Demographics of Melbourne

Melbourne is Australia's largest city and has a diverse and multicultural population.

Geographic distribution of the main ethno-cultural communities of Melbourne according to the 2016 census.^[1]

Chart of Melbourne's current and projected population growth

Melbourne dominated Australia's population growth for the 15th year in a row as of 2017, adding 125,424 people between 2016 and 2017, and boomed past 5 million people in 2019. Population growth is however projected to significantly decline as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated economic slowdown.^[2]

Melbourne has the 10th largest immigrant population among world metropolitan areas. In the 2021 census, 58.8% of residents were born in Australia.^[3] Melbourne is home to residents from 200 countries and territories, who speak over 233 languages and dialects and follow 116 religious faiths.

The earliest known inhabitants of the broad area that later became known as Melbourne were Indigenous Australians – specifically, at the time of European settlement, the Bunurong, Wurundjeri and Wathaurong tribal groups. Melbourne is still a centre of Aboriginal life — consisting of local groups and indigenous groups from other parts of Australia, as most indigenous Victorians were displaced from their traditional lands during colonization – with the Aboriginal community in the city numbering over 20,000 persons (0.6% of the population).^[4]

Demographic statistics

 

Melbourne population density by mesh blocks (MB), according to the 2016 census

Melbourne population by year
1836	177
1841	4,479
1854	76,565^[5]	Gold rush
1857	91,900^[6]	Gold rush
1861	126,536^[7]
1871	206,780^[8]
1881	282,947^[9]	1880s property boom
1891	490,896^[10]
1901	496,079^[11]	1891 economic bust
1911	588,854^[12]
1921	766,506^[13]
1933	922,048^[14]
1947	1,226,923^[15]
1954	1,524,062^[16]
1961	1,911,895^[17]
1971	2,436,335^[18]
1981	2,806,000
1991	3,156,700	1990–91 recession
2001	3,366,542
2006	3,744,373
2011	3,999,982^[19]
2016	4,485,211^[20]

Melbourne urban area density (people/ha)
1951	23.4^[21]
1961	21.4^[22]
1971	18.1^[23]
1981	15.9^[24]
1986	16.05^[25]
1991	16.8^[26]
1996	17.9^[27]
1999	17.05^[28]
2001	15.9^[29]

Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the Melbourne statistical division was growing by approximately 50,000 people a year in 2003. Until 2020, Melbourne had attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake, along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living, which have been two recent key factors driving Melbourne's growth.^[30][31]

In recent years, Melton, Wyndham, Hume and Whittlesea, part of the Melbourne statistical division, recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia.

Melbourne's population density declined following the Second World War, with the private motor car and the lures of space and property ownership causing a suburban sprawl, mainly eastward. After much discussion both at general public and planning levels in the 1980s, the decline has reversed since the recession of the early 1990s.

The city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs. Since the 1970s, Victorian Government planning blueprints, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030, have aimed to curtail the urban sprawl.^[32][33]

Demographic history

European settlement and Gold Rush immigration

 

Melbourne's Chinatown, established in 1854, is the oldest in Australia and one of the oldest in the world

The first European settlers in Melbourne were British and Irish. These two groups accounted for nearly all arrivals before the gold rush, and supplied most immigrants to the city until the Second World War.

Melbourne was transformed by the 1850s gold rush; within months of the discovery of gold in August 1852, the city's population had increased by nearly three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants.^[34] Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city.^[35]

Many Chinese, German and American nationals were to be found on the goldfields and subsequently in Melbourne. The various nationalities involved in the Eureka Stockade revolt nearby give some indication of the migration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century.^[36]

Post-war immigration

In the aftermath of the Second World War, Melbourne experienced unprecedented inflows from Mediterranean Europe and the Balkans, primarily Greece, Italy, Yugoslavia, and West Asia, mostly from Lebanon, Cyprus and Turkey. Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973 during the Vietnam War, the city has received a larger wave of primarily Asian immigration and refugees, with Vietnam, China, India.

Multiculturalism

In 2018, the population of the Melbourne metropolitan area was 4,963,349.^[37]

Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the population of the Melbourne statistical division has grown by about 70,000 people a year since 2005. Until 2020, Melbourne had attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake on percentage, along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living.^[38]

In recent years, Melton, Wyndham and Casey, part of the Melbourne statistical division, recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia.

After a trend of declining population density since World War II, the city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs, aided in part by Victorian Government planning, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030, which have aimed to curtail urban sprawl.^[32][39] As of 2018, the CBD is the most densely populated area in Australia with more than 19,000 residents per square kilometre, and the inner city suburbs of Carlton, South Yarra, Fitzroy and Collingwood make up Victoria's top five.^[40]

Ancestry and immigration

Country of Birth (2021)^[41]

Birthplace^[N 1]	Population
Australia	2,947,136
India	242,635
Mainland China	166,023
England	132,912
Vietnam	90,552
New Zealand	82,939
Sri Lanka	65,152
Philippines	58,935
Italy	58,081
Malaysia	57,345
Greece	44,956
Pakistan	29,067
South Africa	27,056
Iraq	25,041
Hong Kong SAR	24,428
Afghanistan	23,525
Iran	20,922
USA	20,231

At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:^{[N 2][42]}

• English (24.8%)
• Australian (22.5%)^{[N 3]}
• Chinese (8.8%)
• Irish (8.2%)
• Scottish (6.9%)
• Italian (6.7%)
• Indian (5.5%)
• Greek (3.6%)
• German (2.8%)
• Vietnamese (2.5%)
• Filipino (1.7%)
• Dutch (1.4%)
• Maltese (1.3%)
• Polish (1.1%)
• Sri Lankan (1%)
• Lebanese (1%)

0.5% of the population, or 24,062 people, identified as Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders) in 2016.^{[N 4][44]}

Melbourne has the 10th largest immigrant population among world metropolitan areas. In Melbourne at the 2021 census, the other most common countries of birth were India (5.1%), Mainland China (3.6%), England (2.7%), Vietnam (2.0%) and New Zealand (1.7%).^[45]

As of the 2021 census, 59.6% of Melburnians speak only English at home.^[45] Mandarin (4.6%), Vietnamese (2.5%), Greek (2.2%), Punjabi (2.0%), and Arabic (1.9%) are the most common foreign languages spoken at home by residents of Melbourne.^[45]

 

An Indian restaurant in West Melbourne.

Most foreign ethnic groups are associated with the suburbs they are most concentrated in:

• Italians with Avondale Heights, Reservoir, Fawkner, Thomastown, Keilor Park, Greenvale, Pascoe Vale, Bulleen, Mill Park, Keilor East and throughout much of the North and North-Western suburbs
• Greeks with Oakleigh, Oakleigh South, Bentleigh East, Hughesdale, Doncaster, Preston, Thornbury, Pascoe Vale South, Burwood East, Templestowe and interspersed throughout the North, North-Eastern and South-Eastern suburbs.
• Turkish with Broadmeadows, Dallas, Roxburgh Park, Craigieburn, Meadow Heights, Greenvale and Coolaroo
• Lebanese with Broadmeadows, Roxburgh Park, Altona North, Coolaroo, Glenroy, Coburg, Campbellfield and Fawkner
• Egyptians with Hillside, Taylors Lakes and Taylors Hill
• Afghans with Dandenong, Hallam, Doveton, Narre Warren South and Hampton Park
• Iranians with Doncaster, Doncaster East and Templestowe
• Assyrians and Iraqis with Broadmeadows, Roxburgh Park, Greenvale, Craigieburn and Coolaroo^[46]
• Vietnamese with St Albans, Springvale, Footscray, Sunshine North, Deer Park, Delahey, Braybrook, Cairnlea, Sunshine, Sunshine West, Noble Park and Richmond.
• Sri Lankans with Dandenong, Endeavour Hills, Noble Park, Hampton Park, Narre Warren, Mount Waverley, Glen Waverley, Clyde North and Craigieburn
• Chileans and Salvadorans with Caroline Springs, Hillside, Burnside Heights, Sunshine West and St Albans
• Colombians with CBD and Southbank
• Somalis with Heidelberg West, Broadmeadows, Carlton and Flemington
• Ethiopians with Tarneit, Truganina, Derrimut, Flemington and throughout the Western Suburbs.
• Eritreans with Braybrook, Flemington, Carlton and Roxburgh Park.
• Sudanese with St Albans, Sunshine, Wyndham Vale, Tarneit, Truganina, Noble Park, Dandenong, Melton, Pakenham and Doveton
• Croatian with St Albans and Taylors Lakes
• Serbians with Keysborough, Noble Park, Dandenong, Endeavour Hills and St Albans
• Indians with Tarneit, Truganina, Noble Park, Epping, Cranbourne West, Glen Waverley, Laverton, Sydenham, Springvale, Hampton Park, Clayton South, Lynbrook, Lyndhurst, Point Cook, Carnegie, Glenhuntly, Clayton, Dandenong, Craigieburn and St Albans
• Pakistani with Fawkner, Glenroy, Broadmeadows, Tarneit and Dallas
• Albanians with Dandenong
• Maltese with Hillside, St Albans, Caroline Springs, Taylors Lakes and throughout the western suburbs.
• Chinese including Chinese Malaysians, Hongkongers, Taiwanese with CBD, Templestowe, Doncaster East, Doncaster, Clayton, Carlton, Mount Waverley, Glen Waverley, Wantirna South, Springvale, Vermont South, Forest Hill, Bundoora, Point Cook, Box Hill and throughout the Eastern suburbs
• Jewish with Caulfield North, Elsternwick, Caulfield, St Kilda East, Balaclava
• Russian with Carnegie, Bentleigh East, Caulfield, Caulfield North, Bentleigh, McKinnon and Moorabbin
• Samoans with Tarneit, Hampton Park, Cranbourne, Craigieburn, Melton, Broadmeadows and St Albans
• Māori with Tarneit, Truganina, Point Cook, Cranbourne, Hampton Park and Carrum Downs
• Filipino with Caroline Springs, Hampton Park, Derrimut, Burnside and Tarneit
• Koreans with CBD, Box Hill, Glen Waverley, Clayton, Oakleigh, Point Cook, Docklands and Southbank
• Cambodian with Springvale, Springvale South, Noble Park, Keysborough and Clayton South
• Nepalese with Glenroy, Broadmeadows and Sunshine.
• Burmese with Sunshine, Laverton, Hoppers Crossing, Werribee, Springvale and Ringwood
• Polish with Bentleigh, Caulfield, Keysborough, Carnegie and Albion
• Timorese with Delahey and Taylors Hill
• Fijian with Berwick, Cranbourne and Hampton Park
• Macedonian with Thomastown, Lalor, Kings Park, Epping, Mill Park, Taylors Hill, Keilor Downs and Taylors Lakes
• Bosnian with Cairnlea, Noble Park and St Albans

The cities of Whittlesea, Wyndham, Hume, Brimbank and Dandenong on Melbourne's fringe are particular current migrant hotspots.^[47]

Demographics and Cuisine

As a result of large migrant populations, Melbourne has a proliferation of areas where restaurants, cafes and services of similar international demographic establish, particularly Chinese, Indian, Thai, Vietnamese and Malaysian cuisines. Some of these areas include:

• Lonsdale Street, Top End, Melbourne CBD – Greek cuisine
• Lygon Street, Southern End, Carlton – Italian cuisine (Little Italy)
• Sydney Road, Coburg/Brunswick – Lebanese and Turkish (Little Lebanon)
• Johnston Street, western end, Fitzroy – Spanish/Latin-American
• Caulfield & North Caulfield – Kosher Jewish cuisine
• Oakleigh – Greek cuisine
• Little Bourke Street, eastern end, Melbourne city – Chinese and East Asian cuisine (Chinatown)
• Central Box Hill – Chinese and East Asian cuisine
• Koornang Road, Carnegie – Korean cuisine
• Central Footscray – Vietnamese, Sudanese and Chinese
• Robinson, Walker and Foster streets, Dandenong – Indian (Little India)
• Thomas Street, Dandenong – Afghan (Afghan Bazaar)
• Central Springvale – Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, Cambodian
• Glen Waverley/Doncaster – Chinese, Malaysian and Sri Lankan cuisines
• Victoria Street, Abbotsford/Richmond – Chinese, Vietnamese (Little Saigon)
• Areas notable for large variety of mixed cuisine – Dandenong, St Kilda, Ormond, Brunswick, Melbourne CBD

Religion

 

St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne (the foundation stone was laid in 1858)

The 2006 Census records show some 28.3% (1,018,113) of Melbourne residents list their religious affiliation as Catholic.^[48] The next highest responses were No Religion (20.0%, 717,717), Anglican (12.1%, 433,546), Eastern Orthodox (5.9%, 212,887) and the Uniting Church (4.0%, 143,552).^[48] Buddhists, Muslims, Jews and Hindus collectively account for 7.5% of the population.

Buddhism

In 1848, the first large group of Buddhists to come to Australia came as part of gold rush. The great majority stayed briefly for prospecting purposes rather than as permanent settlers. In 1856, a temple was established in South Melbourne by the Sze Yap group. The first specific Australian Buddhist group, the Buddhist Study Group Melbourne, was formed in Melbourne in 1938 but ended a short time later during the Second World War.^[49]

Christianity

The largest religious group is Christianity. 64% of people from Melbourne consider themselves Christians but this is subdivided into a number of denominations of which over half are members of the Roman Catholic Church, followed by the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox and the Uniting churches. The city has two large cathedrals, St Patrick's (Roman Catholic),^[50] and St Paul's (Anglican).^[51] Both were built in the Victorian era and are of considerable heritage significance as major landmarks of the city.^[52]

Hinduism

The majority of Australian Hindus live along the Eastern Coast of Australia and are mainly located in Melbourne and Sydney. They have established a number of temples and other spiritual meeting places and celebrate most Hindu festivals.^[53]

Islam

There are approximately 500,000 Muslims living in Australia with over 100,000 settled in Melbourne. They are noted for their diversity with heritages from more than 60 countries.^{[54] [55]} The first Muslims to settle permanently in Australia were the cameleers, mainly from Afghanistan from as early as the 1860s.

Judaism

 

The heritage-listed East Melbourne Hebrew Congregation in East Melbourne.

Four out of ten Australian Jews call Melbourne home. The city is also residence to the largest number of Holocaust survivors of any Australian city,^[56] indeed the highest per capita concentration outside Israel itself.^[57] To service the needs of the vibrant Jewish community, Melbourne's Jewry have established multiple synagogues, which today number over 30,^[58] along with a local Jewish newspaper.^[59] Melbourne's largest university–Monash University is named after prominent Jewish general and statesman, John Monash.^[60]

Sikhism

Sikhism is a small but growing minority religion in Australia, that can trace its origins in the nation to the 1830s. The Sikhs form one of the largest subgroups of Indian Australians with 125,000 adherents according to the 2016 census, having grown from 17,000 in 2001 and 12,000 in 1996[1] [2]. Most adherents can trace their ancestry back to the Punjab region of India. Whereas, as per anecdotal evidence collected by Sikh Council of Australia Inc., there are approximately 100,000 Sikhs in Australia and the number of Punjabi speakers is even higher. They are often mistaken for who they are not, due to Sikh men required to wear a "Turban" as one of the 5 articles of faith. The largest Sikh communities are situated on the Eastern Sea Board, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, followed by Adelaide, Perth, Canberra, Cairns, Townsville. Sikhs also make up a significant population in the town of Woolgoolga near Coffs Harbour, NSW where they own Banana Plantations. There is also a significant Sikh population in Griffith NSW, Renmark SA, associated with Farming. Kahlon Estate's in Renmark which produce Australia's Premium Wines are owned by Sikh emigrants

Irreligion

Melbourne, like the rest of Australia, is partially irreligious, with the proportion of people identifying themselves as Christian declining from 96% in 1901 to 64% in 2006 and those who did not state their religion or declared no religion rising from 2% to over 30% over the same period.^[61]

Major religious groups in Melbourne

Religion^[62]	Total population	% of total
Christianity	2,231,054	55.8%
Buddhism	158,635	4.0%
Islam	144,649	3.6%
Hinduism	79,757	2.0%
Sikhism	49,104	1.2%
Judaism	44,561	1.1%
Non-classifiable religious belief	34,473	0.9%
Irreligion	939,219	23.5%
Not stated	323,158	8.1%
Total population	3,999,958	100%

Socioeconomics

 

Darker green indicate areas of higher household incomes. Suburbs immediately east of the centre tend to be more affluent

Areas within the Greater Melbourne area host varying groups of socio-economic background, inner city areas tend to be more affluent, gentrified or bohemian, suburban areas tend to house middle class residents, whilst outer suburban areas tend to house lower income residents.

Other points of note include increased property prices in public transport corridors, leading to many of these areas, particularly in the inner east, being more affluent.

See also

• Demographics of Australia
• Greek community of Melbourne
• Italian Australians of Melbourne
• Japanese community of Melbourne
• Birth rate and fertility rate in Australia
• Immigration to Australia
• Melbourne population growth

Notes

1. In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.
2. As a percentage of 4,652,326 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2021 census.
3. The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the Anglo-Celtic group.^[43]
4. Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

References

1. ""Census of Population and Housing - Cultural Diversity, 2016, TableBuilder"". Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).
2. "Coronavirus Australia: Sydney, Melbourne could suffer long-term damage from COVID-19".
3. "ABS Australia".
4. VicNet — Strategy for Aboriginal Managed Land in Victoria: Draft Report 2008-10-01 at the Wayback Machine [Part 1-Section 2]
5. 1854 Census of Victoria, accessed from The Dataverse Project "ADA Dataverse".
6. 1857 Census of Victoria, accessed from The Dataverse Project "ADA Dataverse".
7. 1861 Census of Victoria, accessed from The Dataverse Project "ADA Dataverse".
8. 1871 Census of Victoria, accessed from The Dataverse Project "ADA Dataverse".
9. 1881 Census of Victoria, accessed from The Dataverse Project "ADA Dataverse".
10. 1891 Census of Victoria, accessed from The Dataverse Project "ADA Dataverse".
11. 1901 Census of Victoria, accessed from The Dataverse Project "ADA Dataverse".
12. 1911 Census, accessed from Australian Bureau of Statistics https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ViewContent?readform&view=ProductsbyCatalogue&Action=Expand&Num=2.2
13. 1921 Census, accessed from Australian Bureau of Statistics https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ViewContent?readform&view=ProductsbyCatalogue&Action=Expand&Num=2.2
14. 1933 Census, accessed from Australian Bureau of Statistics https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ViewContent?readform&view=ProductsbyCatalogue&Action=Expand&Num=2.2
15. 1947 Census, accessed from Australian Bureau of Statistics https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ViewContent?readform&view=ProductsbyCatalogue&Action=Expand&Num=2.2
16. 1954 Census, accessed from Australian Bureau of Statistics https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ViewContent?readform&view=ProductsbyCatalogue&Action=Expand&Num=2.2
17. 1961 Census, accessed from Australian Bureau of Statistics https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ViewContent?readform&view=ProductsbyCatalogue&Action=Expand&Num=2.2
18. 1971 Census, accessed from Australian Bureau of Statistics https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ViewContent?readform&view=ProductsbyCatalogue&Action=Expand&Num=2.2
19. "2011 Census QuickStats". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
20. . quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
21. MMBW (ed.). Melbourne metropolitan planning scheme 1954 : planning scheme ordinance p23. Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works.
22. . Found in University and State libraries and some public libraries: Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Archived from the original on 2008-07-28. Retrieved 2008-10-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
23. Australian Bureau of Statistics 1971
24. Maher, C.A. Division of National Mapping and the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.). Melbourne – a social atlas [cartographic material]. Vol. 3 (Atlas of population and housing, 1981 census ed.). Canberra : Division of National Mapping and Australian Bureau of Statistics in association with the Institute of Australian Geographers, 1984. ISBN 0-642-51634-0.
25. Social Atlas/"Supermap" Census Data, 1986
26. Social Atlas/"Supermap" Census Data, 1991
27. Victoria. Dept. of Infrastructure (ed.). Report of the Advisory Committee on the Victoria planning provisions (VPPs) / Minister for and Local Government. [Melbourne] : Minister for Planning and Local Government, 1998.
28. "Melbourne Urbanized Area: Statistical Local Areas by Population Density: 1999". www.demographia.com. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
29. Regional Economic Development in Victoria: Melbourne Statistical Division 2013-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
30. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
31. Article by John O'Leary. Monash University Press
32. . Victorian Government, Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE). Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
33. . City of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
34. Victorian Cultural Collaboration. . sbs.com.au. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
35. The Snowy Mountains Scheme and Multicultural Australia January 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
36. Annear, Robyn (1999). Nothing But Gold. The Text Publishing Company.
37. "Regional population, 2019-20 financial year | Australian Bureau of Statistics".
38. O'Leary, John. (PDF). People and Place. 7, 1. Monash University: 38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
39. . City of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
40. Smith, Rohan (5 October 2018). "There’s a reason Melbourne feels so crowded — it’s the most densely populated area in Australia", news.com.au. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
41. "2021 Greater Melbourne, Census Community Profiles | Australian Bureau of Statistics". Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
42. "2021 Census Community Profiles: Greater Melbourne". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
43. Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of. "Feature Article - Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)". www.abs.gov.au.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
44. . Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Archived from the original on 2019-05-12. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
45. "2021 Census QuickStats: Greater Melbourne". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2021. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
46. "Multicultural community profiles | Victorian Government". www.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
47. "The streets of our town". The Age. www.theage.com.au. 22 July 2002. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
48. . 2006 Census. www.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2007-11-27. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
49. . melbournebuddhistcentre.org. Archived from the original on 2003-05-17. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
50. "St Patrick's Cathedral". Catholic Communication, Melbourne. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
51. "St. Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne". anglican.com.au. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
52. "Victorian Architectural Period — Melbourne". walkingmelbourne.com. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
53. . newcomerstooz.info. Archived from the original on 2008-11-06. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
54. "Inside Muslim Melbourne". theage.com.au. 27 August 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
55. "Census shows non-Christian religions continue to grow at a faster rate". abs.gov.au. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
56. Holocaust Remembrance in Australian Jewish Communities 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine Judith Berman
57. "The Kadimah & Yiddish Melbourne in the 20th Century". Jewish Cultural Centre and National Library: "Kadima". Retrieved 9 January 2007.
58. . The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
59. . The Australian Jewish News. Archived from the original on 2008-07-29. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
60. Perry, Roland (2004). Monash: The Outsider who Won A War. Random House.
61. "Cultural diversity". 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2008. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 7 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
62. Greater Melbourne Religion

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demographic of Melbourne.