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Wikipedia

Snapchat

March 07, 2023

Snapchat is an American multimedia instant messaging app and service developed by Snap Inc., originally Snapchat Inc. One of the principal features of Snapchat is that pictures and messages are usually only available for a short time before they become inaccessible to their recipients. The app has evolved from originally focusing on person-to-person photo sharing to presently featuring users' "Stories" of 24 hours of chronological content, along with "Discover", letting brands show ad-supported short-form content. It also allows users to store photos in a password-protected area called "my eyes only". It has also reportedly incorporated limited use of end-to-end encryption, with plans to broaden its use in the future.

Snapchat
Original author(s)
Developer(s)Snap Inc.
Initial releaseSeptember 2011; 11 years ago (2011-09)
Stable release(s) [±]
Android12.03.0.22[1]  / 11 October 2022; 4 months ago (11 October 2022)
iOS12.3.0.31[2]  / 11 October 2022; 4 months ago (11 October 2022)
Preview release(s) [±]
Android (Beta)12.05.0.31[1]  / 15 October 2022; 4 months ago (15 October 2022)
Operating systemAndroid 5.0 or later
iOS 12 or later
Size64 MB (Android)[3]
258 MB (iOS)[4]
Available in37 languages
List of languages
English, Arabic, Bengali, Danish, Dutch, Filipino, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Korean, Malay, Malayalam, Marathi, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkish, Urdu, Vietnamese[5]
Type
LicenseProprietary software
Websitewww.snapchat.com

Snapchat was created by Evan Spiegel, Bobby Murphy, and Reggie Brown,[6] former students at Stanford University. It is known for representing a mobile-first direction for social media, and places significant emphasis on users interacting with virtual stickers and augmented reality objects. In July 2021, Snapchat had 293 million daily active users, a 23% growth over a year.[7] On average more than four billion Snaps are sent each day.[8] Snapchat is popular among the younger generations, particularly those below the age of 16, leading to many privacy concerns for parents.

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Snapchat.

Prototype

According to documents and deposition statements, Reggie Brown brought the idea for a disappearing pictures application to Evan Spiegel because Spiegel had prior business experience. Brown and Spiegel then pulled in Bobby Murphy, who had experience coding. The three worked closely together for several months and launched Snapchat as "Picaboo" on the iOS operating system on July 8, 2011.[9][10] Reggie Brown was ousted from the company months after it was launched.[11][12]

The app was relaunched as Snapchat in September 2011, and the team focused on usability and technical aspects, rather than branding efforts.[13] One exception was the decision to keep a mascot designed by Brown, "Ghostface Chillah", named after Ghostface Killah of the hip-hop group Wu-Tang Clan.[13]

On May 8, 2012, Reggie Brown sent an email to Evan Spiegel during their senior year at Stanford, in which he offered to re-negotiate his equitable share regarding ownership of the company. Lawyers for Snapchat claimed that Reggie Brown had made no contributions of value to the company, and was therefore entitled to nothing.[14][15] In September 2014, Brown settled with Spiegel and Murphy for $157.5 million[16] and was credited as one of the original authors of Snapchat.[6][17][18]

In their first blog post, dated May 9, 2012, CEO Evan Spiegel described the company's mission: "Snapchat isn’t about capturing the traditional Kodak moment. It’s about communicating with the full range of human emotion—not just what appears to be pretty or perfect."[19] He presented Snapchat as the solution to stresses caused by the longevity of personal information on social media, evidenced by "emergency detagging of Facebook photos before job interviews and photoshopping blemishes out of candid shots before they hit the internet.[19]

Growth

 
World map indicating Snapchat's core users by country in 2014. Map based on data from a report from Business Insider Intelligence.[20]

As of May 2012, 25 Snapchat images were being sent per second[21] and, as of November 2012, users had shared over one billion photos on the Snapchat iOS app, with 20 million photos being shared per day.[21][22] That same month, Spiegel cited problems with user base scalability as the reason why Snapchat was experiencing some difficulties delivering its images, known as "snaps", in real time.[21] Snapchat was released as an Android app on October 29, 2012.[21]

In June 2013, Snapchat version 5.0, dubbed "Banquo", was released for iOS. The updated version introduced several speed and design enhancements, including swipe navigation, double-tap to reply, an improved friend finder, and in-app profiles.[23] The name is a reference to the ghostly hero from Shakespeare's Macbeth, a character in the play who is ultimately seen to be victorious over evil.[24] Also in June 2013, Snapchat introduced Snapkidz for users under 13 years of age. Snapkidz was part of the original Snapchat application and was activated when the user provided a date of birth to verify his/her age. Snapkidz allowed children to take snaps and draw on them, but they could not send snaps to other users and could only save snaps locally on the device being used.[25]

According to Snapchat's published statistics, as of May 2015, the app's users were sending 2 billion videos per day, reaching 6 billion by November.[26] By 2016, Snapchat had hit 10 billion daily video views.[27] In May 2016, Snapchat raised $1.81 billion in equity offering, suggesting strong investor interest in the company.[28] By May 31, 2016, the app had almost 10 million daily active users in the United Kingdom.[29] In February 2017, Snapchat had 160 million daily active users,[30][31] growing to 166 million in May.[32][33]

Investel Capital Corp., a Canadian company, sued Snapchat for infringement on its geofiltering patent in 2016.[34][35] They were seeking "monetary compensation and an order that would prohibit California-based Snapchat from infringing on its patent in the future."[36]

 
Snapchat Spectacles Vending Machine at SXSW 2017, Austin, Texas

In September 2016, Snapchat Inc. was renamed Snap Inc. to coincide with the introduction of the company's first hardware product, Spectacles—smartglasses with a built-in camera that can record 10 seconds of video at a time.[37] On February 20, 2017, Spectacles became available for purchase online.[38]

Snapchat announced a redesign in November 2017,[39] which proved controversial with many of its followers. CNBC's Ingrid Angulo listed some of the reasons why many disliked the update, citing that sending a snap and re-watching stories was more complicated, stories and incoming snaps were now listed on the same page, and that the Discover page now included featured and sponsored content.[40] A tweet sent by Kylie Jenner in February 2018, which criticized the redesign of the Snapchat app,[41] reportedly caused Snap Inc. to lose more than $1.3 billion in market value.[42][43] Over 1.2 million people signed a Change.org petition asking the company to remove the new app update.[44]

In December 2019, App Annie announced Snapchat to be the 5th most downloaded mobile app of the decade. The data includes figures for iOS downloads starting from 2010 and Android downloads starting from 2012.[45] Snapchat acquired AI Factory, a computer vision startup, in January 2020 to give a boost to its video capabilities.[46]

In November 2020, Snapchat announced it would pay a total of $1 million a day to users who post viral videos. The company has not stated the criteria for a video to be considered viral or how many people the payout would be split between. The promotion, called Snapchat Spotlight, is intended to run until the end of the year, although the company indicated it will continue if it's successful.[47]

In June 2022, Snapchat announced plans to launch Snapchat Plus, a paid subscription model. The subscription will give users early access to features, the ability to change the app icon and see which users rewatch their stories.[48] In July 2022, the company reported that they had 347 million daily active users, an increase of 18% from the previous year.[49] In August 2022, Snapchat announced that Snapchat Plus has more than 1 million subscribers as well as four new features to the subscription including priority replies, post-view emoji, new Bitmoji content, and new app icons.[50]

Features

Core functionality

Snapchat is primarily used for creating multimedia messages referred to as "snaps"; snaps can consist of a photo or a short video, and can be edited to include filters and effects, text captions, and drawings.[51][52] Snaps can be directed privately to selected contacts, or to a semi-public "Story" or a public "Story" called "Our Story."[53] The ability to send video snaps was added as a feature option in December 2012. By holding down on the photo button while inside the app, a video of up to ten seconds in length can be captured. Spiegel explained that this process allowed the video data to be compressed into the size of a photo.[54] A later update allowed the ability to record up to 60 seconds, but are still segmented into 10 second intervals. After a single viewing, the video disappears by default. On May 1, 2014, the ability to communicate via video chat was added. Direct messaging features were also included in the update, allowing users to send ephemeral text messages to friends and family while saving any needed information by clicking on it.[55][56] According to CIO, Snapchat uses real-time marketing concepts and temporality to make the app appealing to users.[57] According to Marketing Pro, Snapchat attracts interest and potential customers by combining the AIDA (marketing) model with modern digital technology.[58]

Private message photo snaps can be viewed for a user-specified length of time (1 to 10 seconds as determined by the sender) before they become inaccessible. Users were previously required to hold down on the screen in order to view a snap; this behavior was removed in July 2015[59] The requirement to hold on the screen was intended to frustrate the ability to take screenshots of snaps; the Snapchat app does not prevent screenshots from being taken but can notify the sender if it detects that it has been saved. However, these notifications can be bypassed through either unauthorized modifications to the app or by obtaining the image through external means.[13][21][60] One snap per day can be replayed for free.[61] In September 2015, Snapchat introduced the option to purchase additional replays through in-app purchases.[62][61][63] The ability to purchase extra replays was removed in April 2016.[64][65]

Friends can be added via usernames and phone contacts, using customizable "Snapcodes", or through the "Add Nearby" function, which scans for users near their location who are also in the Add Nearby menu.[59][66] Spiegel explained that Snapchat is intended to counteract the trend of users being compelled to manage an idealized online identity of themselves, which he says has "taken all of the fun out of communicating."[13]

In November 2014, Snapchat introduced "Snapcash", a feature that lets users send and receive money to each other through private messaging. The payments system is powered by Square.[67][68]

In July 2016, Snapchat introduced a new, optional feature known as "Memories." Memories allow snaps and story posts to be saved into a private storage area, where they can be viewed alongside other photos stored on the device, as well as edited and published as snaps, story posts, or messages anytime. When shared with a user's current story, the memory would have a timestamp to indicate its age. Content in the Memories storage area can be searched by date or using a local object recognition system. Snaps accessible within Memories can additionally be placed into a "My Eyes Only" area that is locked with a Personal identification number (PIN). Snapchat has stated that the Memories feature was inspired by the practice of manually scrolling through photos on a phone to show them to others.[69] In April 2017, the white border around old memories was removed. While originally intended to let viewers know the material was old, TechCrunch wrote that the indicator "ended up annoying users who didn’t want their snaps altered, sometimes to the point where they would decide not to share the old content at all."[70][71]

In May 2017, an update made it possible to send snaps with unlimited viewing time,[72] dropping the previous ten-second maximum duration, with the content disappearing after being deliberately closed by the recipient. New creative tools, namely the ability to draw with an emoji, videos that play in a loop, and an eraser that lets users remove objects in a photo with the app filling in the space with the background, were also released.[73][74]

In July 2017, Snapchat started allowing users to add links to snaps, enabling them to direct viewers to specific websites; the feature was only available for brands previously. Additionally, the update added more creative tools: A "Backdrop" feature lets users cut out a specific object from their photo and apply colorful patterns to it in order to bring greater emphasis to that object, and "Voice Filters" enable users to remix the sounds of their voices in the snap. Voice Filters was previously available as part of the feature enabling augmented reality lenses, with the new update adding a dedicated speaker icon to remix the audio in any snap.[75][76]

In June 2020, Snap announced "minis", embeddable apps that live inside the parent Snap app.[77]

In August 2022, Snap launched the "Family Center" feature which allows parents to monitor the activity of their children, ages 13–18, within the app.[78]

In February 2023, Snapchat launched "My AI", a custom chatbot offering Snapchat+ users access to a mobile version of the AI chatbot ChatGPT.[79]

Filters, lenses, and stickers

Snaps can be personalized with various forms of visual effects and stickers. Geofilters are graphical overlays available if the user is within a certain geographical location, such as a city, event, or destination. Users can design and create their own geofilters for personal events at a fee of $10–15 USD per hour. They can also subscribe to an annual plan which ranges from $1,000 to $10,000 depending on the location, for a permanent filter.[80][81] A similar feature known as Geostickers was launched in 10 major cities in 2016.[82] Bitmoji are stickers featuring personalized cartoon avatars, which can be used in snaps and messaging.[83][84] Bitmoji characters can also be used as World Lenses.[85]

The "Lens" feature, introduced in September 2015, allows users to add real-time effects into their snaps by using face detection technology. This is activated by long-pressing on a face within the viewfinder.[86] In April 2017, Snapchat extended this feature into "World Lenses", which use augmented reality technology to integrate 3D rendered elements (such as objects and animated characters) into scenes; these elements are placed and anchored in 3D space.[87][88]

On October 26, 2018, at TwitchCon, Snap launched the Snap Camera desktop application for macOS and Windows PCs, which enables use of Snapchat lenses in videotelephony and live streaming services such as Skype, Twitch, YouTube, and Zoom. Snapchat also launched integration with Twitch, including an in-stream widget for Snapcodes, the ability to offer lenses to stream viewers and as an incentive to channel subscribers. Several video game-themed lenses were also launched at this time, including ones themed around League of Legends, Overwatch, and PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds.[89][90]

In August 2020, Snapchat collaborated with four TikTok influencers to launch Augmented Reality (AR) lenses to create a more interactive experience with users. The lenses now incorporate geo-locational mapping techniques to incorporate digital overlays onto real world surfaces. These lenses track 18 joints across the body to identify body movements, and generate effects around the body of the user.[91] Advertising is now also utilizing AR lenses that make users a part of the advert. Coca-Cola, Pepsi and Taco Bell are just a select few of the brands now utilizing the tech on Snapchat. Consumers no longer scroll past these adverts, but become a part of them with AR lenses.[92]

In March 2022, Snapchat launched the ability to share YouTube videos as stickers. The stickers function as clickable links that redirect users to a browser or the YouTube app.[93]

Friend emojis

Friend emojis can be customized, however the default emojis are listed below. The snapscore, which states the amount of snaps one has sent and received is recorded and is visible to one's friends. If users tap their own score it shows the ratio of sent and received snaps, the amount of snaps they have sent is on the right and the amount of snaps they have received is on the left, these numbers combined are their Snapchat score.[94] There are multiple synonyms for Snapchat score such as Snapchat points, Snapscore, Snap points and Snap Number.[95] YouTube has a similar rewards system called "Perks".

As incentive to send content regularly, emoji icons will appear next to the names of contacts that the user frequently interacts with.[96]
Emoji Name Snapchat meaning
💕 Super BFF Appears next to the user's number 1 Best Friend when they are also their number 1 Best Friend for two months in a row.
❤️ BFF (Best Friend Forever) Appears next to the user's number 1 Best Friend when they are also their number 1 Best Friend for two weeks in a row.
💛 Besties Appears next to the user's number 1 Best Friend when they are also their number 1 Best Friend.
😊 BFs Appears next to one of the user's Best Friends.
😬 Mutual Besties Appears next to someone when the user's number 1 Best Friend is also their number 1 Best Friend.
😎 Mutual BFs Appears next to someone whom the user shares a best friend with.
🔥 Snapstreak Appears next to the number of days that the user and a friend have Snapped each other. If the user and their friend do not both send a Snap within 24 hours, they will lose their Snapstreak.[97]
✨ Group Chat Appears next to all of the user's group chats.
⌛️ Hourglass Appears next to someone's name if the user's Snapstreak is going to end soon.
🎂 Birthday Cake Appears next to someone when it is their birthday.

Stories and Discover

In October 2013, Snapchat introduced the "My Story" feature, which allows users to compile snaps into chronological storylines, accessible to all of their friends.[53][98] By June 2014, photo and video snaps presented to friends in the Stories functionality had surpassed person-to-person private snaps as the most frequently used function of the service, with over one billion viewed per day—double the daily views tallied in April 2014.[99]

In June 2014, the story feature was expanded to incorporate "Our Stories", which was then changed to "Live Stories" about a year later. The feature allows users on-location at specific events (such as music festivals or sporting events) to contribute snaps to a curated story advertised to all users, showcasing a single event from multiple perspectives and viewpoints. These curated snaps provided by the app's contributors and selected for the "Live" section could also be more localized, but Snapchat eventually scaled back the more personal imaging streams in order to emphasize public events.[100][101][102][103][104][105]

An "Official Stories" designation was added in November 2015 to denote the public stories of notable figures and celebrities, similar to Twitter's "Verified account" program.[106]

In January 2015, Snapchat introduced "Discover" an area containing channels of ad-supported short-form content from major publishers, including BuzzFeed, CNN, ESPN, Mashable, People, Vice and Snapchat itself among others.[107][108][109] To address data usage concerns related to these functions, a "Travel Mode" option was added in August 2015. When activated, the feature prevents the automatic downloading of snaps until they are explicitly requested by the user.[110]

In October 2016, the app was updated to replace its auto-advance functionality, which automatically moved users from one story to the next, with a "Story Playlist" feature, letting users select thumbnails of users in the list to play only selected stories.[111][112]

In January 2017, Snapchat revamped its design, adding search functionality and a new global live "Our Story" feature, to which any user can contribute.[113]

In May 2017, Snapchat introduced "Custom Stories", letting users collaboratively make stories combining their captures.[114][115]

In June 2017, "Snap Map" was introduced, which allows users to optionally share their location with friends. A map display, accessible from the viewfinder, can be used to locate stories based on location data, supporting the use of Bitmoji as place markers. Entering a "Ghost Mode" hides the user from the map.[116][117] The function is based on the app Zenly, which was acquired by Snap Inc. prior to its launch.[118] The map data is supplied from OpenStreetMap and Mapbox, while satellite imagery comes from DigitalGlobe.[119]

In February 2020, Snapchat released a Discover cartoon series called Bitmoji TV, which will star users' avatars.[120]

Original video content

The Wall Street Journal reported in May 2017 that Snap Inc., the company developing Snapchat, had signed deals with NBCUniversal, A&E Networks, BBC, ABC, Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer and other content producers to develop original shows for viewing through Snapchat's "Stories" format. According to the report, Snap hoped to have several new shows available on a daily basis, with each show lasting between three and five minutes, and the company has sent out detailed reports to its partners on how to produce content for Snapchat. Over 2017 and 2018, Snap and partners launched several shows.[121][122][123]

In, 2018 Snapchat and Vertical Networks (Snapchat Publisher Story) created a show called My Ex-BFF Court,” which is a spoof of daytime-TV fare like the typical court shows we watch for example “Divorce Court” in which two ex-friends try to fix their problems. Who ever is guilty gets a funny sentence. Each episode is hosted by Judge Matteo Lane who is also known as Matthew Lane.[124]

In 2018, Snapchat / Vertical Networks made a deal with Fox to make a television version of the dating reality show Phone Swap.[125]

In 2018, Snapchat got a new show called How Low Will You Go that was created by Above Average Productions and NBC.[126]

 
Example Snapchat "snap" on a smartphone.

In contrast to other messaging apps, Spiegel described Snapchat's messaging functions as being "conversational", rather than "transactional", as they sought to replicate the conversations he engaged in with friends. Spiegel stated that he did not experience conversational interactions while using the products of competitors like iMessage.[55]

Rather than a traditional online notification, a blue pulsing "here" button is displayed within the sender's chat window if the recipient is currently viewing their own chat window. When this button is held down, a video chat function is immediately launched.[55] By default, messages disappear after they are read, and a notification is sent to the recipient only when they start to type.[55] Users can also use messages to reply to snaps that are part of a story.[127] The video chat feature uses technology from AddLive—a real-time communications provider that Snapchat acquired prior to the feature's launch.[128] In regards to the "Here" indicator, Spiegel explained that "the accepted notion of an online indicator that every chat service has is really a negative indicator. It means 'my friend is available and doesn't want to talk to you,' versus this idea in Snapchat where 'my friend is here and is giving you their full attention.'" Spiegel further claimed that the Here video function prevents the awkwardness that can arise from apps that use typing indicators because, with text communication, conversations lose their fluidity as each user tries to avoid typing at the same time.[55]

On March 29, 2016, Snapchat launched a major revision of the messaging functionality known as "Chat 2.0", adding stickers, easier access to audio and video conferencing, the ability to leave audio or video "notes", and the ability to share recent camera photos. The implementation of these features are meant to allow users to easily shift between text, audio, and video chat as needed while retaining an equal level of functionality.[129] In June 2018, Snapchat added the feature of deleting a sent message (including; audio, video, and text) before it is read.[130][131] A feature introduced in August 2018 allows users to send Musical GIFs, TuneMojis.[132][133]

In August 2022, Snap Inc. announced it would discontinue all original scripted content with no plans to continue work in this direction.[134]

Encryption

In January 2018, Snapchat introduced the use of end-to-end encryption in the application but only for snaps (pictures and video), according to a Snapchat security engineer presenting at the January 2019 Real World Crypto Conference.[135][136][137] As of the January 2019 conference Snapchat had plans to introduce end-to-end encryption for text messages and group chats in the future.[138]

Business and multimedia

Demographics

From its earliest days, Snapchat's main demographic has consisted of the Generation Z age group. On the app store, the age classification is 12+.[139] In 2014, researchers from the University of Washington and Seattle Pacific University designed a user survey to help understand how and why the application was being used. The researchers originally hypothesized that due to the ephemeral nature of Snapchat messages, its use would be predominantly for privacy-sensitive content including the much talked about potential use for sexual content and sexting.[140] However, it appears that Snapchat is used for a variety of creative purposes that are not necessarily privacy-related at all.[140] In the study, only 1.6% of respondents reported using Snapchat primarily for sexting, although 14.2% admitted to having sent sexual content via Snapchat at some point.[140] These findings suggest that users do not seem to utilize Snapchat for sensitive content. Rather, the primary use for Snapchat was found to be for comedic content such as "stupid faces" with 59.8% of respondents reporting this use most commonly.[140] The researchers also determined how Snapchat users do not use the application and what types of content they are not willing to send. They found that the majority of users are not willing to send content classified as sexting (74.8% of respondents), photos of documents (85.0% of respondents), messages containing legally questionable content (86.6% of respondents), or content considered mean or insulting (93.7% of respondents).[140]

The study results also suggested that Snapchat's success is not due to its security properties, but because the users found the application to be fun. The researchers found that users seem to be well-aware (79.4% of respondents) that recovering snaps is possible and a majority of users (52.8% of respondents) report that this does not affect their behavior and use of Snapchat.[140] Many users (52.8% of respondents) were found to use an arbitrary timeout length on snaps regardless of the content type or recipient. The remaining respondents were found to adjust their snaps' timeout depending on the content or the recipient.[140] Reasons for adjusting the time length of snaps included the level of trust and relationship with the recipient, the time needed to comprehend the snap, and avoiding screenshots.[140]

Communication

Snapchat has often been seen to represent a new direction in social media, with its users craving a more in-the-moment way of sharing and communicating via technology. With less emphasis on the accumulation of an ongoing status involving the presence of permanent material, Snapchat put the focus on the ephemeral nature of fleeting encounters.[141] Building on this distinction by launching as a mobile-first company, Snapchat, in the midst of the app revolution and the growing presence of cellular communication, did not have to make the transition to mobile in the way other competing social media networks had to do. Evan Spiegel himself described Snapchat as primarily a camera company.[142][143] Spiegel also dismissed past comparisons to other social media networks such as Facebook and Twitter when he was asked if the 2016 presidential race was going to be remembered as the Snapchat election, although major candidates did occasionally use the app to reach voters.[144] Nevertheless, the growing mobile app moved to offer distinct publication, media, and news content within its Discover channel, as well as with its overall style of presentation. With Snapchat, a clear and identifiable line was drawn between brand content and user-based messaging and sharing, once again distinguishing the popular app from other social media networks, which typically have blended and blurred their different varieties of content.[145]

Monetization

Snapchat's developing features embody a deliberate strategy of monetization.

Snapchat announced its then-upcoming advertising efforts on October 17, 2014, when it acknowledged its need for a revenue stream.[146] The company stated that it wanted to evaluate "if we can deliver an experience that's fun and informative, the way ads used to be, before they got creepy and targeted."[147] Snapchat's first paid advertisement, in the form of a 20-second movie trailer for the horror film Ouija, was shown to users on October 19, 2014.[148][149]

In January 2015, Snapchat began making a shift from focusing on growth to monetization. The company launched its "Discover" feature, which allowed for paid advertising by presenting short-form content from publishers. Its initial launch partners included CNN, Comedy Central, ESPN and Food Network, among others.[108][109][150] In June 2015, Snapchat announced that it would allow advertisers to purchase sponsored geofilters for snaps; an early customer of the offering was McDonald's, who paid for a branded geofilter covering its restaurant locations in the United States.[80] Snapchat made a push to earn ad revenue from its "Live Stories" feature in 2015, after initially launching the feature in 2014. Ad placements can be sold within a live story, or a story can be pitched by a sponsor. Live stories are estimated to reach an average of 20 million viewers in a 24-hour span.[103]

Campaigns

In September 2015, the service entered into a partnership with the National Football League to present live stories from selected games (including a Sunday game, and marquee games such as Monday Night Football and Thursday Night Football), with both parties contributing content and handling ad sales.[103][151] The 2015 Internet Trends Report by Mary Meeker highlighted the significant growth of vertical video viewing. Vertical video ads like Snapchat's are watched in their entirety nine times more than landscape video ads.[152] In 2016, Gatorade came out with an animated filter as part of the Super Bowl ads in 2016.[153] The dunk lens of Gatorade received 165 million views on Snapchat.[154]

In April 2016, NBC Olympics announced that it had reached a deal with Snapchat to allow stories from the 2016 Summer Olympics to be featured on Snapchat in the United States. The content would include a behind-the-scenes Discover channel curated by BuzzFeed (a company which NBCUniversal has funded), and stories featuring a combination of footage from NBC, athletes, and attendees. NBC sold advertising and entered into revenue sharing agreements. This marked the first time NBC allowed Olympics footage to be featured on third-party property.[155] In May 2016, as part of a campaign to promote X-Men: Apocalypse, 20th Century Fox paid for the entire array of lenses to be replaced by those based on characters from the X-Men series and films for a single day.[156] In July 2016, it was reported that Snapchat had submitted a patent application for the process of using an object recognition system to deliver sponsored filters based on objects seen in a camera view.[157] Later that year, in September 2016, Snapchat released its first hardware product, called the Spectacles. Evan Spiegel, CEO of Snap Inc., called it “a toy” but saw it as an upside to freeing his app from smartphone cameras.[158]

In April 2017, Digiday reported that Snapchat would launch a self-service manager for advertising on the platform.[159] The feature launched the following month, alongside news of a Snapchat Mobile Dashboard for tracking ad campaigns, which rolled out in June to select countries.[160] Also in 2017, Snapchat introduced a "Snap to Store" advertising tool that lets companies using geostickers to track whether users buy their product or visit their store in a 7-day period after seeing the relevant geosticker.[161][162] On November 13, 2018, Snapchat announced the launch of the Snap Store, where they sell Bitmoji merchandise personalized by avatars from users and their friends. Items for sale include shirts, mugs, shower curtains, and phone cases.[163]

Development platform

In June 2018, Snapchat announced a new third-party development platform known as Snap Kit: a suite of components that allows partners to provide third-party integrations with aspects of the service. "Login Kit" is a social login platform that utilizes Snapchat accounts. It was promoted as being more privacy-conscious than competing equivalents, as services are only able to receive the user's display name (and, optionally, a Bitmoji avatar) and are subject to a 90-day inactivity timeout, preventing them from being able to collect any further personal information or social graphs through their authorization. "Creative Kit" allows apps to generate their own stickers to overlay into Snapchat posts. "Story Kit" can be used to embed and aggregate publicly posted stories (with for example, Bandsintown using Story Kit to aggregate stories posted by musicians), while "Bitmoji Kit" allows Bitmoji stickers to be integrated into third-party apps.[164]

Snap Originals

Main article: List of Snapchat original programming

In response to industry competition from streaming platforms such as Netflix, Snapchat announced in late 2018 that it would diversify its content by launching Snap Originals (episodic content including both scripted shows and documentaries).[165][166][167]

In June 2020, Snapchat announced the creation of its first-ever "shoppable" original show called The Drop, which focused on "exclusive streetwear collage" from celebrities and designers. Each episode explored the relationship between the designer and celebrity collaborator. Viewers would learn about the item for sale and how it came together, as well as what time that day the item would go up for sale. Later that day, at the aforementioned time, the episode would be updated with more content that included a "swipe up to buy" action.[168]

All projects related to original programming were ended in August 2022.[134]

Premium accounts and sexual content

In 2014, Snapchat introduced a new feature called Snapcash which spurred its popularity among adult content creators.[169][170]

Snapchat allows private premium accounts in which users can monetize their content.[171] This feature is mostly used by models to monetize their adult content.[171] Snapchat is increasingly becoming an integral part of the online porn industry.[171]

Controversies

December 2013 hack

Snapchat was hacked on December 31, 2013.[172][173] Gibson Security, an Australian security firm, had disclosed an API security vulnerability to the company on August 27, 2013,[174][175] and then made public the source code for the exploit on December 25.[176][177] On December 27, Snapchat announced that it had implemented mitigating features.[178] Nonetheless, an anonymous group hacked them, saying that the mitigating features presented only "minor obstacles."[179][180] The hackers revealed parts of approximately 4.6 million Snapchat usernames and phone numbers on a website named SnapchatDB.info[173][181][182] and sent a statement to the popular technology blog TechCrunch saying that their objective had been to "raise public awareness... and... put public pressure on Snapchat" to fix the vulnerability.[181] Snapchat apologized a week after the hack.[183]

Federal Trade Commission

In 2014, Snapchat settled a complaint made by the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The government agency alleged that the company had exaggerated to the public the degree to which mobile app images and photos could actually be made to disappear. Under the terms of the agreement, Snapchat was not fined, but the app service agreed to have its claims and policies monitored by an independent party for a period of 20 years. The FTC concluded that Snapchat was prohibited from "misrepresenting the extent to which it maintains the privacy, security, or confidentiality of users' information."[184]

Following the agreement, Snapchat updated its privacy page to state that the company "can't guarantee that messages will be deleted within a specific timeframe."[185] Even after Snapchat deletes message data from their servers, that same data may remain in backup for a certain period of time.[185] In a public blog post, the service warned that "If you've ever tried to recover lost data after accidentally deleting a drive or maybe watched an episode of CSI, you might know that with the right forensic tools, it's sometimes possible to retrieve data after it has been deleted."[186]

Windows app

In November 2014, Snapchat announced a crackdown on third-party apps of its service and their users. Users of the Windows Phone platform were affected, as Snapchat did not have an official client for it, but numerous third-party apps existed, most popularly one called 6snap. In December, Microsoft was forced to remove 6snap and all other third-party apps of Snapchat from the Windows Phone Store; Snapchat however did not develop an official app for the platform, leaving its users on the platform behind.[187] A petition from users requesting an official Snapchat app reached 43,000 signatures in 2015, but the company still refused to respond and to build an app for Windows Phone.[188] Snapchat was criticized once again later in 2015 when it did not develop an app for Microsoft's Universal Windows Platform (UWP).[189]

Lens incidents

In September 2015, an 18-year-old was using a Snapchat feature called "Lens" to record the speed she was driving her Mercedes C230 when she crashed into a Mitsubishi Outlander in Hampton, Georgia. The 107 mph (172 km/h) crash injured both drivers. The driver of the Outlander spent five weeks in intensive care while he was treated for severe traumatic brain injury. In April 2016, the Outlander driver sued both Snapchat and the user of Snapchat, alleging that Snapchat knew its application was being used in unlawful speed contests, yet did nothing to prevent such use so is negligent.[190]

In October 2016, a similar collision occurred while a 22-year-old was driving at 115 mph (185 km/h) in Tampa, Florida, killing five people.[191] [192]

"Poor Country" remark

According to former Snapchat employee Anthony Pompliano in a lawsuit filed against Snap Inc., Spiegel made a statement in 2015 that Snapchat is "only for rich people" and that he does not "want to expand into poor countries like India and Spain."[193] The incident sparked a Twitter trend called "#UninstallSnapchat", in which Indian users uninstalled the app,[194] and caused backlash against the company, including a large number of low "one-star" ratings for the app in the Google Play Store and Apple's App Store.[195][196] Snapchat's shares fell by 1.5%.[197] In response to the allegation, Snapchat called Pompliano's claim "ridiculous", and elaborated that "Obviously Snapchat is for everyone. It’s available worldwide to download for free."[196]

Pompliano Lawsuit

In January 2017, former employee Anthony Pompliano filed a state lawsuit accusing Snapchat of doctoring growth metrics with the intention of deceiving investors. Pompliano said that CEO Evan Spiegel was dismissive of his concerns and that Pompliano was fired shortly thereafter. The judge dropped Pompliano's claims that Snapchat violated the Dodd-Frank and Consumer Protection Acts in retaliation against him, citing an arbitration clause in his contract.[198] However, Snap Inc. faced blowback over a lack of disclosure regarding the contents of the lawsuit, resulting in plunging stock prices, several class-action lawsuits, and Federal investigations.[199]

"Snap Map" privacy concerns

The June 2017 release of "Snap Map", a feature that broadcasts the user's location on a map, was met with concerns over privacy and safety. The feature, through an opt-in, delivers a message asking if the user would like to show their position on the map, but reportedly does not explain the ramifications of doing so, including that the app updates the user's position on the map each time the app is opened and not just when actively capturing snaps, potentially assisting stalkers. The map can be zoomed in to feature detailed geographical information, such as street addresses.[200] The Daily Telegraph reported that police forces had issued child safety warnings,[201] while other media publications wrote that safety concerns were also raised for teenagers and adults unaware of the feature's actual behavior.[200][202] In a statement to The Verge, a Snapchat spokesperson said that "The safety of our community is very important to us and we want to make sure that all Snapchatters, parents, and educators have accurate information about how the Snap Map works".[200] Users have the ability to operate in "Ghost Mode", or select the friends that they wish to share their location with. Although there has been an increase in advertising on Snapchat, Snapchat has stated that they do not plan on running ads on Snap Map stories.

Rihanna controversy

In March 2018, an advertisement containing a poll about Rihanna was posted stating, "Would you rather punch Chris Brown or slap Rihanna?"[203] Rihanna tweeted that Snapchat was "insensitive to domestic violence victims" and urged fans to delete Snapchat.[204]

Body image concerns

The increased use of body and facial reshaping applications such as Snapchat and Facetune has been identified as a potential cause of body dysmorphic disorder. In August 2018, researchers from the Boston Medical Center wrote in a JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery essay that a phenomenon they called 'Snapchat dysmorphia' had been identified, where people request surgery to look like the edited version of themselves as they appear through Snapchat Filters.[205]

Snapchat employees abused data access to spy on users

In May 2019, it was revealed that multiple Snapchat employees used an internal tool called SnapLion, originally designed to gather data in compliance with law enforcement requests, to spy on users.[206]

Mozilla calls for public disclosures related to use of A.I.

Citing "vague, broad language" in Snapchat's privacy policy, Mozilla issued a September 2019 petition calling for public disclosures related to the app's use of facial emotion recognition technology.[207] When reached for comment by Scientific American, representatives for Snapchat declined to share a public response.[208]

Revenge porn

During the 2020 lockdown to inhibit the spread of COVID-19 in France, the app emerged as a hub for the dissemination of revenge porn of underage girls.[209]

In 2020, a woman in North Carolina sued Snapchat (as well as dating app Tinder and the five men named in the attack[210]), claiming features of the app enabled her alleged rapist and his friends to hide evidence of the rape. In particular, the suit alleges that "because of the ways Snapchat is and has been designed, constructed, marketed, and maintained, [the woman's assailants] were able to send these nonconsensual, pornographic photographs and videos of [her] with little to no threat of law enforcement verifying that they did so."[211] The woman told the court that parent company Snap Inc. "specifically and purposely designed, constructed, and maintained Snapchat to serve as a secretive and nefarious communications platform that encourages, solicits, and facilitates the creation and dissemination of illicit and non-consensual sexually explicit content...and allowed Snapchat to operate as a safe-haven from law enforcement."[212]

Illinois biometric data lawsuit

Snapchat was the subject of a class action lawsuit from the state of Illinois, alleging that the company violated the Biometric Information Privacy Act by collecting and storing biometric data on Illinois residents who used the app's filters and lenses without providing a written explanation on why the data was recorded and what its term of storage would be. The company opted to settle the lawsuit with a $35 million payout.[213]

See also

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Further reading

  • Kosoff, Maya (February 22, 2015). "2 dozen millennials explain why they're obsessed with Snapchat and how they use it". Business Insider. Axel Springer SE. Retrieved April 10, 2017.

External links

  •   Media related to Snapchat at Wikimedia Commons
  • Official website

March 07, 2023
snapchat, american, multimedia, instant, messaging, service, developed, snap, originally, principal, features, that, pictures, messages, usually, only, available, short, time, before, they, become, inaccessible, their, recipients, evolved, from, originally, fo. Snapchat is an American multimedia instant messaging app and service developed by Snap Inc originally Snapchat Inc One of the principal features of Snapchat is that pictures and messages are usually only available for a short time before they become inaccessible to their recipients The app has evolved from originally focusing on person to person photo sharing to presently featuring users Stories of 24 hours of chronological content along with Discover letting brands show ad supported short form content It also allows users to store photos in a password protected area called my eyes only It has also reportedly incorporated limited use of end to end encryption with plans to broaden its use in the future SnapchatOriginal author s Evan Spiegel Bobby Murphy Reggie BrownDeveloper s Snap Inc Initial releaseSeptember 2011 11 years ago 2011 09 Stable release s Android12 03 0 22 1 11 October 2022 4 months ago 11 October 2022 iOS12 3 0 31 2 11 October 2022 4 months ago 11 October 2022 Preview release s Android Beta 12 05 0 31 1 15 October 2022 4 months ago 15 October 2022 Operating systemAndroid 5 0 or later iOS 12 or laterSize64 MB Android 3 258 MB iOS 4 Available in37 languagesList of languagesEnglish Arabic Bengali Danish Dutch Filipino Finnish French German Greek Gujarati Hindi Indonesian Italian Japanese Kannada Korean Malay Malayalam Marathi Norwegian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Romanian Russian Simplified Chinese Spanish Swedish Tamil Telugu Thai Traditional Chinese Turkish Urdu Vietnamese 5 TypePhoto sharing instant messaging video chat multimediaLicenseProprietary softwareWebsitewww snapchat comSnapchat was created by Evan Spiegel Bobby Murphy and Reggie Brown 6 former students at Stanford University It is known for representing a mobile first direction for social media and places significant emphasis on users interacting with virtual stickers and augmented reality objects In July 2021 Snapchat had 293 million daily active users a 23 growth over a year 7 On average more than four billion Snaps are sent each day 8 Snapchat is popular among the younger generations particularly those below the age of 16 leading to many privacy concerns for parents Contents 1 History 1 1 Prototype 1 2 Growth 2 Features 2 1 Core functionality 2 1 1 Filters lenses and stickers 2 1 2 Friend emojis 2 2 Stories and Discover 2 2 1 Original video content 2 3 Encryption 3 Business and multimedia 3 1 Demographics 3 2 Communication 3 3 Monetization 3 4 Campaigns 3 5 Development platform 3 6 Snap Originals 4 Premium accounts and sexual content 5 Controversies 5 1 December 2013 hack 5 2 Federal Trade Commission 5 3 Windows app 5 4 Lens incidents 5 5 Poor Country remark 5 6 Pompliano Lawsuit 5 7 Snap Map privacy concerns 5 8 Rihanna controversy 5 9 Body image concerns 5 10 Snapchat employees abused data access to spy on users 5 11 Mozilla calls for public disclosures related to use of A I 5 12 Revenge porn 5 13 Illinois biometric data lawsuit 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistoryFor a chronological guide see Timeline of Snapchat Prototype According to documents and deposition statements Reggie Brown brought the idea for a disappearing pictures application to Evan Spiegel because Spiegel had prior business experience Brown and Spiegel then pulled in Bobby Murphy who had experience coding The three worked closely together for several months and launched Snapchat as Picaboo on the iOS operating system on July 8 2011 9 10 Reggie Brown was ousted from the company months after it was launched 11 12 The app was relaunched as Snapchat in September 2011 and the team focused on usability and technical aspects rather than branding efforts 13 One exception was the decision to keep a mascot designed by Brown Ghostface Chillah named after Ghostface Killah of the hip hop group Wu Tang Clan 13 On May 8 2012 Reggie Brown sent an email to Evan Spiegel during their senior year at Stanford in which he offered to re negotiate his equitable share regarding ownership of the company Lawyers for Snapchat claimed that Reggie Brown had made no contributions of value to the company and was therefore entitled to nothing 14 15 In September 2014 Brown settled with Spiegel and Murphy for 157 5 million 16 and was credited as one of the original authors of Snapchat 6 17 18 In their first blog post dated May 9 2012 CEO Evan Spiegel described the company s mission Snapchat isn t about capturing the traditional Kodak moment It s about communicating with the full range of human emotion not just what appears to be pretty or perfect 19 He presented Snapchat as the solution to stresses caused by the longevity of personal information on social media evidenced by emergency detagging of Facebook photos before job interviews and photoshopping blemishes out of candid shots before they hit the internet 19 Growth World map indicating Snapchat s core users by country in 2014 Map based on data from a report from Business Insider Intelligence 20 As of May 2012 25 Snapchat images were being sent per second 21 and as of November 2012 users had shared over one billion photos on the Snapchat iOS app with 20 million photos being shared per day 21 22 That same month Spiegel cited problems with user base scalability as the reason why Snapchat was experiencing some difficulties delivering its images known as snaps in real time 21 Snapchat was released as an Android app on October 29 2012 21 In June 2013 Snapchat version 5 0 dubbed Banquo was released for iOS The updated version introduced several speed and design enhancements including swipe navigation double tap to reply an improved friend finder and in app profiles 23 The name is a reference to the ghostly hero from Shakespeare s Macbeth a character in the play who is ultimately seen to be victorious over evil 24 Also in June 2013 Snapchat introduced Snapkidz for users under 13 years of age Snapkidz was part of the original Snapchat application and was activated when the user provided a date of birth to verify his her age Snapkidz allowed children to take snaps and draw on them but they could not send snaps to other users and could only save snaps locally on the device being used 25 According to Snapchat s published statistics as of May 2015 the app s users were sending 2 billion videos per day reaching 6 billion by November 26 By 2016 Snapchat had hit 10 billion daily video views 27 In May 2016 Snapchat raised 1 81 billion in equity offering suggesting strong investor interest in the company 28 By May 31 2016 the app had almost 10 million daily active users in the United Kingdom 29 In February 2017 Snapchat had 160 million daily active users 30 31 growing to 166 million in May 32 33 Investel Capital Corp a Canadian company sued Snapchat for infringement on its geofiltering patent in 2016 34 35 They were seeking monetary compensation and an order that would prohibit California based Snapchat from infringing on its patent in the future 36 Snapchat Spectacles Vending Machine at SXSW 2017 Austin Texas In September 2016 Snapchat Inc was renamed Snap Inc to coincide with the introduction of the company s first hardware product Spectacles smartglasses with a built in camera that can record 10 seconds of video at a time 37 On February 20 2017 Spectacles became available for purchase online 38 Snapchat announced a redesign in November 2017 39 which proved controversial with many of its followers CNBC s Ingrid Angulo listed some of the reasons why many disliked the update citing that sending a snap and re watching stories was more complicated stories and incoming snaps were now listed on the same page and that the Discover page now included featured and sponsored content 40 A tweet sent by Kylie Jenner in February 2018 which criticized the redesign of the Snapchat app 41 reportedly caused Snap Inc to lose more than 1 3 billion in market value 42 43 Over 1 2 million people signed a Change org petition asking the company to remove the new app update 44 In December 2019 App Annie announced Snapchat to be the 5th most downloaded mobile app of the decade The data includes figures for iOS downloads starting from 2010 and Android downloads starting from 2012 45 Snapchat acquired AI Factory a computer vision startup in January 2020 to give a boost to its video capabilities 46 In November 2020 Snapchat announced it would pay a total of 1 million a day to users who post viral videos The company has not stated the criteria for a video to be considered viral or how many people the payout would be split between The promotion called Snapchat Spotlight is intended to run until the end of the year although the company indicated it will continue if it s successful 47 In June 2022 Snapchat announced plans to launch Snapchat Plus a paid subscription model The subscription will give users early access to features the ability to change the app icon and see which users rewatch their stories 48 In July 2022 the company reported that they had 347 million daily active users an increase of 18 from the previous year 49 In August 2022 Snapchat announced that Snapchat Plus has more than 1 million subscribers as well as four new features to the subscription including priority replies post view emoji new Bitmoji content and new app icons 50 FeaturesCore functionality Snapchat is primarily used for creating multimedia messages referred to as snaps snaps can consist of a photo or a short video and can be edited to include filters and effects text captions and drawings 51 52 Snaps can be directed privately to selected contacts or to a semi public Story or a public Story called Our Story 53 The ability to send video snaps was added as a feature option in December 2012 By holding down on the photo button while inside the app a video of up to ten seconds in length can be captured Spiegel explained that this process allowed the video data to be compressed into the size of a photo 54 A later update allowed the ability to record up to 60 seconds but are still segmented into 10 second intervals After a single viewing the video disappears by default On May 1 2014 the ability to communicate via video chat was added Direct messaging features were also included in the update allowing users to send ephemeral text messages to friends and family while saving any needed information by clicking on it 55 56 According to CIO Snapchat uses real time marketing concepts and temporality to make the app appealing to users 57 According to Marketing Pro Snapchat attracts interest and potential customers by combining the AIDA marketing model with modern digital technology 58 Private message photo snaps can be viewed for a user specified length of time 1 to 10 seconds as determined by the sender before they become inaccessible Users were previously required to hold down on the screen in order to view a snap this behavior was removed in July 2015 59 The requirement to hold on the screen was intended to frustrate the ability to take screenshots of snaps the Snapchat app does not prevent screenshots from being taken but can notify the sender if it detects that it has been saved However these notifications can be bypassed through either unauthorized modifications to the app or by obtaining the image through external means 13 21 60 One snap per day can be replayed for free 61 In September 2015 Snapchat introduced the option to purchase additional replays through in app purchases 62 61 63 The ability to purchase extra replays was removed in April 2016 64 65 Friends can be added via usernames and phone contacts using customizable Snapcodes or through the Add Nearby function which scans for users near their location who are also in the Add Nearby menu 59 66 Spiegel explained that Snapchat is intended to counteract the trend of users being compelled to manage an idealized online identity of themselves which he says has taken all of the fun out of communicating 13 In November 2014 Snapchat introduced Snapcash a feature that lets users send and receive money to each other through private messaging The payments system is powered by Square 67 68 In July 2016 Snapchat introduced a new optional feature known as Memories Memories allow snaps and story posts to be saved into a private storage area where they can be viewed alongside other photos stored on the device as well as edited and published as snaps story posts or messages anytime When shared with a user s current story the memory would have a timestamp to indicate its age Content in the Memories storage area can be searched by date or using a local object recognition system Snaps accessible within Memories can additionally be placed into a My Eyes Only area that is locked with a Personal identification number PIN Snapchat has stated that the Memories feature was inspired by the practice of manually scrolling through photos on a phone to show them to others 69 In April 2017 the white border around old memories was removed While originally intended to let viewers know the material was old TechCrunch wrote that the indicator ended up annoying users who didn t want their snaps altered sometimes to the point where they would decide not to share the old content at all 70 71 In May 2017 an update made it possible to send snaps with unlimited viewing time 72 dropping the previous ten second maximum duration with the content disappearing after being deliberately closed by the recipient New creative tools namely the ability to draw with an emoji videos that play in a loop and an eraser that lets users remove objects in a photo with the app filling in the space with the background were also released 73 74 In July 2017 Snapchat started allowing users to add links to snaps enabling them to direct viewers to specific websites the feature was only available for brands previously Additionally the update added more creative tools A Backdrop feature lets users cut out a specific object from their photo and apply colorful patterns to it in order to bring greater emphasis to that object and Voice Filters enable users to remix the sounds of their voices in the snap Voice Filters was previously available as part of the feature enabling augmented reality lenses with the new update adding a dedicated speaker icon to remix the audio in any snap 75 76 In June 2020 Snap announced minis embeddable apps that live inside the parent Snap app 77 In August 2022 Snap launched the Family Center feature which allows parents to monitor the activity of their children ages 13 18 within the app 78 In February 2023 Snapchat launched My AI a custom chatbot offering Snapchat users access to a mobile version of the AI chatbot ChatGPT 79 Filters lenses and stickers Snaps can be personalized with various forms of visual effects and stickers Geofilters are graphical overlays available if the user is within a certain geographical location such as a city event or destination Users can design and create their own geofilters for personal events at a fee of 10 15 USD per hour They can also subscribe to an annual plan which ranges from 1 000 to 10 000 depending on the location for a permanent filter 80 81 A similar feature known as Geostickers was launched in 10 major cities in 2016 82 Bitmoji are stickers featuring personalized cartoon avatars which can be used in snaps and messaging 83 84 Bitmoji characters can also be used as World Lenses 85 The Lens feature introduced in September 2015 allows users to add real time effects into their snaps by using face detection technology This is activated by long pressing on a face within the viewfinder 86 In April 2017 Snapchat extended this feature into World Lenses which use augmented reality technology to integrate 3D rendered elements such as objects and animated characters into scenes these elements are placed and anchored in 3D space 87 88 On October 26 2018 at TwitchCon Snap launched the Snap Camera desktop application for macOS and Windows PCs which enables use of Snapchat lenses in videotelephony and live streaming services such as Skype Twitch YouTube and Zoom Snapchat also launched integration with Twitch including an in stream widget for Snapcodes the ability to offer lenses to stream viewers and as an incentive to channel subscribers Several video game themed lenses were also launched at this time including ones themed around League of Legends Overwatch and PlayerUnknown s Battlegrounds 89 90 In August 2020 Snapchat collaborated with four TikTok influencers to launch Augmented Reality AR lenses to create a more interactive experience with users The lenses now incorporate geo locational mapping techniques to incorporate digital overlays onto real world surfaces These lenses track 18 joints across the body to identify body movements and generate effects around the body of the user 91 Advertising is now also utilizing AR lenses that make users a part of the advert Coca Cola Pepsi and Taco Bell are just a select few of the brands now utilizing the tech on Snapchat Consumers no longer scroll past these adverts but become a part of them with AR lenses 92 In March 2022 Snapchat launched the ability to share YouTube videos as stickers The stickers function as clickable links that redirect users to a browser or the YouTube app 93 Friend emojis Friend emojis can be customized however the default emojis are listed below The snapscore which states the amount of snaps one has sent and received is recorded and is visible to one s friends If users tap their own score it shows the ratio of sent and received snaps the amount of snaps they have sent is on the right and the amount of snaps they have received is on the left these numbers combined are their Snapchat score 94 There are multiple synonyms for Snapchat score such as Snapchat points Snapscore Snap points and Snap Number 95 YouTube has a similar rewards system called Perks As incentive to send content regularly emoji icons will appear next to the names of contacts that the user frequently interacts with 96 Emoji Name Snapchat meaning Super BFF Appears next to the user s number 1 Best Friend when they are also their number 1 Best Friend for two months in a row BFF Best Friend Forever Appears next to the user s number 1 Best Friend when they are also their number 1 Best Friend for two weeks in a row Besties Appears next to the user s number 1 Best Friend when they are also their number 1 Best Friend BFs Appears next to one of the user s Best Friends Mutual Besties Appears next to someone when the user s number 1 Best Friend is also their number 1 Best Friend Mutual BFs Appears next to someone whom the user shares a best friend with Snapstreak Appears next to the number of days that the user and a friend have Snapped each other If the user and their friend do not both send a Snap within 24 hours they will lose their Snapstreak 97 Group Chat Appears next to all of the user s group chats Hourglass Appears next to someone s name if the user s Snapstreak is going to end soon Birthday Cake Appears next to someone when it is their birthday Stories and Discover In October 2013 Snapchat introduced the My Story feature which allows users to compile snaps into chronological storylines accessible to all of their friends 53 98 By June 2014 photo and video snaps presented to friends in the Stories functionality had surpassed person to person private snaps as the most frequently used function of the service with over one billion viewed per day double the daily views tallied in April 2014 99 In June 2014 the story feature was expanded to incorporate Our Stories which was then changed to Live Stories about a year later The feature allows users on location at specific events such as music festivals or sporting events to contribute snaps to a curated story advertised to all users showcasing a single event from multiple perspectives and viewpoints These curated snaps provided by the app s contributors and selected for the Live section could also be more localized but Snapchat eventually scaled back the more personal imaging streams in order to emphasize public events 100 101 102 103 104 105 An Official Stories designation was added in November 2015 to denote the public stories of notable figures and celebrities similar to Twitter s Verified account program 106 In January 2015 Snapchat introduced Discover an area containing channels of ad supported short form content from major publishers including BuzzFeed CNN ESPN Mashable People Vice and Snapchat itself among others 107 108 109 To address data usage concerns related to these functions a Travel Mode option was added in August 2015 When activated the feature prevents the automatic downloading of snaps until they are explicitly requested by the user 110 In October 2016 the app was updated to replace its auto advance functionality which automatically moved users from one story to the next with a Story Playlist feature letting users select thumbnails of users in the list to play only selected stories 111 112 In January 2017 Snapchat revamped its design adding search functionality and a new global live Our Story feature to which any user can contribute 113 In May 2017 Snapchat introduced Custom Stories letting users collaboratively make stories combining their captures 114 115 In June 2017 Snap Map was introduced which allows users to optionally share their location with friends A map display accessible from the viewfinder can be used to locate stories based on location data supporting the use of Bitmoji as place markers Entering a Ghost Mode hides the user from the map 116 117 The function is based on the app Zenly which was acquired by Snap Inc prior to its launch 118 The map data is supplied from OpenStreetMap and Mapbox while satellite imagery comes from DigitalGlobe 119 In February 2020 Snapchat released a Discover cartoon series called Bitmoji TV which will star users avatars 120 Original video content The Wall Street Journal reported in May 2017 that Snap Inc the company developing Snapchat had signed deals with NBCUniversal A amp E Networks BBC ABC Metro Goldwyn Mayer and other content producers to develop original shows for viewing through Snapchat s Stories format According to the report Snap hoped to have several new shows available on a daily basis with each show lasting between three and five minutes and the company has sent out detailed reports to its partners on how to produce content for Snapchat Over 2017 and 2018 Snap and partners launched several shows 121 122 123 In 2018 Snapchat and Vertical Networks Snapchat Publisher Story created a show called My Ex BFF Court which is a spoof of daytime TV fare like the typical court shows we watch for example Divorce Court in which two ex friends try to fix their problems Who ever is guilty gets a funny sentence Each episode is hosted by Judge Matteo Lane who is also known as Matthew Lane 124 In 2018 Snapchat Vertical Networks made a deal with Fox to make a television version of the dating reality show Phone Swap 125 In 2018 Snapchat got a new show called How Low Will You Go that was created by Above Average Productions and NBC 126 Example Snapchat snap on a smartphone In contrast to other messaging apps Spiegel described Snapchat s messaging functions as being conversational rather than transactional as they sought to replicate the conversations he engaged in with friends Spiegel stated that he did not experience conversational interactions while using the products of competitors like iMessage 55 Rather than a traditional online notification a blue pulsing here button is displayed within the sender s chat window if the recipient is currently viewing their own chat window When this button is held down a video chat function is immediately launched 55 By default messages disappear after they are read and a notification is sent to the recipient only when they start to type 55 Users can also use messages to reply to snaps that are part of a story 127 The video chat feature uses technology from AddLive a real time communications provider that Snapchat acquired prior to the feature s launch 128 In regards to the Here indicator Spiegel explained that the accepted notion of an online indicator that every chat service has is really a negative indicator It means my friend is available and doesn t want to talk to you versus this idea in Snapchat where my friend is here and is giving you their full attention Spiegel further claimed that the Here video function prevents the awkwardness that can arise from apps that use typing indicators because with text communication conversations lose their fluidity as each user tries to avoid typing at the same time 55 On March 29 2016 Snapchat launched a major revision of the messaging functionality known as Chat 2 0 adding stickers easier access to audio and video conferencing the ability to leave audio or video notes and the ability to share recent camera photos The implementation of these features are meant to allow users to easily shift between text audio and video chat as needed while retaining an equal level of functionality 129 In June 2018 Snapchat added the feature of deleting a sent message including audio video and text before it is read 130 131 A feature introduced in August 2018 allows users to send Musical GIFs TuneMojis 132 133 In August 2022 Snap Inc announced it would discontinue all original scripted content with no plans to continue work in this direction 134 Encryption In January 2018 Snapchat introduced the use of end to end encryption in the application but only for snaps pictures and video according to a Snapchat security engineer presenting at the January 2019 Real World Crypto Conference 135 136 137 As of the January 2019 conference Snapchat had plans to introduce end to end encryption for text messages and group chats in the future 138 Business and multimediaDemographics From its earliest days Snapchat s main demographic has consisted of the Generation Z age group On the app store the age classification is 12 139 In 2014 researchers from the University of Washington and Seattle Pacific University designed a user survey to help understand how and why the application was being used The researchers originally hypothesized that due to the ephemeral nature of Snapchat messages its use would be predominantly for privacy sensitive content including the much talked about potential use for sexual content and sexting 140 However it appears that Snapchat is used for a variety of creative purposes that are not necessarily privacy related at all 140 In the study only 1 6 of respondents reported using Snapchat primarily for sexting although 14 2 admitted to having sent sexual content via Snapchat at some point 140 These findings suggest that users do not seem to utilize Snapchat for sensitive content Rather the primary use for Snapchat was found to be for comedic content such as stupid faces with 59 8 of respondents reporting this use most commonly 140 The researchers also determined how Snapchat users do not use the application and what types of content they are not willing to send They found that the majority of users are not willing to send content classified as sexting 74 8 of respondents photos of documents 85 0 of respondents messages containing legally questionable content 86 6 of respondents or content considered mean or insulting 93 7 of respondents 140 The study results also suggested that Snapchat s success is not due to its security properties but because the users found the application to be fun The researchers found that users seem to be well aware 79 4 of respondents that recovering snaps is possible and a majority of users 52 8 of respondents report that this does not affect their behavior and use of Snapchat 140 Many users 52 8 of respondents were found to use an arbitrary timeout length on snaps regardless of the content type or recipient The remaining respondents were found to adjust their snaps timeout depending on the content or the recipient 140 Reasons for adjusting the time length of snaps included the level of trust and relationship with the recipient the time needed to comprehend the snap and avoiding screenshots 140 Communication Snapchat has often been seen to represent a new direction in social media with its users craving a more in the moment way of sharing and communicating via technology With less emphasis on the accumulation of an ongoing status involving the presence of permanent material Snapchat put the focus on the ephemeral nature of fleeting encounters 141 Building on this distinction by launching as a mobile first company Snapchat in the midst of the app revolution and the growing presence of cellular communication did not have to make the transition to mobile in the way other competing social media networks had to do Evan Spiegel himself described Snapchat as primarily a camera company 142 143 Spiegel also dismissed past comparisons to other social media networks such as Facebook and Twitter when he was asked if the 2016 presidential race was going to be remembered as the Snapchat election although major candidates did occasionally use the app to reach voters 144 Nevertheless the growing mobile app moved to offer distinct publication media and news content within its Discover channel as well as with its overall style of presentation With Snapchat a clear and identifiable line was drawn between brand content and user based messaging and sharing once again distinguishing the popular app from other social media networks which typically have blended and blurred their different varieties of content 145 Monetization Snapchat s developing features embody a deliberate strategy of monetization Snapchat announced its then upcoming advertising efforts on October 17 2014 when it acknowledged its need for a revenue stream 146 The company stated that it wanted to evaluate if we can deliver an experience that s fun and informative the way ads used to be before they got creepy and targeted 147 Snapchat s first paid advertisement in the form of a 20 second movie trailer for the horror film Ouija was shown to users on October 19 2014 148 149 In January 2015 Snapchat began making a shift from focusing on growth to monetization The company launched its Discover feature which allowed for paid advertising by presenting short form content from publishers Its initial launch partners included CNN Comedy Central ESPN and Food Network among others 108 109 150 In June 2015 Snapchat announced that it would allow advertisers to purchase sponsored geofilters for snaps an early customer of the offering was McDonald s who paid for a branded geofilter covering its restaurant locations in the United States 80 Snapchat made a push to earn ad revenue from its Live Stories feature in 2015 after initially launching the feature in 2014 Ad placements can be sold within a live story or a story can be pitched by a sponsor Live stories are estimated to reach an average of 20 million viewers in a 24 hour span 103 Campaigns In September 2015 the service entered into a partnership with the National Football League to present live stories from selected games including a Sunday game and marquee games such as Monday Night Football and Thursday Night Football with both parties contributing content and handling ad sales 103 151 The 2015 Internet Trends Report by Mary Meeker highlighted the significant growth of vertical video viewing Vertical video ads like Snapchat s are watched in their entirety nine times more than landscape video ads 152 In 2016 Gatorade came out with an animated filter as part of the Super Bowl ads in 2016 153 The dunk lens of Gatorade received 165 million views on Snapchat 154 In April 2016 NBC Olympics announced that it had reached a deal with Snapchat to allow stories from the 2016 Summer Olympics to be featured on Snapchat in the United States The content would include a behind the scenes Discover channel curated by BuzzFeed a company which NBCUniversal has funded and stories featuring a combination of footage from NBC athletes and attendees NBC sold advertising and entered into revenue sharing agreements This marked the first time NBC allowed Olympics footage to be featured on third party property 155 In May 2016 as part of a campaign to promote X Men Apocalypse 20th Century Fox paid for the entire array of lenses to be replaced by those based on characters from the X Men series and films for a single day 156 In July 2016 it was reported that Snapchat had submitted a patent application for the process of using an object recognition system to deliver sponsored filters based on objects seen in a camera view 157 Later that year in September 2016 Snapchat released its first hardware product called the Spectacles Evan Spiegel CEO of Snap Inc called it a toy but saw it as an upside to freeing his app from smartphone cameras 158 In April 2017 Digiday reported that Snapchat would launch a self service manager for advertising on the platform 159 The feature launched the following month alongside news of a Snapchat Mobile Dashboard for tracking ad campaigns which rolled out in June to select countries 160 Also in 2017 Snapchat introduced a Snap to Store advertising tool that lets companies using geostickers to track whether users buy their product or visit their store in a 7 day period after seeing the relevant geosticker 161 162 On November 13 2018 Snapchat announced the launch of the Snap Store where they sell Bitmoji merchandise personalized by avatars from users and their friends Items for sale include shirts mugs shower curtains and phone cases 163 Development platform In June 2018 Snapchat announced a new third party development platform known as Snap Kit a suite of components that allows partners to provide third party integrations with aspects of the service Login Kit is a social login platform that utilizes Snapchat accounts It was promoted as being more privacy conscious than competing equivalents as services are only able to receive the user s display name and optionally a Bitmoji avatar and are subject to a 90 day inactivity timeout preventing them from being able to collect any further personal information or social graphs through their authorization Creative Kit allows apps to generate their own stickers to overlay into Snapchat posts Story Kit can be used to embed and aggregate publicly posted stories with for example Bandsintown using Story Kit to aggregate stories posted by musicians while Bitmoji Kit allows Bitmoji stickers to be integrated into third party apps 164 Snap Originals Main article List of Snapchat original programming In response to industry competition from streaming platforms such as Netflix Snapchat announced in late 2018 that it would diversify its content by launching Snap Originals episodic content including both scripted shows and documentaries 165 166 167 In June 2020 Snapchat announced the creation of its first ever shoppable original show called The Drop which focused on exclusive streetwear collage from celebrities and designers Each episode explored the relationship between the designer and celebrity collaborator Viewers would learn about the item for sale and how it came together as well as what time that day the item would go up for sale Later that day at the aforementioned time the episode would be updated with more content that included a swipe up to buy action 168 All projects related to original programming were ended in August 2022 134 Premium accounts and sexual contentIn 2014 Snapchat introduced a new feature called Snapcash which spurred its popularity among adult content creators 169 170 Snapchat allows private premium accounts in which users can monetize their content 171 This feature is mostly used by models to monetize their adult content 171 Snapchat is increasingly becoming an integral part of the online porn industry 171 ControversiesDecember 2013 hack Snapchat was hacked on December 31 2013 172 173 Gibson Security an Australian security firm had disclosed an API security vulnerability to the company on August 27 2013 174 175 and then made public the source code for the exploit on December 25 176 177 On December 27 Snapchat announced that it had implemented mitigating features 178 Nonetheless an anonymous group hacked them saying that the mitigating features presented only minor obstacles 179 180 The hackers revealed parts of approximately 4 6 million Snapchat usernames and phone numbers on a website named SnapchatDB info 173 181 182 and sent a statement to the popular technology blog TechCrunch saying that their objective had been to raise public awareness and put public pressure on Snapchat to fix the vulnerability 181 Snapchat apologized a week after the hack 183 Federal Trade Commission In 2014 Snapchat settled a complaint made by the US Federal Trade Commission FTC The government agency alleged that the company had exaggerated to the public the degree to which mobile app images and photos could actually be made to disappear Under the terms of the agreement Snapchat was not fined but the app service agreed to have its claims and policies monitored by an independent party for a period of 20 years The FTC concluded that Snapchat was prohibited from misrepresenting the extent to which it maintains the privacy security or confidentiality of users information 184 Following the agreement Snapchat updated its privacy page to state that the company can t guarantee that messages will be deleted within a specific timeframe 185 Even after Snapchat deletes message data from their servers that same data may remain in backup for a certain period of time 185 In a public blog post the service warned that If you ve ever tried to recover lost data after accidentally deleting a drive or maybe watched an episode of CSI you might know that with the right forensic tools it s sometimes possible to retrieve data after it has been deleted 186 Windows app In November 2014 Snapchat announced a crackdown on third party apps of its service and their users Users of the Windows Phone platform were affected as Snapchat did not have an official client for it but numerous third party apps existed most popularly one called 6snap In December Microsoft was forced to remove 6snap and all other third party apps of Snapchat from the Windows Phone Store Snapchat however did not develop an official app for the platform leaving its users on the platform behind 187 A petition from users requesting an official Snapchat app reached 43 000 signatures in 2015 but the company still refused to respond and to build an app for Windows Phone 188 Snapchat was criticized once again later in 2015 when it did not develop an app for Microsoft s Universal Windows Platform UWP 189 Lens incidents In September 2015 an 18 year old was using a Snapchat feature called Lens to record the speed she was driving her Mercedes C230 when she crashed into a Mitsubishi Outlander in Hampton Georgia The 107 mph 172 km h crash injured both drivers The driver of the Outlander spent five weeks in intensive care while he was treated for severe traumatic brain injury In April 2016 the Outlander driver sued both Snapchat and the user of Snapchat alleging that Snapchat knew its application was being used in unlawful speed contests yet did nothing to prevent such use so is negligent 190 In October 2016 a similar collision occurred while a 22 year old was driving at 115 mph 185 km h in Tampa Florida killing five people 191 192 Poor Country remark According to former Snapchat employee Anthony Pompliano in a lawsuit filed against Snap Inc Spiegel made a statement in 2015 that Snapchat is only for rich people and that he does not want to expand into poor countries like India and Spain 193 The incident sparked a Twitter trend called UninstallSnapchat in which Indian users uninstalled the app 194 and caused backlash against the company including a large number of low one star ratings for the app in the Google Play Store and Apple s App Store 195 196 Snapchat s shares fell by 1 5 197 In response to the allegation Snapchat called Pompliano s claim ridiculous and elaborated that Obviously Snapchat is for everyone It s available worldwide to download for free 196 Pompliano Lawsuit In January 2017 former employee Anthony Pompliano filed a state lawsuit accusing Snapchat of doctoring growth metrics with the intention of deceiving investors Pompliano said that CEO Evan Spiegel was dismissive of his concerns and that Pompliano was fired shortly thereafter The judge dropped Pompliano s claims that Snapchat violated the Dodd Frank and Consumer Protection Acts in retaliation against him citing an arbitration clause in his contract 198 However Snap Inc faced blowback over a lack of disclosure regarding the contents of the lawsuit resulting in plunging stock prices several class action lawsuits and Federal investigations 199 Snap Map privacy concerns The June 2017 release of Snap Map a feature that broadcasts the user s location on a map was met with concerns over privacy and safety The feature through an opt in delivers a message asking if the user would like to show their position on the map but reportedly does not explain the ramifications of doing so including that the app updates the user s position on the map each time the app is opened and not just when actively capturing snaps potentially assisting stalkers The map can be zoomed in to feature detailed geographical information such as street addresses 200 The Daily Telegraph reported that police forces had issued child safety warnings 201 while other media publications wrote that safety concerns were also raised for teenagers and adults unaware of the feature s actual behavior 200 202 In a statement to The Verge a Snapchat spokesperson said that The safety of our community is very important to us and we want to make sure that all Snapchatters parents and educators have accurate information about how the Snap Map works 200 Users have the ability to operate in Ghost Mode or select the friends that they wish to share their location with Although there has been an increase in advertising on Snapchat Snapchat has stated that they do not plan on running ads on Snap Map stories Rihanna controversy In March 2018 an advertisement containing a poll about Rihanna was posted stating Would you rather punch Chris Brown or slap Rihanna 203 Rihanna tweeted that Snapchat was insensitive to domestic violence victims and urged fans to delete Snapchat 204 Body image concerns The increased use of body and facial reshaping applications such as Snapchat and Facetune has been identified as a potential cause of body dysmorphic disorder In August 2018 researchers from the Boston Medical Center wrote in a JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery essay that a phenomenon they called Snapchat dysmorphia had been identified where people request surgery to look like the edited version of themselves as they appear through Snapchat Filters 205 Snapchat employees abused data access to spy on users In May 2019 it was revealed that multiple Snapchat employees used an internal tool called SnapLion originally designed to gather data in compliance with law enforcement requests to spy on users 206 Mozilla calls for public disclosures related to use of A I Citing vague broad language in Snapchat s privacy policy Mozilla issued a September 2019 petition calling for public disclosures related to the app s use of facial emotion recognition technology 207 When reached for comment by Scientific American representatives for Snapchat declined to share a public response 208 Revenge porn During the 2020 lockdown to inhibit the spread of COVID 19 in France the app emerged as a hub for the dissemination of revenge porn of underage girls 209 In 2020 a woman in North Carolina sued Snapchat as well as dating app Tinder and the five men named in the attack 210 claiming features of the app enabled her alleged rapist and his friends to hide evidence of the rape In particular the suit alleges that because of the ways Snapchat is and has been designed constructed marketed and maintained the woman s assailants were able to send these nonconsensual pornographic photographs and videos of her with little to no threat of law enforcement verifying that they did so 211 The woman told the court that parent company Snap Inc specifically and purposely designed constructed and maintained Snapchat to serve as a secretive and nefarious communications platform that encourages solicits and facilitates the creation and dissemination of illicit and non consensual sexually explicit content and allowed Snapchat to operate as a safe haven from law enforcement 212 Illinois biometric data lawsuit Snapchat was the subject of a class action lawsuit from the state of Illinois alleging that the company violated the Biometric Information Privacy Act by collecting and storing biometric data on Illinois residents who used the app s filters and lenses without providing a written explanation on why the data was recorded and what its term of storage would be The company opted to settle the lawsuit with a 35 million payout 213 See alsoComparison of cross platform instant messaging clients IBeer Instagram face Picsart Purikura Japanese photo sticker booths which had earlier used Snapchat like filters 214 215 Sobrr another mobile application which deletes content after a specified time Yahoo Yo app Yubo Timeline of social mediaReferences a b https www apkmirror com apk snap inc snapchat https apps apple com app id447188370 Snapchat Google Play Snapchat App Store Snapchat App Store a b Gillette Felix September 10 2014 Snapchat Reaches Settlement With Its Disappearing Co Founder Bloomberg L P Retrieved April 27 2017 Lee Nicole July 22 2021 Snapchat just announced its largest user growth in years Engadget Retrieved July 22 2021 Snap Inc Announces First Quarter 2020 Financial Results investor snap com Retrieved April 26 2020 Edwards Jim February 3 2017 The alleged betrayal described 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Map TechCrunch AOL Retrieved June 23 2017 Welch Chris June 21 2017 Snapchat s new Snap Map lets you share your location with friends The Verge Vox Media Retrieved June 23 2017 Constine Josh June 21 2017 Snapchat acquires social map app Zenly for 250M to 350M TechCrunch AOL Retrieved June 23 2017 Rollison Damian July 10 2017 Snapchat Expands Its Foray Into Local with Snap Map Street Fight Retrieved September 22 2017 Snapchat will launch Bitmoji TV a personalized cartoon show TechCrunch December 29 2019 Retrieved December 29 2019 Ramachandran Shalini May 4 2017 Media Companies Line Up to Make Shows for Snap TV The Wall Street Journal Retrieved July 7 2017 subscription required Fingas Roger May 4 2017 Snap signs major network deals for Snapchat TV shows AppleInsider Retrieved July 7 2017 Broussard Mitchel May 4 2017 Snapchat Plans Original TV Shows Lasting 3 5 Minutes Each Partners Include ABC HGTV and More MacRumors Retrieved July 7 2017 Spangler Todd November 14 2018 Snapchat to Bow My Ex BFF Court Parody Series from Elisabeth Murdoch s Vertical Networks Variety Retrieved August 23 2022 Andreeva Nellie May 7 2018 Phone Swap Fox TV Stations Set Summer Run For Snapchat Dating Show From Elisabeth Murdoch s Company Deadline Retrieved September 26 2022 Above Average Steers Focus to Original Comedy Series for TV Digital Services www yahoo com Retrieved September 3 2022 Newton Casey November 13 2015 Snapchat introduces a lens store to adorn your selfies with 99 cent filters The Verge Vox Media Retrieved April 10 2017 Hamburger Ellis May 2 2014 Snapchat made a secret acquisition to power its new video chat The Verge Vox Media Retrieved April 10 2017 Newton Casey March 29 2016 Snapchat redesigns chat to add stickers audio and video notes The Verge Vox Media Retrieved April 10 2017 Snapchat now lets you delete unopened sent messages The Verge Retrieved June 12 2018 Snapchat update lets you delete sent messages Spectacles hit Amazon com 9to5Mac June 11 2018 Retrieved June 12 2018 You can now send musical GIFs to Snapchat Business Insider Retrieved August 27 2018 You can now send music GIFs in Snapchat with TuneMoji Evening Standard Retrieved August 27 2018 a b Heath Alex August 31 2022 Snap is canceling several projects and laying off 20 percent of employees The Verge Retrieved August 31 2022 Snapchat adds end to end encryption to protect users messages The Telegraph January 10 2019 Archived from the original on January 10 2022 Retrieved June 4 2020 Catch Me if You Can An Account Based End to end Encryption for 1 1 Snaps PDF International Association for Cryptologic Research January 2019 Retrieved June 4 2020 Real World Crypto 2019 Day 1 Session 1 Morning part 1 YouTube January 9 2019 Retrieved June 4 2020 Finally Snapchat comes up with end to end encryption to secure users conversations and data Digital Information World January 11 2019 Retrieved June 4 2020 Pitch deck How Snapchat is selling itself to marketers Digiday Digiday August 4 2014 Retrieved May 16 2015 a b c d e f g h Roesner Franziska Gill Brian T Kohno Tadayoshi 2014 Sex Lies or Kittens Investigating the Use of Snapchat s Self Destructing Messages PDF Financial Cryptography and Data Security Conference Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8437 64 76 doi 10 1007 978 3 662 45472 5 5 ISBN 978 3 662 45471 8 Casey Johnston Snachat Instagram Stories And The Internet Of Forgetting Archived November 8 2020 at the Wayback Machine The New Yorker August 5 2016 Retrieved August 6 2016 Ben Basche Ghost in the machine Snapchat isn t mobile first it s something else entirely Archived November 1 2020 at the Wayback Machine ibtimes com July 28 2016 Retrieved August 6 2016 Sherrets D J April 30 2016 According to its cofounder and CEO Snapchat is mainly a camera company TechCrunch AOL Retrieved April 10 2017 Kerry Flynn Snapchat CEO Evan Spiegel To Stephen Colbert Despite GOP Embrace 2016 White House Race Definitely Not The Snapchat Election Archived August 15 2020 at the Wayback Machine ibtimes com October 1 2015 Retrieved August 6 2016 Matthew Hussey Snapchat s Discover channel is quietly ruining the social network Archived November 8 2020 at the Wayback Machine thenextweb com May 8 2016 Retrieved August 6 2016 Sloane Garett October 17 2014 Snapchat Says Ads Are Coming This Weekend We Need the Money Adweek Beringer Capital Retrieved June 20 2017 Dredge Stuart October 20 2014 Snapchat messaging app gets its first ad and it s very creepy The Guardian Retrieved June 20 2017 Bell Karissa October 19 2014 Snapchat Freaks Out Users With First Ad for Ouija Mashable Retrieved June 20 2017 Graser Marc October 19 2014 Snapchat Scares Up Advertising Business with Ouija Variety Penske Media Corporation Retrieved June 20 2017 Shontell Alyson March 12 2015 Advertisers are supposedly paying insanely high rates to get their ads on Snapchat Business Insider Axel Springer SE Retrieved April 10 2017 Wagner Kurt September 17 2015 Snapchat Inks NFL Deal to Bring Football Into Its Live Stories Recode Vox Media Retrieved April 10 2017 2015 Internet Trends Kleiner Perkins Retrieved August 24 2018 Gatorade Lens Snapchat Snapchat Archived from the original on November 18 2018 Retrieved March 18 2018 Gatorade s Super Bowl Snapchat filter got 160 million impressions DIGIDAY UK Garett Sloane February 18 2016 Retrieved March 18 2018 Snapchat Scores Unique Deal With NBC to Showcase Olympics Bloomberg com April 29 2016 Retrieved April 30 2016 Johnson Lauren May 23 2016 20th Century Fox Buys First Snapchat Lens Takeover Ad Adweek Beringer Capital Retrieved June 20 2017 Vincent James July 18 2016 Snapchat applies for patent to serve ads by recognizing objects in your snaps The Verge Vox Media Retrieved April 10 2017 Snapchat launches camera sunglasses and they re very expensive Latest Gadgets Latest Gadgets September 24 2016 Retrieved June 13 2018 Dua Tanya April 17 2017 Snapchat is launching a self serve platform for Snap ads Digiday Retrieved June 20 2017 Constine Josh May 4 2017 Snapchat launches self serve ad manager TechCrunch AOL Retrieved June 20 2017 Carman Ashley April 13 2017 Snapchat advertisers can now track whether custom geofilters get you to buy their product The Verge Vox Media Retrieved April 13 2017 Johnson Lauren Snap Advertisers Can Now See If Their Ads Increase Foot Traffic Adweek Beringer Capital Retrieved April 13 2017 Newton Casey November 13 2018 Your Snapchat friendships now have their own profiles and merchandise The Verge Retrieved November 14 2018 Snapchat launches privacy safe Snap Kit the un Facebook platform TechCrunch June 14 2018 Retrieved April 25 2019 Constine Josh October 10 2018 Snapchat becomes the mobile HBO with 12 daily scripted Original shows TechCrunch Retrieved February 29 2020 Snap Originals channel Youtube Retrieved February 29 2020 Snaporiginals SnapChat Retrieved February 29 2020 Spangler Todd June 23 2020 Snapchat Announces First Shoppable Show The Drop to Sell Limited Edition Streetwear Variety Retrieved June 24 2020 Lorenz Taylor Porn stars have started selling 10 second videos on Snapchat using a new payment feature Business Insider Bilton Nick February 25 2015 Strippers Go Undercover on Snapchat The New York Times a b c Rodriguez Salvador September 15 2019 Subscription porn gains popularity as new apps let models sell directly to their fans CNBC Snapchat In theory you could hack Oh Crap is that 4 6 million users details The Register Retrieved January 3 2014 a b Peckham Matt January 2 2014 How to Survive the Snapchat Hack and Others TIME Retrieved January 3 2014 Blue Violet August 28 2013 Snapchat names aliases and phone numbers obtainable via Android and iOS APIs say researchers Archived September 23 2020 at the Wayback Machine ZDNet Retrieved on March 21 2014 Snapchat Security Disclosure Gibson Security Retrieved January 3 2014 Blue Violet December 25 2013 Researchers publish Snapchat code allowing phone number matching after exploit disclosures ignored Archived November 12 2020 at the Wayback Machine ZDNet Retrieved on March 21 2014 Snapchat GSFD Archived December 1 2020 at the Wayback Machine Gibsonsec org Retrieved on March 21 2014 Constine Josh December 27 2013 Snapchat Downplays Phone Number Matching Hack Says It s Added New Counter Measures TechCrunch AOL Retrieved April 10 2017 Shu Catherine December 31 2013 Confirmed Snapchat Hack Not A Hoax 4 6M Usernames And Numbers Published TechCrunch AOL Retrieved April 10 2017 Skillings Jon January 1 2014 Overexposed Snapchat user info from 4 6M accounts CNET CBS Interactive Retrieved April 10 2017 a b Snapchat hack Users wonder whether their snaps are safe San Jose Mercury News Retrieved January 3 2014 Snapchat hack leaks 4 6m users details The Telegraph Archived from the original on January 10 2022 Retrieved January 3 2014 Bushey Ryan January 9 2014 Snapchat Finally Apologizes After 4 6 Million User Phone Numbers Leak Here s How To Make Sure It Doesn t Happen Again Business Insider Axel Springer SE Retrieved April 10 2017 Andrea Peterson Snapchat agrees to settle FTC charges that it deceived users Archived September 22 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post May 8 2014 Retrieved August 16 2016 a b Snapchat Privacy Policy Retrieved February 22 2015 How Snaps Are Stored And Deleted Snapchat Blog Snapchat May 9 2013 Archived from the original on July 8 2013 Retrieved July 21 2013 Russell Jon December 22 2014 Microsoft Removes All Third Party Snapchat Apps From The Windows Phone Store Retrieved September 10 2022 Ron Snapchat For Windows Phone Petition Now Has Over 43 Thousand Signatures OnMSFT com Retrieved March 25 2021 Snap Camera for Windows 10 and MacOS released by Snapchat October 28 2018 Rogers Katie May 3 2016 Snapchat at 107 M P H Lawsuit Blames Teenager and Snapchat The New York Times Retrieved October 30 2016 Snapchat Video Shows Driver Speeding at 115 mph Before Deadly Crash NBC News October 31 2016 Retrieved October 31 2016 SnapChat video clocks car going 115 mph before deadly Hillsborough crash WFLA October 28 2016 Retrieved December 13 2022 Maddaus Gene April 11 2017 Snapchat CEO Said This App Is Only for Rich People Ex Employee Alleges Variety Penske Media Corporation Retrieved April 24 2017 Hinchcliffe Emma April 15 2017 UninstallSnapchat is taking off in India after an allegedly terrible comment from Snap s CEO Mashable Retrieved April 24 2017 Snapchat s App Rating Takes A Massive Hit On Play Store Thanks To Poor Indians Spokesperson Issues Clarification The Times of India The Times Group April 16 2017 Retrieved April 24 2017 a b Safi Michael April 17 2017 Snapchat denies claim CEO did not want to expand into poor India The Guardian Retrieved April 24 2017 Randewich Noel Ingram David April 17 2017 Snap stock falls as alleged CEO comments rile some on social media Reuters Thomson Reuters Retrieved April 24 2017 Maddaus Gene April 11 2018 Judge Shuts Down Snapchat Whistleblower s Lawsuit Variety Retrieved March 12 2020 Snap s Board Facing Blowback for Not Disclosing Whistle Blower Lawsuit in IPO The Hollywood Reporter April 22 2019 Retrieved March 12 2020 a b c Deahl Dani June 23 2017 Snapchat s newest feature is also its biggest privacy threat The Verge Vox Media Retrieved June 30 2017 Field Matthew June 23 2017 Police issue child safety warning over Snapchat maps update that reveals users locations The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on January 10 2022 Retrieved June 30 2017 Salon Olivia June 23 2017 Snapchat s new map feature raises fears of stalking and bullying The Guardian Retrieved June 30 2017 Land Cady March 15 2018 Shame on You Rihanna Calls Out Snapchat for Ad Making Light of Domestic Violence time com Retrieved June 22 2018 Reuters Editorial Rihanna urges fans to delete Snapchat after ad mocking assault by U S Retrieved July 1 2018 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a author has generic name help MEDICAL CENTER BOSTON A new reality for beauty standards How selfies and filters affect body image eurekalert the American Association for the Advancement of Science AAAS Retrieved February 4 2019 Cox Joseph May 23 2019 Snapchat Employees Abused Data Access to Spy on Users Vice Is Snap stealing our feelings Mozilla Foundation Retrieved January 26 2020 Bushwick Sophie This Video Watches You Back Scientific American Retrieved January 26 2020 Harcelement sexuel avec le confinement le retour en force des comptes fisha sur les reseaux sociaux Le Monde fr in French April 7 2020 Retrieved April 8 2020 Brown Joel January 10 2020 Raleigh rape survivor speaks out after filing suit against Tinder Snapchat ABC11 Raleigh Durham Billman Jeffrey C January 9 2020 Woman Whose Sexual Assault Story Helped Change N C Consent Law Sues Tinder Snapchat Over Revenge Porn INDY week Brown Joel January 10 2020 Raleigh woman sues Snapchat Tinder alleging companies helped hide evidence of her rape ABC11 Raleigh Durham Retrieved April 21 2020 Sato Mia August 24 2022 Snap agrees to 35 million settlement over privacy lawsuit The Verge Retrieved August 24 2022 Video Japan s Purikura Photo Booths Offer Snapchat Like Filters NPR July 3 2017 Retrieved September 19 2019 How playing Puri paved the way for Snapchat BBC November 23 2018 Retrieved September 16 2019 Further readingKosoff Maya February 22 2015 2 dozen millennials explain why they re obsessed with Snapchat and how they use it Business Insider Axel Springer SE Retrieved April 10 2017 External links Media related to Snapchat at Wikimedia Commons Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Snapchat amp oldid 1143411760, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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