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Democratic Party (Italy)

October 31, 2023

For the 1913 party, see Democratic Party (Italy, 1913).

The Democratic Party (Italian: Partito Democratico, PD) is a social-democratic[4][5][6] political party in Italy. The party's secretary is Elly Schlein, elected in the 2023 leadership election, while the party's president is Stefano Bonaccini.

Democratic Party
Partito Democratico
AbbreviationPD
SecretaryElly Schlein
PresidentStefano Bonaccini
Founded14 October 2007; 16 years ago (2007-10-14)
Merger of
HeadquartersVia Sant'Andrea delle Fratte 16 (Largo del Nazareno), Rome
Newspaper
  • L'Unità (2007–2014)
  • Europa (2007–2014)
  • Democratica (2017–2019)
  • Immagina (2020–present)
Youth wingYoung Democrats
Membership (1 February 2023) 150,000[1]
IdeologySocial democracy
Political positionCentre-left[2][3]
National affiliationCentre-left coalition
European affiliationParty of European Socialists
International affiliationProgressive Alliance
European Parliament groupProgressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
Parliamentary groupPD – Democratic and Progressive Italy
Colours  Red   Green
Chamber of Deputies[a]
68 / 400
Senate[b]
38 / 200
European Parliament[c]
15 / 76
Regional Councils
187 / 896
Conference of Regions
4 / 21
Website
partitodemocratico.it
  1. ^ One deputy sits within the More Europe subgroup.
  2. ^ One senator sits within the For the Autonomies group.
  3. ^ One MEP is also affiliated with Solidary Democracy.

The PD was established in 2007 upon the merger of various centre-left parties which had been part of The Olive Tree list in the 2006 Italian general election, mainly the social-democratic Democrats of the Left (DS), successor of the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left, which was folded with several social-democratic parties (Labour Federation and Social Christians, among others) in 1998, as well as the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL), a merger of the Italian People's Party (heir of the Christian Democracy party's left wing), The Democrats and Italian Renewal in 2002.[7] While the party has also been influenced by Christian left,[6][8] social liberalism[9][10][11] and Third Way, especially under Matteo Renzi's leadership, the PD moved closer to social liberalism.[12][13][14] Under latter leaders, especially Schlein, whose upbringing is influenced by the radical left, environmentalism and green politics, the party has moved to the left.[15][16][17][18][19][20]

Between 2013 and 2018, the Council of Ministers was led by three successive prime ministers of Italy from the PD, namely Letta (2013–2014), Renzi (2014–2016) and Paolo Gentiloni (2016–2018). The PD was the second-largest party in the 2018 Italian general election, where the centre-left coalition came third. The party was returned to government in September 2019 with the Conte II Cabinet, as junior partner of the Five Star Movement, and joined the national unity Draghi Cabinet, comprising also the League and Forza Italia, in February 2021. As of 2021, the party heads five regional governments. In the 2022 Italian general election, the PD-led coalition achieved similar results to 2018 and returned to the opposition.

Prominent Democrats include former leaders Walter Veltroni, Dario Franceschini, Nicola Zingaretti and Enrico Letta. Former members have included Giorgio Napolitano (President of Italy, 2006–2015), Sergio Mattarella (President of Italy, 2015–present), four Prime Ministers (Romano Prodi, Giuliano Amato, Massimo D'Alema and Renzi), three former leaders (Pier Luigi Bersani, Guglielmo Epifani and, again, Renzi), as well as David Sassoli (President of the European Parliament, 2019–2022), Francesco Rutelli, Pietro Grasso and Carlo Calenda.

History edit

Background: The Olive Tree edit

Main article: The Olive Tree (Italy)

Following Tangentopoli scandals, the end of the so-called First Republic and the transformation of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) in the early 1990s, a process aimed at uniting left-wing and centre-left forces into a single political entity was started.

In 1995, Romano Prodi, a former minister of Industry on behalf of the left-wing faction of Christian Democracy (DC), entered politics and founded The Olive Tree (L'Ulivo), a centre-left coalition including the PDS, the Italian People's Party (PPI), the Federation of the Greens (FdV), Italian Renewal (RI), the Italian Socialists (SI) and Democratic Union (UD). The coalition in alliance with the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) won the 1996 general election and Prodi became Prime Minister.

In February 1998, the PDS merged with minor social-democratic parties (Labour Federation and Social Christians, among others) to become the Democrats of the Left (DS), while in March 2002 the PPI, RI and The Democrats (Prodi's own party, launched in 1999) became Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL). In the summer of 2003, Prodi suggested that centre-left forces should participate in the 2004 European Parliament election with a common list. Whereas the Union of Democrats for Europe (UDEUR) and the far-left parties refused, four parties accepted, namely the DS, DL, the Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI) and the European Republicans Movement (MRE). These launched a joint list named United in the Olive Tree which ran in the election and garnered 31.1% of the vote. The project was later abandoned in 2005 by the SDI.

In the 2006 general election, the list obtained 31.3% of the vote for the Chamber of Deputies.

Road to the Democratic Party edit

 
Romano Prodi

The project of a Democratic Party was often mentioned by Prodi as the natural evolution of The Olive Tree and was bluntly envisioned by Michele Salvati, a former centrist deputy of the DS, in an appeal in Il Foglio newspaper in April 2013.[21] The term Partito Democratico was used for the first time in a formal context by the DL and DS members of the Regional Council of Veneto, who chose to form a joint group named The Olive Tree – Venetian Democratic Party (L'Ulivo – Partito Democratico Veneto) in March 2007.[22]

The 2006 election result, anticipated by the 2005 primary election in which over four million voters endorsed Prodi as candidate for Prime Minister, gave a push to the project of a unified centre-left party. Eight parties agreed to merge into the PD:

While the DL agreed to the merger with virtually no resistance, the DS experienced a more heated final congress. On 19 April 2007, approximately 75% of party members voted in support of the merger of the DS into the PD. The left-wing opposition, led by Fabio Mussi, obtained just 15% of the support within the party. A third motion, presented by Gavino Angius and supportive of the PD only within the Party of European Socialists (PES), obtained 10% of the vote. Both Mussi and Angius refused to join the PD and, following the congress, founded a new party called Democratic Left (SD).

On 22 May 2007, the organising committee of the nascent party was formed. It consisted of 45 members, mainly politicians from the two aforementioned major parties and the leaders of the other six minor parties. Also leading external figures such as Giuliano Amato, Marcello De Cecco, Gad Lerner, Carlo Petrini and Tullia Zevi were included.[23] On 18 June, the committee decided the rules for the open election of the 2,400 members of the party's constituent assembly; each voter could choose between a number of lists, each of them associated with a candidate for secretary.

Foundation and leadership election edit

Main article: 2007 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election

All candidates interested in running for the PD leadership had to be associated with one of the founding parties and present at least 2,000 valid signatures by 30 July 2007. A total of ten candidates officially registered their candidacy: Walter Veltroni, Rosy Bindi, Enrico Letta, Furio Colombo, Marco Pannella, Antonio Di Pietro, Mario Adinolfi, Pier Giorgio Gawronski, Jacopo Schettini, Lucio Cangini and Amerigo Rutigliano. Of these, Pannella and Di Pietro were rejected because of their involvement in external parties (the Radicals and Italy of Values respectively) whereas Cangini and Rutigliano did not manage to present the necessary 2,000 valid signatures for the 9 pm deadline and Colombo's candidacy was instead made into hiatus to give him 48 additional hours to integrate the required documentation. Colombo later decided to retire his candidacy citing his impossibility to fit with all the requirements.[24] All rejected candidates had the chance against the decision in 48 hours' time,[25] with Pannella and Rutigliano being the only two candidates to appeal against it.[26] Both were rejected on 3 August.[27]

On 14 October 2007, Veltroni was elected leader with about 75% of the national votes in an open primary attended by over three million voters.[28] Veltroni was proclaimed secretary during a party's constituent assembly held in Milan on 28 October 2007.[29]

On 21 November, the new logo was unveiled. It depicts an olive branch and the acronym PD in colours reminiscent of the Italian tricolour flag (green, white and red). In the words of Ermete Realacci, green represents the ecologist and social-liberal cultures, white the Catholic solidarity and red the socialist and social-democratic traditions.[30] The green-white-red idea was coined by Schettini during his campaign.

Leadership of Walter Veltroni edit

 
Walter Veltroni

After the premature fall of the Prodi II Cabinet in January 2008, the PD decided to form a less diverse coalition. The party invited the Radicals and the Socialist Party (PS) to join its lists, but only the Radicals accepted and formed an alliance with Italy of Values (IdV) which was set to join the PD after the election. The PD included many notable candidates and new faces in its lists and Walter Veltroni, who tried to present the PD as the party of the renewal in contrast both with Silvio Berlusconi and the previous centre-left government, ran an intense and modern campaign which led him to visit all provinces of Italy, but that was not enough.

In the 2008 general election on 13–14 April 2008, the PD–IdV coalition won 37.5% of the vote and was defeated by the centre-right coalition, composed of The People of Freedom (PdL), the Lega Nord and the Movement for Autonomy (46.8%). The PD was able to absorb some votes from the parties of the far-left as also IdV did, but lost voters to the Union of the Centre (UdC), ending up with 33.2% of the vote, 217 deputies and 119 senators. After the election Veltroni, who was gratified by the result, formed a shadow cabinet. IdV, excited by its 4.4% which made it the fourth largest party in Parliament, refused to join both the Democratic groups and the shadow cabinet.

The early months after the election were a difficult time for the PD and Veltroni, whose leadership was weakened by the growing influence of internal factions because of the popularity of Berlusconi and the dramatic rise of IdV in opinion polls.[31] IdV became a strong competitor of the PD and the relations between the two parties became tense. In the 2008 Abruzzo regional election, the PD was forced to support IdV candidate Carlo Costantini.[32] In October, Veltroni, who distanced from Di Pietro many times, declared that "on some issues he [Di Pietro] is distant from the democratic language of the centre-left".[33]

Leadership of Dario Franceschini edit

 
Dario Franceschini

After a crushing defeat in the February 2009 Sardinian regional election, Walter Veltroni resigned as party secretary. His deputy Dario Franceschini took over as interim party secretary to guide the party toward the selection of a new stable leader.[34][35] Franceschini was elected by the party's national assembly with 1,047 votes out of 1,258. His only opponent Arturo Parisi won a mere 92 votes.[34][35] Franceschini was the first former Christian Democrat to lead the party.

The 2009 European Parliament election was an important test for the PD. Prior to the election, the PD considered offering hospitality to the Socialist Party (PS) and the Greens in its lists, and proposed a similar pact to Democratic Left (SD).[36] However, the Socialists, the Greens and Democratic Left decided instead to contest the election together as a new alliance called Left and Freedom which failed to achieve the 4% threshold required to return any MEPs, but damaged the PD, which gained 26.1% of the vote, returning 21 MEPs.

Leadership of Pier Luigi Bersani edit

Main article: 2009 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election
 
Pier Luigi Bersani

The national convention and a subsequent open primary were called for October,[37][38] with Franceschini, Pier Luigi Bersani and Ignazio Marino were running for the leadership,[39][40] while a fourth candidate, Rutigliano, was excluded because of lack of signatures.[41] In local conventions, a 56.4% of party members voted and Bersani was by far the most voted candidate with 55.1% of the vote, largely ahead of Franceschini (37.0%) and Marino (7.9%).[42] Three million people participated in the open primary on 25 October 2009; Bersani was elected new secretary of the party with about 53% of the vote, ahead of Franceschini with 34% and Marino with 13%. On 7 November, during the first meeting of the new national assembly, Bersani was declared secretary, Rosy Bindi was elected party president (with Marina Sereni and Ivan Scalfarotto vice presidents), Enrico Letta deputy secretary and Antonio Misiani treasurer.[43][44]

In reaction to the election of Bersani, perceived by some moderates as an old-style social democrat, Francesco Rutelli (a long-time critic of the party's course) and other centrists and liberals within the PD left to form a new centrist party, named Alliance for Italy (ApI).[45] Following March 2009, and especially after Bersani's victory, many deputies,[46] senators,[47] one MEP and several regional/local councillors[48] left the party to join the UdC, ApI and other minor parties. They included many Rutelliani and most Teodems.

In March 2010, a big round of regional elections, involving eleven regions, took place. The PD lost four regions to the centre-right (Piedmont, Lazio, Campania and Calabria), and maintained its hold on six (Liguria, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Marche, Umbria and Basilicata), plus Apulia, a traditionally conservative region where due to divisions within the centre-right Nichi Vendola of SEL was re-elected with the PD's support.

In September 2011, Bersani was invited by Antonio Di Pietro's IdV to take part to its annual late summer convention in Vasto, Abruzzo. Bersani, who had been accused by Di Pietro of avoiding him to court the centre-right UdC,[49] proposed the formation of a New Olive Tree coalition comprising the PD, IdV and SEL.[50] The three party leaders agreed in what was soon dubbed the pact of Vasto.[51][52] The pact was broken after the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi as Prime Minister in November 2011, as the PD gave external support to Mario Monti's technocratic government, along with the PdL and the UdC.[53][54]

Road to the 2013 general election edit

Main article: 2012 Italian centre-left primary election

A year after the pact of Vasto, the relations between the PD and IdV had become tense. IdV and its leader, Antonio Di Pietro, were thus excluded from the coalition talks led by Bersani. To these talks were instead invited SEL led by Nichi Vendola and the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) led by Riccardo Nencini. The talks resulted on 13 October 2012 in the Pact of Democrats and Progressives (later known as Italy. Common Good) and produced the rules for the upcoming centre-left primary election, during which the PD–SEL–PSI joint candidate for Prime Minister in the 2013 general election would be selected.[55][56]

In the primary, the strongest challenge to Bersani was posed by a fellow Democrat, the 37-year-old mayor of Florence Matteo Renzi, a liberal moderniser, who had officially launched his leadership bid on 13 September 2012 in Verona, Veneto.[57] Bersani launched his own bid on 14 October in his hometown Bettola, north-western Emilia.[58][59][60] Other candidates included Nichi Vendola (SEL),[61] Bruno Tabacci (ApI) and Laura Puppato (PD).[62]

In the 2012 regional election, Rosario Crocetta (member of the PD) was elected president with 30.5% of the vote thanks to the support of the UdC, but the coalition failed to secure an outright majority in the Regional Assembly.[63][64] For the first time in 50 years, a left-wing politician had the chance to govern Sicily.

On 25 November, Bersani came ahead in the first round of the primary election with 44.9% of the vote, Renzi came second with 35.5%, followed by Vendola (15.6%), Puppato (2.6%) and Tabacci (1.4%). Bersani did better in the South while Renzi prevailed in Tuscany, Umbria and Marche.[65] In the subsequent run-off, on 2 December, Bersani trounced Renzi 60.9% to 39.1% by winning in each and every single region but Tuscany, where Renzi won 54.9% of the vote. The PD secretary did particularly well in Lazio (67.8%), Campania (69.4%), Apulia (71.4%), Basilicata (71.7%), Calabria (74.4%), Sicily (66.5%) and Sardinia (73.5%).[66]

2013 general election edit

Main articles: 2013 Italian general election, 2013 Italian presidential election, and Letta Cabinet
 
Enrico Letta in 2013

In the election, the PD and its coalition fared much worse than expected and according to pollsters predictions. The PD won just 25.4% of the vote for the Chamber of Deputies (−8.0% from 2008) and the centre-left coalition narrowly won the majority in the house over the centre-right coalition (29.5% to 29.3%). Even worse, in the Senate the PD and its allies failed to get an outright majority due to the rise of the Five Star Movement (M5S) and the centre-right's victory in key regions such as Lombardy, Veneto, Campania, Apulia, Calabria and Sicily (the centre-right was awarded of the majority premium in those regions, leaving the centre-left with just a handful of elects there). Consequently, the PD-led coalition was unable to govern alone because it lacked a majority in the Senate which has equal power to the Chamber. As a result, Bersani, who refused any agreement with the PdL and was rejected by the M5S, failed to form a government.

After an agreement with the centre-right parties, Bersani put forward Franco Marini as his party's candidate for President to succeed to Giorgio Napolitano on 17 April. However, Renzi, several Democratic delegates and SEL did not support Marini.[67] On 18 April, Marini received just 521 votes in the first ballot, short of the 672 needed,[68] as more than 200 centre-left delegates rebelled. On 19 April, the PD and SEL selected Romano Prodi to be their candidate in the fourth ballot.[69] Despite his candidacy had received unanimous support among the two parties' delegates, Prodi obtained only 395 votes in the fourth ballot[68] as more than 100 centre-left electors did not vote for him.[70] After the vote, Prodi pulled out of the race and Bersani resigned as party secretary.[71] Bindi, the party's president, also resigned. The day after, Napolitano accepted to stand again for election and was re-elected President with the support of most parliamentary parties.

On 28 April, Enrico Letta, the party's deputy secretary and former Christian Democrat, was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy at the head of a government based around a grand coalition including the PdL, Civic Choice (SC) and the UdC. Letta was the first Democrat to become Prime Minister.

Leadership of Guglielmo Epifani edit

 
Guglielmo Epifani

After Bersani's resignation from party secretary on 20 April 2013, the PD remained without a leader for two weeks. On 11 May 2013, Guglielmo Epifani was elected secretary at the national assembly of the party with 85.8% of vote. Epifani, secretary-general of the Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL), Italy's largest trade union, from 2002 to 2010, was the first former Socialist to lead the party. Epifani's mission was to lead the party toward a national convention in October.[72]

A few weeks after Epifani's election as secretary, the PD had a success in the 2013 local elections, winning in 69 comuni (including Rome and all the other 14 provincial capitals up for election) while the PdL won 22 and the M5S 1.[73]

The decision, on 9 November, that the PD would organise the next congress of the Party of European Socialists (PES) in Rome in early 2014, sparked protests among some of the party's Christian democrats, who opposed PES membership.[74]

Epifani was little more than a secretary pro tempore and in fact frequently repeated that he was not going to run for a full term as secretary in the leadership race that would take place in late 2013, saying that his candidacy would be a betrayal of his mandate.[75][76][77][78]

Leadership of Matteo Renzi edit

Main article: 2013 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election
 
Matteo Renzi

Four individuals filed their bid for becoming secretary, namely Matteo Renzi, Pippo Civati, Gianni Cuperlo and Gianni Pittella.[79] The leadership race started with voting by party members in local conventions (7–17 November). Renzi came first with 45.3%, followed by Cuperlo (39.4%), Civati (9.4%) and Pittella (5.8%).[80] The first three were admitted to the open primary.

On 8 December, Renzi, who won in all regions but was stronger in the Centre-North, trounced his opponents with 67.6% of the vote. Cuperlo, whose support was higher in the South, came second with 18.2% while Civati, whose message did well with northern urban and progressive voters, came third with 14.2%.[81] On 15 December, Renzi, whose executive included many young people and a majority of women,[82] was proclaimed secretary by the party's national assembly while Cuperlo was elected president as proposed by Renzi.[83]

On 20 January 2014, Cuperlo criticised the electoral reform proposed by Renzi in agreement with Berlusconi, but the proposal was overwhelmingly approved by the party's national board.[84] The day after the vote, Cuperlo resigned from president.[85] He was later replaced by Matteo Orfini, who hailed from the party's left-wing, but since then became more and more supportive of Renzi.

After frequent calls by Renzi for a new phase, the national board decided to put an end to Letta's government on 13 February and form a new one led by Renzi as the latter had proposed.[86][87] Subsequently, Renzi was sworn in as Prime Minister on 22 February at the head of an identical coalition.[88] On 28 February, the PD officially joined the PES as a full member,[89] ending a decade-long debate.

Premiership of Matteo Renzi edit

Main article: Renzi Cabinet

In the 2014 European Parliament election, the party obtained 40.8% of the vote and 31 seats. The party's score was virtually 15 percentage points up from five years before and the best result for an Italian party in a nationwide election since the 1958 general election, when Christian Democracy won 42.4%. The PD was also the largest national party within the Parliament in its 8th term.[90] Following his party's success, Renzi was able to secure the post of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy within the European Commission for Federica Mogherini, his minister of Foreign Affairs.[91]

In January 2015, Sergio Mattarella, a veteran left-wing Christian Democrat and founding member of the PD, whose candidacy had been proposed by Renzi and unanimously endorsed by the party's delegates, was elected President of Italy during a presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitano's resignation.

During Renzi's first year as Prime Minister, several MPs defected from other parties to join the PD. They comprised splinters from SEL (most of whom led by Gennaro Migliore, see Freedom and Rights), SC (notably including Stefania Giannini, Pietro Ichino and Andrea Romano) and the M5S. Consequently, the party increased its parliamentary numbers to 311 deputies and 114 senators by April 2015.[92][93] Otherwise, Sergio Cofferati,[94] Giuseppe Civati[95] and Stefano Fassina[96] left. They were the first and most notable splinters among the ranks of the party's internal left, but several others followed either Civati (who launched Possible) or Fassina (who launched Future to the Left and Italian Left) in the following months.[97] By May 2016, the PD's parliamentary numbers had gone down to 303 deputies and 114 senators.[92][93]

In the 2015 regional elections, Democratic presidents were elected (or re-elected) in five regions out of seven, namely Enrico Rossi in Tuscany, Luca Ceriscioli in Marche, Catiuscia Marini in Umbria, Vincenzo De Luca in Campania and Michele Emiliano in Apulia. As a result, 16 regions out of 20, including all those of central and southern Italy, were governed by the centre-left while the opposition Lega Nord led Veneto and Lombardy and propped up a centre-right government in Liguria.

Road to the 2018 general election edit

Main article: 2017 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election

After a huge defeat in the 2016 constitutional referendum (59.9% no, 40.1% yes), Renzi resigned as Prime Minister in December 2016 and was replaced by fellow Democrat Paolo Gentiloni, whose government's composition and coalition were very similar to those of the Renzi Cabinet. In February 2017, Renzi resigned also as PD secretary to run in the 2017 leadership election.[98][99][100][101][102] Renzi, Andrea Orlando (one of the leaders of the Remake Italy faction; the other leader Matteo Orfini was the party's president and supported Renzi) and Michele Emiliano were the three contenders for the party's leadership.[103]

Subsequently, a substantial group of leftists (24 deputies, 14 senators and 3 MEPs), led by Enrico Rossi (Democratic Socialists) and Roberto Speranza (Reformist Area), backed by Massimo D'Alema, Pier Luigi Bersani and Guglielmo Epifani, left the PD and formed Article 1 – Democratic and Progressive Movement (MDP), along with splinters from the Italian Left (SI) led by Arturo Scotto.[104][105][106][107][108] Most of the splinters as well as Scotto were former Democrats of the Left. In December 2017, the MDP, SI and Possible would launch Free and Equal (LeU) under the leadership of the President of the Senate Pietro Grasso[109][110] (another PD splinter).[111][112][113]

 
Renzi speaks at Lingotto convention

In local conventions, Renzi came first (66.7%), Orlando second (25.3%) and Emiliano third (8.0%). In the open primary on 30 April, Renzi won 69.2% of the vote as opposed to Orlando's 20.0% and Emiliano's 10.9%.[114][115] On 7 May, Renzi was sworn in as secretary again, with Maurizio Martina as deputy and Orfini was confirmed president.

In the 2017 Sicilian regional election, Crocetta did not stand and the PD-led coalition was defeated.

In the run-up of the 2018 general election, the PD tried to form a broad centre-left coalition, but only minor parties showed interest. As a result, the alliance comprised Together (a list notably including the Italian Socialist Party and the Federation of the Greens), the Popular Civic List (notably including Popular Alternative, Italy of Values, the Centrists for Europe and Solidary Democracy) and More Europe (including the Italian Radicals, Forza Europa and the Democratic Centre).

2018 general election edit

Main article: 2018 Italian general election

In the election, the PD obtained its worst result ever: 18.7% of the vote, well behind the M5S (32.7%) and narrowly ahead of the Lega (17.4%). Following his party's defeat, Renzi resigned from secretary[116] and his deputy Martina started functioning as acting secretary.

After two months of negotiations and the refusal of the PD to join forces with the M5S,[117] the latter and the Lega formed a government under Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, a M5S-proposed independent. Thus, the party returned to opposition after virtually seven years and experienced some internal turmoil as its internal factions started to re-position themselves in the new context. Both Gentiloni and Franceschini distanced from Renzi[118] while Carlo Calenda, a former minister in Renzi's and Gentiloni's governments who had joined the party soon after the election,[119] proposed to merge the PD into a larger republican front.[120][121] However, according to several observers Renzi's grip over the party was still strong and he was still the PD's leader behind the scenes.[122][123]

Leadership of Maurizio Martina edit

In July, Maurizio Martina was elected secretary by the party's national assembly and a new leadership election was scheduled for the first semester of 2019.[124] On 17 November 2018, Martina resigned and the national assembly was dissolved, starting the electoral proceedings.[125]

During Martina's tenure, especially after a rally in Rome in September,[126] the party started to prepare for the leadership election.

In January 2019, Calenda launched the "We Are Europeans" manifesto advocating for a pro-Europeanist joint list at the upcoming European Parliament election.[127] Among those who signed there were several Democratic regional presidents and mayors as well as Giuseppe Sala and Giuliano Pisapia, two independents who are the current mayor of Milan and his predecessor, respectively.[128] Calenda aimed at uniting the PD, More Europe and the Greens–Italia in Comune.[129][130]

Leadership of Nicola Zingaretti edit

Main article: 2019 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election
 
Nicola Zingaretti

Three major candidates, Martina, Nicola Zingaretti and Roberto Giachetti, plus a handful of minor ones, formally filed papers to run for secretary. Prior to that, Marco Minniti, minister of the Interior in the Gentiloni Cabinet, had also launched his bid,[131][132] before renouncing in December[133][134] and supporting Zingaretti.[135] Zingaretti won the first round by receiving 47.4% of the vote among party members in local conventions. He, along with Martina and Giachetti, qualified for the primary election, to be held on 3 March. In the event, Zingaretti was elected secretary, exceeding expectations and winning 66.0% of the vote while Martina and Giachetti won 22.0% and 12.0%, respectively.[136][137]

Zingaretti was officially appointed by the national assembly, on 17 March.[138] On the same day, former Prime Minister Gentiloni was elected as the party's new president.[139] A month later, Zingaretti appointed Andrea Orlando and Paola De Micheli as deputy secretaries.[140]

In the run-up to the 2019 European Parliament election Zingaretti presented a special logo including a large reference to "We Are Europeans" and the symbol of the PES. Additionally, the party forged an alliance with Article One.[141] In the election, the PD garnered 22.7% of the vote, finishing second after the League.[142] Calenda was the most voted candidate of the party.[143]

On 3 July 2019 David Sassoli, a member of the PD, was elected President of the European Parliament.[144]

Coalition with the Five Star Movement edit

In August 2019 tensions grew within Conte's government coalition, leading to the issuing of a motion of no-confidence on Prime Minister Conte by the League.[145] After Conte's resignation, the national board of the PD officially opened to the possibility of forming a new cabinet in a coalition with the M5S,[146] based on pro-Europeanism, green economy, sustainable development, fight against economic inequality and a new immigration policy.[147] The party also accepted that Conte may continue at the head of a new government,[148] and on 29 August President Mattarella formally invested Conte to do so.[149] Disappointed by the party's decision to form a government with the M5S, Calenda decided to leave and establish We Are Europeans as an independent party.[150]

The Conte II Cabinet took office on 5 September, with Franceschini as Minister of Culture and head of the PD's delegation.[151] Gentiloni was contextually picked by the government as the Italian member of the von der Leyen Commission[152] and would serve as European Commissioner for the Economy.[153]

On 18 September, Renzi, who had been one of the earliest supporters of a M5S–PD pact in August,[154] left the PD and established a new centrist party named Italia Viva (IV).[155] 24 deputies and 13 senators (including Renzi) left.[156] However, not all supporters of Renzi followed him in the split: while the Always Forward and Back to the Future factions mostly followed him, most members of Reformist Base remained in the party.[157] Other MPs and one MEP joined IV afterwards.

From 15 to 17 November, the party held a three-days convention in Bologna, named Tutta un'altra storia ("A whole different story"), with the aim of presenting party's proposals for the 2020s decade.[158] The convention was characterised by a strong leftward move, stressing a strong distance from liberal and centrist policies promoted under Renzi's leadership.[159][160] Some newspapers, like La Stampa, compared Zingaretti's new policies to Jeremy Corbyn's.[161] On 17 November the party's national assembly approved the new party's statute, featuring the separation between the roles of party secretary and candidate for Prime Minister.[162]

Starting from November 2019, the grassroots Sardines movement began in the region of Emilia-Romagna, aimed at contrasting the rise of right-wing populism and the League in the region. The movement endorsed the PD's candidate Stefano Bonaccini in the upcoming Emilia-Romagna regional election.[163] In the next months the movement grew to a national level. On 26 January Bonaccini was re-elected with 51.4% of the vote. On the same day, in the Calabrian regional election, the centre-left candidate supported by the PD lost to the centre-right candidate Jole Santelli, who won with 55.3% of the vote.[164]

In February 2020 the party's national assembly unanimously elected its new president, Valentina Cuppi, mayor of Marzabotto.[165]

In the September 2020 regional elections the party lost Marche to the centre-right, but held Tuscany, Campania and Apulia.[166]

Draghi's national unity government edit

On 13 January 2021 Renzi's IV withdrew its support for the second Conte cabinet, triggering the 2021 Italian government crisis.[167] The government won motions of confidence in both chambers of Parliament, but still lacked an overall majority, leading to Conte's resignation.[168] In resulting discussions, Zingaretti and the PD pushed for Conte to be reappointed Prime Minister.[169] They participated in negotiations with the M5S, IV, and LeU, from 30 January to 2 February, but IV ultimately rejected the option of a renewed coalition.[170] President Mattarella then appointed Mario Draghi to form a cabinet,[171] which won support from the League and Forza Italia (FI) on 10 February.[172] The PD's national board voted unanimously to join the new government on 11 February.[173] Later that day, the M5S also agreed to support the cabinet in an online referendum.[174] The PD had three ministers in the Draghi Cabinet: Lorenzo Guerini, who remained Minister of Defence; Andrea Orlando, the new Minister of Labour and Social Policies; and Dario Franceschini, who retained a modified Minister of Culture portfolio.[175]

Leadership of Enrico Letta edit

 
Enrico Letta

In the midst of the formation of Draghi's government, Zingaretti was heavily criticised by the party's minority for his management of the crisis and strenuous support to Conte. On 4 March, after weeks of internal turmoil, Zingaretti announced his resignation as secretary, stating that he was "ashamed of the power struggles" within the party.[176] In the next days, many prominent members of the PD, including Zingaretti himself, but also former Prime Minister Gentiloni, former party secretary Franceschini and President of Emilia-Romagna Bonaccini, publicly asked former Prime Minister Enrico Letta to become the new leader of the party.[177][178] Following an initial reluctancy, Letta stated that he needed a few days to evaluate the option.[179] On 12 March, he officially accepted his candidacy as new party's leader.[180][181] On 14 March, the national assembly of the PD elected Letta secretary with 860 votes in favour, 2 against and 4 abstentions.[182]

On 17 March, Letta appointed Irene Tinagli and Peppe Provenzano as his deputy secretaries.[183] On the following day, he appointed the party's new executive, composed of eight men and eight women.[184] Later that month, Letta forced the party's eaders in Parliament, Graziano Delrio and Andrea Marcucci, to resign and proposed the election of two female leaders:[185] consequently, Simona Malpezzi and Debora Serracchiani were elected to replace them.[186][187]

In October 2021, Letta won the by-election for the Siena district with 49.9% of votes, returning to the Parliament after six years.[188] In the concurrent local elections, the PD and its allies won municipal elections in Milan, Bologna, Naples, Rome, Turin and many other major cities across the country.[189]

2022 general election edit

Main article: 2022 Italian general election

In July 2022 the M5S did not participate in a Senate's confidence vote on a government bill. Prime Minister Draghi offered his resignation, which was rejected by President Mattarella.[190] After a few days, Draghi sought a confidence vote again to secure the government majority supporting his cabinet, while rejecting the proposal put forward by Lega and FI of a new government without the M5S.[191] In that occasion, the M5S, Lega, FI and FdI did not participate in the vote.[192] Consequently, Draghi tendered his final resignation to President Mattarella, who dissolved the houses of Parliament, leading to the 2022 general election.[193][194] The event led the party to terminate the alliance with the M5S.[195]

In the run-up of the election, the PD formed a joint list named Democratic and Progressive Italy (IDP) along with several minor parties, notably including Article One, the Italian Socialist Party and Solidary Democracy.[196][197] The PD also signed individual alliances with Action–More Europe,[198][199] the Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) formed by Green Europe and Italian Left,[200][201] and Luigi Di Maio's and Bruno Tabacci's Civic Commitment.[202] Under each agreement, the PD would give a number of candidates in single-seat constituencies to each coalition partner. A few days before the closing of coalitions and lists, Calenda announced that he was walking away from the pact he has signed with Letta because of the subsequent alliances that the PD had formed, notably including that with the AVS.[203][204][205] The IDP list offered a broad range of candidates, including some high-profile independents: left-wingers like Susanna Camusso and Elly Schlein,[206][207] the liberal economist Carlo Cottarelli, Christian-democrat and long-time MP Pier Ferdinando Casini,[208][209] scientist Andrea Crisanti,[210][211] etc.

In the election the PD obtained 19.1% of the vote and the centre-left coalition lost to the centre-right coalition, whose leader Giorgia Meloni went on to form a government. Consequently, Letta announced that he would step down from party secretary and that a leadership election would determine the party's new leader in 2023.[212]

Following the 2022 general election, the PD has consistently declined in opinion polls to a record low of 14.0% in January 2023, according to SWG.[213]

Leadership of Elly Schlein edit

Main article: 2023 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election
 
Elly Schlein

The 2023 leadership election scheduled for February 2023 was the final step of a "constituent" process for the PD, as the party amended its statute, updated its internal charters and refreshed its political platform, while welcoming individuals, minor parties and groups. Among minor parties, Article One, Solidary Democracy and the Democratic Centre indicated their intent to merge into the PD. Outgoing secretary Letta and Article One leader Roberto Speranza were chosen to lead the committee overseeing the process.[214][215]

Former minister Paola De Micheli was the first to announce her candidacy in late September,[216] but the two top contenders were Stefano Bonaccini, president of Emilia Romagna, and Elly Schlein, Bonaccini's former vice president. Bonaccini was supported by most regional presidents and big-city mayors, plus the more moderate factions of the party, notably including Reformist Base,[217] while the more radical Schlein counted on the endorsement on most of the party's left and most bigwigs, including former leaders Dario Franceschini[218] (despite most of his faction supporting Bonaccini)[219] and Nicola Zingaretti.[220] A fourth candidate, Gianni Cuperlo, representing the traditional left-wing within the party, announced his bid just before Christmas.[221][222]

Bonaccini won the first round by receiving 52.9% of the vote among party members in local conventions, while Schlein came second with 34.9% and was the only one to qualify for the primary election, along with Bonaccini.[223][224] In the event, on 26 February, Schlein was surprisingly elected secretary, by defeating Bonaccini 53.8% to 46.2%.[225][226]

Schlein was officially appointed by the national assembly, on 12 March. On the same day, as proposed by Schlein, Bonaccini was elected as the party's president.[227]

In June 2023, during an assembly of delegates held in Naples, Article One was merged into the PD.[228]

Ideology edit

The PD is a big tent centre-left party, influenced by the ideas of social democracy and the Christian left. The common roots of the founding components of the party reside in the Italian resistance movement, the writing of Italian Constitution and the Historic Compromise, all three events which saw the Italian Communist Party and Christian Democracy (the two major forerunners of the Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy, respectively) cooperate. Modern American liberalism is an important source of inspiration.[229][230][231][232] In a 2008 interview to El País, Veltroni, who can be considered the main founding father of the party, clearly stated that the PD should be considered a reformist party and could not be linked to the traditional values of the political left.[233]

There is also a debate on whether the PD is actually a social-democratic party and to what extent. In 2009, Alfred Pfaller observed that the PD "has adopted a pronounced centrist-pragmatic position, trying to appeal to a broad spectrum of middle-class and working-class voters, but shying away from a determined pursuit of redistributive goals".[234] In 2016, Gianfranco Pasquino commented that "for almost all the leaders, militants and members of the PD, social democracy has never been part of their past nor should represent their political goal", adding that "its overall identity and perception are by no means those of a European-style social-democratic party".[5] The party's economics policies accepted economic liberal elements under Renzi's leadership, moving towards adopting more explicitly neoliberal and monetarist policies as a result of the Third Way philosophy adopted by European social-democratic parties.[235][236]

The party stresses national and social cohesion, progressivism, a moderate social liberalism, green issues, progressive taxation, and pro-Europeanism. In this respect, the party's precursors strongly supported the need of balancing budgets to comply to Maastricht criteria. Under Veltroni and Renzi, the party took a strong stance in favour of constitutional reform and of a new electoral law on the road toward a two-party system.[citation needed]

While traditionally supporting the social integration of immigrants, the PD has adopted a more critical approach on the issue since 2017.[237][238] Inspired by Renzi, re-elected secretary in April, and Marco Minniti, interior minister since December 2016, the party promoted stricter policies regarding immigration and public security.[239][240] These policies resulted in broad criticism from the left-wing Democrats and Progressives (partners in government) as well as left-leaning intellectuals like Roberto Saviano and Gad Lerner.[241] In August, Lerner, who was among the founding members of the PD, left the party altogether due to its new immigration policies.[242]

Ideological trends edit

 
Festa de l'Unità in Bologna, 2014

The PD is a diverse party, including several distinct ideological trends:[243]

It is not an easy task to include the trend represented by Matteo Renzi, whose supporters have been known as Big Bangers, Now!, or more frequently Renziani, in any of the categories above. The nature of Renzi's progressivism is a matter of debate and has been linked both to liberalism and populism.[244][245][246][247][248] According to Maria Teresa Meli of Corriere della Sera, Renzi "pursues a precise model, borrowed from the Labour Party and Bill Clinton's Democratic Party", comprising "a strange mix (for Italy) of liberal policies in the economic sphere and populism. This means that, on one side, he will attack the privileges of trade unions, especially of the CGIL, which defends only the already protected, while, on the other, he will sharply attack the vested powers, bankers, Confindustria and a certain type of capitalism ... ".[249] After Renzi led some of his followers out of the party and launched the alternative Italia Viva party, a good chunk of Renziani (especially those affiliated to Reformist Base and Liberal PD) remained in the PD. Other leading former Renziani notably include Lorenzo Guerini, Graziano Delrio (party leader in the Chamber) and Andrea Marcucci (party leader in the Senate).

International affiliation edit

International affiliation was quite a controversial issue for the PD in its early days and it was settled only in 2014.

 
Renzi speaks at the 2014 congress of the Party of European Socialists in Rome

The debate on which European political party to join saw the former Democrats of the Left generally in favour of the Party of European Socialists (PES) and most former members of Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy in favour of the European Democratic Party (EDP), a component of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group. After the party's formation in 2007, the new party's MEPs continued to sit with the PES and ALDE groups to which their former parties had been elected during the 2004 European Parliament election. Following the 2009 European Parliament election, the party's 21 MEPs chose to unite for the new term within the European parliamentary group of the PES, which was renamed the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D).[250]

On 15 December 2012, PD leader Pier Luigi Bersani attended in Rome the founding convention of the Progressive Alliance (PA), a nascent political international for parties dissatisfied with the continued admittance and inclusion of authoritarian movements into the Socialist International (SI).[251][252] On 22 May 2013, the PD was a founding member of the PA at the international's official inauguration in Leipzig, Germany on the eve of the 150th anniversary of the formation of the General German Workers' Association, the oldest of the two parties which merged in 1875 to form the Social Democratic Party of Germany.[253]

Matteo Renzi, a centrist who led the party in 2013–2018, wanted the party to join both the SI and the PES.[254][255][256] On 20 February 2014, the PD leadership applied for full membership of the PES.[257][258] In Renzi's view, the party would count more as a member of a major European party and within the PES it would join forces with alike parties such as the British Labour Party. On 28 February, the PD was welcomed as a full member into the PES.[89]

Factions edit

The PD includes several internal factions, most of which trace the previous allegiances of party members. Factions form different alliances depending on the issues and some party members have multiple factional allegiances.

2007 leadership election edit

Main article: 2007 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election

After the election, which saw the victory of Walter Veltroni, the party's internal composition was as follows:

2009 leadership election edit

Main article: 2009 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election

After the election, which saw the victory of Pier Luigi Bersani, the party's internal composition was as follows:

2010–2013 developments edit

In the summer of 2010, Dario Franceschini, leader of AreaDem (the largest minority faction) and Piero Fassino re-approached with Pier Luigi Bersani and joined the party majority.[259] As a response, Walter Veltroni formed Democratic Movement to defend the "original spirit" of the PD.[259] In doing this he was supported by 75 deputies: 33 Veltroniani, 35 Populars close to Giuseppe Fioroni and 7 former Rutelliani led by Paolo Gentiloni.[260][261][262] Some pundits hinted that the Bersani-Franceschini pact was envisioned in order both to marginalise Veltroni and to reduce the influence of Massimo D'Alema, the party bigwig behind Bersani, whose 2009 bid was supported primarily by Dalemiani. Veltroni and D'Alema had been long-time rivals within the centre-left.[263]

As of September the party's majority was composed of those who supported Bersani since the beginning (divided in five main factions: Bersaniani, Dalemiani, Lettiani, Bindiani and the party's left-wing) and AreaDem of Franceschini and Fassino. There were also two minority coalitions, namely Veltroni's Democratic Movement (Veltroniani, Fioroni's Populars, ex-Rutelliani, Democratic Ecologists and a majority of Liberal PD members) and Change Italy of Ignazio Marino.[264]

According to Corriere della Sera in November 2011, the party was divided mainly in three ideological camps battling for its soul:

Since November 2011, similar differences surfaced in the party over Monti Cabinet. While the party's right-wing, especially Liberal PD, was enthusiastic in its support, Fassina and other leftists, especially those linked to trade unions, were critical.[267][268][269][270] In February 2012, Fassina published a book in which he described his view as "neo-labourite humanism" and explained it in connection with Catholic social teaching, saying that his "neo-labourism" was designed to attract Catholic voters.[271] Once again, his opposition to economic liberalism was strongly criticised by the party's right-wing as well as by Stefano Ceccanti, a leading Catholic in the party and supporter of Tony Blair's New Labour, who said that a leftist platform à la Fassina would never win back the Catholic vote in places like Veneto.[272]

According to YouTrend, a website, 35% of the Democratic deputies and senators elected in the 2013 general election were Bersaniani, 23% members of AreaDem (or Democratic Movement), 13% Renziani, 6% Lettiani, 4.5% Dalemiani, 4.5% Young Turks/Remake Italy, 2% Bindiani and 1.5% Civatiani.[273]

As the party performed below expectations, more Democrats started to look at Renzi, who had been defeated by Bersani in the 2012 primary election to select the centre-left's candidate for Prime Minister.[274] In early September, two leading centrists, namely Franceschini and Fioroni (leaders of Democratic Area and The Populars), endorsed Renzi.[275] Two former leaders of the Democrats of the Left, Veltroni and Fassino,[276] also decided to support Renzi while a third, D'Alema, endorsed Gianni Cuperlo.[277]

In October, four candidates filed their bid to become secretary, namey Renzi, Cuperlo, Pippo Civati and Gianni Pittella.[79]

2013 leadership election edit

Main article: 2013 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election

After the election, which saw the victory of Matteo Renzi, the party's internal composition was as follows:

2014–2016 alignments edit

After 2013 leadership election, the party's main factions[289][290][291] were the following:

2017 leadership election edit

Main article: 2017 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election

After the election which saw the victory of Matteo Renzi, the party's internal composition was as follows:

2019 leadership election edit

Main article: 2019 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election

After the election which saw the victory of Nicola Zingaretti, the party's internal composition was as follows:[306]

After the leadership election, supporters of Martina divided in two camps: the liberal and centrist wing close to Renzi (including Lorenzo Guerini and Luca Lotti) formed Reformist Base, while social-democrats (including Martina, Tommaso Nannicini and Debora Serracchiani), as well as some leading centrists (Delrio and Richetti) formed Side by Side. Additionally, hard-core Renziani, led by Giachetti, formed Always Forward. Others, led by Ettore Rosato, formed Back to the Future.[311]

2023 leadership election edit

Main article: 2023 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election

After the election which saw the victory of Elly Schlein, the party's internal composition was as follows:

Popular support edit

As previously the Italian Communist Party, the Democratic Party of the Left, the Democrats of the Left and The Olive Tree, the PD has its strongholds in Central Italy and big cities. The party governs six regions out of twenty and the cities of Rome, Milan, Naples, Turin, Bologna, Florence and Bari. It also takes part to the government of several other cities, including Padua, Bergamo, Brescia and Verona.

In the 2008 and 2013 general elections, the PD obtained its best results in Tuscany (46.8% and 37.5%), Emilia-Romagna (45.7% and 37.0%), Umbria (44.4% and 32.1%), Marche (41.4% and 27.7%), Liguria (37.6% and 27.7%) and Lazio (36.8% and 25.7%). Democrats are generally stronger in the North than the South, with the sole exception of Basilicata (38.6% in 2008 and 25.7% in 2013),[312] where the party has drawn most of its personnel from Christian Democracy (DC).[313]

The 2014 European Parliament election gave a thumping 40.8% of the vote to the party which was the first Italian party to get more than 40% of the vote in a nationwide election since DC won 42.4% of the vote in the 1958 general election. In 2014, the PD did better in Tuscany (56.6%), Emilia-Romagna (52.5%) and Umbria (49.2%), but made significant gains in Lombardy (40.3%, +19.0% from 2009), Veneto (37.5%, +17.2%) and the South. The 2018 general election was a major defeat for the party as it was reduced to 18.7% (Tuscany 29.6%).

The electoral results of the PD in general (Chamber of Deputies) and European Parliament elections since 2008 are shown in the chart below.

The electoral results of the PD in the 10 most populated regions of Italy are shown in the table below and in the chart electoral results in Italy are shown.

2008 general 2009 European 2010 regional 2013 general 2014 European 2015 regional 2018 general 2019 European 2020 regional
Piedmont 32.4 24.7 23.2 25.1 40.8 41.0[a] (2014) 20.5 23.9 -
Lombardy 28.1 21.3 22.9 25.6 40.3 32.4[b] (2013) 21.1 23.1 22.3[c] (2018)
Veneto 26.5 20.3 20.3 21.3 37.5 20.5[d] 16.7 18.9 -
Emilia-Romagna 45.7 38.6 40.6 37.0 52.5 44.5 (2014) 26.4 31.2 34.7
Tuscany 46.8 38.7 42.2 37.5 56.6 46.3 29.6 33.3 -
Lazio 36.8 28.1 26.3 25.7 39.2 34.2[e] (2013) 18.7 23.8 25.5[f] (2018)
Campania 29.2 23.4 21.4 21.9 36.1 29.2[g] 13.2 19.1 -
Apulia 30.1 21.7 20.8 18.5 33.6 32.1[h] 13.7 16.6 -
Calabria 32.6 25.4 22.8[i] 22.4 35.8 36.2[j] (2014) 14.3 18.3 -
Sicily 25.4 21.9 18.8 (2008) 18.6 34.9 21.2[k] (2017) 11.5 16.6 -
  1. ^ Combined result of the PD (36.2%) and Sergio Chiamparino's personal list (4.8%).
  2. ^ Combined result of the PD (25.3%) and Umberto Ambrosoli's personal list (7.0%).
  3. ^ Combined result of the PD (19.2%) and Giorgio Gori's personal list (3.0%).
  4. ^ Combined result of the PD (16.7%) and Alessandra Moretti's personal list (3.8%).
  5. ^ Combined result of the PD (29.7%) and Nicola Zingaretti's personal list (4.5%).
  6. ^ Combined result of the PD (21.2%) and Nicola Zingaretti's personal list (4.3%).
  7. ^ Combined result of the PD (19.5%), Vincenzo De Luca's personal list (4.9%) and Free Campania (4.8%).
  8. ^ Combined result of the PD (18.8%) and Michele Emiliano's personal lists (9.2%+4.1%).
  9. ^ Combined result of the PD (15.8%) and Agazio Loiero's personal list (7.0%).
  10. ^ Combined result of the PD (23.7%) and Mario Oliverio's personal list (12.5%).
  11. ^ Combined result of the PD (13.0%), the PD-sponsored Pact of Democrats for Reforms and Fabrizio Micari's personal list (2.2%).

Electoral results edit

Main article: Electoral history of Italian parties § Democratic Party

Italian Parliament edit

Election Chamber of Deputies Senate of the Republic Leader
Votes % Seats +/– Position Votes % Seats +/– Position
2008 12,434,260 33.2
217 / 630
 –   2nd 11,052,577 33.7
118 / 315
 –   2nd Walter Veltroni
2013 8,934,009 25.4
297 / 630
  
80 		  2nd 8,400,255 27.4
112 / 315
  
6 		  1st Pier Luigi Bersani
2018 6,161,896 18.8
112 / 630
  
185 		  2nd 5,783,360 19.1
54 / 315
  
58 		  2nd Matteo Renzi
2022 5,356,180 19.1
69 / 400
  
43 		  2nd 5,226,732 19.0
40 / 200
  
13 		  2nd Enrico Letta

European Parliament edit

Election Votes % Seats +/– Position Leader
2009
8,008,203
26.1
21 / 72
–
  2nd
Dario Franceschini
2014
11,203,231
40.8
31 / 73
 
10
  1st
Matteo Renzi
2019
6,089,853
22.7
19 / 76
 
12
  2nd
Nicola Zingaretti

Regional Councils edit

Region Election year Votes % Seats +/− Status in legislature
Aosta Valley 2020 10,106 (3rd) 15.3
7 / 35
  7
 Majority
Piedmont 2019 430,902 (2nd) 22.4
10 / 51
  17
 Opposition
Lombardy 2023 628,774 (2nd) 21.2
18 / 80
  2
 Opposition
South Tyrol 2018 10,806 (7th) 3.8
1 / 35
  1
 Opposition
Trentino 2018 35,530 (2nd) 13.9
5 / 35
  2
 Opposition
Veneto 2020 244,881 (3rd) 11.9
7 / 51
  2
 Opposition
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2023 65,143 (4th) 16.5
10 / 49
 
Opposition
Emilia-Romagna 2020 749,976 (1st) 34.7
23 / 50
  7
 Majority
Liguria 2020 124,586 (2nd) 19.9
7 / 31
  1
 Opposition
Tuscany 2020 560,981 (1st) 34.7
23 / 41
  2
 Majority
Marche 2020 156,394 (1st) 25.1
8 / 31
  8
 Opposition
Umbria 2019 93,296 (2nd) 22.3
5 / 21
  6
 Opposition
Lazio 2023 313,023 (2nd) 20.3
11 / 51
  7
 Opposition
Abruzzo 2019 66,796 (3rd) 11.1
4 / 31
  7
 Opposition
Molise 2023 17,031 (2nd) 12.0
3 / 20
  1
 Opposition
Campania 2020 398,490 (1st) 16.9
9 / 51
  7
 Majority
Apulia 2020 289,188 (1st) 17.3
17 / 51
  3
 Majority
Basilicata 2019 22,423 (5th) 7.7
3 / 21
  9
 Opposition
Calabria 2021 100,437 (2nd) 13.2
5 / 31
  1
 Opposition
Sicily 2022 238,761 (4th) 12.7
11 / 70
 
 Opposition
Sardinia 2019 96,235 (1st) 13.5
8 / 60
  11
 Opposition

Leadership edit

Symbols edit

  •  

    Official logo
    (2007–present)

  •  

    Alternative logo
    (2023–present)

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Al Pd si è ristretta la base: iscritti a quota 150 mila, erano il doppio due anni fa. la Repubblica. 1 February 2023.
  2. ^ Britannica Educational Publishing (2013). Italy. Britanncia Educational Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-61530-989-4.
  3. ^ (in Italian). Europa. 29 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2014. ... il Pd ... continua a sostenere la tesi che la sua area di riferimento è la sinistra e il centro sinistra e non-un 'centro che guarda a sinistra' di degasperiana memoria.
  4. ^ Richard Collin; Pamela L. Martin (2012). An Introduction to World Politics: Conflict and Consensus on a Small Planet. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4422-1803-1. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  5. ^ a b Gianfranco Pasquino (2016). "Italy". In Jean-Michel de Waele; Fabien Escalona; Mathieu Vieira (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Social Democracy in the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-137-29380-0.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "Italy". Parties and Elections in Europe.
  7. ^ Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-313-39181-1. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  8. ^ Fotia, Mauro (2011). Il consociativismo infinito: dal centro-sinistra al Partito democratico. p. 232. ISBN 9788822063182. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ "Salvati: "La maggioranza liberale di sinistra ha rigenerato il partito democratico"". LaStampa.it. May 2017.
  10. ^ "I «liberal» del Pd: intestarsi l'agenda Draghi. La minoranza dem si scalda per il dopo comunali". Il Sole 24 Ore. 14 September 2021.
  11. ^ Dario De Lucia (2017). Dal PCI al PD. Imprimatur editore. ISBN 978-8-82646-230-1.
  12. ^ Vespa, Bruno (2010). Il Cuore e la Spada: Storia politica e romantica dell'Italia unita, 1861–2011. Mondadori. p. 650. ISBN 9788852017285.
  13. ^ Augusto, Giuliano (8 December 2013), , Rinascita, archived from the original on 1 March 2014
  14. ^ Gioli, Sergio (19 November 2013), "Ultimo treno a sinistra", Quotidiano.net
  15. ^ "Schlein: "Torniamo a fare la sinistra, la costituente deve proseguire" - Politica". 11 June 2023.
  16. ^ "Schlein sposta il Pd a sinistra - ItaliaOggi.it".
  17. ^ "Elly Schlein nuova segretaria, il Pd svolta a sinistra: «Saremo un problema per il governo»". 26 February 2023.
  18. ^ "La scossa di Schlein oltre il Pd: Renzi supera le perplessità e accelera sul partito unico con Calenda". 28 February 2023.
  19. ^ "Con l'elezione di Elly Schlein è finito l'equivoco all'origine del Pd". 6 March 2023.
  20. ^ "Un Pd di sinistra è possibile?". 27 February 2023.
  21. ^ "Appello" (PDF). Partito Democratico. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
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October 31, 2023
democratic, party, italy, 1913, party, democratic, party, italy, 1913, democratic, party, italian, partito, democratico, social, democratic, political, party, italy, party, secretary, elly, schlein, elected, 2023, leadership, election, while, party, president,. For the 1913 party see Democratic Party Italy 1913 The Democratic Party Italian Partito Democratico PD is a social democratic 4 5 6 political party in Italy The party s secretary is Elly Schlein elected in the 2023 leadership election while the party s president is Stefano Bonaccini Democratic Party Partito DemocraticoAbbreviationPDSecretaryElly SchleinPresidentStefano BonacciniFounded14 October 2007 16 years ago 2007 10 14 Merger ofDemocrats of the LeftDemocracy is Freedom The Daisyminor partiesHeadquartersVia Sant Andrea delle Fratte 16 Largo del Nazareno RomeNewspaperL Unita 2007 2014 Europa 2007 2014 Democratica 2017 2019 Immagina 2020 present Youth wingYoung DemocratsMembership 1 February 2023 150 000 1 IdeologySocial democracyPolitical positionCentre left 2 3 National affiliationCentre left coalitionEuropean affiliationParty of European SocialistsInternational affiliationProgressive AllianceEuropean Parliament groupProgressive Alliance of Socialists and DemocratsParliamentary groupPD Democratic and Progressive ItalyColours Red GreenChamber of Deputies a 68 400Senate b 38 200European Parliament c 15 76Regional Councils187 896Conference of Regions4 21Websitepartitodemocratico wbr itPolitics of ItalyPolitical partiesElections One deputy sits within the More Europe subgroup One senator sits within the For the Autonomies group One MEP is also affiliated with Solidary Democracy The PD was established in 2007 upon the merger of various centre left parties which had been part of The Olive Tree list in the 2006 Italian general election mainly the social democratic Democrats of the Left DS successor of the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left which was folded with several social democratic parties Labour Federation and Social Christians among others in 1998 as well as the largely Catholic inspired Democracy is Freedom The Daisy DL a merger of the Italian People s Party heir of the Christian Democracy party s left wing The Democrats and Italian Renewal in 2002 7 While the party has also been influenced by Christian left 6 8 social liberalism 9 10 11 and Third Way especially under Matteo Renzi s leadership the PD moved closer to social liberalism 12 13 14 Under latter leaders especially Schlein whose upbringing is influenced by the radical left environmentalism and green politics the party has moved to the left 15 16 17 18 19 20 Between 2013 and 2018 the Council of Ministers was led by three successive prime ministers of Italy from the PD namely Letta 2013 2014 Renzi 2014 2016 and Paolo Gentiloni 2016 2018 The PD was the second largest party in the 2018 Italian general election where the centre left coalition came third The party was returned to government in September 2019 with the Conte II Cabinet as junior partner of the Five Star Movement and joined the national unity Draghi Cabinet comprising also the League and Forza Italia in February 2021 As of 2021 the party heads five regional governments In the 2022 Italian general election the PD led coalition achieved similar results to 2018 and returned to the opposition Prominent Democrats include former leaders Walter Veltroni Dario Franceschini Nicola Zingaretti and Enrico Letta Former members have included Giorgio Napolitano President of Italy 2006 2015 Sergio Mattarella President of Italy 2015 present four Prime Ministers Romano Prodi Giuliano Amato Massimo D Alema and Renzi three former leaders Pier Luigi Bersani Guglielmo Epifani and again Renzi as well as David Sassoli President of the European Parliament 2019 2022 Francesco Rutelli Pietro Grasso and Carlo Calenda Contents 1 History 1 1 Background The Olive Tree 1 2 Road to the Democratic Party 1 3 Foundation and leadership election 1 4 Leadership of Walter Veltroni 1 5 Leadership of Dario Franceschini 1 6 Leadership of Pier Luigi Bersani 1 6 1 Road to the 2013 general election 1 6 2 2013 general election 1 7 Leadership of Guglielmo Epifani 1 8 Leadership of Matteo Renzi 1 8 1 Premiership of Matteo Renzi 1 8 2 Road to the 2018 general election 1 8 3 2018 general election 1 9 Leadership of Maurizio Martina 1 10 Leadership of Nicola Zingaretti 1 10 1 Coalition with the Five Star Movement 1 10 2 Draghi s national unity government 1 11 Leadership of Enrico Letta 1 11 1 2022 general election 1 12 Leadership of Elly Schlein 2 Ideology 2 1 Ideological trends 2 2 International affiliation 3 Factions 3 1 2007 leadership election 3 2 2009 leadership election 3 3 2010 2013 developments 3 4 2013 leadership election 3 5 2014 2016 alignments 3 6 2017 leadership election 3 7 2019 leadership election 3 8 2023 leadership election 4 Popular support 5 Electoral results 5 1 Italian Parliament 5 2 European Parliament 5 3 Regional Councils 6 Leadership 7 Symbols 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksHistory editBackground The Olive Tree edit Main article The Olive Tree Italy Following Tangentopoli scandals the end of the so called First Republic and the transformation of the Italian Communist Party PCI into the Democratic Party of the Left PDS in the early 1990s a process aimed at uniting left wing and centre left forces into a single political entity was started In 1995 Romano Prodi a former minister of Industry on behalf of the left wing faction of Christian Democracy DC entered politics and founded The Olive Tree L Ulivo a centre left coalition including the PDS the Italian People s Party PPI the Federation of the Greens FdV Italian Renewal RI the Italian Socialists SI and Democratic Union UD The coalition in alliance with the Communist Refoundation Party PRC won the 1996 general election and Prodi became Prime Minister In February 1998 the PDS merged with minor social democratic parties Labour Federation and Social Christians among others to become the Democrats of the Left DS while in March 2002 the PPI RI and The Democrats Prodi s own party launched in 1999 became Democracy is Freedom The Daisy DL In the summer of 2003 Prodi suggested that centre left forces should participate in the 2004 European Parliament election with a common list Whereas the Union of Democrats for Europe UDEUR and the far left parties refused four parties accepted namely the DS DL the Italian Democratic Socialists SDI and the European Republicans Movement MRE These launched a joint list named United in the Olive Tree which ran in the election and garnered 31 1 of the vote The project was later abandoned in 2005 by the SDI In the 2006 general election the list obtained 31 3 of the vote for the Chamber of Deputies Road to the Democratic Party edit nbsp Romano ProdiThe project of a Democratic Party was often mentioned by Prodi as the natural evolution of The Olive Tree and was bluntly envisioned by Michele Salvati a former centrist deputy of the DS in an appeal in Il Foglio newspaper in April 2013 21 The term Partito Democratico was used for the first time in a formal context by the DL and DS members of the Regional Council of Veneto who chose to form a joint group named The Olive Tree Venetian Democratic Party L Ulivo Partito Democratico Veneto in March 2007 22 The 2006 election result anticipated by the 2005 primary election in which over four million voters endorsed Prodi as candidate for Prime Minister gave a push to the project of a unified centre left party Eight parties agreed to merge into the PD Democrats of the Left DS social democratic leader Piero Fassino Democracy is Freedom The Daisy DL centrist leader Francesco Rutelli Southern Democratic Party PDM centrist leader Agazio Loiero Sardinia Project PS social democratic leader Renato Soru European Republicans Movement MRE social liberal leader Luciana Sbarbati Democratic Republicans RD social liberal leader Giuseppe Ossorio Middle Italy IdM centrist leader Marco Follini Reformist Alliance AR social democratic leader Ottaviano Del Turco While the DL agreed to the merger with virtually no resistance the DS experienced a more heated final congress On 19 April 2007 approximately 75 of party members voted in support of the merger of the DS into the PD The left wing opposition led by Fabio Mussi obtained just 15 of the support within the party A third motion presented by Gavino Angius and supportive of the PD only within the Party of European Socialists PES obtained 10 of the vote Both Mussi and Angius refused to join the PD and following the congress founded a new party called Democratic Left SD On 22 May 2007 the organising committee of the nascent party was formed It consisted of 45 members mainly politicians from the two aforementioned major parties and the leaders of the other six minor parties Also leading external figures such as Giuliano Amato Marcello De Cecco Gad Lerner Carlo Petrini and Tullia Zevi were included 23 On 18 June the committee decided the rules for the open election of the 2 400 members of the party s constituent assembly each voter could choose between a number of lists each of them associated with a candidate for secretary Foundation and leadership election edit Main article 2007 Democratic Party Italy leadership election All candidates interested in running for the PD leadership had to be associated with one of the founding parties and present at least 2 000 valid signatures by 30 July 2007 A total of ten candidates officially registered their candidacy Walter Veltroni Rosy Bindi Enrico Letta Furio Colombo Marco Pannella Antonio Di Pietro Mario Adinolfi Pier Giorgio Gawronski Jacopo Schettini Lucio Cangini and Amerigo Rutigliano Of these Pannella and Di Pietro were rejected because of their involvement in external parties the Radicals and Italy of Values respectively whereas Cangini and Rutigliano did not manage to present the necessary 2 000 valid signatures for the 9 pm deadline and Colombo s candidacy was instead made into hiatus to give him 48 additional hours to integrate the required documentation Colombo later decided to retire his candidacy citing his impossibility to fit with all the requirements 24 All rejected candidates had the chance against the decision in 48 hours time 25 with Pannella and Rutigliano being the only two candidates to appeal against it 26 Both were rejected on 3 August 27 On 14 October 2007 Veltroni was elected leader with about 75 of the national votes in an open primary attended by over three million voters 28 Veltroni was proclaimed secretary during a party s constituent assembly held in Milan on 28 October 2007 29 On 21 November the new logo was unveiled It depicts an olive branch and the acronym PD in colours reminiscent of the Italian tricolour flag green white and red In the words of Ermete Realacci green represents the ecologist and social liberal cultures white the Catholic solidarity and red the socialist and social democratic traditions 30 The green white red idea was coined by Schettini during his campaign Leadership of Walter Veltroni edit nbsp Walter VeltroniAfter the premature fall of the Prodi II Cabinet in January 2008 the PD decided to form a less diverse coalition The party invited the Radicals and the Socialist Party PS to join its lists but only the Radicals accepted and formed an alliance with Italy of Values IdV which was set to join the PD after the election The PD included many notable candidates and new faces in its lists and Walter Veltroni who tried to present the PD as the party of the renewal in contrast both with Silvio Berlusconi and the previous centre left government ran an intense and modern campaign which led him to visit all provinces of Italy but that was not enough In the 2008 general election on 13 14 April 2008 the PD IdV coalition won 37 5 of the vote and was defeated by the centre right coalition composed of The People of Freedom PdL the Lega Nord and the Movement for Autonomy 46 8 The PD was able to absorb some votes from the parties of the far left as also IdV did but lost voters to the Union of the Centre UdC ending up with 33 2 of the vote 217 deputies and 119 senators After the election Veltroni who was gratified by the result formed a shadow cabinet IdV excited by its 4 4 which made it the fourth largest party in Parliament refused to join both the Democratic groups and the shadow cabinet The early months after the election were a difficult time for the PD and Veltroni whose leadership was weakened by the growing influence of internal factions because of the popularity of Berlusconi and the dramatic rise of IdV in opinion polls 31 IdV became a strong competitor of the PD and the relations between the two parties became tense In the 2008 Abruzzo regional election the PD was forced to support IdV candidate Carlo Costantini 32 In October Veltroni who distanced from Di Pietro many times declared that on some issues he Di Pietro is distant from the democratic language of the centre left 33 Leadership of Dario Franceschini edit nbsp Dario FranceschiniAfter a crushing defeat in the February 2009 Sardinian regional election Walter Veltroni resigned as party secretary His deputy Dario Franceschini took over as interim party secretary to guide the party toward the selection of a new stable leader 34 35 Franceschini was elected by the party s national assembly with 1 047 votes out of 1 258 His only opponent Arturo Parisi won a mere 92 votes 34 35 Franceschini was the first former Christian Democrat to lead the party The 2009 European Parliament election was an important test for the PD Prior to the election the PD considered offering hospitality to the Socialist Party PS and the Greens in its lists and proposed a similar pact to Democratic Left SD 36 However the Socialists the Greens and Democratic Left decided instead to contest the election together as a new alliance called Left and Freedom which failed to achieve the 4 threshold required to return any MEPs but damaged the PD which gained 26 1 of the vote returning 21 MEPs Leadership of Pier Luigi Bersani edit Main article 2009 Democratic Party Italy leadership election nbsp Pier Luigi BersaniThe national convention and a subsequent open primary were called for October 37 38 with Franceschini Pier Luigi Bersani and Ignazio Marino were running for the leadership 39 40 while a fourth candidate Rutigliano was excluded because of lack of signatures 41 In local conventions a 56 4 of party members voted and Bersani was by far the most voted candidate with 55 1 of the vote largely ahead of Franceschini 37 0 and Marino 7 9 42 Three million people participated in the open primary on 25 October 2009 Bersani was elected new secretary of the party with about 53 of the vote ahead of Franceschini with 34 and Marino with 13 On 7 November during the first meeting of the new national assembly Bersani was declared secretary Rosy Bindi was elected party president with Marina Sereni and Ivan Scalfarotto vice presidents Enrico Letta deputy secretary and Antonio Misiani treasurer 43 44 In reaction to the election of Bersani perceived by some moderates as an old style social democrat Francesco Rutelli a long time critic of the party s course and other centrists and liberals within the PD left to form a new centrist party named Alliance for Italy ApI 45 Following March 2009 and especially after Bersani s victory many deputies 46 senators 47 one MEP and several regional local councillors 48 left the party to join the UdC ApI and other minor parties They included many Rutelliani and most Teodems In March 2010 a big round of regional elections involving eleven regions took place The PD lost four regions to the centre right Piedmont Lazio Campania and Calabria and maintained its hold on six Liguria Emilia Romagna Tuscany Marche Umbria and Basilicata plus Apulia a traditionally conservative region where due to divisions within the centre right Nichi Vendola of SEL was re elected with the PD s support In September 2011 Bersani was invited by Antonio Di Pietro s IdV to take part to its annual late summer convention in Vasto Abruzzo Bersani who had been accused by Di Pietro of avoiding him to court the centre right UdC 49 proposed the formation of a New Olive Tree coalition comprising the PD IdV and SEL 50 The three party leaders agreed in what was soon dubbed the pact of Vasto 51 52 The pact was broken after the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi as Prime Minister in November 2011 as the PD gave external support to Mario Monti s technocratic government along with the PdL and the UdC 53 54 Road to the 2013 general election edit Main article 2012 Italian centre left primary election A year after the pact of Vasto the relations between the PD and IdV had become tense IdV and its leader Antonio Di Pietro were thus excluded from the coalition talks led by Bersani To these talks were instead invited SEL led by Nichi Vendola and the Italian Socialist Party PSI led by Riccardo Nencini The talks resulted on 13 October 2012 in the Pact of Democrats and Progressives later known as Italy Common Good and produced the rules for the upcoming centre left primary election during which the PD SEL PSI joint candidate for Prime Minister in the 2013 general election would be selected 55 56 In the primary the strongest challenge to Bersani was posed by a fellow Democrat the 37 year old mayor of Florence Matteo Renzi a liberal moderniser who had officially launched his leadership bid on 13 September 2012 in Verona Veneto 57 Bersani launched his own bid on 14 October in his hometown Bettola north western Emilia 58 59 60 Other candidates included Nichi Vendola SEL 61 Bruno Tabacci ApI and Laura Puppato PD 62 In the 2012 regional election Rosario Crocetta member of the PD was elected president with 30 5 of the vote thanks to the support of the UdC but the coalition failed to secure an outright majority in the Regional Assembly 63 64 For the first time in 50 years a left wing politician had the chance to govern Sicily On 25 November Bersani came ahead in the first round of the primary election with 44 9 of the vote Renzi came second with 35 5 followed by Vendola 15 6 Puppato 2 6 and Tabacci 1 4 Bersani did better in the South while Renzi prevailed in Tuscany Umbria and Marche 65 In the subsequent run off on 2 December Bersani trounced Renzi 60 9 to 39 1 by winning in each and every single region but Tuscany where Renzi won 54 9 of the vote The PD secretary did particularly well in Lazio 67 8 Campania 69 4 Apulia 71 4 Basilicata 71 7 Calabria 74 4 Sicily 66 5 and Sardinia 73 5 66 2013 general election edit Main articles 2013 Italian general election 2013 Italian presidential election and Letta Cabinet nbsp Enrico Letta in 2013In the election the PD and its coalition fared much worse than expected and according to pollsters predictions The PD won just 25 4 of the vote for the Chamber of Deputies 8 0 from 2008 and the centre left coalition narrowly won the majority in the house over the centre right coalition 29 5 to 29 3 Even worse in the Senate the PD and its allies failed to get an outright majority due to the rise of the Five Star Movement M5S and the centre right s victory in key regions such as Lombardy Veneto Campania Apulia Calabria and Sicily the centre right was awarded of the majority premium in those regions leaving the centre left with just a handful of elects there Consequently the PD led coalition was unable to govern alone because it lacked a majority in the Senate which has equal power to the Chamber As a result Bersani who refused any agreement with the PdL and was rejected by the M5S failed to form a government After an agreement with the centre right parties Bersani put forward Franco Marini as his party s candidate for President to succeed to Giorgio Napolitano on 17 April However Renzi several Democratic delegates and SEL did not support Marini 67 On 18 April Marini received just 521 votes in the first ballot short of the 672 needed 68 as more than 200 centre left delegates rebelled On 19 April the PD and SEL selected Romano Prodi to be their candidate in the fourth ballot 69 Despite his candidacy had received unanimous support among the two parties delegates Prodi obtained only 395 votes in the fourth ballot 68 as more than 100 centre left electors did not vote for him 70 After the vote Prodi pulled out of the race and Bersani resigned as party secretary 71 Bindi the party s president also resigned The day after Napolitano accepted to stand again for election and was re elected President with the support of most parliamentary parties On 28 April Enrico Letta the party s deputy secretary and former Christian Democrat was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy at the head of a government based around a grand coalition including the PdL Civic Choice SC and the UdC Letta was the first Democrat to become Prime Minister Leadership of Guglielmo Epifani edit nbsp Guglielmo EpifaniAfter Bersani s resignation from party secretary on 20 April 2013 the PD remained without a leader for two weeks On 11 May 2013 Guglielmo Epifani was elected secretary at the national assembly of the party with 85 8 of vote Epifani secretary general of the Italian General Confederation of Labour CGIL Italy s largest trade union from 2002 to 2010 was the first former Socialist to lead the party Epifani s mission was to lead the party toward a national convention in October 72 A few weeks after Epifani s election as secretary the PD had a success in the 2013 local elections winning in 69 comuni including Rome and all the other 14 provincial capitals up for election while the PdL won 22 and the M5S 1 73 The decision on 9 November that the PD would organise the next congress of the Party of European Socialists PES in Rome in early 2014 sparked protests among some of the party s Christian democrats who opposed PES membership 74 Epifani was little more than a secretary pro tempore and in fact frequently repeated that he was not going to run for a full term as secretary in the leadership race that would take place in late 2013 saying that his candidacy would be a betrayal of his mandate 75 76 77 78 Leadership of Matteo Renzi edit Main article 2013 Democratic Party Italy leadership election nbsp Matteo RenziFour individuals filed their bid for becoming secretary namely Matteo Renzi Pippo Civati Gianni Cuperlo and Gianni Pittella 79 The leadership race started with voting by party members in local conventions 7 17 November Renzi came first with 45 3 followed by Cuperlo 39 4 Civati 9 4 and Pittella 5 8 80 The first three were admitted to the open primary On 8 December Renzi who won in all regions but was stronger in the Centre North trounced his opponents with 67 6 of the vote Cuperlo whose support was higher in the South came second with 18 2 while Civati whose message did well with northern urban and progressive voters came third with 14 2 81 On 15 December Renzi whose executive included many young people and a majority of women 82 was proclaimed secretary by the party s national assembly while Cuperlo was elected president as proposed by Renzi 83 On 20 January 2014 Cuperlo criticised the electoral reform proposed by Renzi in agreement with Berlusconi but the proposal was overwhelmingly approved by the party s national board 84 The day after the vote Cuperlo resigned from president 85 He was later replaced by Matteo Orfini who hailed from the party s left wing but since then became more and more supportive of Renzi After frequent calls by Renzi for a new phase the national board decided to put an end to Letta s government on 13 February and form a new one led by Renzi as the latter had proposed 86 87 Subsequently Renzi was sworn in as Prime Minister on 22 February at the head of an identical coalition 88 On 28 February the PD officially joined the PES as a full member 89 ending a decade long debate Premiership of Matteo Renzi edit Main article Renzi Cabinet In the 2014 European Parliament election the party obtained 40 8 of the vote and 31 seats The party s score was virtually 15 percentage points up from five years before and the best result for an Italian party in a nationwide election since the 1958 general election when Christian Democracy won 42 4 The PD was also the largest national party within the Parliament in its 8th term 90 Following his party s success Renzi was able to secure the post of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy within the European Commission for Federica Mogherini his minister of Foreign Affairs 91 In January 2015 Sergio Mattarella a veteran left wing Christian Democrat and founding member of the PD whose candidacy had been proposed by Renzi and unanimously endorsed by the party s delegates was elected President of Italy during a presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitano s resignation During Renzi s first year as Prime Minister several MPs defected from other parties to join the PD They comprised splinters from SEL most of whom led by Gennaro Migliore see Freedom and Rights SC notably including Stefania Giannini Pietro Ichino and Andrea Romano and the M5S Consequently the party increased its parliamentary numbers to 311 deputies and 114 senators by April 2015 92 93 Otherwise Sergio Cofferati 94 Giuseppe Civati 95 and Stefano Fassina 96 left They were the first and most notable splinters among the ranks of the party s internal left but several others followed either Civati who launched Possible or Fassina who launched Future to the Left and Italian Left in the following months 97 By May 2016 the PD s parliamentary numbers had gone down to 303 deputies and 114 senators 92 93 In the 2015 regional elections Democratic presidents were elected or re elected in five regions out of seven namely Enrico Rossi in Tuscany Luca Ceriscioli in Marche Catiuscia Marini in Umbria Vincenzo De Luca in Campania and Michele Emiliano in Apulia As a result 16 regions out of 20 including all those of central and southern Italy were governed by the centre left while the opposition Lega Nord led Veneto and Lombardy and propped up a centre right government in Liguria Road to the 2018 general election edit Main article 2017 Democratic Party Italy leadership election After a huge defeat in the 2016 constitutional referendum 59 9 no 40 1 yes Renzi resigned as Prime Minister in December 2016 and was replaced by fellow Democrat Paolo Gentiloni whose government s composition and coalition were very similar to those of the Renzi Cabinet In February 2017 Renzi resigned also as PD secretary to run in the 2017 leadership election 98 99 100 101 102 Renzi Andrea Orlando one of the leaders of the Remake Italy faction the other leader Matteo Orfini was the party s president and supported Renzi and Michele Emiliano were the three contenders for the party s leadership 103 Subsequently a substantial group of leftists 24 deputies 14 senators and 3 MEPs led by Enrico Rossi Democratic Socialists and Roberto Speranza Reformist Area backed by Massimo D Alema Pier Luigi Bersani and Guglielmo Epifani left the PD and formed Article 1 Democratic and Progressive Movement MDP along with splinters from the Italian Left SI led by Arturo Scotto 104 105 106 107 108 Most of the splinters as well as Scotto were former Democrats of the Left In December 2017 the MDP SI and Possible would launch Free and Equal LeU under the leadership of the President of the Senate Pietro Grasso 109 110 another PD splinter 111 112 113 nbsp Renzi speaks at Lingotto conventionIn local conventions Renzi came first 66 7 Orlando second 25 3 and Emiliano third 8 0 In the open primary on 30 April Renzi won 69 2 of the vote as opposed to Orlando s 20 0 and Emiliano s 10 9 114 115 On 7 May Renzi was sworn in as secretary again with Maurizio Martina as deputy and Orfini was confirmed president In the 2017 Sicilian regional election Crocetta did not stand and the PD led coalition was defeated In the run up of the 2018 general election the PD tried to form a broad centre left coalition but only minor parties showed interest As a result the alliance comprised Together a list notably including the Italian Socialist Party and the Federation of the Greens the Popular Civic List notably including Popular Alternative Italy of Values the Centrists for Europe and Solidary Democracy and More Europe including the Italian Radicals Forza Europa and the Democratic Centre 2018 general election edit Main article 2018 Italian general election In the election the PD obtained its worst result ever 18 7 of the vote well behind the M5S 32 7 and narrowly ahead of the Lega 17 4 Following his party s defeat Renzi resigned from secretary 116 and his deputy Martina started functioning as acting secretary After two months of negotiations and the refusal of the PD to join forces with the M5S 117 the latter and the Lega formed a government under Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte a M5S proposed independent Thus the party returned to opposition after virtually seven years and experienced some internal turmoil as its internal factions started to re position themselves in the new context Both Gentiloni and Franceschini distanced from Renzi 118 while Carlo Calenda a former minister in Renzi s and Gentiloni s governments who had joined the party soon after the election 119 proposed to merge the PD into a larger republican front 120 121 However according to several observers Renzi s grip over the party was still strong and he was still the PD s leader behind the scenes 122 123 Leadership of Maurizio Martina edit In July Maurizio Martina was elected secretary by the party s national assembly and a new leadership election was scheduled for the first semester of 2019 124 On 17 November 2018 Martina resigned and the national assembly was dissolved starting the electoral proceedings 125 During Martina s tenure especially after a rally in Rome in September 126 the party started to prepare for the leadership election In January 2019 Calenda launched the We Are Europeans manifesto advocating for a pro Europeanist joint list at the upcoming European Parliament election 127 Among those who signed there were several Democratic regional presidents and mayors as well as Giuseppe Sala and Giuliano Pisapia two independents who are the current mayor of Milan and his predecessor respectively 128 Calenda aimed at uniting the PD More Europe and the Greens Italia in Comune 129 130 Leadership of Nicola Zingaretti edit Main article 2019 Democratic Party Italy leadership election nbsp Nicola ZingarettiThree major candidates Martina Nicola Zingaretti and Roberto Giachetti plus a handful of minor ones formally filed papers to run for secretary Prior to that Marco Minniti minister of the Interior in the Gentiloni Cabinet had also launched his bid 131 132 before renouncing in December 133 134 and supporting Zingaretti 135 Zingaretti won the first round by receiving 47 4 of the vote among party members in local conventions He along with Martina and Giachetti qualified for the primary election to be held on 3 March In the event Zingaretti was elected secretary exceeding expectations and winning 66 0 of the vote while Martina and Giachetti won 22 0 and 12 0 respectively 136 137 Zingaretti was officially appointed by the national assembly on 17 March 138 On the same day former Prime Minister Gentiloni was elected as the party s new president 139 A month later Zingaretti appointed Andrea Orlando and Paola De Micheli as deputy secretaries 140 In the run up to the 2019 European Parliament election Zingaretti presented a special logo including a large reference to We Are Europeans and the symbol of the PES Additionally the party forged an alliance with Article One 141 In the election the PD garnered 22 7 of the vote finishing second after the League 142 Calenda was the most voted candidate of the party 143 On 3 July 2019 David Sassoli a member of the PD was elected President of the European Parliament 144 Coalition with the Five Star Movement edit In August 2019 tensions grew within Conte s government coalition leading to the issuing of a motion of no confidence on Prime Minister Conte by the League 145 After Conte s resignation the national board of the PD officially opened to the possibility of forming a new cabinet in a coalition with the M5S 146 based on pro Europeanism green economy sustainable development fight against economic inequality and a new immigration policy 147 The party also accepted that Conte may continue at the head of a new government 148 and on 29 August President Mattarella formally invested Conte to do so 149 Disappointed by the party s decision to form a government with the M5S Calenda decided to leave and establish We Are Europeans as an independent party 150 The Conte II Cabinet took office on 5 September with Franceschini as Minister of Culture and head of the PD s delegation 151 Gentiloni was contextually picked by the government as the Italian member of the von der Leyen Commission 152 and would serve as European Commissioner for the Economy 153 On 18 September Renzi who had been one of the earliest supporters of a M5S PD pact in August 154 left the PD and established a new centrist party named Italia Viva IV 155 24 deputies and 13 senators including Renzi left 156 However not all supporters of Renzi followed him in the split while the Always Forward and Back to the Future factions mostly followed him most members of Reformist Base remained in the party 157 Other MPs and one MEP joined IV afterwards From 15 to 17 November the party held a three days convention in Bologna named Tutta un altra storia A whole different story with the aim of presenting party s proposals for the 2020s decade 158 The convention was characterised by a strong leftward move stressing a strong distance from liberal and centrist policies promoted under Renzi s leadership 159 160 Some newspapers like La Stampa compared Zingaretti s new policies to Jeremy Corbyn s 161 On 17 November the party s national assembly approved the new party s statute featuring the separation between the roles of party secretary and candidate for Prime Minister 162 Starting from November 2019 the grassroots Sardines movement began in the region of Emilia Romagna aimed at contrasting the rise of right wing populism and the League in the region The movement endorsed the PD s candidate Stefano Bonaccini in the upcoming Emilia Romagna regional election 163 In the next months the movement grew to a national level On 26 January Bonaccini was re elected with 51 4 of the vote On the same day in the Calabrian regional election the centre left candidate supported by the PD lost to the centre right candidate Jole Santelli who won with 55 3 of the vote 164 In February 2020 the party s national assembly unanimously elected its new president Valentina Cuppi mayor of Marzabotto 165 In the September 2020 regional elections the party lost Marche to the centre right but held Tuscany Campania and Apulia 166 Draghi s national unity government edit On 13 January 2021 Renzi s IV withdrew its support for the second Conte cabinet triggering the 2021 Italian government crisis 167 The government won motions of confidence in both chambers of Parliament but still lacked an overall majority leading to Conte s resignation 168 In resulting discussions Zingaretti and the PD pushed for Conte to be reappointed Prime Minister 169 They participated in negotiations with the M5S IV and LeU from 30 January to 2 February but IV ultimately rejected the option of a renewed coalition 170 President Mattarella then appointed Mario Draghi to form a cabinet 171 which won support from the League and Forza Italia FI on 10 February 172 The PD s national board voted unanimously to join the new government on 11 February 173 Later that day the M5S also agreed to support the cabinet in an online referendum 174 The PD had three ministers in the Draghi Cabinet Lorenzo Guerini who remained Minister of Defence Andrea Orlando the new Minister of Labour and Social Policies and Dario Franceschini who retained a modified Minister of Culture portfolio 175 Leadership of Enrico Letta edit nbsp Enrico LettaIn the midst of the formation of Draghi s government Zingaretti was heavily criticised by the party s minority for his management of the crisis and strenuous support to Conte On 4 March after weeks of internal turmoil Zingaretti announced his resignation as secretary stating that he was ashamed of the power struggles within the party 176 In the next days many prominent members of the PD including Zingaretti himself but also former Prime Minister Gentiloni former party secretary Franceschini and President of Emilia Romagna Bonaccini publicly asked former Prime Minister Enrico Letta to become the new leader of the party 177 178 Following an initial reluctancy Letta stated that he needed a few days to evaluate the option 179 On 12 March he officially accepted his candidacy as new party s leader 180 181 On 14 March the national assembly of the PD elected Letta secretary with 860 votes in favour 2 against and 4 abstentions 182 On 17 March Letta appointed Irene Tinagli and Peppe Provenzano as his deputy secretaries 183 On the following day he appointed the party s new executive composed of eight men and eight women 184 Later that month Letta forced the party s eaders in Parliament Graziano Delrio and Andrea Marcucci to resign and proposed the election of two female leaders 185 consequently Simona Malpezzi and Debora Serracchiani were elected to replace them 186 187 In October 2021 Letta won the by election for the Siena district with 49 9 of votes returning to the Parliament after six years 188 In the concurrent local elections the PD and its allies won municipal elections in Milan Bologna Naples Rome Turin and many other major cities across the country 189 2022 general election edit Main article 2022 Italian general election In July 2022 the M5S did not participate in a Senate s confidence vote on a government bill Prime Minister Draghi offered his resignation which was rejected by President Mattarella 190 After a few days Draghi sought a confidence vote again to secure the government majority supporting his cabinet while rejecting the proposal put forward by Lega and FI of a new government without the M5S 191 In that occasion the M5S Lega FI and FdI did not participate in the vote 192 Consequently Draghi tendered his final resignation to President Mattarella who dissolved the houses of Parliament leading to the 2022 general election 193 194 The event led the party to terminate the alliance with the M5S 195 In the run up of the election the PD formed a joint list named Democratic and Progressive Italy IDP along with several minor parties notably including Article One the Italian Socialist Party and Solidary Democracy 196 197 The PD also signed individual alliances with Action More Europe 198 199 the Greens and Left Alliance AVS formed by Green Europe and Italian Left 200 201 and Luigi Di Maio s and Bruno Tabacci s Civic Commitment 202 Under each agreement the PD would give a number of candidates in single seat constituencies to each coalition partner A few days before the closing of coalitions and lists Calenda announced that he was walking away from the pact he has signed with Letta because of the subsequent alliances that the PD had formed notably including that with the AVS 203 204 205 The IDP list offered a broad range of candidates including some high profile independents left wingers like Susanna Camusso and Elly Schlein 206 207 the liberal economist Carlo Cottarelli Christian democrat and long time MP Pier Ferdinando Casini 208 209 scientist Andrea Crisanti 210 211 etc In the election the PD obtained 19 1 of the vote and the centre left coalition lost to the centre right coalition whose leader Giorgia Meloni went on to form a government Consequently Letta announced that he would step down from party secretary and that a leadership election would determine the party s new leader in 2023 212 Following the 2022 general election the PD has consistently declined in opinion polls to a record low of 14 0 in January 2023 according to SWG 213 Leadership of Elly Schlein edit Main article 2023 Democratic Party Italy leadership election nbsp Elly SchleinThe 2023 leadership election scheduled for February 2023 was the final step of a constituent process for the PD as the party amended its statute updated its internal charters and refreshed its political platform while welcoming individuals minor parties and groups Among minor parties Article One Solidary Democracy and the Democratic Centre indicated their intent to merge into the PD Outgoing secretary Letta and Article One leader Roberto Speranza were chosen to lead the committee overseeing the process 214 215 Former minister Paola De Micheli was the first to announce her candidacy in late September 216 but the two top contenders were Stefano Bonaccini president of Emilia Romagna and Elly Schlein Bonaccini s former vice president Bonaccini was supported by most regional presidents and big city mayors plus the more moderate factions of the party notably including Reformist Base 217 while the more radical Schlein counted on the endorsement on most of the party s left and most bigwigs including former leaders Dario Franceschini 218 despite most of his faction supporting Bonaccini 219 and Nicola Zingaretti 220 A fourth candidate Gianni Cuperlo representing the traditional left wing within the party announced his bid just before Christmas 221 222 Bonaccini won the first round by receiving 52 9 of the vote among party members in local conventions while Schlein came second with 34 9 and was the only one to qualify for the primary election along with Bonaccini 223 224 In the event on 26 February Schlein was surprisingly elected secretary by defeating Bonaccini 53 8 to 46 2 225 226 Schlein was officially appointed by the national assembly on 12 March On the same day as proposed by Schlein Bonaccini was elected as the party s president 227 In June 2023 during an assembly of delegates held in Naples Article One was merged into the PD 228 Ideology editThe PD is a big tent centre left party influenced by the ideas of social democracy and the Christian left The common roots of the founding components of the party reside in the Italian resistance movement the writing of Italian Constitution and the Historic Compromise all three events which saw the Italian Communist Party and Christian Democracy the two major forerunners of the Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom The Daisy respectively cooperate Modern American liberalism is an important source of inspiration 229 230 231 232 In a 2008 interview to El Pais Veltroni who can be considered the main founding father of the party clearly stated that the PD should be considered a reformist party and could not be linked to the traditional values of the political left 233 There is also a debate on whether the PD is actually a social democratic party and to what extent In 2009 Alfred Pfaller observed that the PD has adopted a pronounced centrist pragmatic position trying to appeal to a broad spectrum of middle class and working class voters but shying away from a determined pursuit of redistributive goals 234 In 2016 Gianfranco Pasquino commented that for almost all the leaders militants and members of the PD social democracy has never been part of their past nor should represent their political goal adding that its overall identity and perception are by no means those of a European style social democratic party 5 The party s economics policies accepted economic liberal elements under Renzi s leadership moving towards adopting more explicitly neoliberal and monetarist policies as a result of the Third Way philosophy adopted by European social democratic parties 235 236 The party stresses national and social cohesion progressivism a moderate social liberalism green issues progressive taxation and pro Europeanism In this respect the party s precursors strongly supported the need of balancing budgets to comply to Maastricht criteria Under Veltroni and Renzi the party took a strong stance in favour of constitutional reform and of a new electoral law on the road toward a two party system citation needed While traditionally supporting the social integration of immigrants the PD has adopted a more critical approach on the issue since 2017 237 238 Inspired by Renzi re elected secretary in April and Marco Minniti interior minister since December 2016 the party promoted stricter policies regarding immigration and public security 239 240 These policies resulted in broad criticism from the left wing Democrats and Progressives partners in government as well as left leaning intellectuals like Roberto Saviano and Gad Lerner 241 In August Lerner who was among the founding members of the PD left the party altogether due to its new immigration policies 242 Ideological trends edit nbsp Festa de l Unita in Bologna 2014The PD is a diverse party including several distinct ideological trends 243 Social democracy the bulk of the party including many former Democrats of the Left is social democratic and emphasises labour and social issues There are traditional social democrats Nicola Zingaretti and his Great Square faction Andrea Orlando and his Democracy Europe Society faction Maurizio Martina and his Side by Side faction Gianni Cuperlo and LeftDem as well as many other people and factions prior to the February 2017 split it also included Massimo D Alema Pier Luigi Bersani Enrico Rossi and Roberto Speranza and Third Way types Walter Veltroni Piero Fassino and Debora Serracchiani among others While the former are supportive of democratic socialism the latter are strongly influenced by modern American liberalism and New Labour ideas Christian left the party includes many Christian inspired members most of whom come from the left wing of the late Christian Democracy having later joined Democracy is Freedom The Daisy Democratic Catholics have been affiliated to several factions including Luca Lotti s Reformist Base Dario Franceschini s AreaDem which includes also some leading Third Way social democrats as the aforementioned Fassino and Serracchiani Enrico Letta s 360 Association also Lettiani mainly Christian democrats and centrists Giuseppe Fioroni s Populars Rosy Bindi s Democrats Really and the Social Christians who adhere to Christian socialism Social liberalism it is endorsed by former members of the Italian Republican Party the Italian Liberal Party and the Radical Party and notably the Liberal PD faction Green politics it is endorsed mainly by former members of the Federation of the Greens and other greens who have jointly formed the Democratic Ecologists It is not an easy task to include the trend represented by Matteo Renzi whose supporters have been known as Big Bangers Now or more frequently Renziani in any of the categories above The nature of Renzi s progressivism is a matter of debate and has been linked both to liberalism and populism 244 245 246 247 248 According to Maria Teresa Meli of Corriere della Sera Renzi pursues a precise model borrowed from the Labour Party and Bill Clinton s Democratic Party comprising a strange mix for Italy of liberal policies in the economic sphere and populism This means that on one side he will attack the privileges of trade unions especially of the CGIL which defends only the already protected while on the other he will sharply attack the vested powers bankers Confindustria and a certain type of capitalism 249 After Renzi led some of his followers out of the party and launched the alternative Italia Viva party a good chunk of Renziani especially those affiliated to Reformist Base and Liberal PD remained in the PD Other leading former Renziani notably include Lorenzo Guerini Graziano Delrio party leader in the Chamber and Andrea Marcucci party leader in the Senate International affiliation edit International affiliation was quite a controversial issue for the PD in its early days and it was settled only in 2014 nbsp Renzi speaks at the 2014 congress of the Party of European Socialists in RomeThe debate on which European political party to join saw the former Democrats of the Left generally in favour of the Party of European Socialists PES and most former members of Democracy is Freedom The Daisy in favour of the European Democratic Party EDP a component of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ALDE Group After the party s formation in 2007 the new party s MEPs continued to sit with the PES and ALDE groups to which their former parties had been elected during the 2004 European Parliament election Following the 2009 European Parliament election the party s 21 MEPs chose to unite for the new term within the European parliamentary group of the PES which was renamed the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats S amp D 250 On 15 December 2012 PD leader Pier Luigi Bersani attended in Rome the founding convention of the Progressive Alliance PA a nascent political international for parties dissatisfied with the continued admittance and inclusion of authoritarian movements into the Socialist International SI 251 252 On 22 May 2013 the PD was a founding member of the PA at the international s official inauguration in Leipzig Germany on the eve of the 150th anniversary of the formation of the General German Workers Association the oldest of the two parties which merged in 1875 to form the Social Democratic Party of Germany 253 Matteo Renzi a centrist who led the party in 2013 2018 wanted the party to join both the SI and the PES 254 255 256 On 20 February 2014 the PD leadership applied for full membership of the PES 257 258 In Renzi s view the party would count more as a member of a major European party and within the PES it would join forces with alike parties such as the British Labour Party On 28 February the PD was welcomed as a full member into the PES 89 Factions editThe PD includes several internal factions most of which trace the previous allegiances of party members Factions form different alliances depending on the issues and some party members have multiple factional allegiances 2007 leadership election edit Main article 2007 Democratic Party Italy leadership election After the election which saw the victory of Walter Veltroni the party s internal composition was as follows Majority led by Walter Veltroni 75 8 Three national lists supported the candidacy of Veltroni The bulk of the former Democrats of the Left Veltroniani Dalemiani Fassiniani the Rutelliani of Francesco Rutelli including the Teodems The Populars of Franco Marini Liberal PD the Social Christians and smaller groups Middle Italy European Republicans Movement Reformist Alliance and the Reformists for Europe formed a joint list named Democrats with Veltroni 43 7 The Democratic Ecologists of Ermete Realacci together with Giovanna Melandri and Cesare Damiano formed Environment Innovation and Labour 8 1 The Democrats Laicists Socialists Say Left and the Labourites Liberal Socialists presented a list named To the Left 7 7 Local lists in support of Veltroni got 16 4 Minorities led by Rosy Bindi 12 9 and Enrico Letta 11 0 The Olivists whose members were staunch supporters of Romano Prodi divided in two camps The largest one including Arturo Parisi endorsed Rosy Bindi while a smaller one including Paolo De Castro endorsed Enrico Letta Bindi benefited also from the support of Agazio Loiero s Southern Democratic Party while Letta was endorsed by Lorenzo Dellai s Daisy Civic List Renato Soru s Sardinia Project and Gianni Pittella s group of social democrats 2009 leadership election edit Main article 2009 Democratic Party Italy leadership election After the election which saw the victory of Pier Luigi Bersani the party s internal composition was as follows Majority led by Pier Luigi Bersani 53 2 Bersaniani and Dalemiani the social democratic groups around Bersani and Massimo D Alema who wants the PD to be a traditional centre left party in the European social democratic tradition D Alema organised his faction as Reformists and Democrats welcoming also some Lettiani and some Populars Lettiani the centrist group around Enrico Letta known also as 360 Association Its members were keen supporters of an alliance with the Union of the Centre To the Left the social democratic and democratic socialist internal left led by Livia Turco Democrats Really the group around Rosy Bindi and composed mainly of the left wing members of the late Italian People s Party Social Christians a Christian social democratic group that was a founding component of the Democrats of the Left Democracy and Socialism a social democratic group of splinters from the Socialist Party led by Gavino Angius AreaDem minority led by Dario Franceschini 34 3 Veltroniani followers of Walter Veltroni and social democrats coming from the Democrats of the Left who support the so called majoritarian vocation of the party the selection of party candidates and leaders through primaries and a two party system Populars Fourth Phase heirs of the Christian left tradition of the Italian People s Party and of the left wing of the late Christian Democracy Rutelliani centrists and liberals gathered around Francesco Rutelli known also as Free Democrats most of them left after Bersani s victory to form the Alliance for Italy while a minority Paolo Gentiloni and Ermete Realacci among others chose to stay Simply Democrats a list promoted by a diverse group of leading Democrats Debora Serracchiani Rita Borsellino Sergio Cofferati and Francesca Barracciu who were committed to renewal in party leadership and cleanliness of party elects Liberal PD the liberal mostly social liberal faction of the PD led by Valerio Zanone Its members have been close to Veltroni and Rutelli Democratic Ecologists the green faction of the PD led by Ermete Realacci Its members have been close to Veltroni and Rutelli Teodem a tiny Christian democratic group representing the right wing of the party on social issues albeit being progressive on economic ones Most Teodems including their leader Paola Binetti left the PD in 2009 2010 to join the UdC or the ApI while others led by Luigi Bobba chose to stay Minority led by Ignazio Marino 12 5 Un affiliated social liberals social democrats and supporters of a broad alliance including Italy of Values the Radicals and the parties to the left of the PD After the election most of them joined Marino in an association named Change Italy Democrats in Network a social democratic faction of former Veltroniani led by Goffredo Bettini Non aligned factions Olivists followers of Romano Prodi who want the party to be stuck in the tradition of The Olive Tree The group was led by Arturo Parisi and includes both Christian left exponents and social democrats Most Olivists supported Bersani while Parisi endorsed Franceschini 2010 2013 developments edit In the summer of 2010 Dario Franceschini leader of AreaDem the largest minority faction and Piero Fassino re approached with Pier Luigi Bersani and joined the party majority 259 As a response Walter Veltroni formed Democratic Movement to defend the original spirit of the PD 259 In doing this he was supported by 75 deputies 33 Veltroniani 35 Populars close to Giuseppe Fioroni and 7 former Rutelliani led by Paolo Gentiloni 260 261 262 Some pundits hinted that the Bersani Franceschini pact was envisioned in order both to marginalise Veltroni and to reduce the influence of Massimo D Alema the party bigwig behind Bersani whose 2009 bid was supported primarily by Dalemiani Veltroni and D Alema had been long time rivals within the centre left 263 As of September the party s majority was composed of those who supported Bersani since the beginning divided in five main factions Bersaniani Dalemiani Lettiani Bindiani and the party s left wing and AreaDem of Franceschini and Fassino There were also two minority coalitions namely Veltroni s Democratic Movement Veltroniani Fioroni s Populars ex Rutelliani Democratic Ecologists and a majority of Liberal PD members and Change Italy of Ignazio Marino 264 According to Corriere della Sera in November 2011 the party was divided mainly in three ideological camps battling for its soul a socialist left the Young Turks mostly supporters of Bersani such as Stefano Fassina and Matteo Orfini a social democratic centre it includes Bersani s core supporters Bersaniani Dalemiani and Bindiani and a new right Matteo Renzi s faction proposing an overtly liberal political line 265 266 Since November 2011 similar differences surfaced in the party over Monti Cabinet While the party s right wing especially Liberal PD was enthusiastic in its support Fassina and other leftists especially those linked to trade unions were critical 267 268 269 270 In February 2012 Fassina published a book in which he described his view as neo labourite humanism and explained it in connection with Catholic social teaching saying that his neo labourism was designed to attract Catholic voters 271 Once again his opposition to economic liberalism was strongly criticised by the party s right wing as well as by Stefano Ceccanti a leading Catholic in the party and supporter of Tony Blair s New Labour who said that a leftist platform a la Fassina would never win back the Catholic vote in places like Veneto 272 According to YouTrend a website 35 of the Democratic deputies and senators elected in the 2013 general election were Bersaniani 23 members of AreaDem or Democratic Movement 13 Renziani 6 Lettiani 4 5 Dalemiani 4 5 Young Turks Remake Italy 2 Bindiani and 1 5 Civatiani 273 As the party performed below expectations more Democrats started to look at Renzi who had been defeated by Bersani in the 2012 primary election to select the centre left s candidate for Prime Minister 274 In early September two leading centrists namely Franceschini and Fioroni leaders of Democratic Area and The Populars endorsed Renzi 275 Two former leaders of the Democrats of the Left Veltroni and Fassino 276 also decided to support Renzi while a third D Alema endorsed Gianni Cuperlo 277 In October four candidates filed their bid to become secretary namey Renzi Cuperlo Pippo Civati and Gianni Pittella 79 2013 leadership election edit Main article 2013 Democratic Party Italy leadership election After the election which saw the victory of Matteo Renzi the party s internal composition was as follows Majority led by Matteo Renzi 67 6 Renziani AreaDem 278 Veltroniani 276 The Populars 275 Liberal PD 279 most Lettiani 280 most Olivists 281 282 and Democratic Ecologists 283 284 Minority led by Gianni Cuperlo 18 2 Bersaniani 285 Dalemiani 285 286 Young Turks Remake Italy 285 286 and most Democrats Really 287 Minority led by Pippo Civati 14 2 Civatiani Laura Puppato 288 and Felice Casson 288 2014 2016 alignments edit After 2013 leadership election the party s main factions 289 290 291 were the following Renziani the group around Matteo Renzi PD leader and Prime Minister as well as a liberal Third Way oriented and modernising faction Renziani supported a two party system and the so called majoritarian vocation of the PD through the formation of a party of the nation 292 Prominent members of the faction were Luca Lotti Maria Elena Boschi Graziano Delrio Lorenzo Guerini Paolo Gentiloni and Stefano Bonaccini The faction had a Christian democratic section called Democratic Space which was led by Delrio and Guerini Another group of Christian democrats namely The Populars of Giuseppe Fioroni were also affiliated According to news sources as of December 2016 full fledged Renziani counted 50 MPs The Populars 30 and other Renziani 25 for a total of 105 AreaDem a mainly Christian leftist faction with roots in Christian Democracy s left wing and the Italian People s Party Led by Dario Franceschini it notably included Luigi Zanda and Ettore Rosato as well as prominent social democrats like Piero Fassino and Debora Serracchiani for a total of 90 MPs Left is Change social democratic faction led by Maurizio Martina Most of its members were affiliated with Reformist Area see below but splintered to support Renzi The faction which included Cesare Damiano Vannino Chiti and Anna Finocchiaro among others counted 70 MPs Remake Italy a social democratic faction loyal to Renzi Led by Matteo Orfini the party s president and Andrea Orlando it counted 60 MPs Reformist Area Left inspired by traditional social democracy and democratic socialism it was the main left wing of the party It was formed by the majority of Bersaniani loyalists of former secretary Pier Luigi Bersani The faction s leader was Roberto Speranza The Reformists often opposed Renzi s policies 293 Other than Speranza and Bersani the faction notably included Guglielmo Epifani and Rosy Bindi whose sub faction was named Democrats Really and counted 60 MPs LeftDem led by Gianni Cuperlo it was another minority social democratic faction including 15 MPs 2017 leadership election edit Main article 2017 Democratic Party Italy leadership election After the election which saw the victory of Matteo Renzi the party s internal composition was as follows Majority led by Matteo Renzi 69 2 Renziani AreaDem 294 The Populars 295 a majority of Left is Change e g leader Maurizio Martina 296 who would serve as deputy secretary if Renzi were to win 297 298 a minority of Remake Italy e g Matteo Orfini Liberal PD and several former Lettiani e g Paola De Micheli 299 Minority led by Andrea Orlando 20 0 A majority of Remake Italy e g Roberto Gualtieri a minority of Left is Change e g Cesare Damiano and Anna Finocchiaro 296 300 LeftDem 301 NetworkDem 302 several former leading Veltroniani e g Nicola Zingaretti 303 Lettiani e g Alessia Mosca Bindiani e g Margherita Miotto and Olivists e g Sandra Zampa 304 Minority led by Michele Emiliano 10 9 Democratic Front formed by several PD members in the South especially Apulia of which Emiliano is President some former Lettiani e g Francesco Boccia 305 2019 leadership election edit Main article 2019 Democratic Party Italy leadership election After the election which saw the victory of Nicola Zingaretti the party s internal composition was as follows 306 Majority led by Nicola Zingaretti 307 66 0 Great Square Paolo Gentiloni 308 AreaDem Dario Franceschini s Franceschiniani and Piero Fassino among others 309 Democracy Europe Society 310 Dem Labourites Damiano s faction Socialists and Democrats LeftDem and NetworkDem Minority led by Maurizio Martina 307 22 0 Future European Democrats Martina s faction Harambee Matteo Richetti Left Wing Matteo Orfini and some Renziani e g Graziano Delrio Minority led by Roberto Giachetti 307 12 0 Some Renziani e g Maria Elena Boschi The Populars Giuseppe Fioroni Liberal PD Social Christians and Democratic EcologistsAfter the leadership election supporters of Martina divided in two camps the liberal and centrist wing close to Renzi including Lorenzo Guerini and Luca Lotti formed Reformist Base while social democrats including Martina Tommaso Nannicini and Debora Serracchiani as well as some leading centrists Delrio and Richetti formed Side by Side Additionally hard core Renziani led by Giachetti formed Always Forward Others led by Ettore Rosato formed Back to the Future 311 2023 leadership election edit Main article 2023 Democratic Party Italy leadership election After the election which saw the victory of Elly Schlein the party s internal composition was as follows Majority led by Elly Schlein Great Square AreaDem Democracy Europe Society Left Wing Chiara Gribaudo Next Marco Furfaro and Dem Labourites Minority led by Stefano Bonaccini Reformist Base Side by Side RiforDem Paolo Gentiloni Ulivisti 4 0 some former Lettiani Mauro Berruto Marco Meloni and Anna Ascani Left Wing Matteo Orfini and Democratic Initiative Piero Fassino Minority led by Gianni Cuperlo Democratic PromisePopular support editAs previously the Italian Communist Party the Democratic Party of the Left the Democrats of the Left and The Olive Tree the PD has its strongholds in Central Italy and big cities The party governs six regions out of twenty and the cities of Rome Milan Naples Turin Bologna Florence and Bari It also takes part to the government of several other cities including Padua Bergamo Brescia and Verona In the 2008 and 2013 general elections the PD obtained its best results in Tuscany 46 8 and 37 5 Emilia Romagna 45 7 and 37 0 Umbria 44 4 and 32 1 Marche 41 4 and 27 7 Liguria 37 6 and 27 7 and Lazio 36 8 and 25 7 Democrats are generally stronger in the North than the South with the sole exception of Basilicata 38 6 in 2008 and 25 7 in 2013 312 where the party has drawn most of its personnel from Christian Democracy DC 313 The 2014 European Parliament election gave a thumping 40 8 of the vote to the party which was the first Italian party to get more than 40 of the vote in a nationwide election since DC won 42 4 of the vote in the 1958 general election In 2014 the PD did better in Tuscany 56 6 Emilia Romagna 52 5 and Umbria 49 2 but made significant gains in Lombardy 40 3 19 0 from 2009 Veneto 37 5 17 2 and the South The 2018 general election was a major defeat for the party as it was reduced to 18 7 Tuscany 29 6 The electoral results of the PD in general Chamber of Deputies and European Parliament elections since 2008 are shown in the chart below Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues The electoral results of the PD in the 10 most populated regions of Italy are shown in the table below and in the chart electoral results in Italy are shown 2008 general 2009 European 2010 regional 2013 general 2014 European 2015 regional 2018 general 2019 European 2020 regionalPiedmont 32 4 24 7 23 2 25 1 40 8 41 0 a 2014 20 5 23 9 Lombardy 28 1 21 3 22 9 25 6 40 3 32 4 b 2013 21 1 23 1 22 3 c 2018 Veneto 26 5 20 3 20 3 21 3 37 5 20 5 d 16 7 18 9 Emilia Romagna 45 7 38 6 40 6 37 0 52 5 44 5 2014 26 4 31 2 34 7Tuscany 46 8 38 7 42 2 37 5 56 6 46 3 29 6 33 3 Lazio 36 8 28 1 26 3 25 7 39 2 34 2 e 2013 18 7 23 8 25 5 f 2018 Campania 29 2 23 4 21 4 21 9 36 1 29 2 g 13 2 19 1 Apulia 30 1 21 7 20 8 18 5 33 6 32 1 h 13 7 16 6 Calabria 32 6 25 4 22 8 i 22 4 35 8 36 2 j 2014 14 3 18 3 Sicily 25 4 21 9 18 8 2008 18 6 34 9 21 2 k 2017 11 5 16 6 Combined result of the PD 36 2 and Sergio Chiamparino s personal list 4 8 Combined result of the PD 25 3 and Umberto Ambrosoli s personal list 7 0 Combined result of the PD 19 2 and Giorgio Gori s personal list 3 0 Combined result of the PD 16 7 and Alessandra Moretti s personal list 3 8 Combined result of the PD 29 7 and Nicola Zingaretti s personal list 4 5 Combined result of the PD 21 2 and Nicola Zingaretti s personal list 4 3 Combined result of the PD 19 5 Vincenzo De Luca s personal list 4 9 and Free Campania 4 8 Combined result of the PD 18 8 and Michele Emiliano s personal lists 9 2 4 1 Combined result of the PD 15 8 and Agazio Loiero s personal list 7 0 Combined result of the PD 23 7 and Mario Oliverio s personal list 12 5 Combined result of the PD 13 0 the PD sponsored Pact of Democrats for Reforms and Fabrizio Micari s personal list 2 2 Electoral results editMain article Electoral history of Italian parties Democratic Party Italian Parliament edit Election Chamber of Deputies Senate of the Republic LeaderVotes Seats Position Votes Seats Position2008 12 434 260 33 2 217 630 nbsp 2nd 11 052 577 33 7 118 315 nbsp 2nd Walter Veltroni2013 8 934 009 25 4 297 630 nbsp 80 nbsp 2nd 8 400 255 27 4 112 315 nbsp 6 nbsp 1st Pier Luigi Bersani2018 6 161 896 18 8 112 630 nbsp 185 nbsp 2nd 5 783 360 19 1 54 315 nbsp 58 nbsp 2nd Matteo Renzi2022 5 356 180 19 1 69 400 nbsp 43 nbsp 2nd 5 226 732 19 0 40 200 nbsp 13 nbsp 2nd Enrico LettaEuropean Parliament edit Election Votes Seats Position Leader2009 8 008 203 26 1 21 72 nbsp 2nd Dario Franceschini2014 11 203 231 40 8 31 73 nbsp 10 nbsp 1st Matteo Renzi2019 6 089 853 22 7 19 76 nbsp 12 nbsp 2nd Nicola ZingarettiRegional Councils edit Region Election year Votes Seats Status in legislatureAosta Valley 2020 10 106 3rd 15 3 7 35 nbsp 7 MajorityPiedmont 2019 430 902 2nd 22 4 10 51 nbsp 17 OppositionLombardy 2023 628 774 2nd 21 2 18 80 nbsp 2 OppositionSouth Tyrol 2018 10 806 7th 3 8 1 35 nbsp 1 OppositionTrentino 2018 35 530 2nd 13 9 5 35 nbsp 2 OppositionVeneto 2020 244 881 3rd 11 9 7 51 nbsp 2 OppositionFriuli Venezia Giulia 2023 65 143 4th 16 5 10 49 nbsp OppositionEmilia Romagna 2020 749 976 1st 34 7 23 50 nbsp 7 MajorityLiguria 2020 124 586 2nd 19 9 7 31 nbsp 1 OppositionTuscany 2020 560 981 1st 34 7 23 41 nbsp 2 MajorityMarche 2020 156 394 1st 25 1 8 31 nbsp 8 OppositionUmbria 2019 93 296 2nd 22 3 5 21 nbsp 6 OppositionLazio 2023 313 023 2nd 20 3 11 51 nbsp 7 OppositionAbruzzo 2019 66 796 3rd 11 1 4 31 nbsp 7 OppositionMolise 2023 17 031 2nd 12 0 3 20 nbsp 1 OppositionCampania 2020 398 490 1st 16 9 9 51 nbsp 7 MajorityApulia 2020 289 188 1st 17 3 17 51 nbsp 3 MajorityBasilicata 2019 22 423 5th 7 7 3 21 nbsp 9 OppositionCalabria 2021 100 437 2nd 13 2 5 31 nbsp 1 OppositionSicily 2022 238 761 4th 12 7 11 70 nbsp OppositionSardinia 2019 96 235 1st 13 5 8 60 nbsp 11 OppositionLeadership editSecretary Walter Veltroni 2007 2009 Dario Franceschini 2009 Pier Luigi Bersani 2009 2013 Guglielmo Epifani 2013 Matteo Renzi 2013 2018 Maurizio Martina 2018 Nicola Zingaretti 2019 2021 Enrico Letta 2021 2023 Elly Schlein 2023 present Deputy Secretary Dario Franceschini 2007 2009 Enrico Letta 2009 2013 Lorenzo Guerini 2014 2017 Debora Serracchiani 2014 2017 Maurizio Martina 2017 2018 Andrea Orlando 2019 2021 Paola De Micheli 2019 Irene Tinagli 2021 2023 Peppe Provenzano 2021 2023 Coordinator of the Secretariat Goffredo Bettini 2007 2009 Maurizio Migliavacca 2009 2013 Luca Lotti 2013 2014 Lorenzo Guerini 2014 2018 Matteo Mauri 2018 Andrea Martella 2019 2021 Marco Meloni 2021 2023 Marta Bonafoni 2023 present Organizational Secretary Giuseppe Fioroni 2007 2009 Maurizio Migliavacca 2009 Nico Stumpo 2009 2013 Davide Zoggia 2013 2013 Luca Lotti 2013 2014 Lorenzo Guerini 2014 2017 Andrea Rossi 2017 2018 Gianni Dal Moro 2018 2019 Stefano Vaccari 2019 2023 Igor Taruffi 2023 present Spokesperson Andrea Orlando 2008 2013 Lorenzo Guerini 2013 2014 Alessia Rotta 2014 2017 Matteo Richetti 2017 2018 Marianna Madia 2018 Treasurer Mauro Agostini 2007 2009 Antonio Misiani 2009 2013 Francesco Bonifazi 2013 2019 Luigi Zanda 2019 2020 Walter Verini 2020 2023 Michele Fina 2023 present President Romano Prodi 2007 2008 Anna Finocchiaro acting 314 2008 2009 Rosy Bindi 2009 2013 Gianni Cuperlo 2013 2014 Matteo Orfini 2014 2019 Paolo Gentiloni 2019 Valentina Cuppi 2020 2023 Stefano Bonaccini 2023 present Vice President Marina Sereni 2009 2013 Ivan Scalfarotto 2009 2013 Matteo Ricci 2013 2017 Sandra Zampa 2013 2017 Domenico De Santis 2017 2019 Barbara Pollastrini 2017 2019 Anna Ascani 2019 2023 Debora Serracchiani 2019 2023 Loredana Capone 2023 present Chiara Gribaudo 2023 present Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies Antonello Soro 2007 2009 Dario Franceschini 2009 2013 Roberto Speranza 2013 2015 Ettore Rosato 2015 2018 Graziano Delrio 2018 2021 Debora Serracchiani 2021 2023 Chiara Braga 2023 present Party Leader in the Senate Anna Finocchiaro 2007 2013 Luigi Zanda 2013 2018 Andrea Marcucci 2018 2021 Simona Malpezzi 2021 2023 Francesco Boccia 2023 present Party Leader in the European Parliament David Sassoli 2009 2014 Patrizia Toia 2014 2019 Roberto Gualtieri 2019 Brando Benifei 2019 present Symbols edit nbsp Official logo 2007 present nbsp Alternative logo 2023 present See also editList of presidents of the Democratic Party Italy List of political parties in Italy List of secretaries of the Democratic Party Italy References edit Al Pd si e ristretta la base iscritti a quota 150 mila erano il doppio due anni fa la Repubblica 1 February 2023 Britannica Educational Publishing 2013 Italy Britanncia Educational Publishing p 57 ISBN 978 1 61530 989 4 Il Pd come la Dc Le coincidenze e le differenze in Italian Europa 29 May 2014 Archived from the original on 22 November 2015 Retrieved 27 July 2014 il Pd continua a sostenere la tesi che la sua area di riferimento e la sinistra e il centro sinistra e non un centro che guarda a sinistra di degasperiana memoria Richard Collin Pamela L Martin 2012 An Introduction to World Politics Conflict and Consensus on a Small Planet Rowman amp Littlefield p 218 ISBN 978 1 4422 1803 1 Retrieved 18 July 2013 a b Gianfranco Pasquino 2016 Italy In Jean Michel de Waele Fabien Escalona Mathieu Vieira eds The Palgrave Handbook of Social Democracy in the European Union Palgrave Macmillan p 238 ISBN 978 1 137 29380 0 permanent dead link a b Nordsieck Wolfram 2018 Italy Parties and Elections in Europe Hans Slomp 2011 Europe a Political Profile An American Companion to European Politics ABC CLIO p 406 ISBN 978 0 313 39181 1 Retrieved 13 August 2013 Fotia Mauro 2011 Il consociativismo infinito dal centro sinistra al Partito democratico p 232 ISBN 9788822063182 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help CS1 maint location missing publisher link Salvati La maggioranza liberale di sinistra ha rigenerato il partito democratico LaStampa it May 2017 I liberal del Pd intestarsi l agenda Draghi La minoranza dem si scalda per il dopo comunali Il Sole 24 Ore 14 September 2021 Dario De Lucia 2017 Dal PCI al PD Imprimatur editore ISBN 978 8 82646 230 1 Vespa Bruno 2010 Il Cuore e la Spada Storia politica e romantica dell Italia unita 1861 2011 Mondadori p 650 ISBN 9788852017285 Augusto Giuliano 8 December 2013 De profundis per il Pd Rinascita archived from the original on 1 March 2014 Gioli Sergio 19 November 2013 Ultimo treno a sinistra Quotidiano net Schlein Torniamo a fare la sinistra la costituente deve proseguire Politica 11 June 2023 Schlein sposta il Pd a sinistra ItaliaOggi it Elly Schlein nuova segretaria il Pd svolta a sinistra Saremo un problema per il governo 26 February 2023 La scossa di Schlein oltre il Pd Renzi supera le perplessita e accelera sul partito unico con Calenda 28 February 2023 Con l elezione di Elly Schlein e finito l equivoco all origine del Pd 6 March 2023 Un Pd di sinistra e possibile 27 February 2023 Appello PDF Partito Democratico Retrieved 6 June 2013 Franchetto PDF Antonio di Pietro Retrieved 6 June 2013 permanent dead link Pd e nato il comitato dei 45 Prodi Nessuna egemonia Ds o Dl La Repubblica in Italian 22 May 2007 Retrieved 22 May 2007 Pd colombo ritira candidatura in Italian La Repubblica 1 August 2007 Retrieved 1 August 2007 dead link PD BOCCIATE CANDIDATURE DI PIETRO E PANNELLA ANSA in Italian 31 July 2007 Retrieved 31 July 2007 dead link Pd collegio garanti decidera domani su pannella ANSA in Italian 2 August 2007 Retrieved 3 August 2007 dead link L Unione Sarda Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Italy s Veltroni elected new centre left party s leader projections AFP 14 October 2007 Archived from the original on 17 October 2007 Retrieved 14 October 2007 Rome Mayor Walter Veltroni pronounced leader of Italy s new Democratic Party International Herald Tribune 27 October 2007 Retrieved 28 October 2007 Tricolore e ramoscello di ulivo Ecco il nuovo simbolo del Pd La Repubblica in Italian 21 November 2007 Retrieved 21 November 2007 List of present electoral political polls in Italian President of the Council of Ministers of Italy Department for Media and Publishing Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 Retrieved 20 June 2012 ABRUZZO ELEZIONI IL CENTROSINISTRA PUNTA TUTTO SU COSTANTINI IDV ASCA in Italian 28 October 2008 Archived from the original on 12 May 2009 Retrieved 20 September 2018 Veltroni con Di Pietro alleanza finita Corriere della Sera in Italian 19 October 2008 a b Italy s Left gets new leader France 24 22 February 2009 Retrieved 22 February 2009 a b Italian opposition elects leader BBC News 21 February 2009 Retrieved 21 February 2009 EUROPEE VICINO ACCORDO PD VERDI SOCIALISTI SD E PRC IN DIFFICOLTA ASCA in Italian 6 October 2008 Archived from the original on 25 June 2009 Retrieved 30 April 2009 Regolamento per l elezione del Segretario e dell Assemblea Nazionale Partito Democratico Pd l 11 ottobre il congresso il 25 le primarie Sky TG24 tg24 sky it Archived from the original on 20 September 2019 Retrieved 20 September 2019 Regolamento per l elezione del Segretario e dell Assemblea Nazionale Pd l 11 ottobre il congresso il 25 le primarie Sky TG24 tg24 sky it 26 June 2009 PD RESTANO TRE IN CORSA ESCLUSO RUTIGLIANO News La Repubblica it www repubblica it I dati definitivi dei congressi di circolo Partito Democratico Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 Retrieved 14 December 2010 La squadra di Bersani Letta sara numero due Scalfarotto vicepresidente Corriere della Sera 24 December 2009 Retrieved 14 December 2010 Bersani segretario siamo l alternativa Sulle riforme confronto in Parlamento Corriere Della Sera 24 December 2009 Retrieved 14 December 2010 Alleanza per l Italia prima convention a Parma Parma la Repubblica Retrieved 14 December 2010 Deputati e Organi Parlamentari Composizione gruppi Parlamentari Camera Retrieved 6 June 2013 Variazioni nella composizione dei gruppi del Senato nella XVI Legislatura Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 Retrieved 23 March 2011 Nord gli ex Popolari escono dal Pd Malumore cattolico anche in Calabria Corriere della Sera 19 March 2011 Retrieved 6 June 2013 E Di Pietro attacca il caro Pier Luigi Eviti me e Vendola per rincorrere Casini Corriere Della Sera 13 September 2011 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Bersani nuovo Ulivo con Di Pietro e Vendola Corriere della Sera 17 September 2011 Retrieved 6 June 2013 La foto di Vasto agita il Pd Corriere Della Sera 19 September 2011 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Sponda moderata o unione a sinistra Quali alleanze per il Partito democratico Corriere Della Sera 20 September 2011 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Via libera definitivo a Monti Clima nuovo ce la faremo Corriere della Sera 19 November 2011 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Camera fiducia ampia Il Pdl esecutivo di tregua l Ici si puo riesaminare Corriere Della Sera 19 November 2011 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Via all alleanza Pd Vendola E su Monti nasce un caso Corriere della Sera 14 October 2012 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Il centrosinistra ignora il premier Corriere della Sera 13 October 2012 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Renzi si fa una nuova Italia E cerca i voti dei delusi pdl Corriere della Sera 14 September 2012 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Tortelli e officina Bersani ecco chi sono Corriere della Sera 15 October 2012 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Commozione e ricordi Bettola dove il segretario e ancora il Gigi Corriere della Sera 15 October 2012 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Il Pd sceglie i miti del passato per costruire una nuova identita Corriere della Sera 15 October 2012 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Vendola fa litigare Bersani e Casini Corriere della Sera 3 October 2012 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Riscrivi l Italia parte la campagna per le primarie Partito Democratico Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 Retrieved 6 June 2013 La Sicilia a Crocetta Balzo dei Cinque Stelle Corriere Della Sera 30 October 2012 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Sicilia Elezioni Regionali 28 ottobre 2012 La Repubblica Retrieved 6 June 2013 Risultati definitivi Italia Bene Comune Archived from the original on 3 December 2012 Retrieved 5 December 2012 Risultati definitivi Ballottaggio Italia Bene Comune Archived from the original on 9 December 2012 Retrieved 5 December 2012 Italy s Bersani proposes ex Senate speaker as president IB Times 17 April 2013 Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 Retrieved 6 June 2013 a b Parlamento in seduta comune Camera Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Prodi to be centre left s new Italian president candidate ANSA 16 April 2013 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Prodi fails in bid to unite PD ANSA 19 April 2013 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Paola Pica Pd in pezzi Bersani furioso si dimette Non posso accettare il grave gesto contro Prodi Corriere della Sera Retrieved 6 June 2013 Pd Epifani eletto segretario Letta e una buona notizia per governo Reuters 9 February 2009 Archived from the original on 21 June 2013 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Ministero Dell Interno Notizie Archived 29 June 2013 at archive today Interno gov it 15 April 2013 Retrieved on 24 August 2013 Redazione Il Fatto Quotidiano 1 January 1970 Pd Epifani Organizziamo congresso Pse Fioroni Allora torna la Margherita Il Fatto Quotidiano Ilfattoquotidiano it Retrieved 17 May 2014 Epifani non si candidera al Congresso Le accuse di Grillo a Rodota sono volgari e inammissibili International Business Times It ibtimes com 31 May 2013 Archived from the original on 18 December 2013 Retrieved 17 May 2014 Redazione Il Fatto Quotidiano 15 July 2013 Pd Epifani si tira fuori Non mi candidero a guida del partito sarebbe tradimento Il Fatto Quotidiano Ilfattoquotidiano it Retrieved 17 May 2014 Internazionale Partito democratico Epifani sondaggi favorevoli per me ma non mi candidero Internazionale it 23 September 2013 Retrieved 17 May 2014 Economia e Finanza Corriere della Sera Ilmondo it Retrieved 17 May 2014 a b Primarie Pd candidati depositano le firme Si allunga lista dei lettiani pro Renzi Repubblica it 11 October 2013 Retrieved 17 May 2014 Risultati definitivi del voto degli iscritti Partito Democratico Partitodemocratico it Archived from the original on 28 April 2014 Retrieved 17 May 2014 It works Primariepd2013 it Retrieved 17 May 2014 Heading off the populists The Economist 14 December 2013 MonrifNet 15 December 2013 Pd Renzi segretario Con Letta patto di 15 mesi Grillo o ci stai o sei un buffone SCHEDA Quotidiano Net Qn quotidiano net Retrieved 17 May 2014 Andrea Carugati Intervista a Cuperlo No alle liste bloccate Politica l Unita notizie online lavoro recensioni cinema musica Unita it Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 17 May 2014 Pd Cuperlo si dimette da presidente Renzi replica Le critiche si accettano Repubblica it 21 January 2014 Retrieved 17 May 2014 Davies Lizzy 13 February 2014 Italian PM Enrico Letta to resign The Guardian Renzi liquida Letta Via dalla palude Venerdi il premier al Quirinale per le dimissioni Corriere it 13 February 2014 Rubino Monica 22 February 2014 Il governo Renzi ha giurato al Colle e in carica Gelo con Letta alla consegna della campanella Repubblica it a b Italian Partito Democratico Officially Welcomed into the PES Family Archived from the original on 1 March 2014 Retrieved 3 March 2014 UPDATE 2 Renzi s triumph in EU vote gives mandate for Italian reform Reuters 26 May 2014 Retrieved 9 June 2015 Italy s Mogherini and Poland s Tusk get top EU jobs BBC News 30 August 2014 Retrieved 9 June 2015 a b Camera it XVII Legislatura Deputati e Organi Composizione gruppi Parlamentari Retrieved 9 June 2015 a b senato it Senato della Repubblica senato it Variazioni nei Gruppi parlamentari Retrieved 9 June 2015 Cofferati lascia il Partito Democratico Inaccettabile il silenzio del partito Corriere it Corriere della Sera 17 January 2015 Retrieved 9 June 2015 Civati lascia Il Pd non ci preoccupa Ora anche Fassina pensa all addio corriere it Retrieved 9 June 2015 Fassina dice addio al Pd Non ci sono le condizioni per continuare Repubblica it 23 June 2015 Il novembre caldo degli anti Renzi L Huffington Post 31 October 2015 Italy s Renzi resigns as Democratic party leader Financial Times Italy s Renzi Quits as Party Leader Triggers Re Election Fight Bloomberg com 19 February 2017 via Bloomberg Renzi si dimette e sfida la minoranza Cosi il segretario sceglie la via della scissione Il Sole 24 Ore 19 February 2017 Pd fra congresso e scissione cosa succede adesso Renzi punta alle primarie il 9 aprile La Stampa 20 February 2017 Assemblea Pd Renzi non media con la minoranza No ai ricatti Emiliano Rossi e Speranza Ha scelto la scissione Il Fatto Quotidiano Il Fatto Quotidiano 19 February 2017 Pd arrivata candidatura di Renzi e corsa a tre con Emiliano e Andrea Orlando Repubblica it 6 March 2017 Stefanoni Franco 25 February 2017 Ecco il nome degli ex Pd Articolo 1 Movimento dei democratici e progressisti Democratici e progressisti il nuovo nome degli ex Pd Speranza lavoro e nostra priorita Il Sole 24 ORE 25 February 2017 Binelli Raffaello 25 February 2017 Nasce il Movimento democratici e progressisti ilGiornale it Camera it XVII Legislatura Deputati e Organi Composizione gruppi Parlamentari www camera it senato it Senato della Repubblica senato it Variazioni nei Gruppi parlamentari www senato it Liberi e uguali Grasso Ecco la nuova sinistra Politica ANSA it 3 December 2017 Sinistra Grasso lancia Liberi e uguali Pd mi ha offerto incarichi ma i calcoli non fanno per me Repubblica it 3 December 2017 Pietro Grasso lascia il gruppo del Pd Fiducia una violenza Politica ANSA it 26 October 2017 Senato il presidente Pietro Grasso lascia gruppo Pd Zanda Dissenso su linea del partito Repubblica it 26 October 2017 Grasso il ragazzo di sinistra lascia il Pd La misura e colma Pesano le fiducie sul Rosatellum Mdp lo aspetta come leader L Huffington Post 26 October 2017 Primarie Renzi 70 01 Orlando 19 50 Emiliano 10 49 votanti 1 848 658 Partito Democratico 1 May 2017 I risultati delle primarie del PD spezzettati Il Post 1 May 2017 Meli Maria Teresa 3 July 2018 Renzi ecco la lettera di dimissioni Sono gia fuori Corriere della Sera Direzione Pd approva all unanimita la relazione di Martina No a governi con centrodestra e M5S Basta odi feroci tra noi Repubblica it 3 May 2018 Pd Franceschini Abbiamo il dovere di tenere aperto il dialogo con il M5s Li abbiamo spinti nelle braccia di Salvini Il Fatto Quotidiano 9 July 2018 Curridori Francesco 6 March 2018 Carlo Calenda lancia la sfida Mi iscrivo al Pd ilGiornale it Carlo Calenda Pd Bisogna andare oltre il Pd serve un movimento piu ampio via www la7 it Pd Calenda lancia il manifesto del Fronte Repubblicano Cinque idee per ricostruire Repubblica it 27 June 2018 Pd il pallino resta in mano a Renzi ItaliaOggi it Retrieved 18 December 2022 Assemblea Pd Renzi non molla il partito Non vado via Ci rivedremo al congresso e perderete di nuovo Il Fatto Quotidiano 7 July 2018 Pd Martina nuovo segretario Renzi contestato Zingaretti Non ascolta e un limite enorme Repubblica it in Italian 6 July 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2019 Quotidiano Net 18 November 2018 Pd Martina si dimette da segretario Ora Unita Renzi non c e Quotidiano Net in Italian Retrieved 12 January 2019 Vecchio Concetto 30 September 2018 Pd 70mila alla manifestazione a Roma I militanti Vogliamo unita Martina A noi piacciono le piazze non i balconi Repubblica it in Italian Retrieved 12 March 2019 Calenda lancia Manifesto Siamo Europei Zingaretti e Martina Candidati primarie aprano insieme la campagna per maggio L Huffington Post in Italian 18 January 2019 Archived from the original on 4 February 2019 Retrieved 12 March 2019 L Italia e l Europa sono piu forti di chi le vuole deboli Siamo Europei in Italian Archived from the original on 30 March 2019 Retrieved 12 March 2019 Cosa sta facendo Carlo Calenda Il Post in Italian 4 February 2019 Retrieved 12 March 2019 Casadio Giovanna 7 March 2019 Europee un puzzle di sei liste a sinistra Zingaretti prova a convincere Bonino e Pizzarotti Repubblica it in Italian Retrieved 12 March 2019 Pd Minniti si candida alla segreteria Non sono l uomo di Renzi Al partito non va cambiato nome va rivoltato Il Fatto Quotidiano in Italian 18 November 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2019 Pd Minniti Se nessuno alle primarie arriva al 51 e uno scacco per tutti No al ticket con Bellanova Repubblica it in Italian 18 November 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2019 Saviano Carmine 6 December 2018 Pd il ritiro di Minniti Zingaretti Scelta di responsabilita Renzi Non faccio il piccolo burattinaio al congresso Repubblica it in Italian Rome Retrieved 12 March 2019 Tito Claudio 5 December 2018 Minniti Ritiro la candidatura per salvare il partito chi se ne va fa un regalo ai populisti La Repubblica it in Italian Retrieved 12 March 2019 Congresso Pd rush finale nei circoli ancora scontro sui dati Minniti sceglie Zingaretti L Huffington Post in Italian 27 January 2019 Archived from the original on 5 February 2019 Retrieved 12 March 2019 Assemblea Pd il giorno di Zingaretti Dateci fiducia cambieremo tutto Archived 10 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine Assemblea Pd Zingaretti proclamato segretario Serve un nuovo partito deve cambiare tutto Gentiloni eletto presidente Il livetweet la Repubblica in Italian 16 March 2019 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Laviola Luca 5 March 2019 Primarie Pd un trionfo per Zingaretti PD primary election a triumph for Zingaretti ANSA in Italian Retrieved 10 March 2019 Gentiloni eletto presidente del PD nessun contrario e 86 astenuti Il video su Affaritaliani it affaritaliani it Zingaretti nomina Orlando e De Micheli vicesegretari del PD Il simbolo c e l intesa con MDP quasi Archived 4 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine Online Redazione 27 May 2019 Europee chi ha vinto chi ha perso e cosa succedera al governo italiano Corriere della Sera Europee i candidati promossi e quelli bocciati i numeri dei signori delle preferenze YouTrend 28 May 2019 Italian chosen as European Parliament president BBC 3 July 2019 Retrieved 3 July 2019 Horowitz Jason 20 August 2019 Italy s Government Collapses Turning Chaos into Crisis The New York Times Giuffrida Angela 20 August 2019 Italian PM resigns with attack on opportunist Salvini The Guardian via www theguardian com Governo Zingaretti I 5 punti per trattare con il M5S No accordicchi governo di svolta Repubblica it 21 August 2019 Conte wins crucial support for new Italian govt coalition The Washington Post Archived from the original on 28 August 2019 Il Presidente Mattarella ha conferito l incarico al Prof Conte di formare il Governo Quirinale in Italian Retrieved 29 August 2019 Governo c e chi dice no Calenda lascia il Pd Di Battista contro I dubbi dei 5s Paragone e Barillari Repubblica it 28 August 2019 Dario Franceschini ministro dei Beni Culturali e del Turismo Repubblica it 4 September 2019 Castelnuovo Marco 9 May 2019 Gentiloni commissario Europeo prendera il posto di Moscovici Corriere della Sera Meet the commissioners POLITICO 9 September 2019 Meli Maria Teresa 8 November 2019 Intervista a Renzi Folle votare subito prima governo istituzionale e taglio dei parlamentari Corriere della Sera Rep rep repubblica it 16 September 2019 Retrieved 23 September 2019 Italia viva i nuovi numeri dei Gruppi in Parlamento Agora24 19 September 2019 Scissione Pd Da Lotti a Guerini da Marcucci alla Morani chi per ora non segue Renzi Il Fatto Quotidiano in Italian 17 September 2019 Retrieved 23 September 2019 Partito Democratico Tutta un altra storia Retrieved 18 December 2022 Voglia di sinistra L HuffPost 16 November 2019 Minzolini Augusto 19 November 2019 Cosi il Pd punta sull estremismo ilGiornale it E nato il Pd di Zingaretti partito modello Labour che vira a sinistra e preferisce dimenticare il governo lastampa it 17 November 2019 Pd varato il nuovo statuto il segretario non sara piu il candidato premier la Repubblica 17 November 2019 Giuffrida Angela 19 November 2019 Sardines against Salvini Italians pack squares in protest against far right The Guardian Retrieved 22 February 2020 Giuffrida Angela 27 January 2020 Salvini suffers setback in leftwing stronghold during Italy regional elections The Guardian Retrieved 22 February 2020 Pd l Assemblea nazionale elegge Valentina Cuppi presidente la Repubblica in Italian 22 February 2020 Retrieved 22 February 2020 In Italian elections everyone claims victory POLITICO 21 September 2020 Meredith Sam Amaro Silvia 13 January 2021 Italy s government in crisis after former PM pulls support for ruling coalition CNBC com CNBC CNBC International Retrieved 13 January 2021 Il Senato vota la fiducia a Conte il Governo ha la maggioranza relativa con 156 si Fanpage in Italian Retrieved 3 February 2023 Consultazioni Zingaretti Pd sostiene incarico a Conte e punto di sintesi Repubblica TV Repubblica in Italian 28 January 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2023 La vecchia maggioranza non si e messa d accordo in Italian Il Post 2 February 2021 Retrieved 2 February 2021 Ex ECB chief Mario Draghi asked to form Italy s next government euronews 3 February 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2021 Berlusconi e Salvini Sostegno a Draghi con responsabilita e senza veti ilGiornale it in Italian 10 February 2021 Retrieved 11 February 2021 Zingaretti Unita contro chi vuole destabilizzare il Pd Ora Costituente per riforme in Parlamento la Repubblica in Italian 11 February 2021 Retrieved 11 February 2021 Dal voto Cinquestelle via libera al governo Draghi con il 59 3 Di Maio Il movimento prende la via europea Fico Niente salti ne buio lastampa it in Italian 11 February 2021 Retrieved 11 February 2021 Governo Draghi scioglie la riserva e annuncia i ministri Franco all Economia Cingolani alla Transizione ecologica Cartabia alla Giustizia la Repubblica in Italian 12 February 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Zingaretti quits as chief of Italy s Democratic party over infighting Financial Times 4 March 2021 Zingaretti Letta puo rendere il Pd protagonista indiscusso della democrazia italiana in Italian Il Foglio 12 March 2021 Dobbiamo salvare il Pd Cosi Franceschini lavora per Letta in Italian Il Foglio 9 March 2021 Letta takes time to consider taking lead of PD English ANSA it 10 March 2021 Retrieved 10 March 2021 Pd Letta sara il nuovo segretario Il tweet Io ci sono chiedo voto sulla base delle mie parole Ecco il programma dell Assemblea di domenica in Italian La Repubblica 12 March 2021 Enrico Letta Italian ex PM poised for political comeback Politico Europe 12 March 2021 Pd Letta segretario con 860 si Serve un nuovo Pd no al partito del potere Promette battaglia sul voto ai sedicenni e Ius soli E sulle alleanze Sentiro 5S e Renzi la Repubblica in Italian 14 March 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Provenzano e Tinagli il cacciavite di Letta funziona di A De Angelis HuffPost Italia in Italian 17 March 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Pd Letta nomina la nuova segreteria del partito sedici membri otto uomini e otto donne la Repubblica in Italian 18 March 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Pd Letta Nominiamo due donne capigruppo alla Camera e al Senato Delrio Agito sempre per parita la Repubblica in Italian 21 March 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Pd Simona Malpezzi e la nuova capogruppo al Senato E alla Camera vacilla l ipotesi Serracchiani Martedi il voto la Repubblica in Italian 25 March 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Debora Serracchiani capogruppo Pd alla Camera Politica Agenzia ANSA in Italian 30 March 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Letta vince a Siena le suppletive Toscana Agenzia ANSA in Italian 4 October 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Risultati ballottaggi del 17 e 18 ottobre A Roma e Torino trionfa il centrosinistra A Trieste vince il centrodestra la Repubblica in Italian 18 October 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Italian government on brink of collapse amid fears Mario Draghi could resign The Guardian 14 July 2022 Retrieved 21 July 2022 Perche per il premier era inaccettabile la richiesta di Lega e FI 20 July 2022 Italy s Mario Draghi expected to resign as prime minister The Guardian 20 July 2022 Retrieved 21 July 2022 Italy president calls snap elections after Draghi quits as PM Financial Times 21 July 2022 Chico Harlan Stefano Pitrelli 21 July 2022 2022 07 20 Italy s Mario Draghi resigns new elections are set for September The Washington Post Washington D C ISSN 0190 8286 OCLC 1330888409 please check these dates Letta rompe con il M5s Addio al campo largo Conte prende tempo Il Sole 24 Ore 22 July 2022 Elezioni 2022 e Pd Letta alle prese con rebus alleati 29 July 2022 Agenzia ANSA 29 July 2022 Letta Possiamo vincere bene la lista comune con Mdp e Psi Politica ANSA Ansa it Retrieved 12 August 2022 Letta Calenda raggiunto l accordo sull alleanza Conte In bocca al lupo all ammucchiata Rainews it 2 August 2022 Retrieved 7 August 2022 Nicola BaroneRedattore 2 August 2022 Elezioni che cosa prevede l accordo tra Pd Azione e Europa no leader e nomi divisivi in uninominale Il Sole 24 ORE Retrieved 7 August 2022 Elezioni accordo Pd Verdi Si C e anche Di Maio Letta Se vince Destra costituzione a rischio Il Sole 24 ORE 6 August 2022 Retrieved 7 August 2022 Letta Fratoianni Bonelli ecco i termini dell accordo al Pd l 80 dei seggi a Si Verdi il 20 Il Mattino it 13 February 2021 Retrieved 7 August 2022 Dopo l intesa con Verdi e SI Letta chiude l accordo con Di Maio Senza intese non si vince Salvini La priorita e la rottamazione delle cartelle Equitalia Rainews it 6 August 2022 Retrieved 7 August 2022 Calenda strappa col Pd Letta Noi andiamo avanti Politica 7 August 2022 Calenda rompe col Pd Mi scuso col Paese mi aspettavo di piu Letta Puo allearsi solo con se stesso 8 July 2022 Calenda rompe con il Pd Letta Ha scelto di aiutare la destra Renzi Terzo polo opportunita straordinaria 7 August 2022 Elezioni Schlein indipendente nelle liste PD Non potevo tirarmi indietro Bolognatoday it 9 August 2022 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Camusso Saro un indipendente nel Pd ma portero le idee della Cgil 16 August 2022 Agenzia ANSA 16 August 2022 Elezioni Pier Ferdinando Casini candidato dal Pd a Bologna Emilia Romagna ANSA it Retrieved 28 August 2022 Casini Entrero nel gruppo Pd La passione politica non muore mai Cronaca quotidiano net 21 August 2022 Andrea Crisanti candidato con il Pd alle elezioni politiche 2022 Ecco chi e 16 August 2022 Ecco chi e Crisanti il virologo star candidato del Pd 16 August 2022 Letta annuncia le dimissioni Non mi ricandido a segretario serve un nuovo Pd Corriere della Sera in Italian Retrieved 18 December 2022 Il sondaggio politico di lunedi 23 gennaio 2023 TGLA7 in Italian Retrieved 3 February 2023 Pd comitato costituente di 87 Letta e Speranza garanti Politica Agenzia ANSA in Italian 24 November 2022 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Torchiaro Aldo 25 November 2022 Pd si al comitato costituente quasi meta esterni Il Riformista in Italian Retrieved 3 February 2023 Paola De Micheli si candida alla guida del Pd per il dopo Letta Puntero sui militanti spesso umiliati la Repubblica in Italian 27 September 2022 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Ce Do 3 December 2022 Pd Nardella lancia la corsa di Bonaccini Pronto a sostenere la sua candidatura per avere leadership collettiva e forte Il Sole 24 ORE in Italian Retrieved 3 February 2023 Franceschini Schlein e la sinistra moderna Nel Pd deve cambiare tutto E l ora di un altra generazione Corriere della Sera in Italian 27 December 2022 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Franceschini esalta Schlein ma si perde la corrente Fassino guida la rivolta per Bonaccini www ilfoglio it in Italian Retrieved 3 February 2023 Elly Schlein messa sotto tutela ma la paura non ferma la sua corsa la Repubblica in Italian 3 December 2022 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Pd l annuncio di Cuperlo Mi candido alla segreteria Politica Agenzia ANSA in Italian 23 December 2022 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Gianni Cuperlo si candida a segretario del Pd Today in Italian Retrieved 3 February 2023 Pd I dati definitivi dei congressi di circolo Partito Democratico Retrieved 4 April 2023 Pd Bonaccini vince tra gli iscritti dem con il 52 8 Schlein al 34 8 20 February 2023 Primarie PD i risultati definitivi Partito Democratico Retrieved 4 April 2023 Pd primarie 2023 Elly Schlein e la nuova segretaria del Pd Abbiamo fatto una rivoluzione e anche stavolta non ci hanno visti arrivare Bonaccini Daremo una mano 26 February 2023 Gribaudo e Capone vicepresidenti Fina tesoriere Il nuovo organigramma del Pd 12 March 2023 Speranza scioglie il partito di Articolo 1 e si commuove sul palco Poi cita Enrico Berlinguer Il Fatto Quotidiano in Italian 10 June 2023 Retrieved 11 June 2023 Earth Times News and Information about Environmental Issues earthtimes org Retrieved 3 February 2023 Latto Maria Rita 5 November 2008 Italy Everybody Is Crazy For Osama Bin Laden i Italy Retrieved 14 December 2010 dead link An Italian Democrat in NYC Damiano Beltrami I italy 22 September 2008 Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 14 December 2010 EuroNews Interview The truth about Aldo Moro s murder in Vietnamese retrieved 3 February 2023 Somos reformistas no de izquierdas El Pais El Pais 1 March 2008 Retrieved 18 January 2014 Pfaller Alfred December 2009 European Social Democracy In Need of Renewal PDF Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Retrieved 22 September 2021 via Library of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung The Death of Social Democracy The Case of the Italian Democratic Party PDF Bull Martin J Pasquino Gianfranco 2 January 2018 Italian Politics in an Era of Recession The End of Bipolarism South European Society and Politics 23 1 1 12 doi 10 1080 13608746 2018 1436493 S2CID 158282304 Renzi in Senegal torna sulla questione migranti Non rinunciamo a salvare vite in mare rainews 3 February 2016 Italy Center for Strategic and International Studies 4 March 2018 Retrieved 19 September 2021 Aiutiamoli a casa loro polemica sui social per la frase di Renzi La Stampa lastampa it 8 July 2017 Che cosa dicono gli amici su di lui il segreto svelato di Marco Minniti www liberoquotidiano it Roberto Saviano durissimo sul decreto Minniti Se avete rispetto per l uomo scappate dal Pd 17 March 2017 Gad Lerner lascia il Partito Democratico contestando la sua linea sui migranti Il Post 23 August 2017 Iscritti Pd Renzi vince col 46 7 Cuperlo al 38 4 NanoPress Politica Politica nanopress it 18 November 2013 Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 Retrieved 17 May 2014 Concita De Gregorio 31 October 2011 IL POPULISTA DI CENTRO la Repubblica it in Italian Ricerca repubblica it Retrieved 17 May 2014 La cura omeopatica Renzi per battere Berlusconi Europa Quotidiano Europaquotidiano it Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 17 May 2014 Troppi pregiudizi Renzi non e un populista, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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