fbpx
Wikipedia

Rodeo

Rodeo (/ˈrdi, rəˈd/) is a competitive equestrian sport that arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain and Mexico, expanding throughout the Americas and to other nations. It was originally based on the skills required of the working vaqueros and later, cowboys, in what today is the western United States, western Canada, and northern Mexico. Today, it is a sporting event that involves horses and other livestock, designed to test the skill and speed of the cowboys and cowgirls. American-style professional rodeos generally comprise the following events: tie-down roping, team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc riding, bareback bronc riding, bull riding and barrel racing. The events are divided into two basic categories: the rough stock events and the timed events. Depending on sanctioning organization and region, other events such as breakaway roping, goat tying, and pole bending may also be a part of some rodeos. The "world's first public cowboy contest" was held on July 4, 1883, in Pecos, Texas, between cattle driver Trav Windham and roper Morg Livingston.[1]

Rodeo
Bucking horse at the Calgary Stampede in 2002
Highest governing bodyProfessional Rodeo Cowboys Association
First played1869
Characteristics
Team membersNo
Mixed-sexYes
TypeIndoor or Outdoor

American rodeo, particularly popular today throughout the western United States, and in the Canadian province of Alberta, is the official state sport of Wyoming, South Dakota, and Texas. The iconic silhouette image of a "Bucking Horse and Rider" is a federal and state-registered trademark of the State of Wyoming.[2]

In the United States, professional rodeos are governed and sanctioned by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) and Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA), while other associations govern assorted children's, high school, collegiate, and other amateur or semi-professional rodeos. Associations also exist for Native Americans and other minority groups. The traditional season for competitive rodeo runs from spring through fall, while the modern professional rodeo circuit runs longer, and concludes with the PRCA National Finals Rodeo (NFR) in Las Vegas, Nevada, currently held every December.[3]

Rodeo has provoked opposition from animal rights and some animal welfare advocates, who argue that various competitions constitute animal cruelty. The American rodeo industry has made progress in improving the welfare of rodeo animals, with specific requirements for veterinary care and other regulations that protect rodeo animals. However, some local and state governments in North America have banned or restricted rodeos, certain rodeo events, or types of equipment. Internationally, rodeo is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands,[4] with other European nations placing restrictions on certain practices.

Etymology

The American English word rodeo is taken directly from Spanish rodeo ([roˈðe.o]), which roughly translates into English as 'round up'.[5]

The Spanish word is derived from the verb rodear, meaning 'to surround' or 'go around', used to refer to "a pen for cattle at a fair or market", derived from the Latin rota or rotare, meaning 'to rotate or go around'.[6][7]

In Spanish America, the rodeo was the process that was used by vaqueros to gather cattle for various purposes, such as moving them to new pastures, separating the cattle owned by different ranchers, or gathering in preparation for slaughter (matanza). The yearly rodeos for separating the cattle were overseen by the Juez del Campo, who decided all questions of ownership.[8] The term was also used to refer to exhibitions of skills used in the working rodeo. This evolved from these yearly gatherings where festivities were held and horsemen could demonstrate their equestrian skills. It was this latter usage which was adopted into the cowboy tradition of the United States and Canada.[9]

The term rodeo was first used in English in approximately 1834 to refer to a cattle round-up. Today the word is used primarily to refer to a public exhibition of cowboy skills, usually in the form of a competitive event.[6]

History

 
Branding calves, 1888
 
Exhibition riding in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

Many rodeo events were based on the tasks required by cattle ranching. The working cowboy developed skills to fit the needs of the terrain and climate of the American west, and there were many regional variations. The skills required to manage cattle and horses date back to the Spanish traditions of the vaquero.

Early rodeo-like affairs of the 1820s and 1830s were informal events in the western United States and northern Mexico with cowboys and vaqueros testing their work skills against one another.[10][11] Following the American Civil War, rodeo competitions emerged, with the first held in Deer Trail, Colorado, in 1869.[12][13][14][15][16] Prescott, Arizona, claimed the distinction of holding the first professional rodeo, as it charged admission and awarded trophies in 1888.[17] Between 1890 and 1910, rodeos became public entertainment, sometimes combined Wild West shows featuring individuals such as Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, and other charismatic stars.[11] By 1910, several major rodeos were established in western North America, including the Calgary Stampede, the Pendleton Round-Up, and the Cheyenne Frontier Days.

On July 4, 1883, in the frontier town of Pecos, Texas, an argument between Trav Windham, a cattle driver, and Morg Livingston, an accomplished cattle roper, led to what the Encyclopedia Britannica refers to as the "world's first public cowboy contest" and is often referred to as the first official rodeo. The two men chose to have the competition on the flatland on west side of the Pecos river. The July 4th public holiday allowed ranchers, cowboys and townsfolk to attend. Many other ranchers and cowboys chose to take part in the event, including Jim Mannin, John Chalk, and Brawley Oates, many whom traveled from distant ranches. Windham would end up winning the roping contest. Other winners include Pete Beard of Hashknife Ranch and Jeff Chism. Prize money was $40 and blue ribbons donated by a young resident.[1][18]

Rodeo-type events also became popular for a time in the big cities of the Eastern United States, with large venues such as Madison Square Garden playing a part in popularizing them for new crowds. There was no standardization of events for a rodeo competition until 1929, when associations began forming.

In the 1970s, rodeo saw unprecedented growth. Contestants referred to as "the new breed" brought rodeo increasing media attention. These contestants were young, often from an urban background, and chose rodeo for its athletic rewards. By 1985, one third of PRCA members had a college education and as many as one half of the competitors had never worked on a cattle ranch.[19] Today, some professional rodeos are staged indoors in large, climate-controlled arenas and many are telecast. Other professional rodeos are held outdoors.

Women

 
Fannie Sperry Steele, Champion Lady Bucking Horse Rider, Winnipeg Stampede, 1913

Historically, women have long participated in competitive rodeo. Prairie Rose Henderson debuted at the Cheyenne rodeo in 1901, and, by 1920, women were competing in rough stock events, relay races and trick riding. But after Bonnie McCarroll died in the Pendleton Round-Up in 1929 and Marie Gibson died in a horse wreck in 1933, women's competitive participation was curbed.[20] Rodeo women organized into various associations and staged their own rodeos. Today, women's barrel racing is included as a competitive event in professional rodeo, with breakaway roping and goat tying added at collegiate and lower levels. They compete equally with men in team roping, sometimes in mixed-sex teams. Women also compete in traditional roping and rough stock events at women-only rodeos.

Competitive events

Professional rodeos in the United States and Canada usually incorporate both timed events and rough stock events, most commonly calf roping, team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc and bareback bronc riding, bull riding, and barrel racing. Additional events may be included at the collegiate and high school level, including breakaway roping and goat tying. Some events are based on traditional ranch practices; others are modern developments and have no counterpart in ranch practice.

Rodeos may also offer western-themed entertainment at intermission, including music and novelty acts, such as trick riding.

Timed events

 
Team roping, here, the steer has been roped by the header, and the heeler is now attempting a throw.

Roping

Roping competitions are based on the tasks of a working cowboy, who often had to capture calves and adult cattle for branding, medical treatment and other purposes. The cowboy must throw a type of rope with a loop, known as a lariat, riata or reata, or lasso, over the head of a calf or onto the horns and around the hind legs of adult cattle, and secure the animal in a fashion dictated by its size and age.

  • Calf roping, also called tie-down roping, is based on ranch work in which calves are roped for branding, medical treatment, or other purposes. It is the oldest of rodeo's timed events.[21] The cowboy ropes a running calf around the neck with a lariat, and his horse stops and sets back on the rope while the cowboy dismounts, runs to the calf, throws it to the ground and ties three feet together. (If the calf falls when roped, the cowboy must lose time waiting for the calf to get back to its feet so that the cowboy can do the work.) The job of the horse is to hold the calf steady on the rope. A well-trained calf-roping horse will slowly back up while the cowboy ties the calf, to help keep the lariat snug.
  • Breakaway roping is a form of calf roping where a very short lariat is used, tied lightly to the saddle horn with string and a flag. When the calf is roped about the neck, the horse stops, the flagged rope breaks free of the saddle, and the calf runs on without being thrown or tied. In most of the United States, this event is primarily for women of all ages and boys under 12. In places where traditional "tie-down" calf roping is not allowed, riders of both genders compete.
  • Team roping, also called "heading and heeling", is the only rodeo event where men and women riders compete together. Two people capture and restrain a full-grown steer. One horse and rider, the "header", lassos a running steer's horns, while the other horse and rider, the "heeler", lassos the steer's two hind legs. Once the animal is captured, the riders face each other and lightly pull the steer between them, so that both ropes are taut. This technique originated from methods of capture and restraint for treatment used on a ranch.

Other timed events

  • Barrel racing is a timed speed and agility event. In barrel racing, horse and rider gallop around a cloverleaf pattern of barrels, making agile turns without knocking the barrels over.[22] In professional, collegiate and high school rodeo, barrel racing is an exclusively women's sport, though men and boys occasionally compete at local O-Mok-See competition.
 
Steer wrestling
  • Steer wrestling, also known as bulldogging, is a rodeo event where the rider jumps off his horse onto a Corriente steer and wrestles it to the ground by grabbing it by the horns. This is probably the single most physically dangerous event in rodeo for the cowboy, who runs a high risk of jumping off a running horse head first and missing the steer, or of having the thrown steer land on top of them, sometimes horns first.
  • Goat tying is usually an event for women or pre-teen girls and boys; a goat is staked out while a mounted rider runs to the goat, dismounts, grabs the goat, throws it to the ground and ties it in the same manner as a calf. The horse must not come into contact with the goat or its tether. This event was designed to teach smaller or younger riders the basics of calf roping without requiring the more complex skill of roping the animal. This event is not part of professional rodeo competition.

"Rough stock" competition

 
Saddle bronc riding; in rough stock events, the animal usually "wins".

In spite of popular myth, most modern "broncs" are not in fact wild horses, but are more commonly spoiled riding horses or horses bred specifically as bucking stock. Rough stock events also use at least two well-trained riding horses ridden by "pick up men" (or women), tasked with assisting fallen riders and helping successful riders get safely off the bucking animal.

  • Bronc riding – there are two divisions in rodeo, bareback bronc riding, where the rider is only allowed to hang onto a bucking horse with a type of surcingle called a rigging; and saddle bronc riding, where the rider uses a specialized western saddle without a horn (for safety) and hangs onto a heavy lead rope, called a bronc rein, which is attached to a halter on the horse.
  • Bull riding is an event where the cowboys ride full-grown bulls instead of horses. Although skills and equipment similar to those needed for bareback bronc riding are required, the event differs considerably from horse riding competition due to the danger involved. Because bulls are unpredictable and may attack a fallen rider, rodeo clowns, now known as "bullfighters", work during bull-riding competition to distract the bulls and help prevent injury to competitors.
 
Bull riding
  • Steer riding is a rough stock event for boys and girls where children ride steers, usually in a manner similar to bulls. Ages vary by region, as there is no national rule set for this event, but generally participants are at least eight years old and compete through about age 14. It is a training event for bronc riding and bull riding.

Less common events

Several other events may be scheduled on a rodeo program depending upon the rodeo's governing association.

  • Steer roping is not listed as an official PRCA event,[23] and banned in several states, but quietly recognized by the PRCA in some areas. It is rarely seen in the United States today because of the tremendous risk of injury to all involved, as well as animal cruelty concerns. A single roper ropes the steer around the horns, throws the rope around the steer's back hip, dallies, and rides in a ninety-degree angle to the roped steer (opposite side from the aforementioned hip). This action brings the steer's head around toward the legs in such a manner as to redirect the steer's head towards its back legs. This causes the steer to trip. Steers are too big to tie in the manner used for calves. Absent a "heeler", it is very difficult for one person to restrain a grown steer once down. However, the steer's trip causes it to be temporarily incapacitated allowing its legs to be tied in a manner akin to calf roping. The event has roots in ranch practices north of the Rio Grande, but is no longer seen at the majority of American rodeos. However, it is practiced at some rodeos in Mexico, and may also be referred to as "steer tripping".
  • Steer daubing is usually seen at lower levels of competition and is an event to help young competitors learn skills later needed for steer wrestling. A rider carrying a long stick with a paint-filled dauber at the end attempts to run up alongside a steer and place a mark of paint inside a circle that has been drawn on the side of the animal.[24]
  • Pole bending is a speed and agility competition sometimes seen at local and high school rodeos. It is more commonly viewed as a gymkhana or O-Mok-See competition. In pole bending, the horse and rider run the length of a line of six upright poles, turn sharply and weave through the poles, turn again and weave back, then return to the start.
  • Chute dogging is an event to teach pre-teen boys how to steer wrestle. The competitor enters a bucking chute with a small steer. The boy will then place his right arm around the steer's neck and left hand on top of its neck. When ready, the gate is opened and steer and contestant exit the chute. Once they cross over a designated line, the competitor will grab onto the horns of the steer (colloquially, to "hook-up" to the steer) and wrestle it to the ground.

Other activities

 
Grand Entry at the Pendleton Round-Up

Outside of competitive events, other activities are often associated with rodeos, particularly at local levels. A typical rodeo begins with a "Grand Entry", in which mounted riders, many carrying flags, including the American flag, state flags, banners representing sponsors, and others enter the arena at a gallop, circle once, come to the center of the arena and stop while the remaining participants enter. The grand entry is used to introduce some of the competitors, officials, and sponsors. It is capped by the presentation of the American flag, usually with a rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner", and, depending on region, other ceremonies.[25] If a rodeo queen is crowned, the contestants or winner and runners-up may also be presented.

Variety acts, which may include musicians, trick riders or other entertainment may occur halfway through the rodeo at intermission. Some rodeos may also include novelty events, such as steer riding for preteens or mutton busting for small children. In some places, various types of novelty races or events such as wild cow milking are offered for adults. Such contests often are unregulated, with a higher risk of injury to human participants and poor treatment of animals than in traditionally-sanctioned events, particularly if consumption of alcoholic beverages by participants is permitted.

Governing associations in the United States

Formal associations and detailed rules came late to rodeo. Until the mid-1930s, every rodeo was independent and selected its own events from among nearly one hundred different contests. Until World War I, there was little difference between rodeo and charreada. Athletes from the US, Mexico and Canada competed freely in all three countries. Subsequently, charreada was formalized as an amateur team sport and the international competitions ceased. It remains popular in Mexico and Hispanic communities of the U.S. today.[26]

Numerous associations govern rodeo in the United States, each with slightly different rules and different events.[27] The oldest and largest sanctioning body of professional rodeo is the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) which governs about a third of all rodeos staged in the US annually. It was originally named the Cowboys Turtle Association, later became the Rodeo Cowboys Association, and finally the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association in 1975.[11] The PRCA crowns the World Champions at the National Finals Rodeo (NFR), in Las Vegas on the UNLV campus, featuring the top fifteen money-winners in seven events.

The Professional Bull Riders (PBR) is a more recent organization dedicated solely to bull riding. Rodeo gender bias was a problem for cowgirls, and in response women formed the Girls Rodeo Association in 1948 (now the Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA)) and held their own rodeos.[28] The Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA) is open exclusively to women. Women's barrel racing is governed by the WPRA, which holds finals for barrel racing along with the PRCA with the cowboys at the NFR.[29] There are associations governing children's, teen, and college level rodeos as well as associations governing rodeo for gays, seniors, Native Americans and others.

There are also high-school rodeos, sponsored by the National High School Rodeo Association (NHSRA). Many colleges, particularly land grant colleges in the west, have rodeo teams. The National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association (NIRA) is responsible for the College National Finals Rodeo (CNFR) held each June in Casper, WY.[30] Other rodeo governing bodies in the United States include American Junior Rodeo Association (AJRA) for contestants under twenty years of age; National Little Britches Rodeo Association (NLBRA), for youths ages five to eighteen; Senior Pro Rodeo (SPR), for people forty years old or over; and the International Gay Rodeo Association. Each association has its own regulations and its own method of determining champions. Athletes participate in rodeos sanctioned by their own governing body or one that has a mutual agreement with theirs and their points count for qualification to their Association Finals. Rodeo committees must pay sanctioning fees to the appropriate governing bodies, and employ the needed stock contractors, judges, announcers, bull fighters, and barrel men from their approved lists. Other nations have similar sanctioning associations.

Until recently, the most important was PRCA, which crowns the World Champions at the National Finals Rodeo (NFR), held since 1985 at Las Vegas, Nevada, featuring the top fifteen money-winners in seven events. The athletes who have won the most money, including NFR earnings, in each event are the World's Champions. However, since 1992, Professional Bull Riders, Inc. (PBR) has drawn many top bull riders, and holds its own multimillion-dollar finals in Las Vegas prior to the NFR. Women's barrel racing is governed by the WPRA, and holds its finals along with the PRCA with the cowboys at the NFR.[29]

Contemporary rodeo is a lucrative business. More than 7,500 cowboys compete for over thirty million dollars at 650 rodeos annually. Women's barrel racing, sanctioned by the WRPA, has taken place at most of these rodeos. Over 2,000 barrel racers compete for nearly four million dollars annually. Professional cowgirls also compete in bronc and bull riding, team roping and calf roping under the auspices of the PWRA, a WPRA subsidiary. However, numbers are small, about 120 members, and these competitors go largely unnoticed, with only twenty rodeos and seventy individual contests available annually. The total purse at the PWRA National Finals is $50,000.[31] Meanwhile, the PBR has 700 members from three continents and ten million dollars in prize money.[32]

Canada

 
Stampede field with marching band onstage, 2007

The first rodeo in Canada was held in 1902 in Raymond, Alberta, when Raymond Knight funded and promoted a rodeo contest for bronc riders and steer ropers called the Raymond Stampede. Knight also coined the rodeo term stampede and built rodeo's first known shotgun-style bucking chute. In 1903, Knight built Canada's first rodeo arena and grandstand and became the first rodeo producer and rodeo stock contractor.[33]

In 1912, Guy Weadick and several investors put up $100,000 to create what today is the Calgary Stampede. The Stampede also incorporated mythical and historical elements, including Native Indians in full regalia, chuckwagon races, the Mounted Police, and marching bands. From its beginning, the event has been held the second week in July, and since 1938, attendees were urged to dress for the occasion in western hats to add to the event's flavour.[34]

By 2003, it was estimated that 65 professional rodeos involving 700 members of the Canadian Professional Rodeo Association (CPRA) took place in Western Canada, along with professionals from the United States. Many Canadian contestants were part-timers who did not earn a significant living from rodeo.[35]

Canadians made several significant contributions to the sport of rodeo. In 1916, at the Bascom Ranch in Welling, Alberta, John W. Bascom and his sons Raymond, Mel, and Earl designed and built rodeo's first side-delivery bucking chute for the ranch rodeos they were producing. In 1919, Earl and John made rodeo's first reverse-opening side-delivery bucking chute at the Bascom Ranch in Lethbridge, Alberta. This Bascom-style bucking chute is now rodeo's standard design. Earl Bascom also continued his innovative contributions to the sport of rodeo by designing and making rodeo's first hornless bronc saddle in 1922, rodeo's first one-hand bareback rigging in 1924, and the first high-cut rodeo chaps in 1928. Earl and his brother Weldon also produced rodeo's first night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights in 1935.

The Canadian Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame is located in Ponoka, Alberta.[36]

Minority participation in the United States and Canada

 
Riders at the Black Heritage Day Rodeo presented by the Black Professional Cowboys and Cowgirls Association in Humble, Texas, in 2022

Native American and Hispanic cowboys compete in modern rodeos in small numbers. African Americans constitute a smaller minority of rodeo contestants, though many early rodeo champions, such as Nat Love, were African American. Bill Pickett and bronc rider Bill Stahl were both elected to the Cowboy Hall of Fame. During the 1940s and 1950s, African Americans created the Southwestern Colored Cowboys Association. Although the PRCA never formally excluded people of color, pre-1960s racism effectively kept many minority participants, particularly African Americans, out of white competitions.[37] In the 1960s, bull rider Myrtis Dightman vied for national honors and qualified for the National Finals Rodeo. In the 1990s, the Black World Championship Rodeo was held in New York City and other locations across the United States.[37] Mexican Americans have had a long history with both rodeo and charreada.[38] In spite of its long association with southwestern culture, there has been significant assimilation and cross-acculturation  Mexican Americans are so integrated into the southwestern cowboy culture that they are not visibly distinct.[10] Brazilians also have a long and successful history of bull-riding in America. In 2017 37% of the top 35 riders in the Professional Bull Riding circuit were Brazilian.[39]

In 1976, the first gay rodeo was held in Reno, Nevada, as a charity fundraiser. Several regional gay rodeo organizations were formed in the following years, and, in 1985, the existing organizations formed the International Gay Rodeo Association as a national sanctioning body.[40] The melding of homosexuality and straight cowboy culture in gay rodeo simultaneously embraces archetypal Cowboy Code traits[clarification needed] and contemporary gay identity.[41] Openly gay competitors stage their own rodeos because they are not welcomed in the straight circuit. "We can ride with the best of them", one person stated, "But they don't want us around."[41]

Latin America

Mexico

 
El Paso de la Muerte ("The Pass of Death"), a charreada event

The charreada is the national sport of Mexico. It is a display and contest of roping and riding with origins tracing to the cattle ranching life and culture of colonial Mexico. Over time, it became an event that included games, parades, foods, and contests involving humans, cattle, and horses. Following the Mexican Revolution of 1910, many rural Mexicans were displaced and took up residence in cities, where urban-based charros and others formed associations to establish and refine the charreada.[38]

During the Chicano Movement of the 1970s, Mexican Americans revitalized their heritage by establishing the event in the United States.[38] The event historically enjoys greater prestige in Mexico, however, and due to animal cruelty concerns, some charreada events have been banned in the US.[38]

Unlike rodeos, most charreadas do not award money to the winners as charreada is considered an amateur sport, but trophies may be distributed. Until recently, the charreada was confined to men but a women's precision equestrian event called the escaramuza is now the tenth and final event in a charreada. Unlike American rodeo, events are not timed, but judged and scored based on finesse and grace.[38]

American rodeo has been practiced in Mexico as early as the 1930s. La Federación Mexicana de Rodeo (the Mexican Rodeo Federation) was formed in 1992 as the leading organization of the sport in the country. The National Rodeo Championship, sanctioned by said organization and held consistently since 2000, has been held to crown the national champions in each of the seven standard events in American rodeo. This annual event is held in Chihuahua, Chihuahua.[citation needed]

 
Coleo

Colombia and Venezuela

Coleo is a traditional Venezuelan and Colombian sport, similar to American rodeo, where a small group of llaneros (cowboys) on horseback pursue cattle at high speeds through a narrow pathway (called a manga de coleo) in order to drop or tumble them. Coleos are usually presented as a side attraction to a larger event, such as a religious festival. They are very popular in Venezuela and in parts of Colombia, mostly in the plains (llanos). A coleo starts with the participants and a calf or bull (this depends on the age and stature of the competitors) locked behind a trap door. The trap door leads to a narrow earthen pathway about 100 metres long with high guard rails, open at the other end. When a judge gives a signal, the calf is set loose and starts running. A couple of seconds later, the riders are released and they race to grab the calf by its tail. The rider who accomplishes this first will increase speed, dragging the calf until it finally stumbles. The object is to accomplish this in the shortest time.

Brazil

Brazilian rodeios can be traced to the town of Barretos, where the primary economic activities involved livestock and its transport to other locations; one of the ways the cowboys entertained themselves was by riding the animals.[42] In 1956, the first ever Festa do Peão de Boiadeiro was created and as the years went by, this rodeo became the biggest in Brazil and in Latin America.[43] Barretos is the most famous rodeo in Brazil. However, rodeos are very common in inner state towns in Brazil, especially in Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo state. Bull riding is a significant sport in the country; Since 2006, PBR runs a national circuit in Brazil, and Brazilian riders are a major presence on the main PBR circuit in the United States. PBR also hosts a Brazilian Finals.[44] Apart from PBR Brazil, there are also a number of other bull riding and rodeo organizations in the country. Brazil also has its own unique style of bronc riding, called cutiano.[citation needed]

Argentina

In the twentieth century, rodeo's popularity increased in Argentina. Buenos Aires, Rosario, and other major cities hosted rodeos. In 1909, the Sociedad Sportiva Argentina (Argentina Sports Society) announced a rodeo competition in which the winners would eventually compete in the United States against rodeo performers from other countries.[45]

Chile

Second to soccer, rodeo is the most popular sport in Chile, and became the national sport of Chile on January 10, 1962, by decree number 269 of the National Council of Sports and the Chilean Olympic Committee.[46]

Chilean rodeo traces to the 16th century, beginning with gathering together lost or stray cattle in the Plaza de Armas de Santiago for branding and selection.[47] Rodeo began to see regulation in the 17th century and talented riders received honors and awards.

In Chilean rodeo, a team of two mounted men (called a collera) attempt to pin a calf against large cushions lining the arena (medialuna). Points are earned for proper technique. Chilean Horses are employed to the exclusion of others and riders wear traditional huaso garb as a requirement. The sport has become so popular that in 2004, more spectators attended rodeo events than professional football matches.[48] Chilean rodeo has experienced financial woes, lack of political support and poor promotion. Unlike other Chilean sports, rodeo does not receive any of the revenue from Chiledeportes because only sports that represent Chile overseas receive funds. The Chilean Rodeo Federation has criticized the lack of governmental funding and has pointed out that rodeo reaches a part of the population that does not have access to other Chilean sports.[49]

El Salvador

In El Salvador, rodeo is very popular. They are also called jaripeos and are celebrated mainly during each municipality's festivities. Traditionally, people dress up as cowboys or wear clothing related to raising cattle.[50]

The history of rodeos/jaripeos originates in Metapán (considered the rodeo/jaripeo capital of El Salvador). Stories from neighbors indicate that the first Metapán jaripeo was held in 1937 on a property located on Las Parejas street, with a wild colt. Then came bull riding, sparking competition between the ranches of that time. After its popularity began to spread, in 1965 a group of ranchers built a coliseum. In later years, rodeo and jaripeo have spread throughout El Salvador, becoming a livestock tradition.[51]

Australia and the Pacific

Australia

 
Alan Wood on the great bucking mare, Curio. Photo taken shortly before Wood regained his seat and went on to make the required time

Rodeos have long been a popular competitor and spectator sport in Australia, but were not run on an organized basis until the 1880s. The National Agricultural Society of Victoria ran one of the earliest recorded events in 1888, when a roughriding competition was held at their annual show.[52] Travelling tent rodeo shows increased the popularity of roughriding throughout much of Australia.[53] However, by 1930, the Great Depression left only a few of these travelling shows on the road.[52]

Bushmen's Carnivals, the Australian equivalent of American rodeos, originated in Northern New South Wales in the 1920s and were well established by the 1930s. Australian rodeo continued to grow following WWII, and by September 1978 riders from the US, Canada, New Zealand and Australia competed in the World Rodeo Titles there for prize money totaling $60,000. In 1982, an Australian Bushmen's Carnival Association team competed in the North American Rodeo Commission's championships in Denver, Colorado, finishing sixth overall.

In August 1944 the Australian Bushmen's Carnival Association (ABCA) was formed by the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales, as a result of the increase in the number of bushmen's carnivals. The purpose of this formation was to standardize regulations and rules, but insufficient support was given and the association was terminated in 1947. The Australian Professional Rodeo Association (APRA) was also formed in 1944 and is the national governing body for professional rodeo competition.[54] Also formed in 1944 was the Australian Rough-Riders Association (ARRA) in South Australia. On 28 March 1946 the Northern (N.S.W.) Bushmen's Carnival Association was founded at Maitland, New South Wales. These two associations are now the Australian Bushmen's Campdraft & Rodeo Association (ABCRA). The ABCRA is the largest rodeo and campdraft organization in Australia.[55] In May 1992 the National Rodeo Council of Australia (NRCA) was formed to further the sport of rodeo and has represented ABCRA and several other associations.[56]

Original events included buckjumping (saddle broncs), bullock riding, campdrafting, bulldogging, wild-cow milking, wild bullock races, wild horse races and releasing the surcingle. Other common sporting events such as flag and bending races (similar to pole bending) were held for the competitors' horses.[57]

Later the term rodeo became more commonly used, with American saddles used; the events also took on American naming patterns.[58] The ABCRA now affiliates the sports of campdrafting, roughriding (saddle bronc and bareback riding, steer and bull riding) and timed rodeo events: barrel races (ladies' and junior), rope and tie, steer undecorating (ladies'), steer wrestling, junior calf riding, team roping and breakaway roping (ladies').[55]

There are strict standards for the selection, care and treatment of rodeo livestock, arenas, plus equipment requirements and specifications.[59]

In 1992 the National Rodeo Queen Quest was founded by the National Rodeo Council of Australia to promote and encourage young women into the sport of rodeo.[60]

The carnivals and rodeos typically take place during the spring and summer, and are usually arranged to avoid date clashes, so that competitors may take part in as many events as possible. The prize money is obtained from donations and entry fees, with the main prize money being for the open campdraft event.

The biggest rodeos are in Queensland. Some large events are also held in New South Wales, where Sydney has the rodeo during the Royal Agricultural Society show and Walcha holds a four-day campdrafting and rodeo competition annually. There also is a National Finals Rodeo.

Philippines

In the Philippines, rodeo was introduced in the island during the American colonial era in the Philippines by the then-Acting Governor of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu Teofisto Guingona Sr. setting up ranches in Impasugong, Bukidnon and Wao, Lanao del Norte. Rodeo is recognized today as the provincial sport of Bukidnon.[61] Rodeo events have also been held in the province of Masbate, known for its cattle industry; it was declared the "Rodeo Capital of the Philippines" in 2002 by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. The province-wide festival Rodeo Masbateño was first organized in 1993, to promote Masbate's cattle industry and boost its tourism.[62]

Animal treatment controversies

Protests were first raised regarding rodeo animal cruelty in the 1870s, and, beginning in the 1930s, some states enacted laws curtailing rodeo activities and other events involving animals. In the 1950s, the then Rodeo Cowboys Association (RCA, later the PRCA) worked with the American Humane Association (AHA) to establish regulations protecting the welfare of rodeo animals that were acceptable to both organizations. The PRCA realized that public education regarding rodeo and the welfare of animals was needed to keep the sport alive.[63]

Over the years, conditions for animals in rodeo and many other sporting events improved. Today, the PRCA and other rodeo sanctioning organizations have stringent regulations to ensure rodeo animals' welfare.[64][65] For example, these rules require, among other things, provisions for injured animals, a veterinarian's presence at all rodeos (a similar requirement exists for other equine events), padded flank straps, horn protection for steers, and spurs with dulled, free-spinning rowels. Rodeo competitors in general value and provide excellent care to the animals with which they work.[66] Animals must also be protected with fleece-lined flank straps for bucking stock and horn wraps for roping steers.[67]

Laws governing rodeo vary widely. In the American west, some states incorporate the regulations of the PRCA into their statutes as a standard by which to evaluate if animal cruelty has occurred.[68] On the other hand, some events and practices are restricted or banned in other states, including California, Rhode Island, and Ohio.[69]: 268–269  St. Petersburg, Florida is the only locality in the United States with a complete ban on rodeo.[69]: 268–269  Canadian Humane Societies are careful in criticizing Canadian rodeo as the event has become so indigenous to Western Canada that criticism may jeopardize support for the organization's other humane goals. The Calgary Humane Society itself is wary of criticizing the famous Calgary Stampede.[35] Internationally rodeo itself is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands,[4] and other European nations have placed restrictions on certain practices.[citation needed]

However, a number of humane and animal rights organizations have policy statements that oppose many rodeo practices and often the events themselves. Some also claim that regulations vary from vague to ineffective and are frequently violated.[70] Other groups assert that any regulation still allows rodeo animals to be subjected to gratuitous harm for the sake of entertainment, and therefore rodeos should be banned altogether.[71][72][73]

In response to these concerns, a number of cities and states, mostly in the eastern half of the United States, have passed ordinances and laws governing rodeo. Pittsburgh, for example, specifically prohibits electric prods or shocking devices, flank or bucking straps, wire tie-downs, and sharpened or fixed spurs or rowels. Pittsburgh also requires humane officers be provided access to any and all areas where animals may go—specifically pens, chutes, and injury pens. The state of Rhode Island has banned tie-down roping and certain other practices.[74] Other locales have similar ordinances and laws.[75]

Positions taken by animal welfare organizations

There are three basic areas of concern to various groups. The first set of concerns surround relatively common rodeo practices, such as the use of bucking straps, also known as flank straps,[76] the use of metal or electric cattle prods,[77] and tail-twisting.[78] The second set of concerns surround non-traditional rodeo events that operate outside the rules of sanctioning organizations. These are usually amateur events such as mutton busting, calf dressing,[79] wild cow milking, calf riding, chuck wagon races, and other events designed primarily for publicity, half-time entertainment or crowd participation. Finally, some groups consider some or all rodeo events themselves to be cruel.[80]

Groups such as PETA, and SHARK,[81] and the Humane Society of the United States generally take a position of opposition to all rodeos and rodeo events.[82] A more general position is taken by the ASPCA, only opposing rodeo events that "involve cruel, painful, stressful and potentially harmful treatment of livestock, not only in performance but also in handling, transport and prodding to perform." The group singles out children's rodeo events such as goat tying, calf riding and sheep riding (“mutton busting”), "which do not promote humane care and respect for animals."[83]

The American Humane Association (AHA) does not appear to oppose rodeos per se, though they have a general position on events and contests involving animals, stating that "when animals are involved in entertainment, they must be treated humanely at all times."[84] The AHA also has strict requirements for the treatment of animals used for rodeo scenes in movies, starting with the rules of the PRCA and adding additional requirements consistent with the association's other policies.[85]

Unique among animal protection groups, the ASPCA specifically notes that practice sessions are often the location of more severe abuses than competitions.[83] However, many state animal cruelty laws provide specific exemptions for "training practices." The American Humane Association is the only organization addressing the legislative issue, advocating the strengthening of animal cruelty laws in general, with no exceptions for "training practices."[86]

Modern practice

It is a myth that a modern bucking horse is a wild animal. The modern bronc is not a truly feral horse. Some bucking horses are riding horses that learned to buck off their riders.[67] Other bucking horses are specifically bred for use in rodeos.[87]

A proven bucking horse can be sold for $8000 to $10,000 or more, making rough stock a valuable investment worth caring for and keeping in good health for many years. Likewise, bucking bulls are also selectively bred. Most are allowed to grow up in a natural, semi-wild condition on the open range, but also have to be trained in order to be managed from the ground, safely loaded into trailers, vaccinated and wormed, and be loaded in and out of bucking chutes.[87]

Young bucking horses are initially introduced to work with cloth dummies attached to the saddle.[87] Others are already well-trained on the ground. Some champion bucking horses got their start as riding horses that learned how to quickly and effectively unseat riders.[88] Due to the rigors of travel and the short bursts of high intensity work required, most horses in a bucking string are at least six or seven years old before they are used extensively, and are expected to be sound performers for many years.[87] Awards are given to the owners of the best bucking horses, who are respected as equine athletes and perform for many years.[89] Many are retired to pasture at the end of their careers.[67] Many bucking horses understand their job well and reduce or stop their bucking, even while still wearing a flank strap, as soon as they either unseat the rider or hear the buzzer.

Industry position

Modern rodeos in the United States are closely regulated and have responded to accusations of animal cruelty by instituting a number of rules to guide how rodeo animals are to be managed.[90] In 1994, a survey of 28 sanctioned rodeos was conducted by on-site independent veterinarians. Reviewing 33,991 animal runs, the injury rate was documented at 16 animals or 0.047 percent, less than five-hundredths of one percent or one in 2000 animals.[91][92] A study of rodeo animals in Australia found a similar injury rate. Basic injuries occurred at a rate of 0.072 percent, or one in 1405, with injuries requiring veterinary attention at 0.036 percent, or one injury in every 2810 times the animal was used, and transport, yarding and competition were all included in the study.[93] A later PRCA survey of 60,971 animal performances at 198 rodeo performances and 73 sections of "slack" indicated 27 animals were injured, again approximately five-hundredths of 1 percent—0.0004.[90]

Nonetheless, accusation of cruelty in the USA persist. The PRCA acknowledges that they only sanction about 30 percent of all rodeos, while another 50 percent are sanctioned by other organizations and 20 percent are completely unsanctioned.[90] The PRCA opposes the general concept of animal rights, but supports animal welfare. The PRCA takes the position that the organization does this and even goes beyond expectation.[94] Not all rodeos are governed by the PRCA however, though organizations governing collegiate and high school rodeos base their rules on those of the PRCA. Nonetheless, certain amateur and "backyard" rodeos are unregulated,[95] and do not follow PRCA rules.[94]

Advocates for rodeo state that sick, injured, hungry, or severely abused animals cannot perform well in a given event. Rough stock must be healthy and well fed to give the cowboy a powerful and challenging ride sufficient to obtain a high score. The bucking strap has to be an incentive to an animal that already wants to buck off a rider, not a prod, or the animal will either flee the pain, not buck, quickly sour and refuse to work, regardless of any pain that might be inflicted.[88] Steers and roping calves will not break from the chute fast enough for ropers to achieve a fast time if they are lame or weak, and because of size and weight restrictions for each event, they are not generally used for more than a single season.

Health regulations mandate vaccinations and blood testing of animals crossing state lines, so rodeo stock receives routine care. An injured animal will not buck well and hence a cowboy cannot obtain a high score for his ride, so sick or injured animals are not run through the chutes, but instead are given appropriate veterinary care so they can be returned to their usual level of strength and power.[96] PRCA regulations require veterinarians to be available at all rodeos to treat both bucking stock and other animals as needed.[97]

The PRCA emphasizes that they first promulgated rules for proper and humane treatment of livestock in 1947, a full seven years before the founding of the Humane Society of the United States.[88] Participants are fined for animal abuse, and a study of 21 PRCA rodeos found only 15 animals injured in 26,584 performances, a 0.06 percent rate.[98]

There are occasions of rule violations and animal mistreatment at sanctioned rodeos. The major national rodeos are also under the most intense scrutiny and are the most likely to rigorously follow the rules. Rodeos not subject to the rules of the PRCA or other organizations, and rodeos outside of the United States and Canada, where animal cruelty laws are weaker, are more likely to be the sites of abusive practices.

In popular culture

The largest state-of-the-art rodeos are professional, commercial athletic contests held in climate-controlled stadiums, with broadcasting by various television networks.

Outside of the rodeo world itself, there is disagreement about exactly what rodeo is. Professional competitors, for example, view rodeo as a sport and call themselves professional athletes while also using the title of cowboy. Fans view rodeo as a spectator sport with animals, having aspects of pageantry and theater unlike other professional sport. Non-westerners view the spectacle as a quaint but exciting remnant of the Wild West while animal rights activists view rodeo as a cruel Roman circus spectacle, or an Americanized bullfight.[10]

Anthropologists studying the sport of rodeo and the culture surrounding it have commented that it is "a blend of both performance and contest", and that rodeo is far more expressive in blending both these aspects than attempting to stand alone on one or the other. Rodeo's performance level permits pageantry and ritual which serve to "revitalize the spirit of the Old West" while its contest level poses a man-animal opposition that articulates the transformation of nature and "dramatizes and perpetuates the conflict between the wild and the tame."[99] "On its deepest level, rodeo is essentially a ritual addressing itself to the dilemma of man's place in nature."[100]

Rodeo is a popular topic in country-western music, such as the 1991 Garth Brooks hit single "Rodeo", and has also been featured in numerous movies, television programs and in literature. Rodeo is a ballet score written by Aaron Copland in 1942, and choreographer Agnes de Mille's ballet, Rodeo was commissioned by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo in 1942 with the Copland score.[101] Country singer Chris Ledoux competed in bareback riding and wrote many of his songs based on his experiences. Rodeo has also been featured in a significant number of films, and some focus specifically on the sport, including 8 Seconds, Cowboy Up, The Longest Ride, The Rider and The Cowboy Way.

The Texas Legislature declared rodeo to be the official sport of Texas in 1997.[102] In 2021, United Conservative Party politician Muhammad Yaseen proposed making American rodeo the official sport of Alberta, but the legislation did not to pass.

Rodeos worldwide

There are thousands of rodeos held worldwide each year.

Rodeo organizations

Related sports

See also

References

  1. ^ a b The Book of Extraordinary Facts. Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International, Ltd. 2012. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1-4508-5395-8.
  2. ^ General Wyoming Information, web site accessed July 12, 2007 at http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/wy_symb.htm 2019-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "National Finals Rodeo (NFR)". WatchNFR. from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  4. ^ a b Rodeo: animal abuse for the sake of entertainment 2017-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, Vancouver Humane Society, accessed April 2, 2009.
  5. ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary
  6. ^ a b "Rodeo Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com". dictionary.com. from the original on 2022-03-28. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  7. ^ "Royal Spanish Academy Online Dictionary: rodeo". Buscon.rae.es. from the original on 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  8. ^ Guinn, James Miller (21 June 2018). A History of California and an Extended History of Los Angeles and Environs: Also Containing Biographies of Well Known Citizens of the Past and Present. Historic Record Company. ISBN 9780598508874 – via Google Books.
  9. ^ Richardson, Eileen. . The Santa Fe Site. Archived from the original on 2016-02-05.
  10. ^ a b c Allen 1998, p. 17.
  11. ^ a b c Groves 2006, p. 3.
  12. ^ "Field and Farm Magazine", Denver Public Library Western History Division
  13. ^ "Treasured Memories", Deer Trail Pioneer Historical Society
  14. ^ Colorado House Joint Resolution No. 1025, 1969
  15. ^ "Colorado Rodeo Roots" Kathryn Ordway, 1980
  16. ^ Pro-rodeo Hall of Fame, Colorado Springs, Colorado
  17. ^ Allen 1998, p. 18.
  18. ^ Coppedge, Clay. "The First Rodeo". from the original on 27 March 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  19. ^ Allen 1998, p. 32.
  20. ^ Johnson: 30
  21. ^ Curnutt 2001, pp. 268–269.
  22. ^ Broyles 2006, p. 4.
  23. ^ . prorodeo.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-10.
  24. ^ Strickland 1998.
  25. ^ Stratton: 53
  26. ^ LeCompte,. "Hispanic Roots of American Rodeo", Studies in Latin American Popular Culture, 13 (Spring 1994): 1-19
  27. ^ Wooden. and Earinger. Rodeo, in America, 17-32.
  28. ^ Allen 1998, pp. 24–25.
  29. ^ a b LeCompte. "Rodeo,” in Vol. II of Encyclopedia of World Sport, ed. David Levinson and Karen Christensen, ABC-CLIO, 1996, 813;About Us,"sv . Archived from the original on 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2007-02-16., (accessed February 7, 2007).
  30. ^ "College National Rodeo Finals". Cnfr.com. 2011-02-10. from the original on 2014-01-17. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  31. ^ LeCompte, Encyclopedia of World Sport, 813.
  32. ^ pbr.com
  33. ^ . Welcome to Raymond, Alberta. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2009.
  34. ^ Slatta: 219
  35. ^ a b Armstrong & Botzler 2003.
  36. ^ . Canadianprorodeohalloffame.com. 1980-06-19. Archived from the original on 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  37. ^ a b Kirsch, Harris & Elaine Nolte 2000, p. 390.
  38. ^ a b c d e Candelaria, García & Aldama 2004, pp. 126–128.
  39. ^ "Brazil's Impact and Dominance in Professional Bull Riding". culture trip. 6 February 2017. from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  40. ^ . Archived from the original on January 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
  41. ^ a b Allen 1998, pp. 170–173.
  42. ^ . Abril.com. 2007-06-19. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  43. ^ "Festa do Peão de Boiadeiro de Barretos". YouTube. 2006-11-13. from the original on 2014-06-19. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  44. ^ "PBR Brazil title still up for grabs in Barretos". Professional Bull Riders. www.pbr.com. 20 August 2016. from the original on 2020-03-10. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  45. ^ Slatta: 145
  46. ^ Rodeo chileno: cómo nació nuestro deporte nacional Familia February 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ Historia del rodeo chileno. 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Página oficial de la Federación del Rodeo Chileno
  48. ^ Juan Pablo Correa. "Especiales de". Emol.com. from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  49. ^ "El rodeo y las medialunas". Jaja.cl. 2009-10-08. from the original on 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  50. ^ En Cojutepeque realizan tarde de Jaripeo (19 January 2019). "En Cojutepeque realizan tarde de Jaripeo". Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  51. ^ Jaripeos Metapan. "Espectáculos: ¡Gran día de jaripeo!". Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  52. ^ a b Martin 1959.
  53. ^ Personal Histories - Boer War & WW1 Retrieved 2009-11-22 October 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ About the APRA October 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2009-11-22
  55. ^ a b ABCRA 2009-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2009-11-22
  56. ^ NCRA 2009-10-30 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2009-11-22
  57. ^ Shaw 1984.
  58. ^ Chisholm 1963, p. 213.
  59. ^ Code of practice for the welfare of rodeo and rodeo school livestock Retrieved 2009-11-22 October 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  60. ^ NRCA: About us 2009-10-30 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2009-11-22
  61. ^ Gallardo, Froilan (22 September 2019). "Impasugong: rodeo capital of Mindanao". MindaNews. from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  62. ^ Barcia, Rhaydz (18 April 2017). "Rodeo Masbateño showcased in Asean Summit". Manila Times. from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  63. ^ Westermeier: 435ff
  64. ^ Duncan, Joyce (2004). Sport in American Culture: From Ali to X-games. ABC-CLIO. p. 313. ISBN 978-1-57607-024-6. from the original on 2021-09-28. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
  65. ^ PRCA Animal welfare 2008-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
  66. ^ Miller & Lamb 2005, pp. 135–144.
  67. ^ a b c Korioth, Tricia (February 1, 2000). . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 216 (3): 319–22. PMID 10755881. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  68. ^ Section 45-8-211(4)(c), Montana Code Annotated 2008 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
  69. ^ a b Curnutt 2001.
  70. ^ "is a point-by-point examination of the PRCA's regulations". Sharkonline.org. from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  71. ^ "Rodeos: Inherent Cruelty to Animals". www.hsvma.org. from the original on 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
  72. ^ Kaplan, Jared (21 June 2018). "Toros, Steers, Ropes, Capes, and Cowboy Boots: The Inhumane Nature of Bullfighting and Rodeos Note". Mid-Atlantic Journal on Law and Public Policy. 1: 52–95. from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021 – via HeinOnline.
  73. ^ "Rodeos". peta.org. 24 June 2010. from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  74. ^ Curnutt 2001, pp. 271–272.
  75. ^ . Buck the Rodeo. 2013-10-23. Archived from the original on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  76. ^ SHARK - Animal Cruelty Investigations and Campaigns June 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  77. ^ "The Truth about Hot-Shots". Sharkonline.org. from the original on 2013-10-31. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  78. ^ SHARK - Animal Cruelty Investigations and Campaigns May 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  79. ^ SHARK - Animal Cruelty Investigations and Campaigns September 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  80. ^ Calf roping - The Most Cowardly Rodeo Event September 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  81. ^ "SHARK". Sharkonline.org. from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  82. ^ "Statement on Animals in Entertainment and Competition - Rodeo" Humane Society of the United States. Web site accessed June 28, 2007 at http://www.hsus.org/about_us/statements/animals_in_entertainment.html#Rodeos 2009-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  83. ^ a b "Animals in Entertainment: 5.4 Rodeo" web site accessed June 27, 2007 at . Archived from the original on 2008-11-23. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  84. ^ "Events and Contests Involving Animals," American Humane Association Animal Welfare Position Statements. Web document accessed June 28, 2007 at
  85. ^ "American Humane Association Guidelines for the Safe Use of Animals in Filmed Media:Roceo Scenes," web document accessed June 27, 2007 at
  86. ^ "Legislative Brief: Anti-cruelty Laws" web site accessed June 27, 2007 at
  87. ^ a b c d Partian, Chris. "Diamond in the Rough." Western Horseman, July 2007, pp. 132-140
  88. ^ a b c "Is Rodeo Bronc Riding Cruel?" Web article accessed June 28, 2007 at http://www.cowboyway.com/BroncRiding.htm 2007-06-24 at the Wayback Machine
  89. ^ "Rodeo History" Long Rodeo Company. Web site accessed June 28, 2007 at . Archived from the original on 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
  90. ^ a b c (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  91. ^ "Is Rodeo Bronc Riding Cruel?" Web article accessed February 5, 2008 at http://www.cowboyway.com/BroncRiding.htm 2007-06-24 at the Wayback Machine
  92. ^ Animal Welfare Retrieved on 25 March 2009 July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  93. ^ . Prorodeo.asn.au. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  94. ^ a b Regan: 150
  95. ^ Harris: 199
  96. ^ "The bovine athlete". American Veterinary Medical Association. from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  97. ^ PRCA Animal Welfare rules and discussion, web site accessed February 5, 2008 June 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  98. ^ "Welfare of animals integral part of professional rodeos" Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, January 15, 2001. Web page accessed April 6, 2009 May 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  99. ^ Lawrence: 271
  100. ^ Lawrence: 270–271
  101. ^ Allen 1998, pp. 175–176.
  102. ^ Hatch, Rosie (Ed.) (2022). Texas Almanac 2022-2023. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. p. 23. ISBN 9781625110664.
  103. ^ "The Canadian Cowboys' Association sanctions semi - professional rodeos in Canada". Canadiancowboys.ca. 2013-11-21. from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  104. ^ "Official Home of the Canadian Professional Rodeo Association". Rodeo Canada. 2013-12-02. from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  105. ^ . Cprarodeo.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  106. ^ "FMR - Sitio Oficial de la Federacion Mexicana de Rodeo". Fmrodeo.com. from the original on 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  107. ^ "The International Gay Rodeo Association". www.igra.com. from the original on 2006-03-29. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
  108. ^ "The International Professional Rodeo Association". Iprarodeo.com. 2013-11-21. from the original on 2014-01-04. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  109. ^ http://www.nhsra.org/ 2005-02-11 at the Wayback Machine (NHSRA)
  110. ^ "NIRA - National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association". from the original on 2005-02-14. Retrieved 2005-02-17.
  111. ^ "HOME". Senior Pro Rodeo Official Website. from the original on 2006-08-04. Retrieved 2006-07-23.
  112. ^ "Professional Bull Riders". Professional Bull Riders. from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
  113. ^ . www.prorodeo.org. Archived from the original on 2003-10-26.
  114. ^ "USTRC - United States Team Roping Championships". www.ustrc.com. from the original on 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2006-12-31.

Sources and further reading

External links

  • National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum - Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
  • Professional Bull Riders (PBR) - 'The Toughest Sport on Earth!'
  • Autry National Center - online rodeo photographs from the Gene Autry Collection[permanent dead link]
  • National Cowgirl Museum & Hall of Fame - Fort Worth, Texas
  • Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association - Colorado Springs, Colorado
  • Texas Rodeo Cowboy Hall of Fame - Walnut Springs, Texas
  • Texas Rodeo Hall of Fame - Pecos, Texas

rodeo, other, uses, disambiguation, competitive, equestrian, sport, that, arose, working, practices, cattle, herding, spain, mexico, expanding, throughout, americas, other, nations, originally, based, skills, required, working, vaqueros, later, cowboys, what, . For other uses see Rodeo disambiguation Rodeo ˈ r oʊ d i oʊ r e ˈ d eɪ oʊ is a competitive equestrian sport that arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain and Mexico expanding throughout the Americas and to other nations It was originally based on the skills required of the working vaqueros and later cowboys in what today is the western United States western Canada and northern Mexico Today it is a sporting event that involves horses and other livestock designed to test the skill and speed of the cowboys and cowgirls American style professional rodeos generally comprise the following events tie down roping team roping steer wrestling saddle bronc riding bareback bronc riding bull riding and barrel racing The events are divided into two basic categories the rough stock events and the timed events Depending on sanctioning organization and region other events such as breakaway roping goat tying and pole bending may also be a part of some rodeos The world s first public cowboy contest was held on July 4 1883 in Pecos Texas between cattle driver Trav Windham and roper Morg Livingston 1 RodeoBucking horse at the Calgary Stampede in 2002Highest governing bodyProfessional Rodeo Cowboys AssociationFirst played1869CharacteristicsTeam membersNoMixed sexYesTypeIndoor or OutdoorAmerican rodeo particularly popular today throughout the western United States and in the Canadian province of Alberta is the official state sport of Wyoming South Dakota and Texas The iconic silhouette image of a Bucking Horse and Rider is a federal and state registered trademark of the State of Wyoming 2 In the United States professional rodeos are governed and sanctioned by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association PRCA and Women s Professional Rodeo Association WPRA while other associations govern assorted children s high school collegiate and other amateur or semi professional rodeos Associations also exist for Native Americans and other minority groups The traditional season for competitive rodeo runs from spring through fall while the modern professional rodeo circuit runs longer and concludes with the PRCA National Finals Rodeo NFR in Las Vegas Nevada currently held every December 3 Rodeo has provoked opposition from animal rights and some animal welfare advocates who argue that various competitions constitute animal cruelty The American rodeo industry has made progress in improving the welfare of rodeo animals with specific requirements for veterinary care and other regulations that protect rodeo animals However some local and state governments in North America have banned or restricted rodeos certain rodeo events or types of equipment Internationally rodeo is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands 4 with other European nations placing restrictions on certain practices Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Women 3 Competitive events 3 1 Timed events 3 1 1 Roping 3 1 2 Other timed events 3 2 Rough stock competition 3 2 1 Less common events 3 3 Other activities 4 Governing associations in the United States 5 Canada 6 Minority participation in the United States and Canada 7 Latin America 7 1 Mexico 7 2 Colombia and Venezuela 7 3 Brazil 7 4 Argentina 7 5 Chile 7 6 El Salvador 8 Australia and the Pacific 8 1 Australia 8 2 Philippines 9 Animal treatment controversies 9 1 Positions taken by animal welfare organizations 9 2 Modern practice 9 3 Industry position 10 In popular culture 11 Rodeos worldwide 12 Rodeo organizations 13 Related sports 14 See also 15 References 16 Sources and further reading 17 External linksEtymology EditThe American English word rodeo is taken directly from Spanish rodeo roˈde o which roughly translates into English as round up 5 The Spanish word is derived from the verb rodear meaning to surround or go around used to refer to a pen for cattle at a fair or market derived from the Latin rota or rotare meaning to rotate or go around 6 7 In Spanish America the rodeo was the process that was used by vaqueros to gather cattle for various purposes such as moving them to new pastures separating the cattle owned by different ranchers or gathering in preparation for slaughter matanza The yearly rodeos for separating the cattle were overseen by the Juez del Campo who decided all questions of ownership 8 The term was also used to refer to exhibitions of skills used in the working rodeo This evolved from these yearly gatherings where festivities were held and horsemen could demonstrate their equestrian skills It was this latter usage which was adopted into the cowboy tradition of the United States and Canada 9 The term rodeo was first used in English in approximately 1834 to refer to a cattle round up Today the word is used primarily to refer to a public exhibition of cowboy skills usually in the form of a competitive event 6 History EditMain article History of rodeo Branding calves 1888 Exhibition riding in Buffalo Bill s Wild West Show Many rodeo events were based on the tasks required by cattle ranching The working cowboy developed skills to fit the needs of the terrain and climate of the American west and there were many regional variations The skills required to manage cattle and horses date back to the Spanish traditions of the vaquero Early rodeo like affairs of the 1820s and 1830s were informal events in the western United States and northern Mexico with cowboys and vaqueros testing their work skills against one another 10 11 Following the American Civil War rodeo competitions emerged with the first held in Deer Trail Colorado in 1869 12 13 14 15 16 Prescott Arizona claimed the distinction of holding the first professional rodeo as it charged admission and awarded trophies in 1888 17 Between 1890 and 1910 rodeos became public entertainment sometimes combined Wild West shows featuring individuals such as Buffalo Bill Cody Annie Oakley and other charismatic stars 11 By 1910 several major rodeos were established in western North America including the Calgary Stampede the Pendleton Round Up and the Cheyenne Frontier Days On July 4 1883 in the frontier town of Pecos Texas an argument between Trav Windham a cattle driver and Morg Livingston an accomplished cattle roper led to what the Encyclopedia Britannica refers to as the world s first public cowboy contest and is often referred to as the first official rodeo The two men chose to have the competition on the flatland on west side of the Pecos river The July 4th public holiday allowed ranchers cowboys and townsfolk to attend Many other ranchers and cowboys chose to take part in the event including Jim Mannin John Chalk and Brawley Oates many whom traveled from distant ranches Windham would end up winning the roping contest Other winners include Pete Beard of Hashknife Ranch and Jeff Chism Prize money was 40 and blue ribbons donated by a young resident 1 18 Rodeo type events also became popular for a time in the big cities of the Eastern United States with large venues such as Madison Square Garden playing a part in popularizing them for new crowds There was no standardization of events for a rodeo competition until 1929 when associations began forming In the 1970s rodeo saw unprecedented growth Contestants referred to as the new breed brought rodeo increasing media attention These contestants were young often from an urban background and chose rodeo for its athletic rewards By 1985 one third of PRCA members had a college education and as many as one half of the competitors had never worked on a cattle ranch 19 Today some professional rodeos are staged indoors in large climate controlled arenas and many are telecast Other professional rodeos are held outdoors Women Edit Fannie Sperry Steele Champion Lady Bucking Horse Rider Winnipeg Stampede 1913 Historically women have long participated in competitive rodeo Prairie Rose Henderson debuted at the Cheyenne rodeo in 1901 and by 1920 women were competing in rough stock events relay races and trick riding But after Bonnie McCarroll died in the Pendleton Round Up in 1929 and Marie Gibson died in a horse wreck in 1933 women s competitive participation was curbed 20 Rodeo women organized into various associations and staged their own rodeos Today women s barrel racing is included as a competitive event in professional rodeo with breakaway roping and goat tying added at collegiate and lower levels They compete equally with men in team roping sometimes in mixed sex teams Women also compete in traditional roping and rough stock events at women only rodeos Competitive events Edit Barrel racing Professional rodeos in the United States and Canada usually incorporate both timed events and rough stock events most commonly calf roping team roping steer wrestling saddle bronc and bareback bronc riding bull riding and barrel racing Additional events may be included at the collegiate and high school level including breakaway roping and goat tying Some events are based on traditional ranch practices others are modern developments and have no counterpart in ranch practice Rodeos may also offer western themed entertainment at intermission including music and novelty acts such as trick riding Timed events Edit Team roping here the steer has been roped by the header and the heeler is now attempting a throw Roping Edit Roping competitions are based on the tasks of a working cowboy who often had to capture calves and adult cattle for branding medical treatment and other purposes The cowboy must throw a type of rope with a loop known as a lariat riata or reata or lasso over the head of a calf or onto the horns and around the hind legs of adult cattle and secure the animal in a fashion dictated by its size and age Calf roping also called tie down roping is based on ranch work in which calves are roped for branding medical treatment or other purposes It is the oldest of rodeo s timed events 21 The cowboy ropes a running calf around the neck with a lariat and his horse stops and sets back on the rope while the cowboy dismounts runs to the calf throws it to the ground and ties three feet together If the calf falls when roped the cowboy must lose time waiting for the calf to get back to its feet so that the cowboy can do the work The job of the horse is to hold the calf steady on the rope A well trained calf roping horse will slowly back up while the cowboy ties the calf to help keep the lariat snug Breakaway roping is a form of calf roping where a very short lariat is used tied lightly to the saddle horn with string and a flag When the calf is roped about the neck the horse stops the flagged rope breaks free of the saddle and the calf runs on without being thrown or tied In most of the United States this event is primarily for women of all ages and boys under 12 In places where traditional tie down calf roping is not allowed riders of both genders compete Team roping also called heading and heeling is the only rodeo event where men and women riders compete together Two people capture and restrain a full grown steer One horse and rider the header lassos a running steer s horns while the other horse and rider the heeler lassos the steer s two hind legs Once the animal is captured the riders face each other and lightly pull the steer between them so that both ropes are taut This technique originated from methods of capture and restraint for treatment used on a ranch Other timed events Edit Barrel racing is a timed speed and agility event In barrel racing horse and rider gallop around a cloverleaf pattern of barrels making agile turns without knocking the barrels over 22 In professional collegiate and high school rodeo barrel racing is an exclusively women s sport though men and boys occasionally compete at local O Mok See competition Steer wrestling Steer wrestling also known as bulldogging is a rodeo event where the rider jumps off his horse onto a Corriente steer and wrestles it to the ground by grabbing it by the horns This is probably the single most physically dangerous event in rodeo for the cowboy who runs a high risk of jumping off a running horse head first and missing the steer or of having the thrown steer land on top of them sometimes horns first Goat tying is usually an event for women or pre teen girls and boys a goat is staked out while a mounted rider runs to the goat dismounts grabs the goat throws it to the ground and ties it in the same manner as a calf The horse must not come into contact with the goat or its tether This event was designed to teach smaller or younger riders the basics of calf roping without requiring the more complex skill of roping the animal This event is not part of professional rodeo competition Rough stock competition Edit Saddle bronc riding in rough stock events the animal usually wins In spite of popular myth most modern broncs are not in fact wild horses but are more commonly spoiled riding horses or horses bred specifically as bucking stock Rough stock events also use at least two well trained riding horses ridden by pick up men or women tasked with assisting fallen riders and helping successful riders get safely off the bucking animal Bronc riding there are two divisions in rodeo bareback bronc riding where the rider is only allowed to hang onto a bucking horse with a type of surcingle called a rigging and saddle bronc riding where the rider uses a specialized western saddle without a horn for safety and hangs onto a heavy lead rope called a bronc rein which is attached to a halter on the horse Bull riding is an event where the cowboys ride full grown bulls instead of horses Although skills and equipment similar to those needed for bareback bronc riding are required the event differs considerably from horse riding competition due to the danger involved Because bulls are unpredictable and may attack a fallen rider rodeo clowns now known as bullfighters work during bull riding competition to distract the bulls and help prevent injury to competitors Bull riding Steer riding is a rough stock event for boys and girls where children ride steers usually in a manner similar to bulls Ages vary by region as there is no national rule set for this event but generally participants are at least eight years old and compete through about age 14 It is a training event for bronc riding and bull riding Less common events Edit Several other events may be scheduled on a rodeo program depending upon the rodeo s governing association Steer roping is not listed as an official PRCA event 23 and banned in several states but quietly recognized by the PRCA in some areas It is rarely seen in the United States today because of the tremendous risk of injury to all involved as well as animal cruelty concerns A single roper ropes the steer around the horns throws the rope around the steer s back hip dallies and rides in a ninety degree angle to the roped steer opposite side from the aforementioned hip This action brings the steer s head around toward the legs in such a manner as to redirect the steer s head towards its back legs This causes the steer to trip Steers are too big to tie in the manner used for calves Absent a heeler it is very difficult for one person to restrain a grown steer once down However the steer s trip causes it to be temporarily incapacitated allowing its legs to be tied in a manner akin to calf roping The event has roots in ranch practices north of the Rio Grande but is no longer seen at the majority of American rodeos However it is practiced at some rodeos in Mexico and may also be referred to as steer tripping Steer daubing is usually seen at lower levels of competition and is an event to help young competitors learn skills later needed for steer wrestling A rider carrying a long stick with a paint filled dauber at the end attempts to run up alongside a steer and place a mark of paint inside a circle that has been drawn on the side of the animal 24 Pole bending is a speed and agility competition sometimes seen at local and high school rodeos It is more commonly viewed as a gymkhana or O Mok See competition In pole bending the horse and rider run the length of a line of six upright poles turn sharply and weave through the poles turn again and weave back then return to the start Chute dogging is an event to teach pre teen boys how to steer wrestle The competitor enters a bucking chute with a small steer The boy will then place his right arm around the steer s neck and left hand on top of its neck When ready the gate is opened and steer and contestant exit the chute Once they cross over a designated line the competitor will grab onto the horns of the steer colloquially to hook up to the steer and wrestle it to the ground Other activities Edit Grand Entry at the Pendleton Round Up Outside of competitive events other activities are often associated with rodeos particularly at local levels A typical rodeo begins with a Grand Entry in which mounted riders many carrying flags including the American flag state flags banners representing sponsors and others enter the arena at a gallop circle once come to the center of the arena and stop while the remaining participants enter The grand entry is used to introduce some of the competitors officials and sponsors It is capped by the presentation of the American flag usually with a rendition of The Star Spangled Banner and depending on region other ceremonies 25 If a rodeo queen is crowned the contestants or winner and runners up may also be presented Variety acts which may include musicians trick riders or other entertainment may occur halfway through the rodeo at intermission Some rodeos may also include novelty events such as steer riding for preteens or mutton busting for small children In some places various types of novelty races or events such as wild cow milking are offered for adults Such contests often are unregulated with a higher risk of injury to human participants and poor treatment of animals than in traditionally sanctioned events particularly if consumption of alcoholic beverages by participants is permitted Governing associations in the United States EditFormal associations and detailed rules came late to rodeo Until the mid 1930s every rodeo was independent and selected its own events from among nearly one hundred different contests Until World War I there was little difference between rodeo and charreada Athletes from the US Mexico and Canada competed freely in all three countries Subsequently charreada was formalized as an amateur team sport and the international competitions ceased It remains popular in Mexico and Hispanic communities of the U S today 26 Numerous associations govern rodeo in the United States each with slightly different rules and different events 27 The oldest and largest sanctioning body of professional rodeo is the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association PRCA which governs about a third of all rodeos staged in the US annually It was originally named the Cowboys Turtle Association later became the Rodeo Cowboys Association and finally the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association in 1975 11 The PRCA crowns the World Champions at the National Finals Rodeo NFR in Las Vegas on the UNLV campus featuring the top fifteen money winners in seven events The Professional Bull Riders PBR is a more recent organization dedicated solely to bull riding Rodeo gender bias was a problem for cowgirls and in response women formed the Girls Rodeo Association in 1948 now the Women s Professional Rodeo Association WPRA and held their own rodeos 28 The Women s Professional Rodeo Association WPRA is open exclusively to women Women s barrel racing is governed by the WPRA which holds finals for barrel racing along with the PRCA with the cowboys at the NFR 29 There are associations governing children s teen and college level rodeos as well as associations governing rodeo for gays seniors Native Americans and others There are also high school rodeos sponsored by the National High School Rodeo Association NHSRA Many colleges particularly land grant colleges in the west have rodeo teams The National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association NIRA is responsible for the College National Finals Rodeo CNFR held each June in Casper WY 30 Other rodeo governing bodies in the United States include American Junior Rodeo Association AJRA for contestants under twenty years of age National Little Britches Rodeo Association NLBRA for youths ages five to eighteen Senior Pro Rodeo SPR for people forty years old or over and the International Gay Rodeo Association Each association has its own regulations and its own method of determining champions Athletes participate in rodeos sanctioned by their own governing body or one that has a mutual agreement with theirs and their points count for qualification to their Association Finals Rodeo committees must pay sanctioning fees to the appropriate governing bodies and employ the needed stock contractors judges announcers bull fighters and barrel men from their approved lists Other nations have similar sanctioning associations Until recently the most important was PRCA which crowns the World Champions at the National Finals Rodeo NFR held since 1985 at Las Vegas Nevada featuring the top fifteen money winners in seven events The athletes who have won the most money including NFR earnings in each event are the World s Champions However since 1992 Professional Bull Riders Inc PBR has drawn many top bull riders and holds its own multimillion dollar finals in Las Vegas prior to the NFR Women s barrel racing is governed by the WPRA and holds its finals along with the PRCA with the cowboys at the NFR 29 Contemporary rodeo is a lucrative business More than 7 500 cowboys compete for over thirty million dollars at 650 rodeos annually Women s barrel racing sanctioned by the WRPA has taken place at most of these rodeos Over 2 000 barrel racers compete for nearly four million dollars annually Professional cowgirls also compete in bronc and bull riding team roping and calf roping under the auspices of the PWRA a WPRA subsidiary However numbers are small about 120 members and these competitors go largely unnoticed with only twenty rodeos and seventy individual contests available annually The total purse at the PWRA National Finals is 50 000 31 Meanwhile the PBR has 700 members from three continents and ten million dollars in prize money 32 Canada Edit Stampede field with marching band onstage 2007 The first rodeo in Canada was held in 1902 in Raymond Alberta when Raymond Knight funded and promoted a rodeo contest for bronc riders and steer ropers called the Raymond Stampede Knight also coined the rodeo term stampede and built rodeo s first known shotgun style bucking chute In 1903 Knight built Canada s first rodeo arena and grandstand and became the first rodeo producer and rodeo stock contractor 33 In 1912 Guy Weadick and several investors put up 100 000 to create what today is the Calgary Stampede The Stampede also incorporated mythical and historical elements including Native Indians in full regalia chuckwagon races the Mounted Police and marching bands From its beginning the event has been held the second week in July and since 1938 attendees were urged to dress for the occasion in western hats to add to the event s flavour 34 By 2003 it was estimated that 65 professional rodeos involving 700 members of the Canadian Professional Rodeo Association CPRA took place in Western Canada along with professionals from the United States Many Canadian contestants were part timers who did not earn a significant living from rodeo 35 Canadians made several significant contributions to the sport of rodeo In 1916 at the Bascom Ranch in Welling Alberta John W Bascom and his sons Raymond Mel and Earl designed and built rodeo s first side delivery bucking chute for the ranch rodeos they were producing In 1919 Earl and John made rodeo s first reverse opening side delivery bucking chute at the Bascom Ranch in Lethbridge Alberta This Bascom style bucking chute is now rodeo s standard design Earl Bascom also continued his innovative contributions to the sport of rodeo by designing and making rodeo s first hornless bronc saddle in 1922 rodeo s first one hand bareback rigging in 1924 and the first high cut rodeo chaps in 1928 Earl and his brother Weldon also produced rodeo s first night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights in 1935 The Canadian Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame is located in Ponoka Alberta 36 Minority participation in the United States and Canada Edit Riders at the Black Heritage Day Rodeo presented by the Black Professional Cowboys and Cowgirls Association in Humble Texas in 2022 Native American and Hispanic cowboys compete in modern rodeos in small numbers African Americans constitute a smaller minority of rodeo contestants though many early rodeo champions such as Nat Love were African American Bill Pickett and bronc rider Bill Stahl were both elected to the Cowboy Hall of Fame During the 1940s and 1950s African Americans created the Southwestern Colored Cowboys Association Although the PRCA never formally excluded people of color pre 1960s racism effectively kept many minority participants particularly African Americans out of white competitions 37 In the 1960s bull rider Myrtis Dightman vied for national honors and qualified for the National Finals Rodeo In the 1990s the Black World Championship Rodeo was held in New York City and other locations across the United States 37 Mexican Americans have had a long history with both rodeo and charreada 38 In spite of its long association with southwestern culture there has been significant assimilation and cross acculturation Mexican Americans are so integrated into the southwestern cowboy culture that they are not visibly distinct 10 Brazilians also have a long and successful history of bull riding in America In 2017 37 of the top 35 riders in the Professional Bull Riding circuit were Brazilian 39 In 1976 the first gay rodeo was held in Reno Nevada as a charity fundraiser Several regional gay rodeo organizations were formed in the following years and in 1985 the existing organizations formed the International Gay Rodeo Association as a national sanctioning body 40 The melding of homosexuality and straight cowboy culture in gay rodeo simultaneously embraces archetypal Cowboy Code traits clarification needed and contemporary gay identity 41 Openly gay competitors stage their own rodeos because they are not welcomed in the straight circuit We can ride with the best of them one person stated But they don t want us around 41 Latin America EditMexico Edit Main article Charreada See also Jaripeo El Paso de la Muerte The Pass of Death a charreada event The charreada is the national sport of Mexico It is a display and contest of roping and riding with origins tracing to the cattle ranching life and culture of colonial Mexico Over time it became an event that included games parades foods and contests involving humans cattle and horses Following the Mexican Revolution of 1910 many rural Mexicans were displaced and took up residence in cities where urban based charros and others formed associations to establish and refine the charreada 38 During the Chicano Movement of the 1970s Mexican Americans revitalized their heritage by establishing the event in the United States 38 The event historically enjoys greater prestige in Mexico however and due to animal cruelty concerns some charreada events have been banned in the US 38 Unlike rodeos most charreadas do not award money to the winners as charreada is considered an amateur sport but trophies may be distributed Until recently the charreada was confined to men but a women s precision equestrian event called the escaramuza is now the tenth and final event in a charreada Unlike American rodeo events are not timed but judged and scored based on finesse and grace 38 American rodeo has been practiced in Mexico as early as the 1930s La Federacion Mexicana de Rodeo the Mexican Rodeo Federation was formed in 1992 as the leading organization of the sport in the country The National Rodeo Championship sanctioned by said organization and held consistently since 2000 has been held to crown the national champions in each of the seven standard events in American rodeo This annual event is held in Chihuahua Chihuahua citation needed Coleo Colombia and Venezuela Edit Coleo is a traditional Venezuelan and Colombian sport similar to American rodeo where a small group of llaneros cowboys on horseback pursue cattle at high speeds through a narrow pathway called a manga de coleo in order to drop or tumble them Coleos are usually presented as a side attraction to a larger event such as a religious festival They are very popular in Venezuela and in parts of Colombia mostly in the plains llanos A coleo starts with the participants and a calf or bull this depends on the age and stature of the competitors locked behind a trap door The trap door leads to a narrow earthen pathway about 100 metres long with high guard rails open at the other end When a judge gives a signal the calf is set loose and starts running A couple of seconds later the riders are released and they race to grab the calf by its tail The rider who accomplishes this first will increase speed dragging the calf until it finally stumbles The object is to accomplish this in the shortest time Brazil Edit Brazilian rodeios can be traced to the town of Barretos where the primary economic activities involved livestock and its transport to other locations one of the ways the cowboys entertained themselves was by riding the animals 42 In 1956 the first ever Festa do Peao de Boiadeiro was created and as the years went by this rodeo became the biggest in Brazil and in Latin America 43 Barretos is the most famous rodeo in Brazil However rodeos are very common in inner state towns in Brazil especially in Rio Grande do Sul Mato Grosso do Sul and Sao Paulo state Bull riding is a significant sport in the country Since 2006 PBR runs a national circuit in Brazil and Brazilian riders are a major presence on the main PBR circuit in the United States PBR also hosts a Brazilian Finals 44 Apart from PBR Brazil there are also a number of other bull riding and rodeo organizations in the country Brazil also has its own unique style of bronc riding called cutiano citation needed Argentina Edit In the twentieth century rodeo s popularity increased in Argentina Buenos Aires Rosario and other major cities hosted rodeos In 1909 the Sociedad Sportiva Argentina Argentina Sports Society announced a rodeo competition in which the winners would eventually compete in the United States against rodeo performers from other countries 45 Chile Edit Main article Chilean rodeo Second to soccer rodeo is the most popular sport in Chile and became the national sport of Chile on January 10 1962 by decree number 269 of the National Council of Sports and the Chilean Olympic Committee 46 Chilean rodeo traces to the 16th century beginning with gathering together lost or stray cattle in the Plaza de Armas de Santiago for branding and selection 47 Rodeo began to see regulation in the 17th century and talented riders received honors and awards In Chilean rodeo a team of two mounted men called a collera attempt to pin a calf against large cushions lining the arena medialuna Points are earned for proper technique Chilean Horses are employed to the exclusion of others and riders wear traditional huaso garb as a requirement The sport has become so popular that in 2004 more spectators attended rodeo events than professional football matches 48 Chilean rodeo has experienced financial woes lack of political support and poor promotion Unlike other Chilean sports rodeo does not receive any of the revenue from Chiledeportes because only sports that represent Chile overseas receive funds The Chilean Rodeo Federation has criticized the lack of governmental funding and has pointed out that rodeo reaches a part of the population that does not have access to other Chilean sports 49 El Salvador Edit In El Salvador rodeo is very popular They are also called jaripeos and are celebrated mainly during each municipality s festivities Traditionally people dress up as cowboys or wear clothing related to raising cattle 50 The history of rodeos jaripeos originates in Metapan considered the rodeo jaripeo capital of El Salvador Stories from neighbors indicate that the first Metapan jaripeo was held in 1937 on a property located on Las Parejas street with a wild colt Then came bull riding sparking competition between the ranches of that time After its popularity began to spread in 1965 a group of ranchers built a coliseum In later years rodeo and jaripeo have spread throughout El Salvador becoming a livestock tradition 51 Australia and the Pacific EditAustralia Edit Alan Wood on the great bucking mare Curio Photo taken shortly before Wood regained his seat and went on to make the required time Main article Australian rodeo Rodeos have long been a popular competitor and spectator sport in Australia but were not run on an organized basis until the 1880s The National Agricultural Society of Victoria ran one of the earliest recorded events in 1888 when a roughriding competition was held at their annual show 52 Travelling tent rodeo shows increased the popularity of roughriding throughout much of Australia 53 However by 1930 the Great Depression left only a few of these travelling shows on the road 52 Bushmen s Carnivals the Australian equivalent of American rodeos originated in Northern New South Wales in the 1920s and were well established by the 1930s Australian rodeo continued to grow following WWII and by September 1978 riders from the US Canada New Zealand and Australia competed in the World Rodeo Titles there for prize money totaling 60 000 In 1982 an Australian Bushmen s Carnival Association team competed in the North American Rodeo Commission s championships in Denver Colorado finishing sixth overall In August 1944 the Australian Bushmen s Carnival Association ABCA was formed by the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales as a result of the increase in the number of bushmen s carnivals The purpose of this formation was to standardize regulations and rules but insufficient support was given and the association was terminated in 1947 The Australian Professional Rodeo Association APRA was also formed in 1944 and is the national governing body for professional rodeo competition 54 Also formed in 1944 was the Australian Rough Riders Association ARRA in South Australia On 28 March 1946 the Northern N S W Bushmen s Carnival Association was founded at Maitland New South Wales These two associations are now the Australian Bushmen s Campdraft amp Rodeo Association ABCRA The ABCRA is the largest rodeo and campdraft organization in Australia 55 In May 1992 the National Rodeo Council of Australia NRCA was formed to further the sport of rodeo and has represented ABCRA and several other associations 56 Original events included buckjumping saddle broncs bullock riding campdrafting bulldogging wild cow milking wild bullock races wild horse races and releasing the surcingle Other common sporting events such as flag and bending races similar to pole bending were held for the competitors horses 57 Later the term rodeo became more commonly used with American saddles used the events also took on American naming patterns 58 The ABCRA now affiliates the sports of campdrafting roughriding saddle bronc and bareback riding steer and bull riding and timed rodeo events barrel races ladies and junior rope and tie steer undecorating ladies steer wrestling junior calf riding team roping and breakaway roping ladies 55 There are strict standards for the selection care and treatment of rodeo livestock arenas plus equipment requirements and specifications 59 In 1992 the National Rodeo Queen Quest was founded by the National Rodeo Council of Australia to promote and encourage young women into the sport of rodeo 60 The carnivals and rodeos typically take place during the spring and summer and are usually arranged to avoid date clashes so that competitors may take part in as many events as possible The prize money is obtained from donations and entry fees with the main prize money being for the open campdraft event The biggest rodeos are in Queensland Some large events are also held in New South Wales where Sydney has the rodeo during the Royal Agricultural Society show and Walcha holds a four day campdrafting and rodeo competition annually There also is a National Finals Rodeo Philippines Edit In the Philippines rodeo was introduced in the island during the American colonial era in the Philippines by the then Acting Governor of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu Teofisto Guingona Sr setting up ranches in Impasugong Bukidnon and Wao Lanao del Norte Rodeo is recognized today as the provincial sport of Bukidnon 61 Rodeo events have also been held in the province of Masbate known for its cattle industry it was declared the Rodeo Capital of the Philippines in 2002 by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo The province wide festival Rodeo Masbateno was first organized in 1993 to promote Masbate s cattle industry and boost its tourism 62 Animal treatment controversies EditSee also Animal treatment in rodeo Protests were first raised regarding rodeo animal cruelty in the 1870s and beginning in the 1930s some states enacted laws curtailing rodeo activities and other events involving animals In the 1950s the then Rodeo Cowboys Association RCA later the PRCA worked with the American Humane Association AHA to establish regulations protecting the welfare of rodeo animals that were acceptable to both organizations The PRCA realized that public education regarding rodeo and the welfare of animals was needed to keep the sport alive 63 Over the years conditions for animals in rodeo and many other sporting events improved Today the PRCA and other rodeo sanctioning organizations have stringent regulations to ensure rodeo animals welfare 64 65 For example these rules require among other things provisions for injured animals a veterinarian s presence at all rodeos a similar requirement exists for other equine events padded flank straps horn protection for steers and spurs with dulled free spinning rowels Rodeo competitors in general value and provide excellent care to the animals with which they work 66 Animals must also be protected with fleece lined flank straps for bucking stock and horn wraps for roping steers 67 Laws governing rodeo vary widely In the American west some states incorporate the regulations of the PRCA into their statutes as a standard by which to evaluate if animal cruelty has occurred 68 On the other hand some events and practices are restricted or banned in other states including California Rhode Island and Ohio 69 268 269 St Petersburg Florida is the only locality in the United States with a complete ban on rodeo 69 268 269 Canadian Humane Societies are careful in criticizing Canadian rodeo as the event has become so indigenous to Western Canada that criticism may jeopardize support for the organization s other humane goals The Calgary Humane Society itself is wary of criticizing the famous Calgary Stampede 35 Internationally rodeo itself is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands 4 and other European nations have placed restrictions on certain practices citation needed However a number of humane and animal rights organizations have policy statements that oppose many rodeo practices and often the events themselves Some also claim that regulations vary from vague to ineffective and are frequently violated 70 Other groups assert that any regulation still allows rodeo animals to be subjected to gratuitous harm for the sake of entertainment and therefore rodeos should be banned altogether 71 72 73 In response to these concerns a number of cities and states mostly in the eastern half of the United States have passed ordinances and laws governing rodeo Pittsburgh for example specifically prohibits electric prods or shocking devices flank or bucking straps wire tie downs and sharpened or fixed spurs or rowels Pittsburgh also requires humane officers be provided access to any and all areas where animals may go specifically pens chutes and injury pens The state of Rhode Island has banned tie down roping and certain other practices 74 Other locales have similar ordinances and laws 75 Positions taken by animal welfare organizations Edit There are three basic areas of concern to various groups The first set of concerns surround relatively common rodeo practices such as the use of bucking straps also known as flank straps 76 the use of metal or electric cattle prods 77 and tail twisting 78 The second set of concerns surround non traditional rodeo events that operate outside the rules of sanctioning organizations These are usually amateur events such as mutton busting calf dressing 79 wild cow milking calf riding chuck wagon races and other events designed primarily for publicity half time entertainment or crowd participation Finally some groups consider some or all rodeo events themselves to be cruel 80 Groups such as PETA and SHARK 81 and the Humane Society of the United States generally take a position of opposition to all rodeos and rodeo events 82 A more general position is taken by the ASPCA only opposing rodeo events that involve cruel painful stressful and potentially harmful treatment of livestock not only in performance but also in handling transport and prodding to perform The group singles out children s rodeo events such as goat tying calf riding and sheep riding mutton busting which do not promote humane care and respect for animals 83 The American Humane Association AHA does not appear to oppose rodeos per se though they have a general position on events and contests involving animals stating that when animals are involved in entertainment they must be treated humanely at all times 84 The AHA also has strict requirements for the treatment of animals used for rodeo scenes in movies starting with the rules of the PRCA and adding additional requirements consistent with the association s other policies 85 Unique among animal protection groups the ASPCA specifically notes that practice sessions are often the location of more severe abuses than competitions 83 However many state animal cruelty laws provide specific exemptions for training practices The American Humane Association is the only organization addressing the legislative issue advocating the strengthening of animal cruelty laws in general with no exceptions for training practices 86 Modern practice Edit It is a myth that a modern bucking horse is a wild animal The modern bronc is not a truly feral horse Some bucking horses are riding horses that learned to buck off their riders 67 Other bucking horses are specifically bred for use in rodeos 87 A proven bucking horse can be sold for 8000 to 10 000 or more making rough stock a valuable investment worth caring for and keeping in good health for many years Likewise bucking bulls are also selectively bred Most are allowed to grow up in a natural semi wild condition on the open range but also have to be trained in order to be managed from the ground safely loaded into trailers vaccinated and wormed and be loaded in and out of bucking chutes 87 Young bucking horses are initially introduced to work with cloth dummies attached to the saddle 87 Others are already well trained on the ground Some champion bucking horses got their start as riding horses that learned how to quickly and effectively unseat riders 88 Due to the rigors of travel and the short bursts of high intensity work required most horses in a bucking string are at least six or seven years old before they are used extensively and are expected to be sound performers for many years 87 Awards are given to the owners of the best bucking horses who are respected as equine athletes and perform for many years 89 Many are retired to pasture at the end of their careers 67 Many bucking horses understand their job well and reduce or stop their bucking even while still wearing a flank strap as soon as they either unseat the rider or hear the buzzer Industry position Edit Modern rodeos in the United States are closely regulated and have responded to accusations of animal cruelty by instituting a number of rules to guide how rodeo animals are to be managed 90 In 1994 a survey of 28 sanctioned rodeos was conducted by on site independent veterinarians Reviewing 33 991 animal runs the injury rate was documented at 16 animals or 0 047 percent less than five hundredths of one percent or one in 2000 animals 91 92 A study of rodeo animals in Australia found a similar injury rate Basic injuries occurred at a rate of 0 072 percent or one in 1405 with injuries requiring veterinary attention at 0 036 percent or one injury in every 2810 times the animal was used and transport yarding and competition were all included in the study 93 A later PRCA survey of 60 971 animal performances at 198 rodeo performances and 73 sections of slack indicated 27 animals were injured again approximately five hundredths of 1 percent 0 0004 90 Nonetheless accusation of cruelty in the USA persist The PRCA acknowledges that they only sanction about 30 percent of all rodeos while another 50 percent are sanctioned by other organizations and 20 percent are completely unsanctioned 90 The PRCA opposes the general concept of animal rights but supports animal welfare The PRCA takes the position that the organization does this and even goes beyond expectation 94 Not all rodeos are governed by the PRCA however though organizations governing collegiate and high school rodeos base their rules on those of the PRCA Nonetheless certain amateur and backyard rodeos are unregulated 95 and do not follow PRCA rules 94 Advocates for rodeo state that sick injured hungry or severely abused animals cannot perform well in a given event Rough stock must be healthy and well fed to give the cowboy a powerful and challenging ride sufficient to obtain a high score The bucking strap has to be an incentive to an animal that already wants to buck off a rider not a prod or the animal will either flee the pain not buck quickly sour and refuse to work regardless of any pain that might be inflicted 88 Steers and roping calves will not break from the chute fast enough for ropers to achieve a fast time if they are lame or weak and because of size and weight restrictions for each event they are not generally used for more than a single season Health regulations mandate vaccinations and blood testing of animals crossing state lines so rodeo stock receives routine care An injured animal will not buck well and hence a cowboy cannot obtain a high score for his ride so sick or injured animals are not run through the chutes but instead are given appropriate veterinary care so they can be returned to their usual level of strength and power 96 PRCA regulations require veterinarians to be available at all rodeos to treat both bucking stock and other animals as needed 97 The PRCA emphasizes that they first promulgated rules for proper and humane treatment of livestock in 1947 a full seven years before the founding of the Humane Society of the United States 88 Participants are fined for animal abuse and a study of 21 PRCA rodeos found only 15 animals injured in 26 584 performances a 0 06 percent rate 98 There are occasions of rule violations and animal mistreatment at sanctioned rodeos The major national rodeos are also under the most intense scrutiny and are the most likely to rigorously follow the rules Rodeos not subject to the rules of the PRCA or other organizations and rodeos outside of the United States and Canada where animal cruelty laws are weaker are more likely to be the sites of abusive practices In popular culture EditThe largest state of the art rodeos are professional commercial athletic contests held in climate controlled stadiums with broadcasting by various television networks Outside of the rodeo world itself there is disagreement about exactly what rodeo is Professional competitors for example view rodeo as a sport and call themselves professional athletes while also using the title of cowboy Fans view rodeo as a spectator sport with animals having aspects of pageantry and theater unlike other professional sport Non westerners view the spectacle as a quaint but exciting remnant of the Wild West while animal rights activists view rodeo as a cruel Roman circus spectacle or an Americanized bullfight 10 Anthropologists studying the sport of rodeo and the culture surrounding it have commented that it is a blend of both performance and contest and that rodeo is far more expressive in blending both these aspects than attempting to stand alone on one or the other Rodeo s performance level permits pageantry and ritual which serve to revitalize the spirit of the Old West while its contest level poses a man animal opposition that articulates the transformation of nature and dramatizes and perpetuates the conflict between the wild and the tame 99 On its deepest level rodeo is essentially a ritual addressing itself to the dilemma of man s place in nature 100 Rodeo is a popular topic in country western music such as the 1991 Garth Brooks hit single Rodeo and has also been featured in numerous movies television programs and in literature Rodeo is a ballet score written by Aaron Copland in 1942 and choreographer Agnes de Mille s ballet Rodeo was commissioned by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo in 1942 with the Copland score 101 Country singer Chris Ledoux competed in bareback riding and wrote many of his songs based on his experiences Rodeo has also been featured in a significant number of films and some focus specifically on the sport including 8 Seconds Cowboy Up The Longest Ride The Rider and The Cowboy Way The Texas Legislature declared rodeo to be the official sport of Texas in 1997 102 In 2021 United Conservative Party politician Muhammad Yaseen proposed making American rodeo the official sport of Alberta but the legislation did not to pass Rodeos worldwide EditMain article List of rodeos There are thousands of rodeos held worldwide each year Rodeo organizations EditAll Indian Rodeo Cowboys Association American Junior Rodeo Association Asociacion Colombiana de Rodeo Australian Professional Rodeo Association Bull Riders Only Canadian Cowboys Association 103 Canadian Professional Rodeo Association 104 Championship Bull Riding Confederacao Nacional de Rodeio Cowboys Professional Rodeo Association 105 Elite Rodeo Athletes European Rodeo Cowboy Association Federacion Mexicana de Rodeo 106 Indian National Finals Rodeo International Gay Rodeo Association 107 International Professional Rodeo Association 108 Mid States Rodeo Association National Barrel Horse Association National High School Rodeo Association 109 National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association 110 National Little Britches Rodeo Association National Senior Pro Rodeo Association 111 New Zealand Rodeo Cowboys Association Professional Bull Riders 112 Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association 113 Professional Roughstock Series Pro Rodeo Costa Rica Southern Extreme Bull Riding Association United Professional Rodeo Association United States Team Roping Championships 114 Women s Professional Rodeo Association Working Ranch Cowboys Association World Champions Rodeo AllianceRelated sports EditBullfighting Campdrafting Charreada Chilean rodeo Coleo Cowboy mounted shooting Cutting Deporte de lazo Gymkhana Jineteada gaucha Ranch rodeo ReiningSee also List of equestrian sportsSee also EditBuckle bunny Western ridingReferences Edit a b The Book of Extraordinary Facts Lincolnwood Illinois Publications International Ltd 2012 pp 56 57 ISBN 978 1 4508 5395 8 General Wyoming Information web site accessed July 12 2007 at http www netstate com states symb wy symb htm Archived 2019 10 28 at the Wayback Machine National Finals Rodeo NFR WatchNFR Archived from the original on November 8 2020 Retrieved November 10 2020 a b Rodeo animal abuse for the sake of entertainment Archived 2017 07 22 at the Wayback Machine Vancouver Humane Society accessed April 2 2009 Webster s Third New International Dictionary a b Rodeo Definition amp Meaning Dictionary com dictionary com Archived from the original on 2022 03 28 Retrieved 2022 07 25 Royal Spanish Academy Online Dictionary rodeo Buscon rae es Archived from the original on 2012 06 14 Retrieved 2014 01 02 Guinn James Miller 21 June 2018 A History of California and an Extended History of Los Angeles and Environs Also Containing Biographies of Well Known Citizens of the Past and Present Historic Record Company ISBN 9780598508874 via Google Books Richardson Eileen Matanza A New Mexico Celebration The Santa Fe Site Archived from the original on 2016 02 05 a b c Allen 1998 p 17 a b c Groves 2006 p 3 Field and Farm Magazine Denver Public Library Western History Division Treasured Memories Deer Trail Pioneer Historical Society Colorado House Joint Resolution No 1025 1969 Colorado Rodeo Roots Kathryn Ordway 1980 Pro rodeo Hall of Fame Colorado Springs Colorado Allen 1998 p 18 Coppedge Clay The First Rodeo Archived from the original on 27 March 2021 Retrieved 25 September 2021 Allen 1998 p 32 Johnson 30 Curnutt 2001 pp 268 269 Broyles 2006 p 4 PRCA event descriptions prorodeo com Archived from the original on 2009 06 10 Strickland 1998 Stratton 53 LeCompte Hispanic Roots of American Rodeo Studies in Latin American Popular Culture 13 Spring 1994 1 19 Wooden and Earinger Rodeo in America 17 32 Allen 1998 pp 24 25 a b LeCompte Rodeo in Vol II of Encyclopedia of World Sport ed David Levinson and Karen Christensen ABC CLIO 1996 813 About Us sv Professional Bull Riders Archived from the original on 2007 02 22 Retrieved 2007 02 16 accessed February 7 2007 College National Rodeo Finals Cnfr com 2011 02 10 Archived from the original on 2014 01 17 Retrieved 2014 01 02 LeCompte Encyclopedia of World Sport 813 pbr com History of Raymond Welcome to Raymond Alberta Archived from the original on April 22 2008 Retrieved April 15 2009 Slatta 219 a b Armstrong amp Botzler 2003 Canadian Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame CPRHF Canada Canadianprorodeohalloffame com 1980 06 19 Archived from the original on 2013 12 30 Retrieved 2014 01 02 a b Kirsch Harris amp Elaine Nolte 2000 p 390 a b c d e Candelaria Garcia amp Aldama 2004 pp 126 128 Brazil s Impact and Dominance in Professional Bull Riding culture trip 6 February 2017 Archived from the original on 25 September 2021 Retrieved 25 September 2021 IGRA History Archived from the original on January 3 2009 Retrieved 2009 03 14 a b Allen 1998 pp 170 173 Conheua a histzria dos rodeios e a polZhmica em torno do evento Abril com 2007 06 19 Archived from the original on 2014 01 02 Retrieved 2014 01 02 Festa do Peao de Boiadeiro de Barretos YouTube 2006 11 13 Archived from the original on 2014 06 19 Retrieved 2014 01 02 PBR Brazil title still up for grabs in Barretos Professional Bull Riders www pbr com 20 August 2016 Archived from the original on 2020 03 10 Retrieved 2018 02 15 Slatta 145 Rodeo chileno como nacio nuestro deporte nacional Familia Archived February 7 2012 at the Wayback Machine Historia del rodeo chileno Archived 2007 09 28 at the Wayback Machine Pagina oficial de la Federacion del Rodeo Chileno Juan Pablo Correa Especiales de Emol com Archived from the original on 2012 07 17 Retrieved 2014 01 02 El rodeo y las medialunas Jaja cl 2009 10 08 Archived from the original on 2013 09 14 Retrieved 2014 01 02 En Cojutepeque realizan tarde de Jaripeo 19 January 2019 En Cojutepeque realizan tarde de Jaripeo Retrieved 29 January 2022 Jaripeos Metapan Espectaculos Gran dia de jaripeo Retrieved 29 January 2022 a b Martin 1959 Personal Histories Boer War amp WW1 Retrieved 2009 11 22 Archived October 10 2009 at the Wayback Machine About the APRA Archived October 22 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2009 11 22 a b ABCRA Archived 2009 09 29 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2009 11 22 NCRA Archived 2009 10 30 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2009 11 22 Shaw 1984 Chisholm 1963 p 213 Code of practice for the welfare of rodeo and rodeo school livestock Retrieved 2009 11 22 Archived October 11 2009 at the Wayback Machine NRCA About us Archived 2009 10 30 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2009 11 22 Gallardo Froilan 22 September 2019 Impasugong rodeo capital of Mindanao MindaNews Archived from the original on 23 September 2019 Retrieved 24 September 2019 Barcia Rhaydz 18 April 2017 Rodeo Masbateno showcased in Asean Summit Manila Times Archived from the original on 23 September 2019 Retrieved 24 September 2019 Westermeier 435ff Duncan Joyce 2004 Sport in American Culture From Ali to X games ABC CLIO p 313 ISBN 978 1 57607 024 6 Archived from the original on 2021 09 28 Retrieved 2020 09 26 PRCA Animal welfare Archived 2008 06 08 at the Wayback Machine Miller amp Lamb 2005 pp 135 144 a b c Korioth Tricia February 1 2000 Welfare of equids ever evolving Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216 3 319 22 PMID 10755881 Archived from the original on June 30 2012 Retrieved 19 August 2017 Section 45 8 211 4 c Montana Code Annotated 2008 Archived 2009 02 27 at the Wayback Machine a b Curnutt 2001 is a point by point examination of the PRCA s regulations Sharkonline org Archived from the original on 2014 01 02 Retrieved 2014 01 02 Rodeos Inherent Cruelty to Animals www hsvma org Archived from the original on 2017 12 12 Retrieved 2017 12 11 Kaplan Jared 21 June 2018 Toros Steers Ropes Capes and Cowboy Boots The Inhumane Nature of Bullfighting and Rodeos Note Mid Atlantic Journal on Law and Public Policy 1 52 95 Archived from the original on 23 January 2021 Retrieved 28 September 2021 via HeinOnline Rodeos peta org 24 June 2010 Archived from the original on 11 December 2017 Retrieved 11 December 2017 Curnutt 2001 pp 271 272 PETA Buck the Rodeo 2013 10 23 Archived from the original on 2009 04 02 Retrieved 2014 01 02 SHARK Animal Cruelty Investigations and Campaigns Archived June 28 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Truth about Hot Shots Sharkonline org Archived from the original on 2013 10 31 Retrieved 2014 01 02 SHARK Animal Cruelty Investigations and Campaigns Archived May 14 2012 at the Wayback Machine SHARK Animal Cruelty Investigations and Campaigns Archived September 8 2012 at the Wayback Machine Calf roping The Most Cowardly Rodeo Event Archived September 8 2012 at the Wayback Machine SHARK Sharkonline org Archived from the original on 2014 01 02 Retrieved 2014 01 02 Statement on Animals in Entertainment and Competition Rodeo Humane Society of the United States Web site accessed June 28 2007 at http www hsus org about us statements animals in entertainment html Rodeos Archived 2009 03 03 at the Wayback Machine a b Animals in Entertainment 5 4 Rodeo web site accessed June 27 2007 at ASPCA ASPCA Policies and Positions Animals in Entertainment Sport and Work Archived from the original on 2008 11 23 Retrieved 2011 10 24 Events and Contests Involving Animals American Humane Association Animal Welfare Position Statements Web document accessed June 28 2007 at 1 American Humane Association Guidelines for the Safe Use of Animals in Filmed Media Roceo Scenes web document accessed June 27 2007 at 2 Legislative Brief Anti cruelty Laws web site accessed June 27 2007 at 3 a b c d Partian Chris Diamond in the Rough Western Horseman July 2007 pp 132 140 a b c Is Rodeo Bronc Riding Cruel Web article accessed June 28 2007 at http www cowboyway com BroncRiding htm Archived 2007 06 24 at the Wayback Machine Rodeo History Long Rodeo Company Web site accessed June 28 2007 at History Archived from the original on 2007 12 10 Retrieved 2008 02 05 a b c Animal Welfare The Care and Treatment of Professional Rodeo Livestock PRCA PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2008 04 11 Retrieved 2014 01 02 Is Rodeo Bronc Riding Cruel Web article accessed February 5 2008 at http www cowboyway com BroncRiding htm Archived 2007 06 24 at the Wayback Machine Animal Welfare Retrieved on 25 March 2009 Archived July 26 2011 at the Wayback Machine Animal Welfare Animals in Rodeo Prorodeo asn au Archived from the original on 2012 03 20 Retrieved 2014 01 02 a b Regan 150 Harris 199 The bovine athlete American Veterinary Medical Association Archived from the original on 2020 11 12 Retrieved 19 September 2020 PRCA Animal Welfare rules and discussion web site accessed February 5 2008 Archived June 8 2008 at the Wayback Machine Welfare of animals integral part of professional rodeos Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association January 15 2001 Web page accessed April 6 2009 Archived May 24 2012 at the Wayback Machine Lawrence 271 Lawrence 270 271 Allen 1998 pp 175 176 Hatch Rosie Ed 2022 Texas Almanac 2022 2023 Austin Texas Texas State Historical Association p 23 ISBN 9781625110664 The Canadian Cowboys Association sanctions semi professional rodeos in Canada Canadiancowboys ca 2013 11 21 Archived from the original on 2013 12 02 Retrieved 2014 01 02 Official Home of the Canadian Professional Rodeo Association Rodeo Canada 2013 12 02 Archived from the original on 2014 01 06 Retrieved 2014 01 02 CPRA Schedule Cprarodeo com Archived from the original on 2013 12 03 Retrieved 2014 01 02 FMR Sitio Oficial de la Federacion Mexicana de Rodeo Fmrodeo com Archived from the original on 2014 01 10 Retrieved 2014 01 02 The International Gay Rodeo Association www igra com Archived from the original on 2006 03 29 Retrieved 2009 03 14 The International Professional Rodeo Association Iprarodeo com 2013 11 21 Archived from the original on 2014 01 04 Retrieved 2014 01 02 http www nhsra org Archived 2005 02 11 at the Wayback Machine NHSRA NIRA National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association Archived from the original on 2005 02 14 Retrieved 2005 02 17 HOME Senior Pro Rodeo Official Website Archived from the original on 2006 08 04 Retrieved 2006 07 23 Professional Bull Riders Professional Bull Riders Archived from the original on 2012 07 11 Retrieved 2012 07 06 Home www prorodeo org Archived from the original on 2003 10 26 USTRC United States Team Roping Championships www ustrc com Archived from the original on 2008 08 07 Retrieved 2006 12 31 Sources and further reading EditAllen Michael 1998 Rodeo Cowboys in the North American Imagination Reno Nevada University of Nevada Press ISBN 9780874173154 Armstrong Susan Jean Botzler Richard George 2003 The Animal Ethics Reader London Routledge ISBN 9780415275880 Archived from the original on 2016 06 24 Retrieved 2015 11 12 Broyles Janell 2006 Barrel Racing New York City The Rosen Publishing Group p 4 ISBN 9781404205437 Archived from the original on 2016 05 04 Retrieved 2015 11 12 Candelaria Cordelia Garcia Peter J Aldama Arturo J 2004 Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture Westport CT Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 9780313332104 Archived from the original on 2016 06 10 Retrieved 2015 11 12 Chisholm Alec H ed 1963 Bushmen s Carnivals The Australian Encyclopaedia Vol 2 Sydney Halstead Press p 213 Curnutt Jordan 2001 Animals and the Law A Sourcebook Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO ISBN 9781576071472 Archived from the original on 2017 01 16 Retrieved 2015 11 12 Evans James Warren 2001 Horses A Guide to Selection Care and Enjoyment New York City W H Freeman and Company p 476 ISBN 9780716742555 Ford Elyssa Rodeo as refuge rodeo as rebellion gender race and identity in the American rodeo University Press of Kansas 2020 Groves Melody 2006 Ropes Reins and Rawhide All About Rodeo Albuquerque New Mexico University of New Mexico Press ISBN 9780826338228 Archived from the original on 2016 06 29 Retrieved 2015 11 12 Kirsch George B Harris Othello Elaine Nolte Claire 2000 Rodeo Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States Westport CT Greenwood Publishing Group p 390 ISBN 9780313299117 Archived from the original on 2021 09 28 Retrieved 2020 11 19 Harris Moira C 2007 Rodeo and Western Riding Edison NJ Chartwell Books ISBN 9780785822011 Archived from the original on 2016 04 27 Retrieved 2015 11 12 Lawrence Elizabeth Atwood 1984 Rodeo An Anthropologist Looks at the Wild and the Tame Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226469553 Martin Desmond 1959 Australia Astride Sydney Angus and Robertson OCLC 155832392 Miller Robert M Lamb Richard A 2005 Revolution in Horsemanship Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Vol 216 Guilford CT Lyons Press pp 1232 3 ISBN 9781592283873 PMID 10767957 Shaw John Henry 1984 Roughriding Collins Australian Encyclopedia Sydney William Collins ISBN 9780002173155 Slatta Richard W 1994 Cowboys of the Americas New Haven CT Yale University Press ISBN 9780300056716 Archived from the original on 2016 05 03 Retrieved 2015 11 12 Strickland Charlene 1998 Competing in Western Shows amp Events Pownal VT Storey Books ISBN 9781580170314 Westermeier Clifford P 1947 Man Beast Dust The Story of Rodeo Lincoln Nebraska University of Nebraska Press ISBN 9780803247437 Archived from the original on 2016 06 10 Retrieved 2015 11 12 Animals Used for Entertainment Rodeo People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Archived from the original on 2013 12 07 Retrieved 2009 04 01 Liberal Leader Kevin Taft loses legacy bid to have rodeo declared Alberta s official sport Get Growing for Business Retrieved 2009 04 02 dead link Rodeo Animal Abuse for the Sake of Entertainment Vancouver Humane Society Archived from the original on 2017 07 22 Retrieved 2009 04 02 Welfare of animals are integral part of professional rodeos Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association American Veterinary Medical Association 15 January 2001 Archived from the original on 12 November 2018 Retrieved 1 January 2014 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rodeo National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum Oklahoma City Oklahoma Professional Bull Riders PBR The Toughest Sport on Earth Autry National Center online rodeo photographs from the Gene Autry Collection permanent dead link National Cowgirl Museum amp Hall of Fame Fort Worth Texas Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association Colorado Springs Colorado Texas Rodeo Cowboy Hall of Fame Walnut Springs Texas Texas Rodeo Hall of Fame Pecos Texas Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rodeo amp oldid 1152042469, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.