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Actinopterygii

Actinopterygii (/ˌæktɪnɒptəˈrɪi/; from actino- 'having rays', and Ancient Greek πτέρυξ (ptérux) 'wing, fins'), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish.[2] They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species.[3]

Ray-finned fish
Temporal range:
Late SilurianPresent, 425–0 Ma[1]
Electric eelRed-bellied piranhaSockeye salmonPeacock flounderAtlantic codSpotted garYellowfin tunaSpotfin lionfishHumpback anglerfishJapanese pineconefishAmerican paddlefishStriped marlinQueen angelfishNorthern pikeSlender-spined porcupine fishLeafy seadragonWels catfishTwo-banded seabream
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Superclass: Osteichthyes
Class: Actinopterygii
Klein, 1885
Subclasses

The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines (rays), as opposed to the fleshy, lobed fins that characterize the class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish). These actinopterygian fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements, the radials, which represent the link or connection between these fins and the internal skeleton (e.g., pelvic and pectoral girdles).

By species count, actinopterygians dominate the vertebrates, and they constitute nearly 99% of the over 30,000 species of fish.[4] They are ubiquitous throughout freshwater and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams. Extant species can range in size from Paedocypris, at 8 mm (0.3 in), to the massive ocean sunfish, at 2,300 kg (5,070 lb), and the long-bodied oarfish, at 11 m (36 ft). The vast majority of Actinopterygii (~99%) are teleosts.

Characteristics

 
Anatomy of a typical ray-finned fish (cichlid)
A: dorsal fin, B: fin rays, C: lateral line, D: kidney, E: swim bladder, F: Weberian apparatus, G: inner ear, H: brain, I: nostrils, L: eye, M: gills, N: heart, O: stomach, P: gall bladder, Q: spleen, R: internal sex organs (ovaries or testes), S: ventral fins, T: spine, U: anal fin, V: tail (caudal fin). Possible other parts not shown: barbels, adipose fin, external genitalia (gonopodium)

Ray-finned fishes occur in many variant forms. The main features of typical ray-finned fish are shown in the adjacent diagram. The swim bladder is the more derived structure.[5]

Ray-finned fishes have many different types of scales; but all teleosts have leptoid scales. The outer part of these scales fan out with bony ridges, while the inner part is crossed with fibrous connective tissue. Leptoid scales are thinner and more transparent than other types of scales, and lack the hardened enamel or dentine-like layers found in the scales of many other fish. Unlike ganoid scales, which are found in non-teleost actinopterygians, new scales are added in concentric layers as the fish grows.[6]

Ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes sometimes possesses lungs used for aerial respiration. Only bichirs retain ventrally budding lungs.[5]

Body shapes and fin arrangements

Ray-finned fish vary in size and shape, in their feeding specializations, and in the number and arrangement of their ray-fins.

Reproduction

 
Three-spined stickleback males (red belly) build nests and compete to attract females to lay eggs in them. Males then defend and fan the eggs. Painting by Alexander Francis Lydon, 1879

In nearly all ray-finned fish, the sexes are separate, and in most species the females spawn eggs that are fertilized externally, typically with the male inseminating the eggs after they are laid. Development then proceeds with a free-swimming larval stage.[7] However other patterns of ontogeny exist, with one of the commonest being sequential hermaphroditism. In most cases this involves protogyny, fish starting life as females and converting to males at some stage, triggered by some internal or external factor. Protandry, where a fish converts from male to female, is much less common than protogyny.[8]

Most families use external rather than internal fertilization.[9] Of the oviparous teleosts, most (79%) do not provide parental care.[10] Viviparity, ovoviviparity, or some form of parental care for eggs, whether by the male, the female, or both parents is seen in a significant fraction (21%) of the 422 teleost families; no care is likely the ancestral condition.[10] The oldest case of viviparity in ray-finned fish is found in Middle Triassic species of Saurichthys.[11] Viviparity is relatively rare and is found in about 6% of living teleost species; male care is far more common than female care.[10][12] Male territoriality "preadapts" a species for evolving male parental care.[13][14]

There are a few examples of fish that self-fertilise. The mangrove rivulus is an amphibious, simultaneous hermaphrodite, producing both eggs and spawn and having internal fertilisation. This mode of reproduction may be related to the fish's habit of spending long periods out of water in the mangrove forests it inhabits. Males are occasionally produced at temperatures below 19 °C (66 °F) and can fertilise eggs that are then spawned by the female. This maintains genetic variability in a species that is otherwise highly inbred.[15]

Classification and fossil record

 

Actinopterygii is divided into the classes Cladistia and Actinopteri. The latter comprises the subclasses Chondrostei and Neopterygii. The Neopterygii, in turn, is divided into the infraclasses Holostei and Teleostei. During the Mesozoic (Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous) and Cenozoic the teleosts in particular diversified widely. As a result, 96% of living fish species are teleosts (40% of all fish species belong to the teleost subgroup Acanthomorpha), while all other groups of actinopterygians represent depauperate lineages.[16]

The classification of ray-finned fishes can be summarized as follows:

  • Cladistia, which include bichirs and reedfish
  • Actinopteri, which include:
    • Chondrostei, which include Acipenseriformes (paddlefishes and sturgeons)
    • Neopterygii, which include:
      • Teleostei (most living fishes)
      • Holostei, which include:
        • Lepisosteiformes (gars)
        • Amiiformes (bowfin)

The cladogram below shows the main clades of living actinopterygians and their evolutionary relationships to other extant groups of fishes and the four-limbed vertebrates (tetrapods).[17][18] The latter include mostly terrestrial species but also groups that became secondarily aquatic (e.g. Whales and Dolphins). Tetrapods evolved from a group of bony fish during the Devonian period.[19] Approximate divergence dates for the different actinopterygian clades (in millions of years, mya) are from Near et al., 2012.[17]

The polypterids (bichirs and reedfish) are the sister lineage of all other actinopterygians, the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes) are the sister lineage of Neopterygii, and Holostei (bowfin and gars) are the sister lineage of teleosts. The Elopomorpha (eels and tarpons) appear to be the most basal teleosts.[17]

The earliest known fossil actinopterygian is Andreolepis hedei, dating back 420 million years (Late Silurian), remains of which have been found in Russia, Sweden, and Estonia.[20] Crown group actinopterygians most likely originated near the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary.[21] The earliest fossil relatives of modern teleosts are from the Triassic period (Prohalecites, Pholidophorus),[22][23] although it is suspected that teleosts originated already during the Paleozoic Era.[17]

Chondrostei   Chondrostei (cartilage bone) is a subclass of primarily cartilaginous fish showing some ossification. Earlier definitions of Chondrostei are now known to be paraphyletic, meaning that this subclass does not contain all the descendants of their common ancestor. There used to be 52 species divided among two orders, the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes) and the Polypteriformes (reedfishes and bichirs). Reedfish and birchirs are now separated from the Chondrostei into their own sister lineage, the Cladistia. It is thought that the chondrosteans evolved from bony fish but lost the bony hardening of their cartilaginous skeletons, resulting in a lightening of the frame. Elderly chondrosteans show beginnings of ossification of the skeleton, suggesting that this process is delayed rather than lost in these fish.[24] This group had once been classified with the sharks: the similarities are obvious, as not only do the chondrosteans mostly lack bone, but the structure of the jaw is more akin to that of sharks than other bony fish, and both lack scales (excluding the Polypteriforms). Additional shared features include spiracles and, in sturgeons, a heterocercal tail (the vertebrae extend into the larger lobe of the caudal fin). However the fossil record suggests that these fish have more in common with the Teleostei than their external appearance might suggest.[24]
Neopterygii   Neopterygii (new fins) is a subclass of ray-finned fish that appeared somewhere in the Late Permian. There were only few changes during its evolution from the earlier actinopterygians. Neopterygians are a very successful group of fishes because they can move more rapidly than their ancestors. Their scales and skeletons began to lighten during their evolution, and their jaws became more powerful and efficient. While electroreception and the ampullae of Lorenzini is present in all other groups of fish, with the exception of hagfish, neopterygians have lost this sense, though it later re-evolved within Gymnotiformes and catfishes, who possess nonhomologous teleost ampullae.[25]
 
Fossil of the Carboniferous elonichthyiform Elonichthys peltigerus
 
Fossil of the Permian aeduelliform Aeduella blainvillei
 
Fossils of the Triassic prohaleciteiform Prohalecites sp., the earliest teleosteomorph
 
Fossil of the Cretaceous acipenseriform Yanosteus longidorsalis
 
 
Fossil of a ray-finned perch (Priscacara serrata) from the Lower Eocene about 50 million years ago
 
Skeleton of the angler fish, Lophius piscatorius. The first spine of the dorsal fin of the anglerfish is modified so it functions like a fishing rod with a lure
 
Skeleton of another ray-finned fish, the lingcod
 
Blue catfish skeleton

Taxonomy

The listing below is a summary of all extinct (indicated by a dagger, †) and living groups of Actinopterygii with their respective taxonomic rank. The taxonomy follows Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes[18][26] with notes when this differs from Nelson,[3] ITIS[27] and FishBase[28] and extinct groups from Van der Laan 2016[29] and Xu 2021.[30]

References

  1. ^ Zhao, W.; Zhang, X.; Jia, G.; Shen, Y.; Zhu, M. (2021). "The Silurian-Devonian boundary in East Yunnan (South China) and the minimum constraint for the lungfish-tetrapod split". Science China Earth Sciences. 64 (10): 1784–1797. Bibcode:2021ScChD..64.1784Z. doi:10.1007/s11430-020-9794-8. S2CID 236438229.
  2. ^ Kardong, Kenneth (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-0-07-802302-6.
  3. ^ a b Nelson, Joseph S. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  4. ^ (Davis, Brian 2010).
  5. ^ a b Funk, Emily; Breen, Catriona; Sanketi, Bhargav; Kurpios, Natasza; McCune, Amy (2020). "Changing in Nkx2.1, Sox2, Bmp4, and Bmp16 expression underlying the lung-to-gas bladder evolutionary transition in ray-finned fishes". Evolution & Development. 22 (5): 384–402. doi:10.1111/ede.12354. PMC 8013215. PMID 33463017.
  6. ^ "Actinopterygii Klein, 1885". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  7. ^ Dorit, R.L.; Walker, W.F.; Barnes, R.D. (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. p. 819. ISBN 978-0-03-030504-7.
  8. ^ Avise, J.C.; Mank, J.E. (2009). "Evolutionary perspectives on hermaphroditism in fishes". Sexual Development. 3 (2–3): 152–163. doi:10.1159/000223079. PMID 19684459. S2CID 22712745.
  9. ^ Pitcher, T (1993). The Behavior of Teleost Fishes. London: Chapman & Hall.
  10. ^ a b c Reynolds, John; Nicholas B. Goodwin; Robert P. Freckleton (19 March 2002). "Evolutionary Transitions in Parental Care and Live Bearing in Vertebrates". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 357 (1419): 269–281. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0930. PMC 1692951. PMID 11958696.
  11. ^ Maxwell; et al. (2018). "Re‐evaluation of the ontogeny and reproductive biology of the Triassic fish Saurichthys (Actinopterygii, Saurichthyidae)". Palaeontology. 61: 559–574. doi:10.5061/dryad.vc8h5.
  12. ^ Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1991). The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
  13. ^ Werren, John; Mart R. Gross; Richard Shine (1980). "Paternity and the evolution of male parentage". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 82 (4): 619–631. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(80)90182-4. PMID 7382520. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  14. ^ Baylis, Jeffrey (1981). "The Evolution of Parental Care in Fishes, with reference to Darwin's rule of male sexual selection". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 6 (2): 223–251. doi:10.1007/BF00002788. S2CID 19242013.
  15. ^ Wootton, Robert J.; Smith, Carl (2014). Reproductive Biology of Teleost Fishes. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-89139-1.
  16. ^ Sallan, Lauren C. (February 2014). "Major issues in the origins of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) biodiversity". Biological Reviews. 89 (4): 950–971. doi:10.1111/brv.12086. hdl:2027.42/109271. PMID 24612207. S2CID 24876484.
  17. ^ a b c d Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754.
  18. ^ a b Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). . PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. hdl:2027.42/150563. PMC 3644299. PMID 23653398. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013.
  19. ^ Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.
  20. ^ "Fossilworks: Andreolepis". from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  21. ^ Henderson, Struan; Dunne, Emma M.; Fasey, Sophie A.; Giles, Sam (3 October 2022). "The early diversification of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii): hypotheses, challenges and future prospects". Biological Reviews. doi:10.1111/brv.12907. PMID 36192821. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  22. ^ Arratia, G. (2015). "Complexities of early teleostei and the evolution of particular morphological structures through time". Copeia. 103 (4): 999–1025. doi:10.1643/CG-14-184. S2CID 85808890.
  23. ^ Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2016). "Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution". Biological Reviews. 91 (1): 106–147. doi:10.1111/brv.12161. PMID 25431138. S2CID 5332637.
  24. ^ a b . paleos.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010.
  25. ^ Theodore Holmes Bullock; Carl D. Hopkins; Arthur N. Popper (2005). Electroreception. Springer Science+Business Media, Incorporated. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-387-28275-6.
  26. ^ Betancur-Rodriguez; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
  27. ^ "Actinopterygii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 3 April 2006.
  28. ^ R. Froese and D. Pauly, ed. (February 2006). "FishBase". from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  29. ^ Van der Laan, Richard (2016). Family-group names of fossil fishes. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.2130.1361.
  30. ^ Xu, Guang-Hui (9 January 2021). "A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Yunnan, China, with a reassessment of the relationships of early neopterygian clades". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (2): 375–394. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa053. ISSN 0024-4082.
  31. ^ In Nelson, Polypteriformes is placed in its own subclass Cladistia.
  32. ^ In Nelson and ITIS, Syngnathiformes is placed as the suborder Syngnathoidei of the order Gasterosteiformes.

External links

  •   Media related to Actinopterygii at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Actinopterygii at Wikispecies

actinopterygii, from, actino, having, rays, ancient, greek, πτέρυξ, ptérux, wing, fins, members, which, known, finned, fishes, class, bony, fish, they, comprise, over, living, vertebrate, species, finned, fishtemporal, range, late, silurian, present, preꞒ, nsc. Actinopterygii ˌ ae k t ɪ n ɒ p t e ˈ r ɪ dʒ i aɪ from actino having rays and Ancient Greek ptery3 pterux wing fins members of which are known as ray finned fishes is a class of bony fish 2 They comprise over 50 of living vertebrate species 3 Ray finned fishTemporal range Late Silurian Present 425 0 Ma 1 PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataSuperclass OsteichthyesClass ActinopterygiiKlein 1885SubclassesCladistia bichirs Actinopteri Chondrostei sturgeon and paddlefish Neopterygii Holostei bowfin and gars TeleosteiThe ray finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines rays as opposed to the fleshy lobed fins that characterize the class Sarcopterygii lobe finned fish These actinopterygian fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements the radials which represent the link or connection between these fins and the internal skeleton e g pelvic and pectoral girdles By species count actinopterygians dominate the vertebrates and they constitute nearly 99 of the over 30 000 species of fish 4 They are ubiquitous throughout freshwater and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams Extant species can range in size from Paedocypris at 8 mm 0 3 in to the massive ocean sunfish at 2 300 kg 5 070 lb and the long bodied oarfish at 11 m 36 ft The vast majority of Actinopterygii 99 are teleosts Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Body shapes and fin arrangements 3 Reproduction 4 Classification and fossil record 4 1 Taxonomy 5 References 6 External linksCharacteristics Edit Anatomy of a typical ray finned fish cichlid A dorsal fin B fin rays C lateral line D kidney E swim bladder F Weberian apparatus G inner ear H brain I nostrils L eye M gills N heart O stomach P gall bladder Q spleen R internal sex organs ovaries or testes S ventral fins T spine U anal fin V tail caudal fin Possible other parts not shown barbels adipose fin external genitalia gonopodium Ray finned fishes occur in many variant forms The main features of typical ray finned fish are shown in the adjacent diagram The swim bladder is the more derived structure 5 Ray finned fishes have many different types of scales but all teleosts have leptoid scales The outer part of these scales fan out with bony ridges while the inner part is crossed with fibrous connective tissue Leptoid scales are thinner and more transparent than other types of scales and lack the hardened enamel or dentine like layers found in the scales of many other fish Unlike ganoid scales which are found in non teleost actinopterygians new scales are added in concentric layers as the fish grows 6 Ray finned and lobe finned fishes sometimes possesses lungs used for aerial respiration Only bichirs retain ventrally budding lungs 5 Body shapes and fin arrangements EditFurther information Fish fin and Diversity of fish Ray finned fish vary in size and shape in their feeding specializations and in the number and arrangement of their ray fins Tuna are streamlined for straight line speed with a deeply forked tail The swordfish is even faster and more streamlined than the tuna Salmon generate enough thrust with their tail fin to jump obstacles during river migrations Cod have three dorsal and two anal fins which give them great maneuverability Flatfish have developed partially symmetric dorsal and pelvic fins The four eyed fish Anableps anableps can see both below and above the water surface Lanternfish Elongated bristlemouth Fangtooth are indifferent swimmers who try to ambush their prey The first spine of the dorsal fin of anglerfish is modified like a fishing rod with a lure Alfonsino Bichirs are the most basal living ray fins they possess lungs Giant oarfish European conger are ray finned fish Hawaiian turkeyfish The benthic batfish Ogcocephalus notatus The deep sea eel Saccopharynx ampullaceus The freshwater elephant fish Campylomormyrus curvirostris The sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus has a cartilaginous endoskeleton The ambush predator needlefish Belone belone Seahorses are in the extended pipefish family Mirror dory Mahi mahi The flying fish Exocoetus obtusirostris has specialized pectoral fins for gliding The hoodwinker sunfish Mola tecta has no caudal fin The Jurassic Leedsichthys was a filter feeder and the largest ray finned fish to have ever lived Lactoria fornasini is a poisonous species of boxfish Gars along with the bowfin are the only surviving members of the HolosteiReproduction Edit Three spined stickleback males red belly build nests and compete to attract females to lay eggs in them Males then defend and fan the eggs Painting by Alexander Francis Lydon 1879 In nearly all ray finned fish the sexes are separate and in most species the females spawn eggs that are fertilized externally typically with the male inseminating the eggs after they are laid Development then proceeds with a free swimming larval stage 7 However other patterns of ontogeny exist with one of the commonest being sequential hermaphroditism In most cases this involves protogyny fish starting life as females and converting to males at some stage triggered by some internal or external factor Protandry where a fish converts from male to female is much less common than protogyny 8 Most families use external rather than internal fertilization 9 Of the oviparous teleosts most 79 do not provide parental care 10 Viviparity ovoviviparity or some form of parental care for eggs whether by the male the female or both parents is seen in a significant fraction 21 of the 422 teleost families no care is likely the ancestral condition 10 The oldest case of viviparity in ray finned fish is found in Middle Triassic species of Saurichthys 11 Viviparity is relatively rare and is found in about 6 of living teleost species male care is far more common than female care 10 12 Male territoriality preadapts a species for evolving male parental care 13 14 There are a few examples of fish that self fertilise The mangrove rivulus is an amphibious simultaneous hermaphrodite producing both eggs and spawn and having internal fertilisation This mode of reproduction may be related to the fish s habit of spending long periods out of water in the mangrove forests it inhabits Males are occasionally produced at temperatures below 19 C 66 F and can fertilise eggs that are then spawned by the female This maintains genetic variability in a species that is otherwise highly inbred 15 Classification and fossil record Edit See also Evolution of fish Actinopterygii is divided into the classes Cladistia and Actinopteri The latter comprises the subclasses Chondrostei and Neopterygii The Neopterygii in turn is divided into the infraclasses Holostei and Teleostei During the Mesozoic Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous and Cenozoic the teleosts in particular diversified widely As a result 96 of living fish species are teleosts 40 of all fish species belong to the teleost subgroup Acanthomorpha while all other groups of actinopterygians represent depauperate lineages 16 The classification of ray finned fishes can be summarized as follows Cladistia which include bichirs and reedfish Actinopteri which include Chondrostei which include Acipenseriformes paddlefishes and sturgeons Neopterygii which include Teleostei most living fishes Holostei which include Lepisosteiformes gars Amiiformes bowfin The cladogram below shows the main clades of living actinopterygians and their evolutionary relationships to other extant groups of fishes and the four limbed vertebrates tetrapods 17 18 The latter include mostly terrestrial species but also groups that became secondarily aquatic e g Whales and Dolphins Tetrapods evolved from a group of bony fish during the Devonian period 19 Approximate divergence dates for the different actinopterygian clades in millions of years mya are from Near et al 2012 17 Vertebrates Jawed vertebrates Euteleostomi Sarcopterygii Rhipidistia Tetrapods Amniota Sauropsids reptiles birds Mammals Amphibians Lungfish Actinistia Coelacanths lobe fins Actinopterygii Cladistia Polypteriformes bichirs reedfishes Actinopteri Chondrostei Acipenseriformes sturgeons paddlefishes Neopterygii Holostei Lepisosteiformes gars Amiiformes bowfins 275 myaTeleostei 310 mya360 mya400 mya bony fish Cartilaginous fishes sharks rays ratfish Jaw less fishes hagfish lampreys The polypterids bichirs and reedfish are the sister lineage of all other actinopterygians the Acipenseriformes sturgeons and paddlefishes are the sister lineage of Neopterygii and Holostei bowfin and gars are the sister lineage of teleosts The Elopomorpha eels and tarpons appear to be the most basal teleosts 17 The earliest known fossil actinopterygian is Andreolepis hedei dating back 420 million years Late Silurian remains of which have been found in Russia Sweden and Estonia 20 Crown group actinopterygians most likely originated near the Devonian Carboniferous boundary 21 The earliest fossil relatives of modern teleosts are from the Triassic period Prohalecites Pholidophorus 22 23 although it is suspected that teleosts originated already during the Paleozoic Era 17 Chondrostei Atlantic sturgeon Chondrostei cartilage bone is a subclass of primarily cartilaginous fish showing some ossification Earlier definitions of Chondrostei are now known to be paraphyletic meaning that this subclass does not contain all the descendants of their common ancestor There used to be 52 species divided among two orders the Acipenseriformes sturgeons and paddlefishes and the Polypteriformes reedfishes and bichirs Reedfish and birchirs are now separated from the Chondrostei into their own sister lineage the Cladistia It is thought that the chondrosteans evolved from bony fish but lost the bony hardening of their cartilaginous skeletons resulting in a lightening of the frame Elderly chondrosteans show beginnings of ossification of the skeleton suggesting that this process is delayed rather than lost in these fish 24 This group had once been classified with the sharks the similarities are obvious as not only do the chondrosteans mostly lack bone but the structure of the jaw is more akin to that of sharks than other bony fish and both lack scales excluding the Polypteriforms Additional shared features include spiracles and in sturgeons a heterocercal tail the vertebrae extend into the larger lobe of the caudal fin However the fossil record suggests that these fish have more in common with the Teleostei than their external appearance might suggest 24 Neopterygii Atlantic salmon Neopterygii new fins is a subclass of ray finned fish that appeared somewhere in the Late Permian There were only few changes during its evolution from the earlier actinopterygians Neopterygians are a very successful group of fishes because they can move more rapidly than their ancestors Their scales and skeletons began to lighten during their evolution and their jaws became more powerful and efficient While electroreception and the ampullae of Lorenzini is present in all other groups of fish with the exception of hagfish neopterygians have lost this sense though it later re evolved within Gymnotiformes and catfishes who possess nonhomologous teleost ampullae 25 Fossil of the Devonian cheirolepidiform Cheirolepis canadensis Fossil of the Carboniferous elonichthyiform Elonichthys peltigerus Fossil of the Permian aeduelliform Aeduella blainvillei Fossil of the Permian palaeonisciform Palaeoniscum freieslebeni Fossil of the Triassic bobasatraniiform Bobasatrania canadensis Fossil of the Triassic perleidiform Thoracopterus magnificus Fossils of the Triassic prohaleciteiform Prohalecites sp the earliest teleosteomorph Fossil of the Jurassic aspidorhynchiform Aspidorhynchus sp Fossil of the Jurassic pachycormiform Pachycormus curtus Fossil of the Cretaceous acipenseriform Yanosteus longidorsalis Fossil of the Cretaceous aulopiform Nematonotus longispinus Fossil of the Cretaceous ichthyodectiform Thrissops formosus Fossil of the Cretaceous carangiform Mene oblonga Fossil of the Cretaceous pleuronectiform Amphistium paradoxum Fossil of a ray finned perch Priscacara serrata from the Lower Eocene about 50 million years ago Fossil of the Miocene syngnathiform Nerophis zapfei Skeleton of the angler fish Lophius piscatorius The first spine of the dorsal fin of the anglerfish is modified so it functions like a fishing rod with a lure Skeleton of another ray finned fish the lingcod Blue catfish skeleton Taxonomy Edit The listing below is a summary of all extinct indicated by a dagger and living groups of Actinopterygii with their respective taxonomic rank The taxonomy follows Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes 18 26 with notes when this differs from Nelson 3 ITIS 27 and FishBase 28 and extinct groups from Van der Laan 2016 29 and Xu 2021 30 Order Asarotiformes Schaeffer 1968 Order Discordichthyiformes Minikh 1998 Order Paphosisciformes Grogan amp Lund 2015 Order Scanilepiformes Selezneya 1985 Order Cheirolepidiformes Kazantseva Selezneva 1977 Order Paramblypteriformes Heyler 1969 Order Rhadinichthyiformes Order Palaeonisciformes Hay 1902 Order Tarrasiiformes sensu Lund amp Poplin 2002 Order Ptycholepiformes Andrews et al 1967 Order Haplolepidiformes Westoll 1944 Order Aeduelliformes Heyler 1969 Order Platysomiformes Aldinger 1937 Order Dorypteriformes Cope 1871 Order Eurynotiformes Sallan amp Coates 2013 Class Cladistia Pander 1860 Order Guildayichthyiformes Lund 2000 Order Polypteriformes Bleeker 1859 bichirs and reedfishes 31 Class Actinopteri Cope 1972 s s Order Elonichthyiformes Kazantseva Selezneva 1977 Order Phanerorhynchiformes Order Bobasatraniiformes Berg 1940 Order Saurichthyiformes Aldinger 1937 Subclass Chondrostei Muller 1844 Order Birgeriiformes Heyler 1969 Order Chondrosteiformes Aldinger 1937 Order Acipenseriformes Berg 1940 includes sturgeons and paddlefishes Subclass Neopterygii Regan 1923 sensu Xu amp Wu 2012 Order Pholidopleuriformes Berg 1937 Order Redfieldiiformes Berg 1940 Order Platysiagiformes Brough 1939 Order Polzbergiiformes Griffith 1977 Order Perleidiformes Berg 1937 Order Louwoichthyiformes Xu 2021 Order Peltopleuriformes Lehman 1966 Order Luganoiiformes Lehman 1958 Order Pycnodontiformes Berg 1937 Infraclass Holostei Muller 1844 Division Halecomorphi Cope 1872 sensu Grande amp Bemis 1998 Order Parasemionotiformes Lehman 1966 Order Ionoscopiformes Grande amp Bemis 1998 Order Amiiformes Huxley 1861 sensu Grande amp Bemis 1998 bowfins Division Ginglymodi Cope 1871 Order Dapediiformes Thies amp Waschkewitz 2015 Order Semionotiformes Arambourg amp Bertin 1958 Order Lepisosteiformes Hay 1929 gars Clade Teleosteomorpha Arratia 2000 sensu Arratia 2013 Order Prohaleciteiformes Arratia 2017 Division Aspidorhynchei Nelson Grand amp Wilson 2016 Order Aspidorhynchiformes Bleeker 1859 Order Pachycormiformes Berg 1937 Infraclass Teleostei Muller 1844 sensu Arratia 2013 Order Araripichthyiformes Order Ligulelliiformes Taverne 2011 Order Tselfatiiformes Nelson 1994 Order Pholidophoriformes Berg 1940 Order Dorsetichthyiformes Nelson Grand amp Wilson 2016 Order Leptolepidiformes Order Crossognathiformes Taverne 1989 Order Ichthyodectiformes Bardeck amp Sprinkle 1969 Teleocephala de Pinna 1996 s s Megacohort Elopocephalai Patterson 1977 sensu Arratia 1999 Elopomorpha Greenwood et al 1966 Order Elopiformes Gosline 1960 ladyfishes and tarpon Order Albuliformes Greenwood et al 1966 sensu Forey et al 1996 bonefishes Order Notacanthiformes Goodrich 1909 halosaurs and spiny eels Order Anguilliformes Jarocki 1822 sensu Goodrich 1909 true eels Megacohort Osteoglossocephalai sensu Arratia 1999 Supercohort Osteoglossocephala sensu Arratia 1999 Osteoglossomorpha Greenwood et al 1966 Order Lycopteriformes Chang amp Chou 1977 Order Hiodontiformes McAllister 1968 sensu Taverne 1979 mooneye and goldeye Order Osteoglossiformes Regan 1909 sensu Zhang 2004 bony tongued fishes Supercohort Clupeocephala Patterson amp Rosen 1977 sensu Arratia 2010 Cohort Otomorpha Wiley amp Johnson 2010 Otocephala Ostarioclupeomorpha Subcohort Clupei Wiley amp Johnson 2010 Clupeomorpha Greenwood et al 1966 Order Ellimmichthyiformes Grande 1982 Order Clupeiformes Bleeker 1859 herrings and anchovies Subcohort Alepocephali Order Alepocephaliformes Marshall 1962 Subcohort Ostariophysi Sagemehl 1885 Section Anotophysa Rosen amp Greenwood 1970 Sagemehl 1885 Order Sorbininardiformes Taverne 1999 Order Gonorynchiformes Regan 1909 milkfishes Section Otophysa Garstang 1931 Order Cypriniformes Bleeker 1859 sensu Goodrich 1909 barbs carp danios goldfishes loaches minnows rasboras Order Characiformes Goodrich 1909 characins pencilfishes hatchetfishes piranhas tetras dourado golden genus Salminus and pacu Order Gymnotiformes Berg 1940 electric eels and knifefishes Order Siluriformes Cuvier 1817 sensu Hay 1929 catfishes Cohort Euteleosteomorpha Greenwood et al 1966 Euteleostei Greenwood 1967 sensu Johnson amp Patterson 1996 Subcohort Lepidogalaxii Lepidogalaxiiformes Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 salamanderfish Subcohort Protacanthopterygii Greenwood et al 1966 sensu Johnson amp Patterson 1996 Order Argentiniformes barreleyes and slickheads formerly in Osmeriformes Order Galaxiiformes Order Salmoniformes Bleeker 1859 sensu Nelson 1994 salmon and trout Order Esociformes Bleeker 1859 pike Subcohort Stomiati Order Osmeriformes smelts Order Stomiatiformes Regan 1909 bristlemouths and marine hatchetfishes Subcohort Neoteleostei Nelson 1969 Infracohort Ateleopodia Order Ateleopodiformes jellynose fish Infracohort Eurypterygia Rosen 1973 Section Aulopa Cyclosquamata Rosen 1973 Order Aulopiformes Rosen 1973 Bombay duck and lancetfishes Section Ctenosquamata Rosen 1973 Subsection Myctophata Scopelomorpha Order Myctophiformes Regan 1911 lanternfishes Subsection Acanthomorpha Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Division Lampridacea Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Lampridomorpha Lampripterygii Order Lampriformes Regan 1909 oarfish opah and ribbonfishes Division Paracanthomorphacea sensu Grande et al 2013 Paracanthopterygii Greenwood 1937 Order Percopsiformes Berg 1937 cavefishes and trout perches Order Sphenocephaliformes Rosen amp Patterson 1969 Order Zeiformes Regan 1909 dories Order Stylephoriformes Miya et al 2007 Order Gadiformes Goodrich 1909 cods Division Polymixiacea Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Polymyxiomorpha Polymixiipterygii Order Pattersonichthyiformes Gaudant 1976 Order Ctenothrissiformes Berg 1937 Order Polymixiiformes Lowe 1838 beardfishes Division Euacanthomorphacea Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Euacanthomorpha sensu Johnson amp Patterson 1993 Acanthopterygii Gouan 1770 sensu Subdivision Berycimorphaceae Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Order Beryciformes fangtooths and pineconefishes incl Stephanoberyciformes Cetomimiformes Subdivision Holocentrimorphaceae Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Order Holocentriformes Soldierfishes Subdivision Percomorphaceae Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Percomorpha sensu Miya et al 2003 Acanthopteri Series Ophidiimopharia Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Order Ophidiiformes pearlfishes Series Batrachoidimopharia Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Order Batrachoidiformes toadfishes Series Gobiomopharia Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Order Kurtiformes Nurseryfishes and cardinalfishes Order Gobiiformes Sleepers and gobies Series Scombrimopharia Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Order Syngnathiformes seahorses pipefishes sea moths cornetfishes and flying gurnards 32 Order Scombriformes Tunas and mackerels Series Carangimopharia Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Subseries Anabantaria Betancur Rodriguez et al 2014 Order Synbranchiformes swamp eels Order Anabantiformes Labyrinthici gouramies snakeheads Subseries Carangaria Betancur Rodriguez et al 2014 Carangaria incertae sedis Order Istiophoriformes Betancur Rodriguez 2013 Marlins swordfishes billfishes Order Carangiformes Jack mackerels pompanos Order Pleuronectiformes Bleeker 1859 flatfishes Subseries Ovalentaria Smith amp Near 2012 Stiassnyiformes sensu Li et al 2009 Ovalentaria incertae sedis Order Cichliformes Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Cichlids Convict blenny leaf fishes Order Atheriniformes Rosen 1964 silversides and rainbowfishes Order Cyprinodontiformes Berg 1940 livebearers killifishes Order Beloniformes Berg 1940 flyingfishes and ricefishes Order Mugiliformes Berg 1940 mullets Order Blenniiformes Springer 1993 Blennies Order Gobiesociformes Gill 1872 Clingfishes Series Eupercaria Betancur Rodriguez et al 2014 Percomorpharia Betancur Rodriguez et al 2013 Eupercaria incertae sedis Order Gerreiformes Mojarras Order Labriformes Wrasses and Parrotfishes Order Caproiformes Boarfishes Order Lophiiformes Garman 1899 Anglerfishes Order Tetraodontiformes Regan 1929 Filefishes and pufferfish Order Centrarchiformes Bleeker 1859 Sunfishes and mandarin fishes Order Gasterosteiformes Sticklebacks and relatives Order Scorpaeniformes Lionfishes and relatives Order Perciformes Bleeker 1859References Edit Zhao W Zhang X Jia G Shen Y Zhu M 2021 The Silurian Devonian boundary in East Yunnan South China and the minimum constraint for the lungfish tetrapod split Science China Earth Sciences 64 10 1784 1797 Bibcode 2021ScChD 64 1784Z doi 10 1007 s11430 020 9794 8 S2CID 236438229 Kardong Kenneth 2015 Vertebrates Comparative Anatomy Function Evolution New York McGraw Hill Education pp 99 100 ISBN 978 0 07 802302 6 a b Nelson Joseph S 2016 Fishes of the World John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 118 34233 6 Davis Brian 2010 a b Funk Emily Breen Catriona Sanketi Bhargav Kurpios Natasza McCune Amy 2020 Changing in Nkx2 1 Sox2 Bmp4 and Bmp16 expression underlying the lung to gas bladder evolutionary transition in ray finned fishes Evolution amp Development 22 5 384 402 doi 10 1111 ede 12354 PMC 8013215 PMID 33463017 Actinopterygii Klein 1885 www gbif org Retrieved 20 September 2021 Dorit R L Walker W F Barnes R D 1991 Zoology Saunders College Publishing p 819 ISBN 978 0 03 030504 7 Avise J C Mank J E 2009 Evolutionary perspectives on hermaphroditism in fishes Sexual Development 3 2 3 152 163 doi 10 1159 000223079 PMID 19684459 S2CID 22712745 Pitcher T 1993 The Behavior of Teleost Fishes London Chapman amp Hall a b c Reynolds John Nicholas B Goodwin Robert P Freckleton 19 March 2002 Evolutionary Transitions in Parental Care and Live Bearing in Vertebrates Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 357 1419 269 281 doi 10 1098 rstb 2001 0930 PMC 1692951 PMID 11958696 Maxwell et al 2018 Re evaluation of the ontogeny and reproductive biology of the Triassic fish Saurichthys Actinopterygii Saurichthyidae Palaeontology 61 559 574 doi 10 5061 dryad vc8h5 Clutton Brock T H 1991 The Evolution of Parental Care Princeton NJ Princeton UP Werren John Mart R Gross Richard Shine 1980 Paternity and the evolution of male parentage Journal of Theoretical Biology 82 4 619 631 doi 10 1016 0022 5193 80 90182 4 PMID 7382520 Retrieved 15 September 2013 Baylis Jeffrey 1981 The Evolution of Parental Care in Fishes with reference to Darwin s rule of male sexual selection Environmental Biology of Fishes 6 2 223 251 doi 10 1007 BF00002788 S2CID 19242013 Wootton Robert J Smith Carl 2014 Reproductive Biology of Teleost Fishes Wiley ISBN 978 1 118 89139 1 Sallan Lauren C February 2014 Major issues in the origins of ray finned fish Actinopterygii biodiversity Biological Reviews 89 4 950 971 doi 10 1111 brv 12086 hdl 2027 42 109271 PMID 24612207 S2CID 24876484 a b c d Thomas J Near et al 2012 Resolution of ray finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification PNAS 109 34 13698 13703 Bibcode 2012PNAS 10913698N doi 10 1073 pnas 1206625109 PMC 3427055 PMID 22869754 a b Betancur R Ricardo et al 2013 The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes PLOS Currents Tree of Life 5 Edition 1 doi 10 1371 currents tol 53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 hdl 2027 42 150563 PMC 3644299 PMID 23653398 Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 Laurin M Reisz R R 1995 A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 113 2 165 223 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1995 tb00932 x Fossilworks Andreolepis Archived from the original on 12 February 2010 Retrieved 14 May 2008 Henderson Struan Dunne Emma M Fasey Sophie A Giles Sam 3 October 2022 The early diversification of ray finned fishes Actinopterygii hypotheses challenges and future prospects Biological Reviews doi 10 1111 brv 12907 PMID 36192821 Retrieved 29 October 2022 Arratia G 2015 Complexities of early teleostei and the evolution of particular morphological structures through time Copeia 103 4 999 1025 doi 10 1643 CG 14 184 S2CID 85808890 Romano Carlo Koot Martha B Kogan Ilja Brayard Arnaud Minikh Alla V Brinkmann Winand Bucher Hugo Kriwet Jurgen February 2016 Permian Triassic Osteichthyes bony fishes diversity dynamics and body size evolution Biological Reviews 91 1 106 147 doi 10 1111 brv 12161 PMID 25431138 S2CID 5332637 a b Chondrosteans Sturgeon Relatives paleos com Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 Theodore Holmes Bullock Carl D Hopkins Arthur N Popper 2005 Electroreception Springer Science Business Media Incorporated p 229 ISBN 978 0 387 28275 6 Betancur Rodriguez et al 2017 Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4 BMC Evolutionary Biology 17 1 162 doi 10 1186 s12862 017 0958 3 PMC 5501477 PMID 28683774 Actinopterygii Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 3 April 2006 R Froese and D Pauly ed February 2006 FishBase Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 Retrieved 8 January 2020 Van der Laan Richard 2016 Family group names of fossil fishes doi 10 13140 RG 2 1 2130 1361 Xu Guang Hui 9 January 2021 A new stem neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic Anisian of Yunnan China with a reassessment of the relationships of early neopterygian clades Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191 2 375 394 doi 10 1093 zoolinnean zlaa053 ISSN 0024 4082 In Nelson Polypteriformes is placed in its own subclass Cladistia In Nelson and ITIS Syngnathiformes is placed as the suborder Syngnathoidei of the order Gasterosteiformes External links Edit Media related to Actinopterygii at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Actinopterygii at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Actinopterygii amp oldid 1132433486, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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