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Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras

January 31, 2023

Not to be confused with Banaue Rice Terraces.

The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (Filipino: Mga Hagdan-Hagdang Palayan ng Kordilyera ng Pilipinas; Ifugao: Payyo) are a World Heritage Site consisting of a complex of rice terraces on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. They were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995, the first-ever property to be included in the cultural landscape category of the World Heritage List.[2] This inscription has five sites: the Batad Rice Terraces and Bangaan Rice Terraces (both in Banaue), Mayoyao Rice Terraces (in Mayoyao), Hungduan Rice Terraces (in Hungduan) and Nagacadan Rice Terraces (in Kiangan), all in Ifugao Province, Philippines. The Ifugao Rice Terraces reach a higher altitude and were built on steeper slopes than many other terraces. The Ifugao complex of stone or mud walls and the careful carving of the natural contours of hills and mountains to make terraced pond fields, coupled with the development of intricate irrigation systems, harvesting water from the forests of the mountain tops, and an elaborate farming system.

Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Batad Rice Terraces, Ifugao Province, Philippines
LocationIfugao, Cordillera Administrative Region, Luzon, Philippines
Includes
CriteriaCultural: (iii)(iv)(v)
Reference722
Inscription1995 (19th Session)
Endangered2001–2012[1]
Coordinates16°56′2″N 121°8′12″E / 16.93389°N 121.13667°E / 16.93389; 121.13667Coordinates: 16°56′2″N 121°8′12″E / 16.93389°N 121.13667°E / 16.93389; 121.13667
Location of Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras in Luzon
Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (Philippines)
Nagacadan Rice Terraces
Batad Rice Terraces close-up view
View of the rice terraces
A village in the Batad rice terraces
Rice Terraces of Batad
Bayyo Village with their rice terraces
Scenery of Fidelisan while trekking
Banaue, Batad Rice Terraces with Homes cira 2000

The Ifugao Rice Terraces illustrate the remarkable ability of human culture to adapt to new social and climate pressures as well as to implement and develop new ideas and technologies. Although listed by the UNESCO as a World Heritage site believed to be older than 2,000 years, recent studies from Ifugao Archaeological Project report that they were actually constructed upon Spanish contact about 400 years ago.[3][4][5][6][7]

Maintenance of the living rice terraces reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, and mastery of a complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs, accompanied by religious rituals.

Historical description

The rice terraces of the Cordilleras are one of the few monuments in the Philippines that show no evidence of having been influenced by colonial cultures. Owing to the difficult terrain, the Cordillera tribes are among the few peoples of the Philippines who have successfully resisted any foreign domination and have preserved their authentic tribal culture. The history of the terraces is intertwined with that of its people, their culture, and their traditional practices.[8]

Apart from the idjang stone-fortresses of the Ivatan of the Batanes, the terraces, which spread over five present-day provinces, are the only other form of surviving stone construction from the pre-colonial period.[9] The Philippines alone among south-east Asian cultures is a largely wood-based one: unlike Cambodia, Indonesia, or Thailand, for example, in the Philippines both domestic buildings and ritual structures such as temples and shrines were all built in wood, a tradition that has survived in the terrace hamlets.[citation needed]

It is believed that terracing began in the Cordilleras less than one thousand years ago as taro cultivation. It is evidence of a high level of knowledge of structural and hydraulic engineering on the part of the Ifugao builders. The knowledge and practices, supported by rituals, involved in maintaining the terraces are transferred orally from generation to generation, without written records. Taro was later replaced by rice around 1600 A.D. which is the predominant crop today.[10]

Dating techniques

In order to understand Philippine prehistory and Southeast Asian patterns, it is critical for anthropologists and Southeast Asian scholars to date terraces.[11] It is notoriously difficult to date field terraces. One important method is the use of the Bayesian model, which applies radiocarbon dating to tiered rice fields in the Northern Philippines. Archaeologists predict that these terraces were built during the 16th century by individuals who were migrating inland and upland from the Spanish. Relative dating techniques have been newly developed to be radiometric dating methods,[11] which has become easily accessible. Due to relying on ‘stratigraphic superposition’ and 14C dating, there has been a drawback for arbitrary interpretation: the calibrated information that was collected through laboratory results might not find accordance with the archeological incident that is being dated. Bayesian modeling is beneficial when dating rice terraces because when dating agricultural terraces it is essential to know about the layers and the chaotic mixtures of the materials, and Bayesian modeling has the ability to restore a variety of chronological information. According to Stephen Acabado, “The Bayesian approach starts with what is known about the relative deposition order of the two layers and then modifies this knowledge in the light of the 14C dating information."[11] The 14C dating method is used to give an approximate period for when the terrace walls were built and used.[11]

National Cultural Treasures

The five clusters inscribed as part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are Batad, Bangaan, Hungduan, Mayoyao Central and Nagacadan.[12] Batad and Bangaan are under the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Banaue but are not referred to as the Banaue Rice Terraces.

The Banaue Rice Terraces refer to the cluster close to the Banaue poblacion as seen from the viewpoint. Contrary to popular belief, these terraces are not part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. They were not included in the UNESCO inscription due to the presence of numerous modern structures, making it score low in the integrity criterion of UNESCO. The Banaue Rice Terraces are however a National Cultural Treasure under Ifugao Rice Terraces, together with the other rice terraces clusters.

Cordillera Rice Terraces Officially On the World Heritage List

A designated Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Site

Main article: Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

All located in the Ifugao region, the Rice Terraces also feature as one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Sites or GIAHS. They are supported by indigenous knowledge management of muyong, a private forest that caps each terrace cluster. The muyong is managed through a collective effort and under traditional tribal practices. The communally managed forestry area on top of the terraces contains about 264 indigenous plant species, mostly endemic to the region. The terraces form unique clusters of microwatersheds and are part of the whole mountain ecology. They serve as a rainwater filtration system and are saturated with irrigation water all year round. A biorhythm technology, in which cultural activities are harmonized with the rhythm of climate and hydrology management, has enabled farmers to grow rice at over 1 000 meters.

The Ifugao epic Hudhud

See also: Hudhud ni Aliguyon

Aside from the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, UNESCO inscribed the Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao,[13] another National Cultural Treasure, on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 (originally proclaimed in 2001). The Hudhud consists of narrative chants performed mainly by elder Ifugao women usually during the rice sowing season, at harvest time and at funeral wakes and rituals.

Preservation

The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were named as a World Heritage Site[8][14][15] by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre in 1995. It has passed by UNESCO's standards[8] due to the blending of the physical, socio-cultural, economic, religious, and political environment as a living cultural landscape. In 2000, the site was inscribed as one of the most endangered cultural sites in the world by World Monuments Fund but was taken off in 2001.

The Ifugao Rice Terraces[16] have also been inscribed in the List of World Heritage in Danger in 2001 as the dangers of deforestation and climate change threatens to destroy the terraces. Another contributing factor is globalization where the younger generations of the Ifugaos have recently had the opportunity to gain access to media and education, most of the younger Ifugaos[17][full citation needed] have opted to come to the capital for work instead of the traditional farming tradition. The Philippines sought danger listing as a way to raise national and international support and cooperation in the preservation of the heritage site.[1] Critic W.S. Logan described the flight of locals from the land as an example of heritage designations created by bureaucrats and policy makers rather than local communities.[18]

The rice terraces were listed as one of the most endangered monuments in the world by World Monuments Fund in the 2010 World Monuments Watch, along with the Santa Maria Church and San Sebastian Church. All of the sites were taken off the list in 2011 after the passage of the National Cultural Heritage Act.[19]

In 2012, UNESCO has removed the Rice Terraces from the list of sites in danger in recognition of the success of the Philippines in improving its conservation.[1][20]

UNESCO Extension

The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras element currently listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List possesses only 5 properties, all of which are in Ifugao province. There are also significant rice terraces in other provinces in the Cordilleras, notably those in Benguet province, Mountain Province, Kalinga province, Abra province, Apayao province, and Nueva Vizcaya province. The provincial governments of each province may cooperate with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Museum of the Philippines, or the UNESCO Commission of the Philippines for the inclusion of their respective rice terraces in the UNESCO List as extension of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras.

Cordillera Rice Terraces not included in the World Heritage List

 
The Ifugao Rice Terraces is an example of a nationally recognized cultural property.

The following are at least half of the rice terrace clusters in the Cordillera mountain range that have yet to be extended as world heritage sites. Sites can only be extended as world heritage sites if they have retained their outstanding features, including the structures within them (example: traditional houses).

Other rice terraces outside the Cordilleras can also be found.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c . UNESCO. June 27, 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  2. ^ Malig, Jojo (June 26, 2012). "Philippine Rice Terraces No Longer in Danger". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  3. ^ Cabreza, Vincent (July 15, 2013). "For Ifugao Rice Terraces, Age Should Not Matter". Inquirer.net. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  4. ^ Ranada, Pia (April 29, 2015). "Ifugao Rice Terraces May Be Younger than We Think". Rappler. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  5. ^ Acabado, Stephen B.; Koller, Jared M.; Liu, Chin-hsin; Lauer, Adam J.; Farahani, Alan; Barretto-Tesoro, Grace; Reyes, Marian C; Martin, Jonathan Albert; Peterson, John A. (2019). "The Short History of the Ifugao Rice Terraces: A Local Response to the Spanish Conquest". Journal of Field Archaeology. 44 (3): 195–214. doi:10.1080/00934690.2019.1574159. S2CID 133693424.
  6. ^ Acabado, Stephen (2018). "Zones of Refuge: Resisting Conquest in the Northern Philippine Highlands Through Environmental Practice". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 52: 180–195. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2018.05.005. S2CID 150245254.
  7. ^ Acabado, Stephen B. (2015). Antiquity, Archaeological Processes, and Highland Adaptation: The Ifugao Rice Terraces. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
  8. ^ a b c "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  9. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  10. ^ Acabado, Stephen B. (2012). "Taro Before Rice Terraces : Implications of Radiocarbon Determinations, Ethnohistoric Reconstructions, and Ethnography in Dating the Ifugao Terraces". Senri Ethnological Studies. 78: 285–305. S2CID 127872040.
  11. ^ a b c d Acabado, Stephen (2009). "A Bayesian Approach to Dating Agricultural Terraces: A Case from the Philippines". Antiquity. 83 (321): 801–814. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00099002. S2CID 129958991.
  12. ^ "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras – Maps". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  13. ^ "Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao". Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  14. ^ Leonard (April 22, 2009). "Earth Day, Part 3: Banaue Rice Terraces". Kapisanan Philippine Centre for Arts and Culture. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  15. ^ Morales, Izah (March 23, 2009). . Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 29, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
  16. ^ . UNESCO.org. Archived from the original on August 3, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  17. ^ "The Probe Team", ABS CBN
  18. ^ Logan, William S. (2007). "Closing Pandora's Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage". In Silverman, Helaine; Ruggles, D. Fairchild (eds.). Cultural Heritage and Human Rights. New York, New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-71313-7.
  19. ^ Villalon, Augusto F. (November 9, 2009). "3 Philippine Monuments Land in Global Endangered List". Philippine Daily Inquirer – via PressReader.
  20. ^ "Philippines Rice Terraces Off Endangered List–UN". Inquirer.net. Agence France-Presse. June 27, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  21. ^ "Treasures of Candijay (Bohol): Cadapdapan Rice Terraces and Can-Umantad Falls". Lakwatsero. October 15, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  22. ^ Fernandez, Edwin (July 25, 2013). "Your GPS is Not Wrong: Mindanao Has Rice Terraces". Inquirer.net. Retrieved March 20, 2018.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rice terraces in the Philippines.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Site Link
  • Ifugao Archaeological Project
  • Batad Rice Terraces on YouTube

January 31, 2023
rice, terraces, philippine, cordilleras, confused, with, banaue, rice, terraces, filipino, hagdan, hagdang, palayan, kordilyera, pilipinas, ifugao, payyo, world, heritage, site, consisting, complex, rice, terraces, island, luzon, philippines, they, were, inscr. Not to be confused with Banaue Rice Terraces The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras Filipino Mga Hagdan Hagdang Palayan ng Kordilyera ng Pilipinas Ifugao Payyo are a World Heritage Site consisting of a complex of rice terraces on the island of Luzon in the Philippines They were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995 the first ever property to be included in the cultural landscape category of the World Heritage List 2 This inscription has five sites the Batad Rice Terraces and Bangaan Rice Terraces both in Banaue Mayoyao Rice Terraces in Mayoyao Hungduan Rice Terraces in Hungduan and Nagacadan Rice Terraces in Kiangan all in Ifugao Province Philippines The Ifugao Rice Terraces reach a higher altitude and were built on steeper slopes than many other terraces The Ifugao complex of stone or mud walls and the careful carving of the natural contours of hills and mountains to make terraced pond fields coupled with the development of intricate irrigation systems harvesting water from the forests of the mountain tops and an elaborate farming system Rice Terraces of the Philippine CordillerasUNESCO World Heritage SiteBatad Rice Terraces Ifugao Province PhilippinesLocationIfugao Cordillera Administrative Region Luzon PhilippinesIncludesRice Terrace Clusters of Banaue Battad Bangaan Rice Terrace Clusters of Mayoyao Mayoyao Central Rice Terrace Clusters of Kiangan Nagacadan Rice Terrace Clusters of HungduanCriteriaCultural iii iv v Reference722Inscription1995 19th Session Endangered2001 2012 1 Coordinates16 56 2 N 121 8 12 E 16 93389 N 121 13667 E 16 93389 121 13667 Coordinates 16 56 2 N 121 8 12 E 16 93389 N 121 13667 E 16 93389 121 13667Location of Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras in LuzonShow map of LuzonRice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras Philippines Show map of PhilippinesNagacadan Rice Terraces Batad Rice Terraces close up view View of the rice terraces A village in the Batad rice terraces Rice Terraces of Batad Bayyo Village with their rice terraces Scenery of Fidelisan while trekking Banaue Batad Rice Terraces with Homes cira 2000 The Ifugao Rice Terraces illustrate the remarkable ability of human culture to adapt to new social and climate pressures as well as to implement and develop new ideas and technologies Although listed by the UNESCO as a World Heritage site believed to be older than 2 000 years recent studies from Ifugao Archaeological Project report that they were actually constructed upon Spanish contact about 400 years ago 3 4 5 6 7 Maintenance of the living rice terraces reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro ecosystem a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles zoning and planning extensive soil conservation and mastery of a complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs accompanied by religious rituals Contents 1 Historical description 2 Dating techniques 3 National Cultural Treasures 3 1 Cordillera Rice Terraces Officially On the World Heritage List 3 2 A designated Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Site 3 3 The Ifugao epic Hudhud 4 Preservation 5 UNESCO Extension 5 1 Cordillera Rice Terraces not included in the World Heritage List 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistorical description EditThe rice terraces of the Cordilleras are one of the few monuments in the Philippines that show no evidence of having been influenced by colonial cultures Owing to the difficult terrain the Cordillera tribes are among the few peoples of the Philippines who have successfully resisted any foreign domination and have preserved their authentic tribal culture The history of the terraces is intertwined with that of its people their culture and their traditional practices 8 Apart from the idjang stone fortresses of the Ivatan of the Batanes the terraces which spread over five present day provinces are the only other form of surviving stone construction from the pre colonial period 9 The Philippines alone among south east Asian cultures is a largely wood based one unlike Cambodia Indonesia or Thailand for example in the Philippines both domestic buildings and ritual structures such as temples and shrines were all built in wood a tradition that has survived in the terrace hamlets citation needed It is believed that terracing began in the Cordilleras less than one thousand years ago as taro cultivation It is evidence of a high level of knowledge of structural and hydraulic engineering on the part of the Ifugao builders The knowledge and practices supported by rituals involved in maintaining the terraces are transferred orally from generation to generation without written records Taro was later replaced by rice around 1600 A D which is the predominant crop today 10 Dating techniques EditIn order to understand Philippine prehistory and Southeast Asian patterns it is critical for anthropologists and Southeast Asian scholars to date terraces 11 It is notoriously difficult to date field terraces One important method is the use of the Bayesian model which applies radiocarbon dating to tiered rice fields in the Northern Philippines Archaeologists predict that these terraces were built during the 16th century by individuals who were migrating inland and upland from the Spanish Relative dating techniques have been newly developed to be radiometric dating methods 11 which has become easily accessible Due to relying on stratigraphic superposition and 14C dating there has been a drawback for arbitrary interpretation the calibrated information that was collected through laboratory results might not find accordance with the archeological incident that is being dated Bayesian modeling is beneficial when dating rice terraces because when dating agricultural terraces it is essential to know about the layers and the chaotic mixtures of the materials and Bayesian modeling has the ability to restore a variety of chronological information According to Stephen Acabado The Bayesian approach starts with what is known about the relative deposition order of the two layers and then modifies this knowledge in the light of the 14C dating information 11 The 14C dating method is used to give an approximate period for when the terrace walls were built and used 11 National Cultural Treasures EditThe five clusters inscribed as part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are Batad Bangaan Hungduan Mayoyao Central and Nagacadan 12 Batad and Bangaan are under the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Banaue but are not referred to as the Banaue Rice Terraces The Banaue Rice Terraces refer to the cluster close to the Banaue poblacion as seen from the viewpoint Contrary to popular belief these terraces are not part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site They were not included in the UNESCO inscription due to the presence of numerous modern structures making it score low in the integrity criterion of UNESCO The Banaue Rice Terraces are however a National Cultural Treasure under Ifugao Rice Terraces together with the other rice terraces clusters Cordillera Rice Terraces Officially On the World Heritage List Edit Batad Rice Terraces in Banaue Ifugao Bangaan Rice Terraces in Banaue Ifugao Mayoyao Rice Terraces in Mayoyao Ifugao Hungduan Rice Terraces in Hungduan Ifugao Nagacadan Rice Terraces in Kiangan Ifugao A designated Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Site Edit Main article Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems All located in the Ifugao region the Rice Terraces also feature as one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Sites or GIAHS They are supported by indigenous knowledge management of muyong a private forest that caps each terrace cluster The muyong is managed through a collective effort and under traditional tribal practices The communally managed forestry area on top of the terraces contains about 264 indigenous plant species mostly endemic to the region The terraces form unique clusters of microwatersheds and are part of the whole mountain ecology They serve as a rainwater filtration system and are saturated with irrigation water all year round A biorhythm technology in which cultural activities are harmonized with the rhythm of climate and hydrology management has enabled farmers to grow rice at over 1 000 meters The Ifugao epic Hudhud Edit See also Hudhud ni Aliguyon Aside from the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras UNESCO inscribed the Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao 13 another National Cultural Treasure on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 originally proclaimed in 2001 The Hudhud consists of narrative chants performed mainly by elder Ifugao women usually during the rice sowing season at harvest time and at funeral wakes and rituals Preservation EditThe Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were named as a World Heritage Site 8 14 15 by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre in 1995 It has passed by UNESCO s standards 8 due to the blending of the physical socio cultural economic religious and political environment as a living cultural landscape In 2000 the site was inscribed as one of the most endangered cultural sites in the world by World Monuments Fund but was taken off in 2001 The Ifugao Rice Terraces 16 have also been inscribed in the List of World Heritage in Danger in 2001 as the dangers of deforestation and climate change threatens to destroy the terraces Another contributing factor is globalization where the younger generations of the Ifugaos have recently had the opportunity to gain access to media and education most of the younger Ifugaos 17 full citation needed have opted to come to the capital for work instead of the traditional farming tradition The Philippines sought danger listing as a way to raise national and international support and cooperation in the preservation of the heritage site 1 Critic W S Logan described the flight of locals from the land as an example of heritage designations created by bureaucrats and policy makers rather than local communities 18 The rice terraces were listed as one of the most endangered monuments in the world by World Monuments Fund in the 2010 World Monuments Watch along with the Santa Maria Church and San Sebastian Church All of the sites were taken off the list in 2011 after the passage of the National Cultural Heritage Act 19 In 2012 UNESCO has removed the Rice Terraces from the list of sites in danger in recognition of the success of the Philippines in improving its conservation 1 20 UNESCO Extension EditThe Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras element currently listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List possesses only 5 properties all of which are in Ifugao province There are also significant rice terraces in other provinces in the Cordilleras notably those in Benguet province Mountain Province Kalinga province Abra province Apayao province and Nueva Vizcaya province The provincial governments of each province may cooperate with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts National Museum of the Philippines or the UNESCO Commission of the Philippines for the inclusion of their respective rice terraces in the UNESCO List as extension of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras Cordillera Rice Terraces not included in the World Heritage List Edit The Ifugao Rice Terraces is an example of a nationally recognized cultural property The following are at least half of the rice terrace clusters in the Cordillera mountain range that have yet to be extended as world heritage sites Sites can only be extended as world heritage sites if they have retained their outstanding features including the structures within them example traditional houses Banaue Rice Terraces in Banaue Ifugao Palina Rice Terraces in Kibungan Benguet Kibungan Rice Terraces in Kibungan Benguet Les eng Rice Terraces in Kibungan Benguet Batangan Rice Terraces in Kibungan Benguet Batangan Rice Terraces in Kibungan Benguet Wallayan Rice Terraces in Kibungan Benguet Culiang Rice Terraces in Kibungan Benguet Lanipew Rice Terraces in Kibungan Benguet Naguey Rice Terraces in Atok Benguet Daclan Rice Terraces in Bokod Benguet Ampucao Rice Terraces in Itogon Benguet Balacbac Rice Terraces in Kapangan Benguet Amlangit Rice Terraces in Kapangan Benguet Pekaw Rice Terraces in Kapangan Benguet Noso Rice Terraces in Kapangan Benguet Catampan Rice Terraces in Kapangan Benguet Balintugon Rice Terraces in Alfonso Castaneda Nueva Vizcaya Ugo Rice Terraces in Kayapa Nueva Vizcaya Ambasing Rice Terraces in Sagada Mountain Province Bangaan Rice Terraces in Sagada Mountain Province Bangen Rice Terraces in Bauko Mountain Province Barlig Rice Terraces in Barlig Mountain Province Bayyo Rice Terraces in Bontoc Mountain Province Besao Rice Terraces in Besao Mountain Province Bontoc Poblacion Rice Terraces in Bontoc Mountain Province Bucas Rice Terraces in Besao Mountain Province Bulongan Rice Terraces in Sagada Mountain Province Dalican Rice Terraces in Bontoc Mountain Province Fidelisan Rice Terraces in Sagada Mountain Province Focong Rice Terraces in Sadanga Mountain Province Kapayawan Rice Terraces in Bauko Mountain Province Kiltepan Rice Terraces in Sagada Mountain Province Maligcong Rice Terraces in Bontoc Mountain Province Natonin Rice Terraces in Natonin Mountain Province Sadanga Rice Terraces in Sadanga Mountain Province Suyo Rice Terraces in Sagada Mountain Province Tanulong Rice Terraces in Sagada Mountain Province Buscalan Rice Terraces in Tinglayan Kalinga Dananao Rice Terraces in Tinglayan Kalinga Bugnay Rice Terraces in Tinglayan Kalinga Lubo Rice Terraces in Tanudan Kalinga Alangtin Rice Terraces in Tubo Abra Sayoyong Rice Terraces in Tubo Abra Bucloc Rice Terraces in Bucloc Abra Daguioman Rice Terraces in Daguioman Abra Sal lapadan Rice Terraces in Sallapadan Abra Salagpat Rice Terraces in Tineg Abra Other rice terraces outside the Cordilleras can also be found Lublub Rice Terraces in Valderrama Antique Baking Rice Terraces in Valderrama Antique San Agustin Rice Terraces in Valderrama Antique Cadapdapan Rice Terraces in Candijay Bohol 21 Jaybanga Rice Terraces in Lobo Batangas Datu Ladayon Rice Terraces in Arakan Cotabato 22 See also EditBanaue Rice Terraces List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines Old Kiyyangan VillageReferences Edit a b c Better Conservation in Pakistan and the Philippines Allow Committee to Remove Two Sites from World Heritage List in Danger UNESCO June 27 2012 Archived from the original on June 29 2012 Retrieved June 28 2012 Malig Jojo June 26 2012 Philippine Rice Terraces No Longer in Danger ABS CBN News Retrieved June 26 2012 Cabreza Vincent July 15 2013 For Ifugao Rice Terraces Age Should Not Matter Inquirer net Retrieved January 29 2018 Ranada Pia April 29 2015 Ifugao Rice Terraces May Be Younger than We Think Rappler Retrieved January 29 2018 Acabado Stephen B Koller Jared M Liu Chin hsin Lauer Adam J Farahani Alan Barretto Tesoro Grace Reyes Marian C Martin Jonathan Albert Peterson John A 2019 The Short History of the Ifugao Rice Terraces A Local Response to the Spanish Conquest Journal of Field Archaeology 44 3 195 214 doi 10 1080 00934690 2019 1574159 S2CID 133693424 Acabado Stephen 2018 Zones of Refuge Resisting Conquest in the Northern Philippine Highlands Through Environmental Practice Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 52 180 195 doi 10 1016 j jaa 2018 05 005 S2CID 150245254 Acabado Stephen B 2015 Antiquity Archaeological Processes and Highland Adaptation The Ifugao Rice Terraces Quezon City Ateneo de Manila University Press a b c Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved February 8 2022 Centre UNESCO World Heritage Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved March 24 2022 Acabado Stephen B 2012 Taro Before Rice Terraces Implications of Radiocarbon Determinations Ethnohistoric Reconstructions and Ethnography in Dating the Ifugao Terraces Senri Ethnological Studies 78 285 305 S2CID 127872040 a b c d Acabado Stephen 2009 A Bayesian Approach to Dating Agricultural Terraces A Case from the Philippines Antiquity 83 321 801 814 doi 10 1017 S0003598X00099002 S2CID 129958991 Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras Maps UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved February 9 2022 Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao Intangible Cultural Heritage Retrieved February 8 2022 Leonard April 22 2009 Earth Day Part 3 Banaue Rice Terraces Kapisanan Philippine Centre for Arts and Culture Retrieved July 15 2009 Morales Izah March 23 2009 Preserving the Ifugao Heritage Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on May 29 2009 Retrieved July 17 2009 List of World Heritage in Danger UNESCO org Archived from the original on August 3 2009 Retrieved July 15 2009 The Probe Team ABS CBN Logan William S 2007 Closing Pandora s Box Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage In Silverman Helaine Ruggles D Fairchild eds Cultural Heritage and Human Rights New York New York Springer ISBN 978 0 387 71313 7 Villalon Augusto F November 9 2009 3 Philippine Monuments Land in Global Endangered List Philippine Daily Inquirer via PressReader Philippines Rice Terraces Off Endangered List UN Inquirer net Agence France Presse June 27 2012 Retrieved June 27 2012 Treasures of Candijay Bohol Cadapdapan Rice Terraces and Can Umantad Falls Lakwatsero October 15 2019 Retrieved February 9 2022 Fernandez Edwin July 25 2013 Your GPS is Not Wrong Mindanao Has Rice Terraces Inquirer net Retrieved March 20 2018 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rice terraces in the Philippines UNESCO World Heritage Site Link Ifugao Archaeological Project Batad Rice Terraces on YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras amp oldid 1123338383, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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