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Left-libertarianism

January 29, 2023

This article is about the type of libertarianism stressing both individual freedom and social equality. For the socialist anti-authoritarian, anti-statist and libertarian philosophy, see Libertarian socialism.

Left-libertarianism,[1][2][3][4] also known as egalitarian libertarianism,[5] left-wing libertarianism,[6] or social libertarianism,[7] is a political philosophy and type of libertarianism that stresses both individual freedom and social equality. Left-libertarianism represents several related yet distinct approaches to political and social theory. Its classical usage refers to anti-authoritarian varieties of left-wing politics such as anarchism, especially social anarchism,[8] whose adherents call it libertarianism,[9] communalism, and libertarian Marxism, collectively termed libertarian socialism. A portion of the left wing of the green movement, including adherents of Murray Bookchin's social ecology, are also generally considered left-libertarian.

In the United States, left-libertarianism represents the left wing of the libertarian movement,[8] including the political positions associated with academic philosophers Hillel Steiner, Philippe Van Parijs, and Peter Vallentyne that combine self-ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources.[8][10] This is done to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital, usually along left–right or socialist–capitalist lines.[11] Although libertarianism in the United States has become associated with classical liberalism and minarchism, with right-libertarianism being more known than left-libertarianism,[4] political usage of the term until then was associated exclusively with anti-capitalism, libertarian socialism, and social anarchism; in most parts of the world, such an association still predominates.[8][12]

Left-libertarians are skeptical of, or fully against, private ownership of natural resources, arguing in contrast to right-libertarians that neither claiming nor mixing one's labor with natural resources is enough to generate full private property rights and maintain that natural resources should be held in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively.[13] Those left-libertarians who are more lenient towards private property support different property norms and theories, such as usufruct[14] or under the condition that recompense is offered to the local or even global community, such as the Steiner–Vallentyne school.[15][16] Other currents of thought identified with left-libertarianism include adherents of Henry George's land tax ideas and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's mutualism, and more recent forms of left-wing market anarchism (or market-oriented left-libertarianism), including Samuel Konkin III's agorism.

Definition

See also: Definition of anarchism and libertarianism

Some political scientists and writers classify the forms of libertarianism into two or more groups,[17] such as left-libertarianism[1] and right-libertarianism,[2][4][18] to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital.[11] In the United States, proponents of free-market anti-capitalism consciously label themselves as left-libertarians and part of the libertarian left.[8][14]

As a term, left-libertarianism has been used to refer to various political economic philosophies emphasizing individual liberty. With the modern development of right-libertarian co-opting[18] the term libertarian in the mid-20th century to advocate laissez-faire capitalism and strong private property rights such as land, infrastructure, and natural resources,[19] left-libertarianism has been used more often to differentiate between the two forms,[8][10] especially concerning property rights.[20]

According to Jennifer Carlson, right-libertarianism is the dominant form of libertarianism in the United States, while left-libertarianism "has become a more predominant aspect of politics in western European democracies over the past three decades."[4] Left-libertarianism also includes "the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve State power, to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether. It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State."[21]

According to the textbook definition in The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy, left-libertarianism has at least three meanings, writing:

In its oldest sense, it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular. Later it became a term for the left or Konkinite wing of the free-market libertarian movement, and has since come to cover a range of pro-market but anti-capitalist positions, mostly individualist anarchist, including agorism and mutualism, often with an implication of sympathies (such as for radical feminism or the labor movement) not usually shared by anarcho-capitalists. In a third sense it has recently come to be applied to a position combining individual self-ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources; most proponents of this position are not anarchists.[8]

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy distinguishes left-libertarianism from right-libertarianism, arguing:

Libertarianism is often thought of as 'right-wing' doctrine. This, however, is mistaken for at least two reasons. First, on social—rather than economic—issues, libertarianism tends to be 'left-wing'. It opposes laws that restrict consensual and private sexual relationships between adults (e.g., gay sex, non-marital sex, and deviant sex), laws that restrict drug use, laws that impose religious views or practices on individuals, and compulsory military service. Second, in addition to the better-known version of libertarianism—right-libertarianism—there is also a version known as 'left-libertarianism'. Both endorse full self-ownership, but they differ with respect to the powers agents have to appropriate unappropriated natural resources (land, air, water, etc.).[22]

Terminology

As a term, left-libertarianism is used by some political analysts, academics, and media sources, especially in the United States, to contrast it with the libertarian philosophy, which is supportive of free-market capitalism and strong private property rights, in addition to supporting limited government and self-ownership which is common to both libertarian types.[23]

Peter Vallentyne describes left-libertarianism as the type of libertarianism holding that "unappropriated natural resources belong to everyone in some egalitarian manner."[22] Similarly, Charlotte and Lawrence Becker maintain that left-libertarianism most often refers to the political position that holds natural resources are originally common property.[24]

Followers of Samuel Edward Konkin III, who characterized agorism as a form of left-libertarianism[25][26] and strategic branch of left-wing market anarchism,[27] use the terminology as outlined by Roderick T. Long, who describes left-libertarianism as "an integration, or I'd argue, a reintegration of libertarianism with concerns that are traditionally thought of as being concerns of the left. That includes concerns for worker empowerment, worry about plutocracy, concerns about feminism and various kinds of social equality."[28]

Anthony Gregory maintains that libertarianism "can refer to any number of varying and at times mutually exclusive political orientations." Gregory describes left-libertarianism as maintaining an interest in personal freedom, having sympathy for egalitarianism and opposing social hierarchy, preferring a liberal lifestyle, opposing big business, and having a New Left opposition to imperialism and war.[29] Although some American libertarians may reject the political spectrum,[30] others have written about libertarianism's left-wing opposition to authoritarian rule and argued that libertarianism is fundamentally a left-wing position.[31][32] Rothbard himself previously made the same point, rejecting the association of statism with the left.[33]

Philosophy

While all libertarians begin with a conception of personal autonomy from which they argue in favor of civil liberties and a reduction or elimination of the state, left-libertarianism encompasses those libertarian beliefs that claim the Earth's natural resources belong to everyone in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively.[6][8][13][15][16]

Traditionally, left-libertarian schools are communist and market abolitionist, advocating the eventual replacement of money with labor vouchers or decentralized planning.[14][34] Contemporary left-libertarians such as Hillel Steiner, Peter Vallentyne, Philippe Van Parijs, Michael Otsuka, and David Ellerman believe the appropriation of land must leave "enough and as good" for others or be taxed by society to compensate for the exclusionary effects of private property.[10][15]

State

There are a number of different left-libertarian positions on the state, which can range from advocating for the complete abolition of the state, to advocating for a more decentralized and limited government with social ownership of the economy.[21] According to Sheldon Richman of the Independent Institute, other left-libertarians "prefer that corporate privileges be repealed before the regulatory restrictions on how those privileges may be exercised."[31]

Property rights

Left-libertarians generally uphold self-ownership and oppose strong private property rights, instead supporting the egalitarian distribution of natural resources.[4] Other left-libertarians believe that neither claiming nor mixing one's labor with natural resources is enough to generate full private property rights[35][36] and maintain that natural resources ought to be held in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively.[22]

Political scientist Peter Mclaverty notes it has been argued that socialist values are incompatible with the concept of self-ownership when this concept is considered "the core feature of libertarianism" and socialism is defined as holding "that we are social beings, that society should be organised, and individuals should act, so as to promote the common good, that we should strive to achieve social equality and promote democracy, community and solidarity."[37] However, political philosopher Nicholas Vrousalis has also argued that "property rights [...] do not pass judgment as to what rights individuals have to their own person [...] [and] to the external world" and that "the nineteenth-century egalitarian libertarians were not misguided in thinking that a thoroughly libertarian form of communism is possible at the level of principle."[38]

Economics

Other left-libertarians make a libertarian reading of progressive and social-democratic economics to advocate a universal basic income. Building on Michael Otsuka's conception of "robust libertarian self-ownership", Karl Widerquist argues that a universal basic income must be large enough to maintain individual independence regardless of the market value of resources because people in contemporary society have been denied direct access to enough resources with which they could otherwise maintain their existence in the absence of interference by people who control access to resources.[39]

Schools of thought

Anarchism

Main article: Anarchism

Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates stateless societies characterized by self-governed, non-hierarchical, voluntary institutions. It developed in the 19th century from the secular or religious thought of the Enlightenment, particularly Jean-Jacques Rousseau's arguments for the moral centrality of freedom.[40]

 
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, the first self-described anarchist

In France, revolutionaries began using anarchiste in a positive light as early as September 1793.[41] Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was the first self-proclaimed anarchist (a label he adopted in his treatise What Is Property?) and is often described as the founder of modern anarchist theory.[42]

Proudhon's opposition to the state, organized religion, and certain capitalist practices inspired subsequent anarchists and made him one of the leading social thinkers of his time. However, French anarchist Joseph Déjacque castigated Proudhon for his sexist economic and political views in a scathing letter written in 1857.[43][44][45] He argued that "it is not the product of his or her labour that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature."[46] Déjacque later named his anarchist publication Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social (Libertarian, Journal of the Social Movement), printed from 9 June 1858 to 4 February 1861. In the mid-1890s, French libertarian communist Sébastien Faure began publishing a new Le Libertaire while France's Third Republic enacted the so-called villainous laws (lois scélérates), which banned anarchist publications in France. Libertarianism has been a synonym for anarchism since this time, especially in Europe.[47][48][49]

Classical liberalism and Georgism

Main articles: Classical liberalism and Georgism

Contemporary left-libertarian scholars such as David Ellerman, Michael Otsuka, Hillel Steiner, Peter Vallentyne, and Philippe Van Parijs root an economic egalitarianism in the classical liberal concepts of self-ownership and appropriation. They hold that it is illegitimate for anyone to claim private ownership of natural resources to the detriment of others, a condition John Locke explicated in Two Treatises of Government.[50] Most left-libertarians of this tradition support some form of economic rent redistribution on the grounds that each individual is entitled to an equal share of natural resources[51] and argue for the desirability of state social welfare programs.[52][53]

 
Henry George proposed the abolition of all taxes except those on land value.

Economists since Adam Smith have opined that a land value tax would not cause economic inefficiency, despite their fear that other forms of taxation would do so.[54] It would be a progressive tax,[55] i.e., a tax paid primarily by the wealthy, that increases wages, reduces economic inequality, removes incentives to misuse real estate, and reduces the vulnerability that economies face from credit and property bubbles.[56][57] Early proponents of this view include radicals such as Hugo Grotius, Thomas Paine, and Herbert Spencer.[10] However, the concept was widely popularized by the political economist and social reformer Henry George.[58]

Individuals in this left-libertarian tradition include George, Locke, Paine, William Ogilvie of Pittensear, Spencer, and more recently, Baruch Brody, Ellerman, James O. Grunebaum, Otsuka, Steiner, Vallentyne and Van Parijs, among others.[10][59] Roberto Ardigò,[60] Hippolyte de Colins,[61] George,[61] François Huet,[61] William Ogilvie of Pittensear,[59] Paine,[61] Spencer,[60][62][63] and Léon Walras[61] are left-libertarians also seen as being within the left-liberal tradition of socialism.[59]

Philosophical anarchist William Godwin, classical economists such as Adam Smith,[64][65] David Ricardo,[66] Thomas Robert Malthus, Nassau William Senior, Robert Torrens, and the Mills, the early writings of Herbert Spencer,[67] socialists such as Thomas Hodgskin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, social reformer Henry George[67] and the Ricardian/Smithian socialists,[68][69] among others, "provided the basis for the further development of the left libertarian perspective."[70]

Green politics

Main article: Green politics

Bookchin was one of the main influences behind the formation of the Alliance 90/The Greens, the first green party to win seats in state and national parliaments. Modern green parties attempt to apply these ideas to a more pragmatic system of democratic governance as opposed to contemporary individualist or socialist libertarianism. The green movement, especially its more left-wing factions, is often described by political scientists as left-libertarian.[71][72][73][74]

Political scientists see European political parties such as Ecolo and Groen in Belgium, Alliance 90/The Greens in Germany, or the Green Progressive Accord and GroenLinks in the Netherlands as coming out of the New Left and emphasizing spontaneous self-organisation, participatory democracy, decentralization and voluntarism, being contrasted to the bureaucratic or statist approach.[74] Similarly, political scientist Ariadne Vromen has described the Australian Greens as having a "clear left-libertarian ideological base."[75]

Libertarian socialism

Main article: Libertarian socialism
 
Noam Chomsky, a noted left-libertarian of the libertarian socialist school

Libertarian socialism is a left-libertarian tendency[76][77] within the socialist movement that rejects the state socialist notion of socialism as centralized state ownership and statist control of the economy.[78]

Libertarian socialism emphasises decentralized structures of political organization,[79][80][81] asserting that a society based on freedom and justice can be achieved through abolishing authoritarian institutions that control certain means of production and subordinate the majority to an owning class or political and economic elite.[82] Libertarian socialists advocate for decentralized structures based on direct democracy and federal or confederal associations[83] such as citizens' assemblies, libertarian municipalism, trade unions and workers' councils.[84][85]

Libertarian socialists make a general call for liberty[86] and free association[87] through the identification, criticism and practical dismantling of illegitimate authority in all aspects of human life.[88][89][90] Libertarian socialism opposes both authoritarian and vanguardist Bolshevism/Leninism and reformist Fabianism/social democracy.[91]

Market-oriented left-libertarianism

Main article: Free-market anarchism
 
 
Benjamin Tucker (left) and Lysander Spooner (right), who have greatly influenced the development of left-wing libertarianism in the United States

American Individualist anarchists are opposed to property that gives privilege and is exploitative,[92] seeking to "destroy the tyranny of capital—that is, of property" by mutual credit.[93] Certain American left-wing market anarchists who come from the left-Rothbardian school such as Roderick T. Long and Sheldon Richman, cite Murray Rothbard's homestead principle with approval to support worker cooperatives.[94]

Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard was initially an enthusiastic partisan of the Old Right, particularly because of its general opposition to war and imperialism,[95] but long embraced a reading of American history that emphasized the role of elite privilege in shaping legal and political institutions, one that was naturally agreeable to many on the left. In the 1960s, he came increasingly to seek alliances on the left, especially with members of the New Left, in light of the Vietnam War,[96] the military draft and the emergence of the Black Power movement.[97] In tandem with his emphasis on the intimate connection between state and corporate power, he defended the seizure of corporations dependent on state largesse by workers and others.[98] By 1970, Rothbard had ultimately broke with the left, later allying with the burgeoning paleoconservative movement.[99][100]

Also referred to as left-wing market anarchists,[101] according to Sheldon Richman in The American Conservative, these proponents of this market-oriented left-libertarian approach strongly affirm the classical liberal ideas of self-ownership and free markets, while maintaining that, taken to their logical conclusions, these ideas support strongly anti-corporatist, anti-hierarchical, pro-labor positions in economics; anti-imperialism in foreign policy; and thoroughly liberal or radical views regarding such cultural issues as gender, sexuality and race.[31] Members of this school typically urge the abolition of the state, arguing that vast disparities in wealth and social influence result from the use of force—especially state power—to steal and engross land and acquire and maintain special privileges. They judge that in a stateless society the kinds of privileges secured by the state will be absent and injustices perpetrated or tolerated by the state can be rectified, concluding that with state interference eliminated it will be possible to achieve "socialist ends by market means."[102]

According to libertarian Sheldon Richman, left-libertarians "favor worker solidarity vis-à-vis bosses, support poor people's squatting on government or abandoned property, and prefer that corporate privileges be repealed before the regulatory restrictions on how those privileges may be exercised." Richman says left-libertarians see Walmart as a symbol of corporate favoritism, being "supported by highway subsidies and eminent domain", viewing "the fictive personhood of the limited-liability corporation with suspicion" and doubting that "Third World sweatshops would be the "best alternative" in the absence of government manipulation." Richman also says left-libertarians also tend to "eschew electoral politics, having little confidence in strategies that work through the government [and] prefer to develop alternative institutions and methods of working around the state."[31]

In the 21st century, left-libertarianism has come to encapsulate forms of free-market anti-capitalism,[8][31] such as the agorism of Samuel Edward Konkin III[8] and mutualism of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Benjamin Tucker.[8][31]

Steiner–Vallentyne school

Contemporary left-libertarian scholars such as David Ellerman,[103][104] Michael Otsuka,[105] Hillel Steiner,[106] Peter Vallentyne[107] and Philippe Van Parijs[108] root an economic egalitarianism in the classical liberal concepts of self-ownership and land appropriation, combined with geoist or physiocratic views regarding the ownership of land and natural resources (e.g. those of Henry George and John Locke).[109][22][110]

Scholars representing this school of left-libertarianism often understand their position in contrast to right-libertarians, who maintain that there are no fair share constraints on use or appropriation that individuals have the power to appropriate unowned things by claiming them (usually by mixing their labor with them) and deny any other conditions or considerations are relevant and that there is no justification for the state to redistribute resources to the needy or to overcome market failures. A number of left-libertarians of this school argue for the desirability of some state social welfare programs.[111][53] Left-libertarians of the Carson–Long left-libertarianism school typically endorse the labor-based property rights that Steiner–Vallentyne left-libertarians reject, but they hold that implementing such rights would have radical rather than conservative consequences.[112]

Left-libertarians of the Steiner–Vallentyne type hold that it is illegitimate for anyone to claim private ownership of natural resources to the detriment of others.[10][113] These left-libertarians support some form of income redistribution on the grounds of a claim by each individual to be entitled to an equal share of natural resources.[114][115] Unappropriated natural resources are either unowned or owned in common and private appropriation is only legitimate if everyone can appropriate an equal amount or if private appropriation is taxed to compensate those who are excluded from natural resources.[115]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader. New York: Cassell. p. 170.
  2. ^ a b Goodway, David (2006-01-01). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-84631-025-6.
  3. ^ Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 641. "The word 'libertarian' has long been associated with anarchism, and has been used repeatedly throughout this work. The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will; in this sense, Godwin was not a 'libertarian', but a 'necessitarian'. It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general. In anarchist circles, it was first used by Joseph Déjacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858. At the end of the last century, the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word, to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists."
  4. ^ a b c d e Miller, Wilbur R. (2012-08-10). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: A-De. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-8876-6.
  5. ^ Sundstrom, William A. (16 May 2002). "An Egalitarian-Libertarian Manifesto". 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ^ a b Spitz, Jean-Fabien (March 2006). "Left-wing libertarianism: equality based on self-ownership". Raisons Politiques. 23 (3). Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  7. ^ France), Centre d'étude de la vie politique française (Paris; SOFRES (Society) (1993). The French Voter Decides. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10438-3.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Long, Roderick T. (2012). "Anarchism 9. Terminological Note". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. Routledge Philosophy Companions Ser. (1st ed.). Taylor & Francis Group. p. 227. ISBN 9780415874564.
  9. ^ Cohn, Jesse (2009). "Anarchism". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 6. doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0039. ISBN 978-1405198073. '[L]ibertarianism' [...] a term that, until the mid-twentieth century, was synonymous with "anarchism" per se.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Kymlicka, Will (2005). "libertarianism, left-". In Honderich, Ted. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 516. "'Left-libertarianism' is a new term for an old conception of justice, dating back to Grotius. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premiss that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property. Historic proponents of this view include Thomas Paine, Herbert Spencer, and Henry George. Recent exponents include Philippe Van Parijs and Hillel Steiner." ISBN 978-0199264797.
  11. ^ a b Francis, Mark (December 1983). "Human Rights and Libertarians". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 29 (3): 462–472. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x. ISSN 0004-9522.
  12. ^ Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader. London: Cassell. p. 170. ISBN 0304338737.
  13. ^ a b Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilbur R. The social history of crime and punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1007. ISBN 1412988764. "Left-libertarians disagree with right-libertarians with respect to property rights, arguing instead that individuals have no inherent right to natural resources. Namely, these resources must be treated as collective property that is made available on an egalitarian basis".
  14. ^ a b c Carson, Kevin. "An Introduction to Left-Libertarianism". Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
  15. ^ a b c Vallentyne, Peter (March 2009). "Libertarianism". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2009 ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Retrieved 5 March 2010. Libertarianism is committed to full self-ownership. A distinction can be made, however, between right-libertarianism and left-libertarianism, depending on the stance taken on how natural resources can be owned.
  16. ^ a b Narveson, Jan; Trenchard, David (2008). "Left Libertarianism". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 288–289. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n174. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. Left libertarians regard each of us as full self-owners. However, they differ from what we generally understand by the term libertarian in denying the right to private property. We own ourselves, but we do not own nature, at least not as individuals. Left libertarians embrace the view that all natural resources, land, oil, gold, and so on should be held collectively. To the extent that individuals make use of these commonly owned goods, they must do so only with the permission of society, a permission granted only under the proviso that a certain payment for their use be made to society at large.
  17. ^ Miller, Wilbur R. (2012-08-10). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: A-De. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-8876-6.
  18. ^ a b Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order".
  19. ^ Hussain, Syed B. (2004). Encyclopedia of Capitalism. Vol. II : H-R. New York: Facts on File Inc. p. 492. ISBN 0816052247. In the modern world, political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism. Marxists want to overthrow it, liberals to curtail it extensively, conservatives to curtail it moderately. Those who maintain that capitalism is a excellent economic system, unfairly maligned, with little or no need for corrective government policy, are generally known as libertarians.
  20. ^ Widerquist, Karl. "Libertarianism: left, right, and socialist". widerquist.com.
  21. ^ a b Marshall, Peter (2009) [1991]. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (POLS ed.). Oakland, California: PM Press. p. 641. "Left libertarianism can therefore range from the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve State power, to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether. It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State." ISBN 978-1604860641.
  22. ^ a b c d van der Vossen, Bas (2022). Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). "Libertarianism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2022 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
  23. ^ Frankel Paul, Ellen; Miller, Fred Jr.; Paul, Jeffrey (2007). Liberalism: Old and New. Vol. 24. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521703055.
  24. ^ Becker, Lawrence C.; Becker, Charlotte B. (2001). Encyclopedia of Ethics: P-W. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-93675-0.
  25. ^ "Interview With Samuel Edward Konkin III". www.spaz.org. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
  26. ^ D'Amato, David S. (27 November 2018). "Black-Market Activism: Agorism and Samuel Edward Konkin III". www.libertarianism.org. from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
  27. ^ Konkin III, Samuel Edward. "An Agorist Primer" (PDF). Kopubco.com. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  28. ^ "Interview with Roderick Long | Liberalis in English". Liberalis in English. 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
  29. ^ Gregory, Anthony (21 December 2006). "Left, Right, Moderate and Radical". LewRockwell.com. 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. 25 December 2014.
  30. ^ Raimondo, Justin (2000). An Enemy of the State. Chapter 4: "Beyond left and right". Prometheus Books. p. 159.
  31. ^ a b c d e f Richman, Sheldon (2011-02-03). "Libertarian Left". The American Conservative. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
  32. ^ "Libertarianism, Then and Now". www.libertarianism.org. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
  33. ^ Rothbard, Murray (Spring 1965). "Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty". Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought. 1 (1): 4–22.
  34. ^ Ostergaard, Geoffrey. "Anarchism". The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p. 14.
  35. ^ Carlson (2012). p. 1007. "[Left-libertarians] disagree with right-libertarians with respect to property rights, arguing instead that individuals have no inherent right to natural resources. Namely, these resources must be treated as collective property that is made available on an egalitarian basis."
  36. ^ Narveson, Jan; Trenchard, David (2008). "Left Libertarianism". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 288–289. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n174. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. [Left libertarians] regard each of us as full self-owners. Left libertarians embrace the view that all natural resources, land, oil, gold, trees, and so on should be held collectively. To the extent that individuals make use of these commonly owned goods, they must do so only with the permission of society, a permission granted only under the provision that a certain payment for their use be made to society at large.
  37. ^ Mclaverty, Peter (2005). "Socialism and libertarianism". Journal of Political Ideologies. 10 (2): 185–198. doi:10.1080/13569310500097349. S2CID 144693867.
  38. ^ Vrousalis, Nicholas (April 2011). "Libertarian Socialism: A Better Reconciliation between Self-Ownership and Equality". Social Theory and Practice. 37 (2): 221–226. doi:10.5840/soctheorpract201137213. JSTOR 23558541. SSRN 1703457.
  39. ^ Widerquist, Karl (2013). "What Good Is a Theory of Freedom That Allows Forced Labor? Independence and Modern Theory of Freedom". Independence, Propertylessness, and Basic Income: A Theory of Freedom as the Power to Say No Updating. New York City: Springer. pp. 121–143. ISBN 9781137313096.
  40. ^ (2006). "Anarchism". Encarta Online Encyclopedia.
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  79. ^ Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. (December 2012). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. "Their analysis treats libertarian socialism as a form of anti-parliamentary, democratic, antibureaucratic grass roots socialist organisation, strongly linked to working class activism."
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  81. ^ Masquelier, Charles (2014). Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism: Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory. New York and London: Bloombury. p. 189. "What is of particular interest here, however, is the appeal to a form of emancipation grounded in decentralized, cooperative and democratic forms of political and economic governance which most libertarian socialist visions, including Cole's, tend to share."
  82. ^ Mendes, Silva (1896). Socialismo Libertário ou Anarchismo. 1. "Society should be free through mankind's spontaneous federative affiliation to life, based on the community of land and tools of the trade; meaning: Anarchy will be equality by abolition of private property (while retaining respect for personal property) and liberty by abolition of authority."
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Further reading

External links

  •   Media related to Left-libertarianism at Wikimedia Commons
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January 29, 2023
left, libertarianism, this, article, about, type, libertarianism, stressing, both, individual, freedom, social, equality, socialist, anti, authoritarian, anti, statist, libertarian, philosophy, libertarian, socialism, this, article, multiple, issues, please, h. This article is about the type of libertarianism stressing both individual freedom and social equality For the socialist anti authoritarian anti statist and libertarian philosophy see Libertarian socialism This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Some of this article s listed sources may not be reliable Please help this article by looking for better more reliable sources Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Left libertarianism 1 2 3 4 also known as egalitarian libertarianism 5 left wing libertarianism 6 or social libertarianism 7 is a political philosophy and type of libertarianism that stresses both individual freedom and social equality Left libertarianism represents several related yet distinct approaches to political and social theory Its classical usage refers to anti authoritarian varieties of left wing politics such as anarchism especially social anarchism 8 whose adherents call it libertarianism 9 communalism and libertarian Marxism collectively termed libertarian socialism A portion of the left wing of the green movement including adherents of Murray Bookchin s social ecology are also generally considered left libertarian In the United States left libertarianism represents the left wing of the libertarian movement 8 including the political positions associated with academic philosophers Hillel Steiner Philippe Van Parijs and Peter Vallentyne that combine self ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources 8 10 This is done to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital usually along left right or socialist capitalist lines 11 Although libertarianism in the United States has become associated with classical liberalism and minarchism with right libertarianism being more known than left libertarianism 4 political usage of the term until then was associated exclusively with anti capitalism libertarian socialism and social anarchism in most parts of the world such an association still predominates 8 12 Left libertarians are skeptical of or fully against private ownership of natural resources arguing in contrast to right libertarians that neither claiming nor mixing one s labor with natural resources is enough to generate full private property rights and maintain that natural resources should be held in an egalitarian manner either unowned or owned collectively 13 Those left libertarians who are more lenient towards private property support different property norms and theories such as usufruct 14 or under the condition that recompense is offered to the local or even global community such as the Steiner Vallentyne school 15 16 Other currents of thought identified with left libertarianism include adherents of Henry George s land tax ideas and Pierre Joseph Proudhon s mutualism and more recent forms of left wing market anarchism or market oriented left libertarianism including Samuel Konkin III s agorism Contents 1 Definition 2 Terminology 3 Philosophy 3 1 State 3 2 Property rights 3 3 Economics 4 Schools of thought 4 1 Anarchism 4 2 Classical liberalism and Georgism 4 3 Green politics 4 4 Libertarian socialism 4 5 Market oriented left libertarianism 4 6 Steiner Vallentyne school 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksDefinition EditSee also Definition of anarchism and libertarianism Some political scientists and writers classify the forms of libertarianism into two or more groups 17 such as left libertarianism 1 and right libertarianism 2 4 18 to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital 11 In the United States proponents of free market anti capitalism consciously label themselves as left libertarians and part of the libertarian left 8 14 As a term left libertarianism has been used to refer to various political economic philosophies emphasizing individual liberty With the modern development of right libertarian co opting 18 the term libertarian in the mid 20th century to advocate laissez faire capitalism and strong private property rights such as land infrastructure and natural resources 19 left libertarianism has been used more often to differentiate between the two forms 8 10 especially concerning property rights 20 According to Jennifer Carlson right libertarianism is the dominant form of libertarianism in the United States while left libertarianism has become a more predominant aspect of politics in western European democracies over the past three decades 4 Left libertarianism also includes the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve State power to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State 21 According to the textbook definition in The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy left libertarianism has at least three meanings writing In its oldest sense it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular Later it became a term for the left or Konkinite wing of the free market libertarian movement and has since come to cover a range of pro market but anti capitalist positions mostly individualist anarchist including agorism and mutualism often with an implication of sympathies such as for radical feminism or the labor movement not usually shared by anarcho capitalists In a third sense it has recently come to be applied to a position combining individual self ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources most proponents of this position are not anarchists 8 The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy distinguishes left libertarianism from right libertarianism arguing Libertarianism is often thought of as right wing doctrine This however is mistaken for at least two reasons First on social rather than economic issues libertarianism tends to be left wing It opposes laws that restrict consensual and private sexual relationships between adults e g gay sex non marital sex and deviant sex laws that restrict drug use laws that impose religious views or practices on individuals and compulsory military service Second in addition to the better known version of libertarianism right libertarianism there is also a version known as left libertarianism Both endorse full self ownership but they differ with respect to the powers agents have to appropriate unappropriated natural resources land air water etc 22 Terminology EditAs a term left libertarianism is used by some political analysts academics and media sources especially in the United States to contrast it with the libertarian philosophy which is supportive of free market capitalism and strong private property rights in addition to supporting limited government and self ownership which is common to both libertarian types 23 Peter Vallentyne describes left libertarianism as the type of libertarianism holding that unappropriated natural resources belong to everyone in some egalitarian manner 22 Similarly Charlotte and Lawrence Becker maintain that left libertarianism most often refers to the political position that holds natural resources are originally common property 24 Followers of Samuel Edward Konkin III who characterized agorism as a form of left libertarianism 25 26 and strategic branch of left wing market anarchism 27 use the terminology as outlined by Roderick T Long who describes left libertarianism as an integration or I d argue a reintegration of libertarianism with concerns that are traditionally thought of as being concerns of the left That includes concerns for worker empowerment worry about plutocracy concerns about feminism and various kinds of social equality 28 Anthony Gregory maintains that libertarianism can refer to any number of varying and at times mutually exclusive political orientations Gregory describes left libertarianism as maintaining an interest in personal freedom having sympathy for egalitarianism and opposing social hierarchy preferring a liberal lifestyle opposing big business and having a New Left opposition to imperialism and war 29 Although some American libertarians may reject the political spectrum 30 others have written about libertarianism s left wing opposition to authoritarian rule and argued that libertarianism is fundamentally a left wing position 31 32 Rothbard himself previously made the same point rejecting the association of statism with the left 33 Philosophy EditWhile all libertarians begin with a conception of personal autonomy from which they argue in favor of civil liberties and a reduction or elimination of the state left libertarianism encompasses those libertarian beliefs that claim the Earth s natural resources belong to everyone in an egalitarian manner either unowned or owned collectively 6 8 13 15 16 Traditionally left libertarian schools are communist and market abolitionist advocating the eventual replacement of money with labor vouchers or decentralized planning 14 34 Contemporary left libertarians such as Hillel Steiner Peter Vallentyne Philippe Van Parijs Michael Otsuka and David Ellerman believe the appropriation of land must leave enough and as good for others or be taxed by society to compensate for the exclusionary effects of private property 10 15 State Edit There are a number of different left libertarian positions on the state which can range from advocating for the complete abolition of the state to advocating for a more decentralized and limited government with social ownership of the economy 21 According to Sheldon Richman of the Independent Institute other left libertarians prefer that corporate privileges be repealed before the regulatory restrictions on how those privileges may be exercised 31 Property rights Edit Left libertarians generally uphold self ownership and oppose strong private property rights instead supporting the egalitarian distribution of natural resources 4 Other left libertarians believe that neither claiming nor mixing one s labor with natural resources is enough to generate full private property rights 35 36 and maintain that natural resources ought to be held in an egalitarian manner either unowned or owned collectively 22 Political scientist Peter Mclaverty notes it has been argued that socialist values are incompatible with the concept of self ownership when this concept is considered the core feature of libertarianism and socialism is defined as holding that we are social beings that society should be organised and individuals should act so as to promote the common good that we should strive to achieve social equality and promote democracy community and solidarity 37 However political philosopher Nicholas Vrousalis has also argued that property rights do not pass judgment as to what rights individuals have to their own person and to the external world and that the nineteenth century egalitarian libertarians were not misguided in thinking that a thoroughly libertarian form of communism is possible at the level of principle 38 Economics Edit Other left libertarians make a libertarian reading of progressive and social democratic economics to advocate a universal basic income Building on Michael Otsuka s conception of robust libertarian self ownership Karl Widerquist argues that a universal basic income must be large enough to maintain individual independence regardless of the market value of resources because people in contemporary society have been denied direct access to enough resources with which they could otherwise maintain their existence in the absence of interference by people who control access to resources 39 Schools of thought EditAnarchism Edit Main article Anarchism Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates stateless societies characterized by self governed non hierarchical voluntary institutions It developed in the 19th century from the secular or religious thought of the Enlightenment particularly Jean Jacques Rousseau s arguments for the moral centrality of freedom 40 Pierre Joseph Proudhon the first self described anarchist In France revolutionaries began using anarchiste in a positive light as early as September 1793 41 Pierre Joseph Proudhon was the first self proclaimed anarchist a label he adopted in his treatise What Is Property and is often described as the founder of modern anarchist theory 42 Proudhon s opposition to the state organized religion and certain capitalist practices inspired subsequent anarchists and made him one of the leading social thinkers of his time However French anarchist Joseph Dejacque castigated Proudhon for his sexist economic and political views in a scathing letter written in 1857 43 44 45 He argued that it is not the product of his or her labour that the worker has a right to but to the satisfaction of his or her needs whatever may be their nature 46 Dejacque later named his anarchist publication Le Libertaire Journal du Mouvement Social Libertarian Journal of the Social Movement printed from 9 June 1858 to 4 February 1861 In the mid 1890s French libertarian communist Sebastien Faure began publishing a new Le Libertaire while France s Third Republic enacted the so called villainous laws lois scelerates which banned anarchist publications in France Libertarianism has been a synonym for anarchism since this time especially in Europe 47 48 49 Classical liberalism and Georgism Edit Main articles Classical liberalism and Georgism Contemporary left libertarian scholars such as David Ellerman Michael Otsuka Hillel Steiner Peter Vallentyne and Philippe Van Parijs root an economic egalitarianism in the classical liberal concepts of self ownership and appropriation They hold that it is illegitimate for anyone to claim private ownership of natural resources to the detriment of others a condition John Locke explicated in Two Treatises of Government 50 Most left libertarians of this tradition support some form of economic rent redistribution on the grounds that each individual is entitled to an equal share of natural resources 51 and argue for the desirability of state social welfare programs 52 53 Henry George proposed the abolition of all taxes except those on land value Economists since Adam Smith have opined that a land value tax would not cause economic inefficiency despite their fear that other forms of taxation would do so 54 It would be a progressive tax 55 i e a tax paid primarily by the wealthy that increases wages reduces economic inequality removes incentives to misuse real estate and reduces the vulnerability that economies face from credit and property bubbles 56 57 Early proponents of this view include radicals such as Hugo Grotius Thomas Paine and Herbert Spencer 10 However the concept was widely popularized by the political economist and social reformer Henry George 58 Individuals in this left libertarian tradition include George Locke Paine William Ogilvie of Pittensear Spencer and more recently Baruch Brody Ellerman James O Grunebaum Otsuka Steiner Vallentyne and Van Parijs among others 10 59 Roberto Ardigo 60 Hippolyte de Colins 61 George 61 Francois Huet 61 William Ogilvie of Pittensear 59 Paine 61 Spencer 60 62 63 and Leon Walras 61 are left libertarians also seen as being within the left liberal tradition of socialism 59 Philosophical anarchist William Godwin classical economists such as Adam Smith 64 65 David Ricardo 66 Thomas Robert Malthus Nassau William Senior Robert Torrens and the Mills the early writings of Herbert Spencer 67 socialists such as Thomas Hodgskin and Pierre Joseph Proudhon social reformer Henry George 67 and the Ricardian Smithian socialists 68 69 among others provided the basis for the further development of the left libertarian perspective 70 Green politics Edit Main article Green politics Bookchin was one of the main influences behind the formation of the Alliance 90 The Greens the first green party to win seats in state and national parliaments Modern green parties attempt to apply these ideas to a more pragmatic system of democratic governance as opposed to contemporary individualist or socialist libertarianism The green movement especially its more left wing factions is often described by political scientists as left libertarian 71 72 73 74 Political scientists see European political parties such as Ecolo and Groen in Belgium Alliance 90 The Greens in Germany or the Green Progressive Accord and GroenLinks in the Netherlands as coming out of the New Left and emphasizing spontaneous self organisation participatory democracy decentralization and voluntarism being contrasted to the bureaucratic or statist approach 74 Similarly political scientist Ariadne Vromen has described the Australian Greens as having a clear left libertarian ideological base 75 Libertarian socialism Edit Main article Libertarian socialism Noam Chomsky a noted left libertarian of the libertarian socialist school Libertarian socialism is a left libertarian tendency 76 77 within the socialist movement that rejects the state socialist notion of socialism as centralized state ownership and statist control of the economy 78 Libertarian socialism emphasises decentralized structures of political organization 79 80 81 asserting that a society based on freedom and justice can be achieved through abolishing authoritarian institutions that control certain means of production and subordinate the majority to an owning class or political and economic elite 82 Libertarian socialists advocate for decentralized structures based on direct democracy and federal or confederal associations 83 such as citizens assemblies libertarian municipalism trade unions and workers councils 84 85 Libertarian socialists make a general call for liberty 86 and free association 87 through the identification criticism and practical dismantling of illegitimate authority in all aspects of human life 88 89 90 Libertarian socialism opposes both authoritarian and vanguardist Bolshevism Leninism and reformist Fabianism social democracy 91 Market oriented left libertarianism Edit This section relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Left libertarianism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article Free market anarchism Benjamin Tucker left and Lysander Spooner right who have greatly influenced the development of left wing libertarianism in the United States American Individualist anarchists are opposed to property that gives privilege and is exploitative 92 seeking to destroy the tyranny of capital that is of property by mutual credit 93 Certain American left wing market anarchists who come from the left Rothbardian school such as Roderick T Long and Sheldon Richman cite Murray Rothbard s homestead principle with approval to support worker cooperatives 94 Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard was initially an enthusiastic partisan of the Old Right particularly because of its general opposition to war and imperialism 95 but long embraced a reading of American history that emphasized the role of elite privilege in shaping legal and political institutions one that was naturally agreeable to many on the left In the 1960s he came increasingly to seek alliances on the left especially with members of the New Left in light of the Vietnam War 96 the military draft and the emergence of the Black Power movement 97 In tandem with his emphasis on the intimate connection between state and corporate power he defended the seizure of corporations dependent on state largesse by workers and others 98 By 1970 Rothbard had ultimately broke with the left later allying with the burgeoning paleoconservative movement 99 100 Also referred to as left wing market anarchists 101 according to Sheldon Richman in The American Conservative these proponents of this market oriented left libertarian approach strongly affirm the classical liberal ideas of self ownership and free markets while maintaining that taken to their logical conclusions these ideas support strongly anti corporatist anti hierarchical pro labor positions in economics anti imperialism in foreign policy and thoroughly liberal or radical views regarding such cultural issues as gender sexuality and race 31 Members of this school typically urge the abolition of the state arguing that vast disparities in wealth and social influence result from the use of force especially state power to steal and engross land and acquire and maintain special privileges They judge that in a stateless society the kinds of privileges secured by the state will be absent and injustices perpetrated or tolerated by the state can be rectified concluding that with state interference eliminated it will be possible to achieve socialist ends by market means 102 According to libertarian Sheldon Richman left libertarians favor worker solidarity vis a vis bosses support poor people s squatting on government or abandoned property and prefer that corporate privileges be repealed before the regulatory restrictions on how those privileges may be exercised Richman says left libertarians see Walmart as a symbol of corporate favoritism being supported by highway subsidies and eminent domain viewing the fictive personhood of the limited liability corporation with suspicion and doubting that Third World sweatshops would be the best alternative in the absence of government manipulation Richman also says left libertarians also tend to eschew electoral politics having little confidence in strategies that work through the government and prefer to develop alternative institutions and methods of working around the state 31 In the 21st century left libertarianism has come to encapsulate forms of free market anti capitalism 8 31 such as the agorism of Samuel Edward Konkin III 8 and mutualism of Pierre Joseph Proudhon and Benjamin Tucker 8 31 Steiner Vallentyne school Edit Contemporary left libertarian scholars such as David Ellerman 103 104 Michael Otsuka 105 Hillel Steiner 106 Peter Vallentyne 107 and Philippe Van Parijs 108 root an economic egalitarianism in the classical liberal concepts of self ownership and land appropriation combined with geoist or physiocratic views regarding the ownership of land and natural resources e g those of Henry George and John Locke 109 22 110 Scholars representing this school of left libertarianism often understand their position in contrast to right libertarians who maintain that there are no fair share constraints on use or appropriation that individuals have the power to appropriate unowned things by claiming them usually by mixing their labor with them and deny any other conditions or considerations are relevant and that there is no justification for the state to redistribute resources to the needy or to overcome market failures A number of left libertarians of this school argue for the desirability of some state social welfare programs 111 53 Left libertarians of the Carson Long left libertarianism school typically endorse the labor based property rights that Steiner Vallentyne left libertarians reject but they hold that implementing such rights would have radical rather than conservative consequences 112 Left libertarians of the Steiner Vallentyne type hold that it is illegitimate for anyone to claim private ownership of natural resources to the detriment of others 10 113 These left libertarians support some form of income redistribution on the grounds of a claim by each individual to be entitled to an equal share of natural resources 114 115 Unappropriated natural resources are either unowned or owned in common and private appropriation is only legitimate if everyone can appropriate an equal amount or if private appropriation is taxed to compensate those who are excluded from natural resources 115 See also EditCellular democracy Civil libertarianism Cultural liberalism Cultural radicalism Drug liberalization Grassroots democracy Individualist feminism Left libertarians category Libertarian Democrat Libertarian municipalism Libertarian paternalism Libertarian transhumanism Outline of libertarianism Lockean proviso Market socialism Radical movement Refusal of workReferences EditNotes a b Bookchin Murray Biehl Janet 1997 The Murray Bookchin Reader New York Cassell p 170 a b Goodway David 2006 01 01 Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow Left libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward Liverpool University Press ISBN 978 1 84631 025 6 Marshall Peter 2008 Demanding the Impossible A History of Anarchism London Harper Perennial p 641 The word libertarian has long been associated with anarchism and has been used repeatedly throughout this work The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will in this sense Godwin was not a libertarian but a necessitarian It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general In anarchist circles it was first used by Joseph Dejacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858 At the end of the last century the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists a b c d e Miller Wilbur R 2012 08 10 The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America A De SAGE ISBN 978 1 4129 8876 6 Sundstrom William A 16 May 2002 An Egalitarian Libertarian Manifesto Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine a b Spitz Jean Fabien March 2006 Left wing libertarianism equality based on self ownership Raisons Politiques 23 3 Retrieved 28 November 2019 France Centre d etude de la vie politique francaise Paris SOFRES Society 1993 The French Voter Decides University of Michigan Press ISBN 978 0 472 10438 3 a b c d e f g h i j k Long Roderick T 2012 Anarchism 9 Terminological Note In Gaus Gerald F D Agostino Fred eds The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy Routledge Philosophy Companions Ser 1st ed Taylor amp Francis Group p 227 ISBN 9780415874564 Cohn Jesse 2009 Anarchism In Ness Immanuel ed The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest Oxford John Wiley amp Sons Ltd p 6 doi 10 1002 9781405198073 wbierp0039 ISBN 978 1405198073 L ibertarianism a term that until the mid twentieth century was synonymous with anarchism per se a b c d e f Kymlicka Will 2005 libertarianism left In Honderich Ted The Oxford Companion to Philosophy New York City Oxford University Press p 516 Left libertarianism is a new term for an old conception of justice dating back to Grotius It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self ownership over his person with the egalitarian premiss that natural resources should be shared equally Right wing libertarians argue that the right of self ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world such as unequal amounts of land According to left libertarians however the world s natural resources were initially unowned or belonged equally to all and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property Historic proponents of this view include Thomas Paine Herbert Spencer and Henry George Recent exponents include Philippe Van Parijs and Hillel Steiner ISBN 978 0199264797 a b Francis Mark December 1983 Human Rights and Libertarians Australian Journal of Politics amp History 29 3 462 472 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8497 1983 tb00212 x ISSN 0004 9522 Bookchin Murray Biehl Janet 1997 The Murray Bookchin Reader London Cassell p 170 ISBN 0304338737 a b Carlson Jennifer D 2012 Libertarianism In Miller Wilbur R The social history of crime and punishment in America London Sage Publications p 1007 ISBN 1412988764 Left libertarians disagree with right libertarians with respect to property rights arguing instead that individuals have no inherent right to natural resources Namely these resources must be treated as collective property that is made available on an egalitarian basis a b c Carson Kevin An Introduction to Left Libertarianism Center for a Stateless Society Retrieved 2023 01 01 a b c Vallentyne Peter March 2009 Libertarianism In Zalta Edward N ed Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Spring 2009 ed Stanford CA Stanford University Retrieved 5 March 2010 Libertarianism is committed to full self ownership A distinction can be made however between right libertarianism and left libertarianism depending on the stance taken on how natural resources can be owned a b Narveson Jan Trenchard David 2008 Left Libertarianism In Hamowy Ronald ed The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks CA Sage Cato Institute pp 288 289 doi 10 4135 9781412965811 n174 ISBN 978 1412965804 LCCN 2008009151 OCLC 750831024 Left libertarians regard each of us as full self owners However they differ from what we generally understand by the term libertarian in denying the right to private property We own ourselves but we do not own nature at least not as individuals Left libertarians embrace the view that all natural resources land oil gold and so on should be held collectively To the extent that individuals make use of these commonly owned goods they must do so only with the permission of society a permission granted only under the proviso that a certain payment for their use be made to society at large Miller Wilbur R 2012 08 10 The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America A De SAGE ISBN 978 1 4129 8876 6 a b Marshall Peter 2008 Demanding the Impossible A History of Anarchism London Harper Perennial p 565 The problem with the term libertarian is that it is now also used by the Right In its moderate form right libertarianism embraces laissez faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State and in its extreme form anarcho capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order Hussain Syed B 2004 Encyclopedia of Capitalism Vol II H R New York Facts on File Inc p 492 ISBN 0816052247 In the modern world political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism Marxists want to overthrow it liberals to curtail it extensively conservatives to curtail it moderately Those who maintain that capitalism is a excellent economic system unfairly maligned with little or no need for corrective government policy are generally known as libertarians Widerquist Karl Libertarianism left right and socialist widerquist com a b Marshall Peter 2009 1991 Demanding the Impossible A History of Anarchism POLS ed Oakland California PM Press p 641 Left libertarianism can therefore range from the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve State power to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State ISBN 978 1604860641 a b c d van der Vossen Bas 2022 Zalta Edward N Nodelman Uri eds Libertarianism The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Winter 2022 ed Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University Retrieved 2023 01 01 Frankel Paul Ellen Miller Fred Jr Paul Jeffrey 2007 Liberalism Old and New Vol 24 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0521703055 Becker Lawrence C Becker Charlotte B 2001 Encyclopedia of Ethics P W Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 415 93675 0 Interview With Samuel Edward Konkin III www spaz org Retrieved 2023 01 01 D Amato David S 27 November 2018 Black Market Activism Agorism and Samuel Edward Konkin III www libertarianism org Archived from the original on 4 January 2019 Retrieved 2023 01 01 Konkin III Samuel Edward An Agorist Primer PDF Kopubco com Retrieved 15 March 2020 Interview with Roderick Long Liberalis in English Liberalis in English 2008 01 03 Retrieved 2023 01 01 Gregory Anthony 21 December 2006 Left Right Moderate and Radical LewRockwell com Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine 25 December 2014 Raimondo Justin 2000 An Enemy of the State Chapter 4 Beyond left and right Prometheus Books p 159 a b c d e f Richman Sheldon 2011 02 03 Libertarian Left The American Conservative Retrieved 2023 01 01 Libertarianism Then and Now www libertarianism org Retrieved 2023 01 01 Rothbard Murray Spring 1965 Left and Right The Prospects for Liberty Left and Right A Journal of Libertarian Thought 1 1 4 22 Ostergaard Geoffrey Anarchism The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought Blackwell Publishing p 14 Carlson 2012 p 1007 Left libertarians disagree with right libertarians with respect to property rights arguing instead that individuals have no inherent right to natural resources Namely these resources must be treated as collective property that is made available on an egalitarian basis Narveson Jan Trenchard David 2008 Left Libertarianism In Hamowy Ronald ed The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks CA Sage Cato Institute pp 288 289 doi 10 4135 9781412965811 n174 ISBN 978 1412965804 LCCN 2008009151 OCLC 750831024 Left libertarians regard each of us as full self owners Left libertarians embrace the view that all natural resources land oil gold trees and so on should be held collectively To the extent that individuals make use of these commonly owned goods they must do so only with the permission of society a permission granted only under the provision that a certain payment for their use be made to society at large Mclaverty Peter 2005 Socialism and libertarianism Journal of Political Ideologies 10 2 185 198 doi 10 1080 13569310500097349 S2CID 144693867 Vrousalis Nicholas April 2011 Libertarian Socialism A Better Reconciliation between Self Ownership and Equality Social Theory and Practice 37 2 221 226 doi 10 5840 soctheorpract201137213 JSTOR 23558541 SSRN 1703457 Widerquist Karl 2013 What Good Is a Theory of Freedom That Allows Forced Labor Independence and Modern Theory of Freedom Independence Propertylessness and Basic Income A Theory of Freedom as the Power to Say No Updating New York City Springer pp 121 143 ISBN 9781137313096 2006 Anarchism Encarta Online Encyclopedia Sheehan Sean 2004 Anarchism London Reaktion Books Ltd p 85 Guerin Daniel 1970 Anarchism From Theory to Practice New York Monthly Review Press Lettre a Proudhon joseph dejacque free fr Retrieved 2023 01 01 Marshall Peter 2009 Demanding the Impossible A History of Anarchism Oakland Oakland CA PM Press p 641 The word libertarian has long been associated with anarchism and has been used repeatedly throughout this work The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will in this sense Godwin was not a libertarian but a necessitarian It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general In anarchist circles it was first used by Joseph Dejacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858 At the end of the last century the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists Robert Graham ed 2005 Anarchism A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas Volume One From Anarchy to Anarchism 300 CE 1939 Montreal Black Rose Books 17 Le Libertaire Journal du mouvement social joseph dejacque free fr Retrieved 2023 01 01 Nettlau Max 1996 A Short History of Anarchism London Freedom Press p 162 ISBN 978 0900384899 OCLC 37529250 Ward Colin 2004 10 21 Anarchism A Very Short Introduction OUP Oxford ISBN 978 0 19 280477 8 Chomsky Noam 23 February 2002 The Week Online Interviews Chomsky Z Magazine Z Communications Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 Retrieved 21 November 2011 The term libertarian as used in the US means something quite different from what it meant historically and still means in the rest of the world Historically the libertarian movement has been the anti statist wing of the socialist movement Socialist anarchism was libertarian socialism Kymlicka Will 2005 libertarianism left In Honderich Ted The Oxford Companion to Philosophy New York Oxford University Press Left libertarians maintain that the world s natural resources were initially unowned or belonged equally to all and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property Gaus Gerald F Kukathas Chandran eds 2004 Handbook of Political Theory SAGE ISBN 978 0 7619 6787 3 Van Parijs Phillippe 1998 Real Freedom for All What If Anything Can Justify Capitalism Oxford Clarendon Oxford University Press a b Daskal Steve 1 January 2010 Libertarianism Left and Right the Lockean Proviso and the Reformed Welfare State Social Theory and Practice p 1 Archived 16 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Smith Adam 1776 Chapter 2 Article 1 Taxes upon the Rent of Houses The Wealth of Nations Book V Suits Daniel B Sep 1977 Measurement of Tax Progressivity The American Economic Review Published by American Economic Association 67 4 747 752 JSTOR 1813408 Suits Daniel B September 1977 Measurement of Tax Progressivity American Economic Review 67 4 747 752 JSTOR 1813408 McCluskey William J Franzsen Riel C D 2005 Land Value Taxation An Applied Analysis Ashgate ISBN 978 0 7546 1490 6 Foldvary Fred Geoism Explained The Progress Report Archived from the original on 17 March 2015 Retrieved 12 January 2014 a b c Fried Barbara Winter 2004 Left Libertarianism A Review Essay Philosophy amp Public Affairs 32 1 66 92 JSTOR 3557982 a b Rosselli Carlo Urbinati Nadia 2017 Liberal Socialism Princeton University Press p 51 ISBN 978 1400887309 a b c d e Deshpande Meena Vinod M J 2000 Contemporary Political Theory Left libertarianism PHI Learning Pvt Ltd p 243 ISBN 978 8120347137 Weinstein David 1998 Equal Freedom and Utility Herbert Spencer s Liberal Utilitarianism Land nationalization and property Cambridge University Press pp 181 209 ISBN 978 0521622646 C ooperation is of course arguably a form of socialism as much as form of liberalism Offer John ed 2000 Herbert Spencer Critical Assessments 2 Taylor amp Francis p 137 ISBN 978 0415181853 Several labels might be tied to this family member the practitioners favoured moral or liberal socialism at times socialism of the will Mueller Paul 25 March 2015 Was Adam Smith a Libertarian Libertarianism org Retrieved 2023 01 01 D Amato David S 20 September 2016 Adam Smith Class Warrior The Left Right Spectrum Libertarianism org Retrieved 2023 01 01 Kerr Gavin 2017 The Property Owning Democracy Freedom and Capitalism in the Twenty First Century Taylor amp Francis p 94 ISBN 978 1441153777 a b Fried Barba 2020 Facing Up to Scarcity The Logic and Limits of Nonconsequentialist Thought Oxford Oxford University Press p 176 ISBN 978 0198847878 King J E 1983 Utopian or scientific A reconsideration of the Ricardian Socialists History of Political Economy 15 3 345 373 doi 10 1215 00182702 15 3 345 Thompson Noel W 1984 Ricardian socialists Smithian socialists what s in a name The People s Science The Popular Political Economy of Exploitation and Crisis 1816 34 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 82 110 ISBN 0521893429 Ryley Peter 2013 Making Another World Possible Anarchism Anti capitalism and Ecology in Late 19th and Early 20th Century Britain Bloomsbury Publishing p 5 ISBN 978 1441153777 Kitschelt Herbert 1988 The Life Expectancy of Left Libertarian Parties Does Structural Transformation or Economic Decline Explain Party Innovation A Response to Wilhelm P Burklin European Sociological Review 4 2 155 160 ISSN 0266 7215 Redding Kent Viterna Jocelyn S 1999 Political Demands Political Opportunities Explaining the Differential Success of Left Libertarian Parties Social Forces 78 2 491 510 doi 10 2307 3005565 ISSN 0037 7732 Van Kersbergen Kees Green Pedersen Christoffer 2002 The Politics of the Third Way The Transformation of Social Democracy in Denmark and the Netherlands Archived 2006 10 17 at the Wayback Machine Party Politics 8 5 507 524 a b Neumayer Eric June 2003 Are left wing party strength and corporatism good for the environment Evidence from panel analysis of air pollution in OECD countries Ecological Economics 45 2 203 220 ISSN 0921 8009 Vromen Ariadne 2005 Who are the Australian Greens Surveying the membership Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Retrieved 15 July 2020 Bookchin Murray Biehl Janet 1997 The Murray Bookchin Reader Cassell p 170 ISBN 0304338737 Hicks Steven V Shannon Daniel E 2003 The American Journal of Economics and Sociology Blackwell Publishing p 612 Long Roderick T Summer 1998 Toward a libertarian theory of class Social Philosophy and Policy 15 2 305 Unlike other socialists they tend to see to various different degrees depending on the thinker to be skeptical of centralized state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation Prichard Alex Kinna Ruth Pinta Saku Berry Dave eds December 2012 Libertarian Socialism Politics in Black and Red Palgrave Macmillan p 13 Their analysis treats libertarian socialism as a form of anti parliamentary democratic antibureaucratic grass roots socialist organisation strongly linked to working class activism Long Roderick T Summer 1998 Toward a libertarian theory of class Social Philosophy and Policy 15 2 305 preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized local voluntary participatory cooperative associations Masquelier Charles 2014 Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory New York and London Bloombury p 189 What is of particular interest here however is the appeal to a form of emancipation grounded in decentralized cooperative and democratic forms of political and economic governance which most libertarian socialist visions including Cole s tend to share Mendes Silva 1896 Socialismo Libertario ou Anarchismo 1 Society should be free through mankind s spontaneous federative affiliation to life based on the community of land and tools of the trade meaning Anarchy will be equality by abolition of private property while retaining respect for personal property and liberty by abolition of authority Leval Gaston 2019 07 13 Libertarian Socialism A Practical Outline Revolt Library Archived from the original on 1 January 2023 Retrieved 2023 01 01 Hart David M Chartier Gary Kenyon Ross Miller Long Roderick T eds 2017 Social Class and State Power Exploring an Alternative Radical Tradition Palgrave p 300 preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized local voluntary participatory cooperative associations sometimes as a complement to and check on state power Rocker Rudolf 2004 Anarcho Syndicalism Theory and Practice AK Press p 65 ISBN 978 1902593920 Long Roderick T Summer 1998 Toward a libertarian theory of class Social Philosophy and Policy 15 2 305 LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought expression or choicce of lifestyle Diemer Ulli Summer 1997 What is Libertarian Socialism The Red Menace 2 1 What is implied by the term libertarian socialism The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination repression and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity thought and action An approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution women s and children s liberation and the critique and transformation of daily life as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being nor do we equate liberation with changing our life styles and our heads Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety or it is nothing Chomsky Noam 1986 The Soviet Union Versus Socialism Chomsky info Retrieved 22 November 2015 Libertarian socialism furthermore does not limit its aims to democratic control by producers over production but seeks to abolish all forms of domination and hierarchy in every aspect of social and personal life an unending struggle since progress in achieving a more just society will lead to new insight and understanding of forms of oppression that may be concealed in traditional practice and consciousness McLaughlin Paul 2007 01 01 Anarchism and Authority A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism Ashgate Publishing Ltd ISBN 978 0 7546 6196 2 Brown L Susan 2002 Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism Implications for Feminism The Politics of Individualism Liberalism Liberal Feminism and Anarchism Black Rose Books p 106 O Neil John 1998 The Market Ethics Knowledge and Politics Routledge p 3 It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like Adam Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and anti statist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west McKay Iain ed 2012 2008 Appendix Anarchism and anarcho capitalism An Anarchist FAQ Vol I II Stirling AK Press ISBN 978 1849351225 Dana Charles Anderson Proudhon and his Bank of the People p 46 Carson Kevin The Left Rothbardians Part I Rothbard Center for a Stateless Society Retrieved 2023 01 01 Raimondo Justin 2001 An Enemy of the State The Life of Murray N Rothbard Amherst Prometheus Raimondo Justin 2001 An Enemy of the State The Life of Murray N Rothbard Amherst Prometheus pp 151 209 Doherty Brian M 2007 Radicals for Capitalism A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement New York Public Affairs p 338 Rothbard Murray 15 June 1969 Confiscation and the Homestead Principle Libertarian Forum 1 6 3 4 Raimondo Justin 2001 An Enemy of the State The Life of Murray N Rothbard Amherst Prometheus pp 277 278 Doherty Brian 2007 Radicals for Capitalism A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement PublicAffairs pp 562 565 ISBN 978 1586483500 OCLC 433347326 Chartier Gary Johnson Charles W 2011 Markets Not Capitalism Brooklyn Minor Compositions Autonomedia pp 1 16 Chartier Gary 2009 Socialist Ends Market Means Five Essays Tulsa Tulsa Alliance of the Libertarian Left Ellerman David 1992 Property and Contract in Economics The Case for Economic Democracy Cambridge MA Blackwell Ellerman David 1990 The Democratic Worker Owned Firm London Unwin Hyman Otsuka Michael 2005 Libertarianism Without Inequality New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199280186 Steiner Hillel 1994 An Essay on Rights Oxford Blackwell 2000 Left Libertarianism and Its Critics The Contemporary Debate In Vallentyne Peter and Steiner Hillel London Palgrave Van Parijs Philippe 2009 Marxism Recycled Cambridge Cambridge University Press Vallentyne Peter 2007 Libertarianism and the State Liberalism Old and New In Paul Ellen Frankel Miller Jr Fred Paul Jeffrey Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 199 Casal Paula 2011 Global Taxes on Natural Resources PDF Journal of Moral Philosophy 8 3 307 327 doi 10 1163 174552411x591339 Retrieved 14 March 2014 It can also invoke geoism a philosophical tradition encompassing the views of John Locke and Henry George Van Parijs Phillippe 1998 Real Freedom for All What If Anything Can Justify Capitalism Oxford Clarendon Oxford University Press Vallentyne Peter Steiner Hillel 2000 The Origins of Left Libertarianism Basingstoke Palgrave ISBN 978 0312235918 Kymlicka Will 2005 libertarianism left The Oxford Companion to Philosophy In Honderich Ted New York Oxford University Press Left libertarians maintain that the world s natural resources were initially unowned or belonged equally to all and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property Vallentyne Peter Steiner Hillel 2000 Left Libertarianism and Its Critics Basingstoke Palgrave p 1 ISBN 978 0312236991 OCLC 1057919438 a b Mack Eric Gaus Gerald F 2004 Classical Liberalism and Libertarianism The Liberty Tradition In Gaus Gerald F Kukathas Chandran eds Handbook of Political Theory SAGE p 128 ISBN 978 0 7619 6787 3 Further reading Rothbard Murray N 2007 Left and Right A Journal of Libertarian Thought Complete 1965 1968 Auburn AL Mises Institute ISBN 978 1610160407 Vallentyne Peter Steiner Hillel Otsuka Michael 2005 Why Left Libertarianism is not Incoherent Indeterminate or Irrelevant PDF Philosophy amp Public Affairs 33 2 201 215 doi 10 1111 j 1088 4963 2005 00030 x Archived from the original PDF on 11 September 2008 Vallentyne Peter 2000 Left Libertarianism A Primer full text final draft In Vallentyne Peter Steiner Hillel eds Left Libertarianism and Its Critics The Contemporary Debate Palgrave Publishers Ltd pp 1 20 External links Edit Media related to Left libertarianism at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Left libertarianism at Wikiquote Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Left libertarianism amp oldid 1135508987, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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