The Neogene (/ˈniː.ədʒiːn/NEE-ə-jeen),[6][7] informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period 23.03 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period 2.58 Mya. The Neogene is sub-divided into two epochs, the earlier Miocene and the later Pliocene. Some geologists assert that the Neogene cannot be clearly delineated from the modern geological period, the Quaternary.[8] The term "Neogene" was coined in 1853 by the Austrian palaeontologist Moritz Hörnes (1815–1868).[9]
During this period, mammals and birds continued to evolve into modern forms, while other groups of life remained relatively unchanged. The first humans (Homo habilis) appeared in Africa near the end of the period.[10] Some continental movements took place, the most significant event being the connection of North and South America at the Isthmus of Panama, late in the Pliocene. This cut off the warm ocean currents from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, leaving only the Gulf Stream to transfer heat to the Arctic Ocean. The global climate cooled considerably throughout the Neogene, culminating in a series of continental glaciations in the Quaternary Period that follows.
The global climate became seasonal and continued an overall drying and cooling trend which began at the start of the Paleogene. During the Early Miocene, mid-latitude seawater and continental thermal gradients were already very similar to those of the present.[11] The ice caps on both poles began to grow and thicken, and by the end of the period the first of a series of glaciations of the current Ice Age began.[12]
Flora and fauna
Marine and continental flora and fauna have a modern appearance. The reptile group Choristodera went extinct in the early part of the period, while the amphibians known as Allocaudata disappeared at the end of it. Neogene also marked the end of the reptilian genera Langstonia and Barinasuchus, terrestrial predators that were the last surviving members of Sebecosuchia, a group related to crocodiles. The oceans were dominated by large carnivores like megalodons and livyatans, and 19 million years ago about 70% of all pelagic shark species disappeared.[13]Mammals and birds continued to be the dominant terrestrial vertebrates, and took many forms as they adapted to various habitats. The first hominins, the ancestors of humans may have appeared in southern Europe and migrated into Africa.[14][15] The first humans (belonging to the species Homo habilis) appeared in Africa near the end of the period.[10]
About 20 million years ago gymnosperms in the form of some conifer and cycad groups started to diversify and produce more species due to the changing conditions.[16] In response to the cooler, seasonal climate, tropical plant species gave way to deciduous ones and grasslands replaced many forests. Grasses therefore greatly diversified, and herbivorous mammals evolved alongside it, creating the many grazing animals of today such as horses, antelope, and bison. Ice age mammals like the mammoths and woolly rhinoceros were common in Pliocene. With lower levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, C4 plants expanded and reached ecological dominance in grasslands during the last 10 million years. Also Asteraceae (daisies) went through a significant adaptive radiation.[17]Eucalyptus fossil leaves occur in the Miocene of New Zealand, where the genus is not native today, but have been introduced from Australia.[18]
Disagreements
The Neogene traditionally ended at the end of the Pliocene Epoch, just before the older definition of the beginning of the Quaternary Period; many time scales show this division.
However, there was a movement amongst geologists (particularly marine geologists) to also include ongoing geological time (Quaternary) in the Neogene, while others (particularly terrestrial geologists) insist the Quaternary to be a separate period of distinctly different record. The somewhat confusing terminology and disagreement amongst geologists on where to draw what hierarchical boundaries is due to the comparatively fine divisibility of time units as time approaches the present, and due to geological preservation that causes the youngest sedimentary geological record to be preserved over a much larger area and to reflect many more environments than the older geological record.[8] By dividing the Cenozoic Era into three (arguably two) periods (Paleogene, Neogene, Quaternary) instead of seven epochs, the periods are more closely comparable to the duration of periods in the Mesozoic and Paleozoic Eras.
The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) once proposed that the Quaternary be considered a sub-era (sub-erathem) of the Neogene, with a beginning date of 2.58 Ma, namely the start of the Gelasian Stage. In the 2004 proposal of the ICS, the Neogene would have consisted of the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs.[19] The International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) counterproposed that the Neogene and the Pliocene end at 2.58 Ma, that the Gelasian be transferred to the Pleistocene, and the Quaternary be recognized as the third period in the Cenozoic, citing key changes in Earth's climate, oceans, and biota that occurred 2.58 Ma and its correspondence to the Gauss-Matuyama magnetostratigraphic boundary.[20][21] In 2006 ICS and INQUA reached a compromise that made Quaternary a subera, subdividing Cenozoic into the old classical Tertiary and Quaternary, a compromise that was rejected by International Union of Geological Sciences because it split both Neogene and Pliocene in two.[22]
Following formal discussions at the 2008 International Geological Congress in Oslo, Norway,[23] the ICS decided in May 2009 to make the Quaternary the youngest period of the Cenozoic Era with its base at 2.58 Mya and including the Gelasian Age, which was formerly considered part of the Neogene Period and Pliocene Epoch.[24] Thus the Neogene Period ends bounding the succeeding Quaternary Period at 2.58 Mya.
References
^Krijgsman, W.; Garcés, M.; Langereis, C. G.; Daams, R.; Van Dam, J.; Van Der Meulen, A. J.; Agustí, J.; Cabrera, L. (1996). "A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record in Spain". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 142 (3–4): 367–380. Bibcode:1996E&PSL.142..367K. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4.
^Retallack, G. J. (1997). "Neogene Expansion of the North American Prairie". PALAIOS. 12 (4): 380–390. doi:10.2307/3515337. JSTOR 3515337. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
^Steininger, Fritz F.; M. P. Aubry; W. A. Berggren; M. Biolzi; A. M. Borsetti; Julie E. Cartlidge; F. Cati; R. Corfield; R. Gelati; S. Iaccarino; C. Napoleone; F. Ottner; F. Rögl; R. Roetzel; S. Spezzaferri; F. Tateo; G. Villa; D. Zevenboom (1997). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Neogene" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (1): 23–28. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i1/005.
^Gibbard, Philip; Head, Martin (September 2010). "The newly-ratified definition of the Quaternary System/Period and redefinition of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, and comparison of proposals advanced prior to formal ratification" (PDF). Episodes. 33 (3): 152–158. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2010/v33i3/002. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
^ abTucker, M.E. (2001). Sedimentary petrology : an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks (3rd ed.). Osney Nead, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science. ISBN978-0-632-05735-1.
^Hörnes, M. (1853). "Mittheilungen an Professor Bronn gerichtet" [Reports addressed to Professor Bronn]. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde (in German): 806–810. hdl:2027/hvd.32044106271273. From p. 806: "Das häufige Vorkommen der Wiener Mollusken … im trennenden Gegensatze zu den eocänen zusammenzufassen." (The frequent occurrence of Viennese mollusks in typical Miocene as well as in typical Pliocene deposits motivated me – in order to avoid the perpetual monotony [of providing] details about the deposits – to subsume both deposits provisionally under the name "Neogene" (νεος new and γιγνομαι to arise) in distinguishing contrast to the Eocene.)
^ abSpoor, Fred; Gunz, Philipp; Neubauer, Simon; Stelzer, Stefanie; Scott, Nadia; Kwekason, Amandus; Dean, M. Christopher (March 2015). "Reconstructed Homo habilis type OH 7 suggests deep-rooted species diversity in early Homo". Nature. 519 (7541): 83–86. Bibcode:2015Natur.519...83S. doi:10.1038/nature14224. PMID 25739632. S2CID 4470282.
^Goedert, Jean; Amiot, Romain; Arnaut-Godet, Florent; Cuny, Gilles; Fourel, François; Hernandez, Jean-Alexis; Pedreira-Segade, Ulysse; Lécuyer, Christophe (1 September 2017). "Miocene (Burdigalian) seawater and air temperatures estimated from the geochemistry of fossil remains from the Aquitaine Basin, France". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 481: 14–28. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.04.024. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^Benn, Douglas I. (2010). Glaciers & glaciation (2nd ed.). London: Hodder Education. pp. 15–21. ISBN9780340905791.
^Almost 20 Million Years Ago, Sharks Nearly Went Extinct
^"Scientists find 7.2-million-year-old pre-human remains in the Balkans". Phys.org. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
^"9.7 million-year-old teeth found in Germany resemble those of human ancestors in Africa". ResearchGate. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
^DNA duplication linked to the origin and evolution of pine trees and their relatives
^The rise of grasslands is linked to atmospheric CO2 decline in the late Palaeogene
^"Eucalyptus fossils in New Zealand – the thin end of the wedge – Mike Pole". 22 September 2014.
^Lourens, L., Hilgen, F., Shackleton, N.J., Laskar, J., Wilson, D., (2004) “The Neogene Period”. In: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith, A.G. (Eds.), Geologic Time Scale, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
^Clague, John et al. (2006) "Open Letter by INQUA Executive Committee" 2006-09-23 at the Wayback MachineQuaternary Perspective, the INQUA Newsletter International Union for Quaternary Research 16(1)
^Clague, John; et al. (2006). (PDF). Quaternary Perspective, the INQUA Newsletter. International Union for Quaternary Research. 16 (1): 158–159. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.06.001. ISSN 1040-6182. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
^"ICS: Consolidated Annual Report for 2006" (PDF). Stratigraphy.org. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
^"Geoparks and Geotourism – Field Excursion of South America". 33igc.org. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
^"See the 2009 version of the ICS geologic time scale". Quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neogene.
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Cenozoic#Neogene
. San Jose State University. Archived from the original on 2013-04-23. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
January 26, 2023
neogene, neogenic, redirects, here, fictional, item, featured, marvel, comics, animated, series, neogenic, comics, moth, genus, moth, jeen, informally, upper, tertiary, late, tertiary, geologic, period, system, that, spans, million, years, from, paleogene, per. Neogenic redirects here For the fictional item featured in Marvel comics and animated series see Neogenic comics For the moth genus see Neogene moth The Neogene ˈ n iː e dʒ iː n NEE e jeen 6 7 informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary is a geologic period and system that spans 20 45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period 23 03 million years ago Mya to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period 2 58 Mya The Neogene is sub divided into two epochs the earlier Miocene and the later Pliocene Some geologists assert that the Neogene cannot be clearly delineated from the modern geological period the Quaternary 8 The term Neogene was coined in 1853 by the Austrian palaeontologist Moritz Hornes 1815 1868 9 Neogene23 03 0 3 2 588 0 04 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NChronology 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 CenozoicPaleogeneNeogeneQuaternaryMiocenePlio AquitanianBurdigalianLanghianSerravallianTortonianMessinianZancleanPiacenzian Messinian salinity crisis 1 North American prairie expands 2 Subdivision of the Neogene according to the ICS as of 2021 3 Vertical axis millions of years ago EtymologyName formalityFormalUsage informationCelestial bodyEarthRegional usageGlobal ICS Time scale s usedICS Time ScaleDefinitionChronological unitPeriodStratigraphic unitSystemTime span formalityFormalLower boundary definitionBase of magnetic polarity chronozone C6Cn 2n FAD of the Planktonic foraminiferan Paragloborotalia kugleriLower boundary GSSPLemme Carrosio Section Carrosio Italy44 39 32 N 8 50 11 E 44 6589 N 8 8364 E 44 6589 8 8364Lower GSSP ratified1996 4 Upper boundary definitionBase of magnetic polarity chronozone C2r Matuyama Extinction of the Haptophytes Discoaster pentaradiatus and Discoaster surculusUpper boundary GSSPMonte San Nicola Section Gela Sicily Italy37 08 49 N 14 12 13 E 37 1469 N 14 2035 E 37 1469 14 2035Upper GSSP ratified2009 as base of Quaternary and Pleistocene 5 Atmospheric and climatic dataMean atmospheric O2 contentc 21 5 vol 108 of modern Mean atmospheric CO2 contentc 280 ppm 1 times pre industrial Mean surface temperaturec 14 C 0 C above modern During this period mammals and birds continued to evolve into modern forms while other groups of life remained relatively unchanged The first humans Homo habilis appeared in Africa near the end of the period 10 Some continental movements took place the most significant event being the connection of North and South America at the Isthmus of Panama late in the Pliocene This cut off the warm ocean currents from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean leaving only the Gulf Stream to transfer heat to the Arctic Ocean The global climate cooled considerably throughout the Neogene culminating in a series of continental glaciations in the Quaternary Period that follows Contents 1 Divisions 2 Geography 3 Climate 4 Flora and fauna 5 Disagreements 6 References 7 External linksDivisions EditIn ICS terminology from upper later more recent to lower earlier The Pliocene Epoch is subdivided into two ages Piacenzian Age preceded by Zanclean AgeThe Miocene Epoch is subdivided into six ages Messinian Age preceded by Tortonian Age Serravallian Age Langhian Age Burdigalian Age Aquitanian AgeIn different geophysical regions of the world other regional names are also used for the same or overlapping ages and other timeline subdivisions The terms Neogene System formal and Upper Tertiary System informal describe the rocks deposited during the Neogene Period Geography EditThe continents in the Neogene were very close to their current positions The Isthmus of Panama formed connecting North and South America The Indian subcontinent continued to collide with Asia forming the Himalayas Sea levels fell creating land bridges between Africa and Eurasia and between Eurasia and North America Climate EditThe global climate became seasonal and continued an overall drying and cooling trend which began at the start of the Paleogene During the Early Miocene mid latitude seawater and continental thermal gradients were already very similar to those of the present 11 The ice caps on both poles began to grow and thicken and by the end of the period the first of a series of glaciations of the current Ice Age began 12 Flora and fauna EditMarine and continental flora and fauna have a modern appearance The reptile group Choristodera went extinct in the early part of the period while the amphibians known as Allocaudata disappeared at the end of it Neogene also marked the end of the reptilian genera Langstonia and Barinasuchus terrestrial predators that were the last surviving members of Sebecosuchia a group related to crocodiles The oceans were dominated by large carnivores like megalodons and livyatans and 19 million years ago about 70 of all pelagic shark species disappeared 13 Mammals and birds continued to be the dominant terrestrial vertebrates and took many forms as they adapted to various habitats The first hominins the ancestors of humans may have appeared in southern Europe and migrated into Africa 14 15 The first humans belonging to the species Homo habilis appeared in Africa near the end of the period 10 About 20 million years ago gymnosperms in the form of some conifer and cycad groups started to diversify and produce more species due to the changing conditions 16 In response to the cooler seasonal climate tropical plant species gave way to deciduous ones and grasslands replaced many forests Grasses therefore greatly diversified and herbivorous mammals evolved alongside it creating the many grazing animals of today such as horses antelope and bison Ice age mammals like the mammoths and woolly rhinoceros were common in Pliocene With lower levels of CO2 in the atmosphere C4 plants expanded and reached ecological dominance in grasslands during the last 10 million years Also Asteraceae daisies went through a significant adaptive radiation 17 Eucalyptus fossil leaves occur in the Miocene of New Zealand where the genus is not native today but have been introduced from Australia 18 Disagreements EditThe Neogene traditionally ended at the end of the Pliocene Epoch just before the older definition of the beginning of the Quaternary Period many time scales show this division However there was a movement amongst geologists particularly marine geologists to also include ongoing geological time Quaternary in the Neogene while others particularly terrestrial geologists insist the Quaternary to be a separate period of distinctly different record The somewhat confusing terminology and disagreement amongst geologists on where to draw what hierarchical boundaries is due to the comparatively fine divisibility of time units as time approaches the present and due to geological preservation that causes the youngest sedimentary geological record to be preserved over a much larger area and to reflect many more environments than the older geological record 8 By dividing the Cenozoic Era into three arguably two periods Paleogene Neogene Quaternary instead of seven epochs the periods are more closely comparable to the duration of periods in the Mesozoic and Paleozoic Eras The International Commission on Stratigraphy ICS once proposed that the Quaternary be considered a sub era sub erathem of the Neogene with a beginning date of 2 58 Ma namely the start of the Gelasian Stage In the 2004 proposal of the ICS the Neogene would have consisted of the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs 19 The International Union for Quaternary Research INQUA counterproposed that the Neogene and the Pliocene end at 2 58 Ma that the Gelasian be transferred to the Pleistocene and the Quaternary be recognized as the third period in the Cenozoic citing key changes in Earth s climate oceans and biota that occurred 2 58 Ma and its correspondence to the Gauss Matuyama magnetostratigraphic boundary 20 21 In 2006 ICS and INQUA reached a compromise that made Quaternary a subera subdividing Cenozoic into the old classical Tertiary and Quaternary a compromise that was rejected by International Union of Geological Sciences because it split both Neogene and Pliocene in two 22 Following formal discussions at the 2008 International Geological Congress in Oslo Norway 23 the ICS decided in May 2009 to make the Quaternary the youngest period of the Cenozoic Era with its base at 2 58 Mya and including the Gelasian Age which was formerly considered part of the Neogene Period and Pliocene Epoch 24 Thus the Neogene Period ends bounding the succeeding Quaternary Period at 2 58 Mya References Edit Krijgsman W Garces M Langereis C G Daams R Van Dam J Van Der Meulen A J Agusti J Cabrera L 1996 A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record in Spain Earth and Planetary Science Letters 142 3 4 367 380 Bibcode 1996E amp PSL 142 367K doi 10 1016 0012 821X 96 00109 4 Retallack G J 1997 Neogene Expansion of the North American Prairie PALAIOS 12 4 380 390 doi 10 2307 3515337 JSTOR 3515337 Retrieved 2008 02 11 ICS Timescale Chart PDF www stratigraphy org Steininger Fritz F M P Aubry W A Berggren M Biolzi A M Borsetti Julie E Cartlidge F Cati R Corfield R Gelati S Iaccarino C Napoleone F Ottner F Rogl R Roetzel S Spezzaferri F Tateo G Villa D Zevenboom 1997 The Global Stratotype Section and Point GSSP for the base of the Neogene PDF Episodes 20 1 23 28 doi 10 18814 epiiugs 1997 v20i1 005 Gibbard Philip Head Martin September 2010 The newly ratified definition of the Quaternary System Period and redefinition of the Pleistocene Series Epoch and comparison of proposals advanced prior to formal ratification PDF Episodes 33 3 152 158 doi 10 18814 epiiugs 2010 v33i3 002 Retrieved 8 December 2020 Neogene Merriam Webster Dictionary Neogene Dictionary com Unabridged Online n d a b Tucker M E 2001 Sedimentary petrology an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks 3rd ed Osney Nead Oxford UK Blackwell Science ISBN 978 0 632 05735 1 Hornes M 1853 Mittheilungen an Professor Bronn gerichtet Reports addressed to Professor Bronn Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie Geognosie Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde in German 806 810 hdl 2027 hvd 32044106271273 From p 806 Das haufige Vorkommen der Wiener Mollusken im trennenden Gegensatze zu den eocanen zusammenzufassen The frequent occurrence of Viennese mollusks in typical Miocene as well as in typical Pliocene deposits motivated me in order to avoid the perpetual monotony of providing details about the deposits to subsume both deposits provisionally under the name Neogene neos new and gignomai to arise in distinguishing contrast to the Eocene a b Spoor Fred Gunz Philipp Neubauer Simon Stelzer Stefanie Scott Nadia Kwekason Amandus Dean M Christopher March 2015 Reconstructed Homo habilis type OH 7 suggests deep rooted species diversity in early Homo Nature 519 7541 83 86 Bibcode 2015Natur 519 83S doi 10 1038 nature14224 PMID 25739632 S2CID 4470282 Goedert Jean Amiot Romain Arnaut Godet Florent Cuny Gilles Fourel Francois Hernandez Jean Alexis Pedreira Segade Ulysse Lecuyer Christophe 1 September 2017 Miocene Burdigalian seawater and air temperatures estimated from the geochemistry of fossil remains from the Aquitaine Basin France Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 481 14 28 doi 10 1016 j palaeo 2017 04 024 Retrieved 30 November 2022 Benn Douglas I 2010 Glaciers amp glaciation 2nd ed London Hodder Education pp 15 21 ISBN 9780340905791 Almost 20 Million Years Ago Sharks Nearly Went Extinct Scientists find 7 2 million year old pre human remains in the Balkans Phys org Retrieved 17 December 2017 9 7 million year old teeth found in Germany resemble those of human ancestors in Africa ResearchGate Retrieved 17 December 2017 DNA duplication linked to the origin and evolution of pine trees and their relatives The rise of grasslands is linked to atmospheric CO2 decline in the late Palaeogene Eucalyptus fossils in New Zealand the thin end of the wedge Mike Pole 22 September 2014 Lourens L Hilgen F Shackleton N J Laskar J Wilson D 2004 The Neogene Period In Gradstein F Ogg J Smith A G Eds Geologic Time Scale Cambridge University Press Cambridge Clague John et al 2006 Open Letter by INQUA Executive Committee Archived 2006 09 23 at the Wayback Machine Quaternary Perspective the INQUA Newsletter International Union for Quaternary Research 16 1 Clague John et al 2006 Open Letter by INQUA Executive Committee PDF Quaternary Perspective the INQUA Newsletter International Union for Quaternary Research 16 1 158 159 doi 10 1016 j quaint 2006 06 001 ISSN 1040 6182 Archived from the original PDF on 2006 09 23 Retrieved 2006 09 23 ICS Consolidated Annual Report for 2006 PDF Stratigraphy org Retrieved 15 June 2007 Geoparks and Geotourism Field Excursion of South America 33igc org Retrieved 17 December 2017 See the 2009 version of the ICS geologic time scale Quaternary stratigraphy org uk Retrieved 17 December 2017 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neogene Wikisource has original works on the topic Cenozoic Neogene Digital Atlas of Neogene Life for the Southeastern United States San Jose State University Archived from the original on 2013 04 23 Retrieved 21 September 2018 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Neogene amp oldid 1129611565, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
