is also an active indie scene in Gothenburg For example the musician Jens Lekman was born in the suburb of Angered 115 and named his 2007 release Night Falls Over Kortedala after another suburb Kortedala 116 Other internationally acclaimed indie artists include the electro pop duos Studio 117 The Knife 118 Air France 119 The Tough Alliance 120 indie rock band Love is All songwriter Jose Gonzalez 121 and pop singer El Perro del Mar 122 as well as genre bending quartet Little Dragon fronted by vocalist Yukimi Nagano 123 Another son of the city is one of Sweden s most popular singers Hakan Hellstrom who often includes many places from the city in his songs 124 125 The glam rock group Supergroupies derives from Gothenburg 126 Gothenburg s own commercially successful At the Gates In Flames and Dark Tranquillity are credited with pioneering melodic death metal 127 Other well known bands of the Gothenburg scene are thrash metal band The Haunted 128 progressive power metal band Evergrey 129 and power metal bands HammerFall and Dream Evil 130 Many music festivals take place in the city every year The Metaltown Festival was a two day festival featuring heavy metal music bands held in Gothenburg It used to be arranged annually since 2004 taking place at the Frihamnen venue 131 In June 2012 the festival included bands such as In Flames Marilyn Manson Slayer Lamb of God and Mastodon 132 Another popular festival Way Out West focuses more on rock electronic and hip hop genres 133 134 Sports edit nbsp Fireworks at the opening ceremony of Gothia Cup As in all of Sweden a variety of sports are followed including football ice hockey basketball handball floorball baseball and figure skating A varied amateur and professional sports clubs scene exists 135 Gothenburg is the birthplace of football in Sweden as the first football match in Sweden was played there in 1892 136 The city s three major football clubs IFK Goteborg Orgryte IS and GAIS 137 share a total of 34 Swedish championships between them 138 IFK has also won the UEFA Cup twice 139 Other notable clubs include BK Hacken football 140 Goteborg HC women s ice hockey Pixbo Wallenstam IBK floorball 141 multiple national handball champion Redbergslids IK 142 and five time national ice hockey champion Frolunda HC 143 Gothenburg had a professional basketball team Gothia Basket until 2010 when it ceased 144 The bandy department of GAIS GAIS Bandy played the first season in the highest division Elitserien last season The group stage match between the main rivals Sweden and Russia in the 2013 Bandy World Championship was played at Arena Heden in central Gothenburg 145 The city s most notable sports venues are Scandinavium 146 and Ullevi multisport and the newly built Gamla Ullevi 147 football The 2003 World Allround Speed Skating Championships were held in Rudhallen Sweden s only indoor speed skating arena 148 It is a part of Ruddalens IP which also has a bandy field and several football fields 149 The only Swedish heavyweight champion of the world in boxing Ingemar Johansson who took the title from Floyd Paterson in 1959 was from Gothenburg 150 nbsp Boats at Saltholmen in the Gothenburg archipelago Gothenburg has hosted a number of international sporting events including the 1958 FIFA World Cup 71 the 1983 European Cup Winners Cup Final 151 an NFL preseason game on 14 August 1988 between the Chicago Bears and the Minnesota Vikings 152 the 1992 European Football Championship the 1993 153 and the 2002 World Men s Handball Championship 154 the 1995 World Championships in Athletics 155 the 1997 World Championships in Swimming short track 156 the 2002 Ice Hockey World Championships 154 the 2004 UEFA Cup final 157 the 2006 European Championships in Athletics 158 and the 2008 World Figure Skating Championships 159 Annual events held in the city are the Gothia Cup 160 and the Goteborgsvarvet 161 The annual Gothia Cup is the world s largest football tournament with regards to the number of participants in 2011 a total of 35 200 players from 1 567 teams and 72 nations participated Gothenburg hosted the XIII FINA World Masters Championships in 2010 162 Diving swimming synchronized swimming and open water competitions were held on 28 July to 7 August The water polo events were played on the neighboring city of Boras 163 Gothenburg is also home to the Gothenburg Sharks a professional baseball team in the Elitserien division of baseball in Sweden 164 With around 25 000 sailboats and yachts scattered about the city sailing is a popular sports activity in the region particularly because of the nearby Gothenburg archipelago 165 In June 2015 the Volvo Ocean Race professional sailing s leading crewed offshore race concluded in Gothenburg 166 as well as an event in the 2015 2016 America s Cup World Series in August 2015 167 The Gothenburg Amateur Diving Club Goteborgs amatordykarklubb has been operating since October 1938 Economy edit nbsp SKF Wingquist self aligning bearing Due to Gothenburg s advantageous location in the centre of Scandinavia trade and shipping have always played a major role in the city s economic history and they continue to do so Gothenburg port has come to be the largest harbour in Scandinavia 11 Apart from trade the second pillar of Gothenburg has traditionally been manufacturing and industry which significantly contributes to the city s wealth 168 Major companies operating plants in the area include SKF Volvo both cars and trucks and Ericsson Volvo Cars is the largest employer in Gothenburg not including jobs in supply companies The blue collar industries which have dominated the city for long are still important factors in the city s economy but they are being gradually replaced by high tech industries 169 170 Banking and finance are also important as well as the event and tourist industry 11 Gothenburg is the terminus of the Valdemar Goteborg gas pipeline which brings natural gas from the North Sea fields to Sweden through Denmark 171 Historically Gothenburg was home base from the 18th century of the Swedish East India Company 172 From its founding until the late 1970s the city was a world leader in shipbuilding with such shipyards as Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad Gotaverken Arendalsvarvet and Lindholmens varv 173 In 1875 the Lindholmsdockan drydock opened in Gothenburg 174 Gothenburg is classified as a global city by GaWC with a ranking of Gamma 175 The city has been ranked as the 12th most inventive city in the world by Forbes 176 Government editMain article Gothenburg Municipality Gothenburg became a city municipality with an elected city council when the first Swedish local government acts were implemented in 1863 177 The municipality has an assembly consisting of 81 members 178 elected every fourth year 179 Political decisions depend on citizens considering them legitimate Political legitimacy can be based on various factors legality due process and equality before the law as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of public policy One method used to achieve greater legitimacy for controversial policy reforms such as congestion charges is to allow citizens to decide or advise on the issue in public referendums In December 2010 a petition for a local referendum on the congestion tax signed by 28 000 citizens was submitted to the City Council This right to submit so called people s initiatives was inscribed in the Local Government Act which obliged local governments to hold a local referendum if petitioned by 5 of the citizens unless the issue was deemed to be outside their area of jurisdiction or if a majority in the City Council voted against holding such a referendum 180 A second petition for a referendum signed by 57 000 citizens was submitted to the local government in February 2013 This petition followed a campaign organised by a local newspaper Goteborgs Tidningen whose editor in chief argued that the paper s involvement was justified by the large public response to a series of articles on the congestion tax as well as out of concern for the local democracy 181 180 nbsp View over Gustav Adolfs torg square named after Gustavus Adolphus the founding father of GothenburgDemographics editLargest groups of foreign residents 182 Foreign born Population 2021 nbsp Iraq 12 999 nbsp Iran 12 902 nbsp Somalia 9 756 nbsp Syria 8 839 nbsp India 7 639 nbsp Bosnia 7 151 nbsp Poland 5 901 nbsp Finland 5 539 nbsp Turkey 5 382 nbsp China 4 315 nbsp Afghanistan 3 685 nbsp Germany 3 117 nbsp Romania 2 975 nbsp Lebanon 2 691 nbsp Ethiopia 2 474 nbsp Gothenburg Municipality population pyramid in 2022 In 2019 approximately 28 159 342 residents of the population of Gothenburg were foreign born and approximately 46 265 019 residents had at least one parent born abroad 183 In addition approximately 12 69 263 residents were foreign citizens 184 In 2016 45 of Gothenburg s immigrant population is from other parts of Europe and 10 of the total population is from another Nordic country 185 The city s population increased by 9 292 during 2022 186 Education editGothenburg has two universities both of which started as colleges founded by private donations in the 19th century The University of Gothenburg has about 38 000 students and is one of the largest universities in Scandinavia 187 and one of the most versatile in Sweden Chalmers University of Technology is a well known university located in Johanneberg 2 km 1 mi south of the inner city lately also established at Lindholmen in Norra Alvstranden Hisingen 188 In 2015 there were ten adult education centres in Gothenburg Agnesbergs folkhogskola Arbetarrorelsens folkhogskola i Goteborg Finska folkhogskolan Folkhogskolan i Angered Goteborgs folkhogskola Kvinnofolkhogskolan Mo Gard folkhogskola S ta Birgittas folkhogskola Vastra Gotalands folkhogskolor and Wendelsbergs folkhogskola 189 In 2015 there were 49 high schools in Gothenburg Some of the more notable schools are Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet Goteborgs Hogre Samskola Sigrid Rudebecks gymnasium and Polhemsgymnasiet Some high schools are also connected to large Swedish corporations such as SKF Technical high school owned by SKF and Gothenburg s technical high school jointly owned by Volvo Volvo Cars and Gothenburg municipality 190 There are two folkhogskola that teach fine arts Domen and Goteborg Folkhogskola Transport edit nbsp The west coast motorway E6 E20 in Gothenburg coming from Malmo In the interchange Olskroksmotet the motorway E20 continue in east direction to Stockholm and E6 continue in north direction to Oslo Public transport edit nbsp Gothenburg s trams With over 80 km 50 mi of double track the Gothenburg tram network covers most of the city and is the largest tram light rail network in Scandinavia Gothenburg also has a bus network Boat and ferry services connect the Gothenburg archipelago to the mainland The lack of a subway is due to the soft ground on which Gothenburg is situated Tunneling is very expensive in such conditions 191 The Gothenburg commuter rail with three lines services some nearby cities and towns 192 Public transport on the Gota alv river is operated on the Alvsnabben ferry line operated by Styrsobolaget on a commission from Vasttrafik Rail and intercity bus edit nbsp Platforms at Akareplatsen bus station Other major transportation hubs are Centralstationen Gothenburg Central Station and the Nils Ericson Terminal with trains and buses to various destinations in Sweden as well as connections to Oslo and Copenhagen via Malmo 193 Air edit nbsp nbsp nbsp GOT nbsp GSEclass notpageimage Map showing the locations of airports around Gothenburg Gothenburg is served by Goteborg Landvetter Airport IATA GOT ICAO ESGG located about 20 km 12 mi east of the city centre It is named after nearby locality Landvetter Flygbussarna offer frequent bus connections to and from Gothenburg with travel time 20 30 minutes Swebus Flixbus and Nettbuss also serve the airport with several daily departures to Gothenburg Boras and other destinations along European route E4 Vasttrafik the local public transport provider in the area offers additional connections to Landvetter 194 The airport is operated by Swedish national airport operator Swedavia and with 6 8 million passengers served in 2017 it is Sweden s second largest airport after Stockholm Arlanda 195 It serves as a base for several domestic and international airlines e g Scandinavian Airlines Norwegian Air Shuttle and Ryanair Goteborg Landvetter however does not serve as a hub for any airline In total there are about 50 destinations with scheduled direct flights to and from Gothenburg most of them European An additional 40 destinations are served via charter 196 The second airport in the area Goteborg City Airport IATA GSE ICAO ESGP is closed On 13 January 2015 Swedish airport operator Swedavia announced that Goteborg City Airport will not reopen for commercial services following an extensive rebuild of the airport started in November 2014 citing that the cost of making the airport viable for commercial operations again was too high at 250 million kronor 31 million Commercial operations will be gradually wound down 197 The airport was located 10 km 6 mi northwest of the city centre It was formerly known as Save Flygplats It is located within the borders of Gothenburg Municipality In addition to commercial airlines the airport was also operated by a number of rescue services including the Swedish Coast Guard and was used for other general aviation 198 Most civil air traffic to Goteborg City Airport was via low cost airlines such as Ryanair and Wizz Air Those companies have now been relocated to Landvetter Airport 199 Sea edit nbsp Gothenburg harbour seen from the Alvsborg bridge seen to the left is the ship HSS Stena Carisma and to the right MS Stena Scandinavica 1983 The Swedish company Stena Line operates between Gothenburg Frederikshavn in Denmark and Gothenburg Kiel in Germany 200 The England ferry Englandsfarjan to Newcastle via Kristiansand run by the Danish company DFDS Seaways ceased at the end of October 2006 201 after being a Gothenburg institution since the 19th century 202 DFDS Seaways sister company DFDS Tor Line continues to run scheduled cargo ships between Gothenburg and several English ports and these used to have limited capacity for passengers and their private vehicles Also freight ships to North America and East Asia leave from the port 203 Freight edit Gothenburg is an intermodal logistics hub and Gothenburg harbour has access to Sweden and Norway via rail and trucks Gothenburg harbour is the largest port in Scandinavia with a cargo turnover of 36 9 million tonnes per year in 2004 204 Notable people editMain article List of people from Gothenburg nbsp Kal and Ada at Liseberg Two of the noted people from Gothenburg are fictional but have become synonymous with people from Gothenburg They are a working class couple called Kal and Ada featured in Gothenburg jokes goteborgsvitsar songs plays and names of events 205 206 Each year two persons who have significantly contributed to culture in the city are given the honorary titles of Kal and Ada 207 A bronze statue of the couple made by Svenrobert Lundquist was placed outside the entrance to Liseberg in 1995 208 Other notable people from Gothenburg include Fredrik Henrik af Chapman 1721 1808 shipbuilder scientist and officer in the Swedish navy William Chalmers 1748 1811 a Swedish merchant and freemason Carl Fredrik af Wingard 1781 1851 a Lutheran archbishop of the Church of Sweden Bengt Erland Fogelberg 1786 1854 was a Swedish sculptor 209 Sophie Bolander 1807 1869 an author participated in debate on gender issues Johan Erhard Areschoug 1811 1887 botanist Evert Taube 1890 1976 author artist composer and singer James Dickson 1899 1980 politician agronomist and chamberlain Victor Hasselblad 1906 1978 inventor photographer and industrialist Gudrun Slettengren Fernholm 1909 1980 ceramicist and sculptor Kent Andersson 1933 2005 actor theatre director and playwright Jan Eliasson born 1940 diplomat Deputy Secretary General of the United Nations 2012 2016 Bjorn Ulvaeus born 1945 singer songwriter with ABBA Doris Svensson 1947 2023 billed as Doris a pop singer Margareta Arvidsson born 1947 actress model and beauty queen Miss Universe amp Miss Sweden 1966 Hakan Hellstrom born 1974 singer songwriter widely popular throughout Sweden Ivar Arpi born 1982 a columnist and debater Alicia Vikander born 1988 Academy Award Winning actress Joel Berghult born 1988 musical Youtuber known as RoomieOfficial Felix Kjellberg born 1989 YouTuber known as PewDiePie for many years the most subscribed to individual on the platform with over 100 million subscribers 210 In Flames formed 1990 heavy metal band Sport edit Gunnar Gren 1920 1991 footballer with 466 club caps and 57 for Sweden Helen Alfredsson born 1965 golfer Henrik Stenson born 1976 British Open Winner and professional golfer Daniel Alfredsson born 1972 professional ice hockey player Hockey Hall of Fame MemberInternational rankings editGothenburg has performed well in international rankings some of which are mentioned below The Global Destination Sustainability Index has named Gothenburg the world s most sustainable destination every year since 2016 211 In 2019 Gothenburg was selected by the EU as one of the top 2020 European Capitals of Smart Tourism 212 In 2020 Business Region Goteborg received the European Entrepreneurial Region Award 2020 EER Award 2020 from the EU 212 International relations editThe Gothenburg Award is the city s international prize that recognises and supports work to achieve sustainable development in the Gothenburg region and from a global perspective 213 The award which is one million Swedish crowns is administered and funded by a coalition of the City of Gothenburg and 12 companies 214 Past winners of the award have included Kofi Annan Al Gore and Michael Biddle 215 See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Sweden Twin towns and sister cities edit Gothenburg is twinned with 216 nbsp Oslo Norway nbsp Aarhus Denmark 1946 nbsp Amasya Turkey 2023 nbsp Chicago United States nbsp Turku Finland 1946 nbsp Tallinn Estonia nbsp St Petersburg Russia 1962 nbsp Bergen Norway 1946 nbsp Krakow Poland 1990 217 nbsp Rostock Germany 1965 nbsp Badalona Spain 1990 nbsp Gqeberha South Africa With Lyon France there is no formal partnership but a joint willingness to cooperate 218 Gothenburg had signed an agreement with Shanghai in 1986 which was upgraded in 2003 to include exchanges in culture economics trade and sport The agreement was 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Germany 1995 World Gymnaestrada host city1999 Succeeded byLisbon Portugal 2003 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gothenburg amp oldid 1217239088, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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