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Chattanooga, Tennessee

Chattanooga (/ˌætəˈnɡə/ CHAT-ə-NOO-gə) is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County, Tennessee, United States. Located along the Tennessee River bordering Georgia, it also extends into Marion County on its western end.[1] With a population of 181,099 in 2020,[9] it is Tennessee's fourth-largest city and one of the two principal cities of East Tennessee, along with Knoxville. It anchors the Chattanooga metropolitan area, Tennessee's fourth-largest metropolitan statistical area,[10] as well as a larger three-state area that includes Southeast Tennessee, Northwest Georgia, and Northeast Alabama.

Chattanooga, Tennessee
From top, left to right: Chattanooga skyline, Chattanooga Bank Building, Brainerd Junior High School, the Old Post Office, Hamilton County Courthouse, Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel
Nicknames: 
Scenic City (official); Chatt, Chattown, Gig City, Nooga, and River City
Location of Chattanooga in Hamilton County, Tennessee
Chattanooga
Location within Tennessee
Chattanooga
Chattanooga (the United States)
Coordinates: 35°2′44″N 85°16′2″W / 35.04556°N 85.26722°W / 35.04556; -85.26722Coordinates: 35°2′44″N 85°16′2″W / 35.04556°N 85.26722°W / 35.04556; -85.26722[2]
CountryUnited States
StateTennessee
CountyHamilton, Marion[1]
Incorporated1839[3]
Government
 • TypeMayor-council
 • MayorTim Kelly (I)
Area
 • City150.08 sq mi (388.70 km2)
 • Land142.35 sq mi (368.69 km2)
 • Water7.73 sq mi (20.01 km2)
Elevation676 ft (206 m)
Population
 • City181,099
 • Rank142nd in the United States
4th in Tennessee
 • Density1,272.19/sq mi (491.20/km2)
 • Urban
398,569 (US: 105th)
 • Urban density1,366.4/sq mi (527.6/km2)
 • Metro562,647 (101st)
DemonymChattanoogan
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP code(s)
37341, 37343, 37350, 37351, 37363, 37377, 37379, 37402, 37403, 37404, 37405, 37406, 37407, 37408, 37409, 37410, 37411, 37412, 37415, 37416, 37419, and 37421
Area code423
FIPS code47-14000[8]
GNIS feature ID1307240[5]
AirportChattanooga Metropolitan Airport
Public transportationCARTA
WaterwaysTennessee River
Websitewww.chattanooga.gov
Chatype, the typeface used by Chattanooga

Chattanooga was a crucial city during the American Civil War, due to the multiple railroads that converge there. After the war, the railroads allowed for the city to grow into one of the Southeastern United States' largest heavy industrial hubs. Today, major industry that drives the economy includes automotive, advanced manufacturing, food and beverage production, healthcare, insurance, tourism, and back office and corporate headquarters.[10] Chattanooga remains a transit hub in the present day, served by multiple Interstate highways and railroad lines. It is 118 miles (190 km) northwest of Atlanta, Georgia, 112 miles (180 km) southwest of Knoxville, Tennessee, 134 miles (216 km) southeast of Nashville, Tennessee, 102 miles (164 km) east-northeast of Huntsville, Alabama, and 147 miles (237 km) northeast of Birmingham, Alabama.

Divided by the Tennessee River, Chattanooga is at the transition between the ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the Cumberland Plateau, both of which are part of the larger Appalachian Mountains. Its official nickname is the "Scenic City", alluding to the surrounding mountains, ridges, and valleys. Unofficial nicknames include "River City", "Chatt", "Nooga", "Chattown", and "Gig City", the latter a reference to its claims that it has the fastest internet service in the Western Hemisphere.[11][12]

Chattanooga is internationally known from the 1941 hit song "Chattanooga Choo Choo" by Glenn Miller and his orchestra. It is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) and Chattanooga State Community College.

History

Early history

The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were Native Americans. Sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period (c. 10,000 BCE) show continuous human occupation through the Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian/Muskogean/Yuchi (900–1714 CE), and Cherokee (1776–1838) periods. The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the Chickamauga Creek is the oldest (c. 750 CE) remaining visible art in Chattanooga.[13]

The Citico town and mound site was the most significant Mississippian/Muscogee landmark in Chattanooga up to 1915. The first part of the name "Chattanooga" derives from the Muskogean word cvto /chắtȯ/ – 'rock'.[14] The latter may be derived from a regional suffix -nuga meaning dwelling or dwelling place. It is also believed to be derived from the Creek Indian word Chat-to-to-noog-gee, meaning ‘rock rising to a point’, which is speculated to be a reference to Lookout Mountain.[15]

The earliest Cherokee occupation of the area dates from 1776, when Dragging Canoe separated himself from the main tribe to establish resistance to European settlement during the Cherokee–American wars. In 1816 John Ross, who later became Principal Chief, established Ross's Landing. Located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama.[16]

In 1838, the U.S. government forced the Cherokees, along with other Native Americans, to relocate to the area designated as Indian Territory, in what is now the state of Oklahoma. Their journey west became known as the "Trail of Tears" for their exile and fatalities along the way. The U.S. Army used Ross's Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or "emigration depots", where Native Americans were held before the journey on the Trail of Tears.[17]

In 1839, the community of Ross's Landing incorporated as the city of Chattanooga. The city grew quickly, initially benefiting from a location well-suited for river commerce. With the arrival of the railroad in 1850, Chattanooga became a boom town. The city was known as the site "where cotton meets corn," referring to its location along the cultural boundary between the mountain communities of southern Appalachia and the cotton-growing states to the south.[16]

 
Battles for Chattanooga, November 24–25, 1863

Civil War

During the American Civil War, Chattanooga was a center of battle. Chattanooga served as a hub connecting fifty percent of the Confederacy's arsenals, those being located in Atlanta, Augusta, Columbus, and Macon. Chattanooga's railroads were vital to the Confederacy's transportation of raw material to processing plants for producing small arms munitions.[18] During the Chickamauga Campaign, Union artillery bombarded Chattanooga as a diversion and occupied it on September 9, 1863. Following the Battle of Chickamauga, the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga. On November 23, 1863, the Battles for Chattanooga began when Union forces led by Major General Ulysses S. Grant reinforced troops at Chattanooga and advanced to Orchard Knob against Confederate troops besieging the city. The next day, the Battle of Lookout Mountain was fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grant's army routed the Confederates in the Battle of Missionary Ridge. In regard to victories won by the Union, Chattanooga marks one of three defining moments that turned the Civil War in their favor. The Battle of Gettysburg brought the streak of victories obtained by the Confederacy to an end, while the Siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy itself in half, while Chattanooga served as the doorway to the deep south.[19] These battles were followed the next spring by the Atlanta Campaign, beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a major railroad hub and industrial and manufacturing center.[20]

1867 flood

The largest flood in Chattanooga's history occurred in 1867, before the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) system was created in 1933 by Congress. The flood crested at 58 feet (18 m) and completely inundated the city. Since the completion of the reservoir system, the highest Chattanooga flood stage has been nearly 37 feet (11 m), which occurred in 1973. Without regulation, the flood would have crested at 52.4 feet (16.0 m).[21] Chattanooga was a major priority in the design of the TVA reservoir system and remains a major operating priority in the 21st century.[21]

20th century

 
Market Street in 1907

In December 1906, Chattanooga was in the national headlines in United States v. Shipp, as the United States Supreme Court, in the only criminal trial in its history, ruled that Hamilton County Sheriff Joseph H. Shipp had violated Ed Johnson's civil rights when Shipp allowed a mob to enter the Hamilton County jail and lynch Johnson on the Walnut Street Bridge.[22]

Chattanooga grew with the entry of the United States in the First World War in 1917; the nearest training camp was in Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. The Influenza pandemic of 1918 closed local movie theaters and pool halls.[23] By the 1930s, Chattanooga was known as the "Dynamo of Dixie", inspiring the 1941 Glenn Miller big-band swing song "Chattanooga Choo Choo".[24] Through Mayor P.R. Olgiati's efforts, Chattanooga became the first city in Tennessee to have a completed interstate highway system in the latter 1960s.[25][26][27][28] In February 1958, Chattanooga became one of the smallest cities in the country with three VHF television stations: WROM-TV (now WTVC-TV) channel 9 (ABC), WRGP-TV (now WRCB-TV) channel 3 (NBC), and WDEF-TV channel 12 (CBS).[29]

The same mountains that provide Chattanooga's scenic backdrop also trap industrial pollutants, which settle over the city. In 1969, the federal government declared that Chattanooga had the dirtiest air in the nation.[30] Like other early industrial cities, Chattanooga entered the 1970s with serious socioeconomic challenges, including job layoffs because of de-industrialization, deteriorating city infrastructure, racial tensions, and social division. Chattanooga's population increased by nearly 50,000 in the 1970s. However, this was mostly because the city annexed nearby residential areas.[31] By the mid-1980s, local leaders launched Vision 2000, an effort to revitalize and reinvent Chattanooga's culture and economy. Chattanooga's population declined by more than 10% in the 1980s, but regained it over the next two decades, the only major U.S. city to do so.[32]

21st century

 
Downtown Chattanooga, viewed from Lookout Mountain

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the city of Chattanooga has grown, attracting people from out of state and even out of the country.[33]

Chattanooga launched the first one-gigabit-per-second Internet service in the United States in September 2010, provided through the city-owned utility EPB.[34]

In August 2012, Chattanooga developed its own typeface, called Chatype, which marks the first time a municipality has its own typeface in the United States and the first crowd-funded, custom-made typeface in the world.[35][36][37]

On July 16, 2015, six people—four U.S. Marines, one sailor, and the gunman—were killed and two more were wounded in shootings at two U.S. military facilities in Chattanooga.[38]

On November 21, 2016, a school bus carrying students from Woodmore Elementary School crashed in the Brainerd neighborhood, killing 6 and injuring 23.[39] In March 2018, the driver, an employee of Durham School Services, was convicted of six counts of criminally negligent homicide, 11 counts of reckless aggravated assault, seven counts of assault, reckless endangerment, reckless driving and illegally using his phone while driving.[40] The crash reignited the debate about whether seat belts should be required in school buses.[41]

On June 5, 2022, there was a mass shooting in Chattanooga that left three dead and injured 11.[42]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 144.6 square miles (374.4 km2), of which 137.1 square miles (355.2 km2) are land and 7.4 square miles (19.2 km2), or 5.12%, are water.[43] The most prominent natural features in and around Chattanooga are the Tennessee River and the surrounding mountains. The Tennessee River is impounded by the Chickamauga Dam north of the downtown area. The city is nestled between the southwestern Ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the foot of Walden's Ridge; the river separates the ridge from the western side of downtown. Several miles east, the city is bisected by Missionary Ridge. The downtown area sits at an elevation of approximately 676 feet (206 m), one of the lowest elevations in East Tennessee.[44]

Cityscape

 
Downtown Chattanooga

Downtown Chattanooga has a wide variety of entertainment, dining, cultural and architectural attractions, including the Tennessee Aquarium, opened in 1992; the Creative Discovery Museum, opened in 1995; and the historic Walnut Street Bridge, reopened in 1993. The downtown footprint is bounded by interstate highway I-24 on the south to Frazier Avenue in the Northshore, as well as US highway 27 in the west to Central Avenue in the east.[45]

The modern downtown skyline is dominated by the Aquarium, the Republic Centre[46] (tallest building in Chattanooga[47][circular reference]), John C. Portman Jr.'s the Westin (Gold Building),[48] the James Building (Chattanooga's first skyscraper),[49] and The Block,[50] a climbing gym with 5,000 square feet of functional climbing space. Chattanooga has buildings with historical significance, such as The Read House Hotel (the longest continuously operating hotel in the Southeastern United States),[51] the Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel (a converted railroad terminal), the Maclellan Building,[52] the Dome Building[49] (once the home to the Chattanooga Times), and the Tivoli Theatre. The BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee headquarters,[53] atop Cameron Hill,[54] is the second-largest LEED Gold-certified corporate campus in the nation.[55]

Downtown Chattanooga has four main bridges over the Tennessee River: the Walnut Street Bridge, the Market Street Bridge, the Olgiati Bridge, and the Veterans Memorial Bridge. These bridges allow pedestrians to connect the Riverfront and Northshore to the Tennessee Riverwalk and Bluff View Art District. Downtown Chattanooga parks include Coolidge Park, Renaissance Park, Miller Park, Miller Plaza and Main Terrain Art Park. The Martin Luther King District runs parallel to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga's campus and features the largest mural in Chattanooga.[56] The 40,000-square-foot mural was created by Philadelphia-based muralist Meg Saligman and seven other local artists.[57]

Downtown revitalization

In late 20th and early 21st centuries, substantial private and governmental resources have been invested in transforming the city's tarnished image. In 1993, restoration of the Walnut Street Bridge was completed. An excellent specimen of the Camelback truss bridge, it is the oldest surviving bridge of its kind in the Southeastern United States, having been built in 1891. Efforts to improve the city include the "21st Century Waterfront Plan" – a $120 million redevelopment of the Chattanooga waterfront area, which was completed in 2005. The Tennessee Aquarium, which opened in 1992, has become a major waterfront attraction that has helped to spur neighborhood development.[58] Since the opening of the aquarium, downtown Chattanooga has received over $5 billion of private investment,[59] including nearly $1 billion from 2014 to 2018.[60]

The city has won three national awards for outstanding "livability", and nine Gunther Blue Ribbon Awards for excellence in housing and consolidated planning.[61] Public art experts chose Passageways 2.0 City Thread from among 50 outstanding public art projects created in 2018 through the Public Art Network Year in Review program, a national program that recognizes compelling public art.[62] In addition to winning various national and regional awards, Chattanooga has been in the national limelight numerous times. Chattanooga was the profile city of the August 2007 edition of US Airways Magazine.[63] Chattanooga-based businesses have been recognized for their investment in solar energy.[64] In December 2009, Chattanooga was ranked 8th out of America's 100 largest metro areas for the best "Bang For Your Buck" city, according to Forbes magazine, which measured overall affordability, housing rates, and more.[65]

Neighborhoods

Chattanooga has many buildings and three neighborhoods on the National Register of Historic Places: Ferger Place, Fort Wood, and St. Elmo. Additionally, Chattanooga has several local historic districts: Battery Place, Glenwood, Missionary Ridge, M.L. King, and Stringer's Ridge. Four of these are formally managed as local historic districts by the city.[66]

Notable suburbs

Climate

Chattanooga, like much of Tennessee, has a four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa). Winter days are usually mild, but most years have at least one day (average 3.2) where the high remains at or below freezing. Snowfall is highly variable from year to year. 11 inches (28 cm) were recorded between January 9–10, 2011.[67] Summers are hot and humid, with a July daily mean of 80.0 °F (26.7 °C) and 52 days annually with 90 °F (32 °C) or greater temperatures.[68] Chattanooga is the sixth fastest warming city in the United States due to climate change.[69]

Average annual precipitation is over 52 inches (1,300 mm). On average, November through March represents an extended relatively wet period, because of Chattanooga's frequent placement (in the winter season) in a zone of conflict between warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry air from Canada, amplified by jet-stream energy and abundant Gulf moisture. July presents a secondary maximum in precipitation, due to frequent thunderstorm activity. Despite the mountains that surround the city, Chattanooga has been affected by tornadoes.[70] These tornadoes include the 2011 Super Outbreak, which impacted the city and nearby locations, including Apison and Cherokee Valley in Catoosa County, Georgia, where fifteen people died, eight in Apison and seven in Cherokee Valley.[71][72][73] An EF3 tornado struck southeastern portions of Chattanooga on the night of April 12, 2020, and caused significant damage and three fatalities.[74]

Climate data for Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport, Tennessee (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1879–present[b])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 78
(26)
81
(27)
89
(32)
93
(34)
99
(37)
107
(42)
107
(42)
105
(41)
104
(40)
100
(38)
86
(30)
78
(26)
107
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 68.8
(20.4)
73.0
(22.8)
80.6
(27.0)
86.0
(30.0)
90.5
(32.5)
95.2
(35.1)
97.1
(36.2)
96.4
(35.8)
93.5
(34.2)
85.8
(29.9)
76.8
(24.9)
69.3
(20.7)
98.3
(36.8)
Average high °F (°C) 51.0
(10.6)
55.6
(13.1)
64.1
(17.8)
73.6
(23.1)
81.0
(27.2)
87.6
(30.9)
90.5
(32.5)
89.8
(32.1)
84.3
(29.1)
74.1
(23.4)
62.0
(16.7)
53.2
(11.8)
72.2
(22.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 41.7
(5.4)
45.6
(7.6)
53.2
(11.8)
61.7
(16.5)
70.0
(21.1)
77.4
(25.2)
80.7
(27.1)
80.0
(26.7)
73.9
(23.3)
62.7
(17.1)
51.2
(10.7)
44.3
(6.8)
61.9
(16.6)
Average low °F (°C) 32.4
(0.2)
35.6
(2.0)
42.2
(5.7)
49.9
(9.9)
59.0
(15.0)
67.3
(19.6)
71.0
(21.7)
70.2
(21.2)
63.6
(17.6)
51.4
(10.8)
40.3
(4.6)
35.3
(1.8)
51.5
(10.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 14.9
(−9.5)
19.6
(−6.9)
25.5
(−3.6)
34.3
(1.3)
44.1
(6.7)
56.9
(13.8)
63.4
(17.4)
61.9
(16.6)
50.3
(10.2)
35.1
(1.7)
25.9
(−3.4)
20.8
(−6.2)
12.9
(−10.6)
Record low °F (°C) −10
(−23)
−10
(−23)
2
(−17)
25
(−4)
34
(1)
39
(4)
51
(11)
50
(10)
36
(2)
22
(−6)
4
(−16)
−2
(−19)
−10
(−23)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.02
(128)
5.03
(128)
5.34
(136)
4.87
(124)
3.94
(100)
4.18
(106)
5.08
(129)
3.67
(93)
4.23
(107)
3.59
(91)
4.80
(122)
5.25
(133)
55.00
(1,397)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 1.0
(2.5)
1.2
(3.0)
1.1
(2.8)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.3
(0.76)
3.6
(9.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.6 11.1 11.4 10.1 10.6 11.4 11.9 9.4 7.9 7.9 9.1 11.3 122.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.7 1.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.4
Average relative humidity (%) 71.2 68.2 65.9 63.8 71.5 73.1 74.9 76.0 77.0 74.6 73.5 72.9 71.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 147.0 155.6 200.5 240.2 275.6 275.5 265.2 256.8 227.9 218.8 158.7 140.4 2,562.2
Percent possible sunshine 47 51 54 61 64 63 60 62 61 63 51 46 58
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[68][76][77]


Time zone

Chattanooga uses the Eastern Time Zone. Counties directly to its west (in both Tennessee and Alabama) use the Central Time Zone.

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop.
18706,093
188012,892111.6%
189029,100125.7%
190030,1543.6%
191044,60447.9%
192057,89529.8%
1930119,798106.9%
1940128,6137.4%
1950131,0411.9%
1960130,009−0.8%
1970119,923−7.8%
1980169,51441.4%
1990152,466−10.1%
2000155,5542.0%
2010167,6747.8%
2020181,0998.0%
Sources:[78][9][6]
Racial composition 1970[79] 1990[79] 2000[80] 2010[80] 2019 est.[81]
White 64.0% 65.0% 60.0% 58.0% 62.3%
Black 35.8% 33.7% 35.8% 34.9% 31.4%
Asian 0.1% 1.0% 1.6% 2.0% 2.7%
Native 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.2%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
- - 0.1% 0.1% 0.0%
Other race 0.1% 0.2% 1.0% 2.8% 1.0%
Two or more races - 1.3% 1.9% 2.4%

2020 census

Chattanooga racial composition[82]
Race Number Percentage
White (non-Hispanic) 98,977 60.7%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 52,384 31%
Native American 429 0.24%
Asian 4,956 2.9%
Pacific Islander 60 0.03%
Other/mixed 7,712 4.26%
Hispanic or Latino 16,581 6.9%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 181,099 people, 79,565 households, and 41,059 families residing in the city.

2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 167,674 people, 70,749 households, and 40,384 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,222.5 inhabitants per square mile (472.0/km2). There were 79,607 housing units at an average density of 588.8 per square mile (227.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 58.0% White, 34.9% Black, 2.0% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.8% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin (regardless of race) constituted 5.5% of the total population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 55.9% of the population in 2010, down from 67.3% in 1980.[83][84] There were 70,749 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36% were married couples living together, 17.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.3% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 27% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.1 years. 46.1% of the population was male and 53.9% of the population was female.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,817, and the median income for a family was $43,314. Males had a median income of $36,109 versus $31,077 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,756. About 14% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over.

Chattanooga's Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Hamilton, Marion, and Sequatchie counties in Tennessee and Catoosa, Dade, and Walker counties in Georgia, grew from 476,531 people, as of the 2000 census, to 529,222 people, as of the 2010 census, an 11% increase during the 2000s.[85]

Religion

The single largest religious group in Chattanooga is Christianity. According to 2010 statistics, the Southern Baptist Convention was the largest denomination with 225 congregations and 122,300 members; followed by the United Methodist Church with 31,500 members and 83 churches. The third-largest group of Christians identified as non-denominational congregations; and the fourth-largest organized denomination was the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) with 82 churches and 17,900 members. The 5th largest Christian religious group, according to 2010 statistics, was the Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville, which had 12 congregations and 14,300 members. Islam has 2,200 adherents in Chattanooga.[86]

Economy

 
Child labor at Richmond Spinning Mill in Chattanooga, 1910. Photo by Lewis Hine.

Chattanooga's economy includes a diversified and growing mix of manufacturing and service industries.

Notable Chattanooga businesses include Access America Transport, BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee, CBL & Associates, The Chattanooga Bakery, Sanofi, the world's first Coca-Cola bottling plant, Coker Tire, U.S. Xpress Inc., Covenant Logistics, Double Cola, CraftWorks Restaurants & Breweries, Luken Communications, Miller & Martin, the National Model Railroad Association, PepsiCo, Reliance Partners, Republic Parking System, Rock/Creek, Tricycle Inc., and Unum. The city also hosts large branch offices of Cigna, AT&T, T-Mobile USA, and UBS. McKee Foods Corporation, the maker of nationally known Little Debbie brand snack cakes, is a privately held, family-run company headquartered in nearby Collegedale, Tennessee.

Notable companies that have manufacturing or distribution facilities in the city include Amazon.com, BASF, DuPont, Invista, Komatsu, PepsiCo, Rock-Tenn, Plantronics, Domtar, Norfolk Southern, Ferrara Candy Company (manufacturer of Brach's candies), Alco Chemical, Colonial Pipeline, and Buzzi Unicem.[87] The William Wrigley Jr. Company has a prominent presence in Chattanooga, the sole site of production of Altoids breath mint products since 2005.[88][89]

In a seminal event for Chattanooga, Volkswagen announced in July 2008 the construction of its first U.S. auto plant in over three decades, the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant.[90] In May 2011, Volkswagen Group of America inaugurated its plant.[91] The $1 billion plant, opened in May 2011, served as the group's North American manufacturing headquarters. The plant, which initially employed 2,700 people, later increasing to 4,700, manufactures the Passat and the Atlas. It also has a full research and development center in downtown Chattanooga, employing some 200 engineers, the first of its kind in the South.[92][93][94] The plant was the first new Volkswagen plant in the United States since the 1988 closure of the Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant near New Stanton, Pennsylvania.[95] In 2019, Volkswagen Chattanooga announced plans to expand its Chattanooga-based plant to construct electric vehicles.[96] The expansion is expected to create one thousand new jobs and $800 million in investments.[97]

In addition to corporate business interests, there are many retail shops in Chattanooga, including two shopping malls: Hamilton Place Mall in East Brainerd and Northgate Mall in Hixson. Eastgate Mall in Brainerd used to be a shopping mall, but has changed into a multi-use office building. Tourism and Hospitality has been a growing part of Chattanooga's economy, with 2014 being the first year for Hamilton County to surpass $1 billion in revenue.

Startups have been an increasing trend, due in part to EPB's fiber optic grid. Notable venture firms based in the city are Blank Slate Ventures, Chattanooga Renaissance Fund, Lamp Post Group, SwiftWing Ventures, and the Jump Fund. The city is served by several incubators, notably Co.Lab, the Business Development Center, and Lamp Post Group. The Business Development Center is among the nation's largest incubators, both in square footage and in the number of startups that it supports.[98] Co-working spaces have picked up downtown, including Society of Work and Chattanooga Workspace. Unique in the city is the startup accelerator Gigtank, which utilizes the city's gigabit capacities and focuses on 3D printing, healthcare, and smartgrid technologies. Notable startups include Quickcue (acquired by OpenTable in 2013), and Reliance Partners. Chattanooga went from zero investable capital in 2009 to over $50 million in 2014.[citation needed]

Utilities

 
Chickamauga Lock and Dam on the Tennessee River at Chattanooga

Electric power for most of the city and surrounding area is provided by the city-run Electric Power Board (EPB). EPB also provides high-speed Internet service, TV, and telephone service to business and residential customers throughout Hamilton County, as well as parts of Bledsoe County, Bradley County, Catoosa County, Dade County, Marion County, Rhea County, Sequatchie County, and Walker County, via the nation's largest municipally owned fiber optic system.[99][100] TVA operates the nearby Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plant, Chickamauga Dam, and the Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant, all of which provide electricity to the greater Chattanooga area. TVA's corporate power generation and distribution organization is headquartered in downtown Chattanooga.

Natural gas and water are provided by the privately run Chattanooga Gas Company and Tennessee-American Water Company, respectively. In 2005, Mayor Ron Littlefield stated his desire for the city to purchase the Tennessee-American Water Company, which was sold in a public offering in 2007.[101][102] Former Mayor Jon Kinsey's attempts to have the city buy control of Tennessee-American Water were defeated in court.

EPB Fiber Optics is the dominant cable and internet service provider for most areas of the city.[103] The incumbent telephone company is AT&T Inc. However, competing phone companies, such as EPB, cellular phones, and VoIP are making inroads. A major interstate fiber optics line operated by AT&T traverses the city, making its way from Atlanta to Cincinnati. There are more choices among TV, Internet, and phone service providers for Chattanooga residents than in most other cities its size because of the intense competition between AT&T, Comcast, and EPB.[104]

EPB's gigabit public fiber optic network

Beginning in 2009 and continuing through March 2011, when Haletown, Tennessee, received service from EPB's fiber optic network, EPB began to establish its exclusive fiber optic network to its 600 sq mi (1,600 km2) service area, which covers the greater Chattanooga Metropolitan Statistical Area.[105] In September 2010, EPB became the first municipally-owned utilities company in the United States to offer internet access directly to the public at speeds up to ten gigabit (10,000 megabits) per second.[106][107] The network has been emulated by at least six other cities in Tennessee and studied by other cities in the U.S. and internationally.[108][109] Jay Weatherill, South Australia's Premier, visited Chattanooga in January 2012 and studied the gigabit network that was supporting critical city safety functions such as police and fire communications infrastructure, equipment and applications. He also inspected wastewater management, storm water management, traffic control and medical diagnostics applications, as well as operations of a smart lighting and camera system that allows the police to control public lighting and see what is happening in heavy crime areas. The use of broadband to carry the video and control signaling has contributed to making Chattanooga's Coolidge Park a safer place to visit.[110]

In 2011, the expansion of EPB's network became a subject of major controversy in Tennessee.[111] The success of its network, credited with the expansion of Volkswagen's Chattanooga plant and the establishment of Amazon.com facilities in Chattanooga and Cleveland, led to a number of legal challenges by AT&T and Comcast insisting that public funds not be used to fund expansion of public networks in competition with private ones.[112][113] However, according to EPB, federal agencies, electricity industry trade sources, and other press sources, the investment in the fully fiber optic network is justified by electrical system benefits alone, including early fault detection and decreases in standby power.[114][115][116][117][118][119]

Banking

As of 2014, there are 27 banks operating in the Chattanooga metropolitan area, lending to financial strength.[120] Among the larger banks are regional banks First Horizon Bank, Truist Financial, and Regions Financial Corporation, but the area also has offices from UBS, Chase, and Bank of America. In part to the strength and growing economic development, Chase recently shifted its East Tennessee headquarters from Knoxville to Chattanooga.[121]

In early 2015, three locally owned banks and one in nearby Cleveland, Tennessee, were acquired by other banks. CapitalMark, formed in 2007, will be acquired by the Nashville-based Pinnacle Financial Partners for $187 million to have the fourth largest market share in the Chattanooga metro area.[122] First Security Group, Inc, the largest Chattanooga-based bank, formed in 2000, will be acquired by the Atlanta-based Atlantic Capital Bancshares, Inc., for $160 million. Cornerstone, started in 1985, will merge with the Knoxville-based SmartBank in a stock deal. Cleveland's Southern Heritage Bank was acquired in 2014 by First Citizens National Bank in Dyersburg, Tennessee, for $32.2 million. All these mergers only leave one Chattanooga-based, independent bank, First Volunteer Bank. Others in the area locally based include Dunlap, Tennessee-based Citizens Tri-County Bank, Ooltewah-based Community Trust and Banking Co., Dayton, Tennessee-based Community National Bank, Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia-based Capital Bank, LaFayette, Georgia-based Bank of LaFayette, and Cleveland-based Bank of Cleveland.[123]

Culture and tourism

Museums

 
Contemporary extension of the Hunter Museum of American Art

As the birthplace of the tow truck, Chattanooga is the home of the International Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum.[124] Another transportation icon, the passenger train, can be found at the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum, called TVRM by locals, which is the largest operating historic railroad in the South. Chattanooga is home to the Hunter Museum of American Art. Other notable museums include the Chattanooga History Center, the National Medal of Honor Museum, the Houston Museum of Decorative Arts, the Chattanooga African American Museum, and the Creative Discovery Museum.[125][126][127][128][129]

Arts and literature

Chattanooga has a wide range of performing arts in different venues. Chattanooga's historic Tivoli Theatre, dating from 1921 and one of the first public air-conditioned buildings in the United States, is home to the Chattanooga Symphony and Opera (CSO), which became the first merged symphony and opera company in the United States in 1985. The CSO performs under the baton of Kayoko Dan.[130] The Chattanooga Theatre Centre offers 15 productions each year in three separate theater programs: the Mainstage, the Circle Theater, and the Youth Theater.[131][132]

Another popular performance venue is the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium. It was built between 1922 and 1924 by John Parks, General Contractors, and was designed by the architect R.H. Hunt, who also designed the Tivoli Theatre in Chattanooga.[133]

Chattanooga hosts several writing conferences, including the Conference on Southern Literature and the Festival of Writers, both sponsored by the Arts & Education Council of Chattanooga.[134][135][136]

Attractions

Chattanooga touts many attractions, including the Tennessee Aquarium, caverns, and new waterfront attractions along and across the Tennessee River. In the downtown area is the Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel, housed in the renovated Terminal Station. Also downtown are the Creative Discovery Museum, a hands-on children's museum dedicated to science, art, and music; an IMAX 3D Theatre, and the newly expanded Hunter Museum of American Art. The Tennessee Riverwalk, an approximately 13-mile-long (21 km) trail running alongside the river, is another attraction for both tourists and residents alike.

Across the river from downtown is the North Shore district, roughly bounded by the Olgiati Bridge to the west and Veterans Bridge to the east. The newly renovated area draws locals and tourists to locally owned independent boutique stores and restaurants, plus attractions along the Chattanooga Riverpark system, including Coolidge Park and Renaissance Park.[137][138]

The Chattanooga Zoo at Warner Park is at 301 North Holtzclaw Avenue, a short distance from the downtown area. Hours of operation are from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. every day. In 1937, the first small exhibit was "established with the construction of a 4x6' cage for two Rhesus Monkeys."[139] The Zoo has since grown, as in 2017, "the Zoo kicked off the year with the announcement of the Kits and Cubs Program, which is a unique early childhood learning program designed specifically for the youngest of animal lovers."[139] And in May 2017, "the Zoo broke ground to expand the Corcovado Jungle exhibit adding six new outdoor and six new indoor exhibits to house small South American monkeys and mammals in June."[139] Parks and natural scenic areas provide other attractions. The red-and-black painted "See Rock City" barns along highways in the Southeast are remnants of a now-classic Americana tourism campaign to attract visitors to the Rock City tourist attraction in nearby Lookout Mountain, Georgia. The mountain is also the site of Ruby Falls and Craven's House.[140] The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway is a steep funicular railway that rises from the St. Elmo Historic District to the top of the mountain, where passengers can visit the National Park Service's Point Park and the Battles for Chattanooga Museum.[141] Formerly known as Confederama, the museum includes a diorama that details the Battle of Chattanooga. From the military park, visitors can enjoy panoramic views of Moccasin Bend and the Chattanooga skyline from the mountain's famous "point" or from vantage points along the well-marked trail system.[142]

Near Chattanooga, the Raccoon Mountain Reservoir, Raccoon Mountain Caverns, and Reflection Riding Arboretum and Botanical Garden boast a number of outdoor and family fun opportunities. Other arboretums include Bonny Oaks Arboretum, Cherokee Arboretum at Audubon Acres, and Cherokee Trail Arboretum. The Ocoee River, host to a number of events at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, features rafting, kayaking, camping, and hiking. Just outside Chattanooga is the Lake Winnepesaukah amusement park. The Cumberland Trail begins in Signal Mountain, just outside Chattanooga.

Festivals and events

Chattanooga hosts the well-known Riverbend Festival, an annual four-day music festival held in June in the downtown area. One of the most popular events is the "Bessie Smith Strut", a one-night showcase of blues and jazz music named for the city's most noted blues singer. The annual "Southern Brewer's Festival" and the "River Roast" festival celebrate such traditional Southern staples as beer and barbecue.

New events, such as GoFest!, the "Between the Bridges" wakeboard competition, Heritage Festival, and Talespin, complement well-established events, such as Riverbend and the Southern Brewer's Festival, and attract their own audiences.[143][144] Back Row Films is a citywide celebration of film co-sponsored by the Hunter Museum of American Art, the Arts & Education Council, and UTC.[145]

"Nightfall" is a free weekly concert series in Miller Plaza on Friday nights that features an eclectic mix of rock, blues, jazz, reggae, zydeco, funk, bluegrass, and folk music from Memorial Day until the end of September.[146] The Chattanooga Market features events all year round as part of the "Sunday at the Southside", including an Oktoberfest in mid-October.

The Chattanooga Dulcimer Festival, held each June, features workshops for mountain dulcimer, hammered dulcimer, and auto harp, among others, along with performances by champion performers from across the nation.[147]

Chattanooga is also the center of much bluegrass music. In 1935, as well as from 1993 to 1995, the city hosted the National Folk Festival. Since 2007, the annual 3 Sisters Festival showcases traditional and contemporary bluegrass artists, and has been named one of the country's "5 Best" bluegrass festivals by Great American Country.[148]

Each January, Chattanooga plays host to Chattacon, a science fiction and fantasy literary convention.[149] The convention is organized by the nonprofit Chattanooga Speculative Fiction Fans, Inc. First held in 1976, the convention drew an estimated 1,000 attendees to the Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel in 2012, as well as an estimated 1,300 attendees in 2013.[150][151]

Since 2014, Chattanooga has been home to the Chattanooga Film Festival, an annual film festival.[152][153][154]

Moon River Festival is held every September in Coolidge Park.[citation needed]

Sports

Chattanooga has a large, growing, and diversified sports scene for a city of its size, including college sports, minor league baseball, semi-professional teams, professional cycling exemplified by the Volkswagen USA Cycling Professional Road & Time Trial National Championships, the Ironman Triathlon, and a large nationally renowned regatta the first weekend of November.

Organized sports

College sports

Chattanooga was the home of the NCAA Division I Football Championship game, which was held at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga, from 1997 to 2009.

The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) Mocs compete in NCAA Division I and the Southern Conference. UTC's athletic programs include football at the FCS level, women's soccer, volleyball, and cross country in the fall; men's and women's basketball, Wrestling, and indoor track & field in the winter; and softball and outdoor track & field in the spring. Men's and women's golf and men's and women's tennis play in the fall and spring.

Semi-Pro and Minor League Baseball

The Chattanooga Lookouts, a Class AA Double-A South baseball team affiliated with the Cincinnati Reds, play at the riverfront AT&T Field.[155]

Chattanooga also is home to several semi-professional football teams, including the Tennessee Crush and the Chattanooga Steam. The Tennessee Crush plays its games at Finley Stadium in downtown Chattanooga. The Chattanooga Steam plays at Lookout Valley High School near Lookout Mountain.

Professional soccer

The city has two professional soccer teams. From 2009 to 2019, Chattanooga FC played in the National Premier Soccer League, but is moved to an unsanctioned professional league (NISA) in 2020.[156] Founded in 2009,[157] Chattanooga FC has gone to the national finals four times since its inception, and drew a record 18,227 fans for their 2015 NPSL title match.[158] The club has also found success in the U.S. Open Cup defeating the professional USL's Wilmington Hammerheads to reach the tournament's third round in 2014 and 2015. In 2019, Chattanooga FC became one of the founding members of NPSL's Founders Cup, a group of eleven teams playing a professional tournament in the fall before forming a fully professional league in 2020.[159] To support this, Chattanooga FC became only the second sports team in the U.S., after the Green Bay Packers, to sell supporter shares in the team.[157] These moves were partially in response to a USL League One franchise, the Chattanooga Red Wolves SC starting play in the 2019 inaugural season of that new third-tier professional league under the direction of Chattanooga FC's former general manager.[160][161] The Red Wolves are play in USL League One and intend to build a multi-million dollar soccer specific stadium in the neighboring town of East Ridge, Tennessee.[162] Before the proposed stadium was built, the Red Wolves had a legal battle with Arkansas State, with ASU sending them a cease-and-desist letter in November 2019. The stadium was announced as CHI Memorial Stadium, and was opened for play and fans in 2020 while still under construction. It will hold an estimated 5,000 fans for soccer matches.[163]

Rugby

Chattanooga is also home to several rugby teams: the Chattanooga Rugby Football Club, Nooga Red, Nooga Black, men's Old Boys, a women's rugby team, men's and women's teams at UTC, and an all-city high school team.[164] The Chattanooga Rugby Football Club, which was established in 1978 and the 2011 and 2013 DII Mid South champions, is affiliated with USA Rugby and USA Rugby South. The club fields two teams, Nooga Red, which competes in Division II, and Nooga Black, which competes in Division III.[165] There is also a men's Old Boys team, a Chattanooga women's rugby team, as well as collegiate men's and women's teams representing the Mocs at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. A citywide high school rugby team, the Wolfpack, was established in 2012 and is open to any high school player living in the Chattanooga area.[164] All seven teams play their home matches at Montague Park.

 
Overlooking the grandstand and finish area at the 2008 Head of the Hooch

Outdoor sports

Rowing

The Head of the Hooch rowing regatta takes place along the Tennessee River in downtown Chattanooga during the first weekend of November. The head race originally took place on the Chattahoochee River in Atlanta before moving to Chattanooga in 2005, hence the name "Head of the Hooch". With 1,965 boats in 2011 and nearly 2,000 boats in 2012, this competition ranks as the 2nd largest regatta in the United States,[citation needed] with numerous college and youth teams, such as UNC Men's Crew, Vanderbilt Rowing Club, James Madison University Crew, University of Tennessee Women's Rowing, Orlando Rowing Club, Nashville Rowing Club, Newport Rowing Club, and Chattanooga Rowing, competing.[166][167][168] There are also multiple local rowing clubs, such as the Lookout Rowing Club for adults and the Chattanooga Junior Rowing Club for high school students. The weekend of the Head of the Hooch also sees hot-air balloon rides and other activities.

Cycling

In 2013, the Volkswagen USA Cycling Professional Road & Time Trial National Championships were held in Chattanooga. The schedule for the 3-day event on May 25–27 featured a handcycling time trail and various other cycling time trials and road races, including a men's road race that took the cyclists through the heart of downtown Chattanooga and up Lookout Mountain for a total race distance of 102.5 miles (165.0 km).[169] American professional cyclist Freddie Rodriguez won the national road race championship title for the fourth time in his career.[170] The Championships' debut in Chattanooga marked the first time in the event's 29-year history that women were allowed to compete for professional national titles.[171] Chattanooga will also host the Championships in 2014 and 2015.[172]

The city is home to the Chattanooga Bicycle Club. It was established in 1967 to "encourage and promote bicycle riding and safety, and to foster good relationships between cyclists and motorists by demonstrating courtesy and respect the law."[173] The Chattanooga Bicycle Club advocates for transportation, fitness, and recreation, as well as health and wellness.

This club is in relative with the League of American Bicyclists (LAB), Adventure Cycling, Bike Chattanooga, and Outdoor Chattanooga.

Running

Due to its location at the junction of the Cumberland Plateau and the southern Appalachians, Chattanooga has become a haven for outdoor sports, and has even been named Outside Magazine's "Best Town Ever" twice[174] such as hunting, fishing, trail running, road running, adventure racing, rock climbing, mountain biking, and road biking. The internationally known[175] StumpJump 50k has been hosted on nearby Signal Mountain since 2002.

The Erlanger Half Marathon and Marathon have become a large part of the spring activities in Chattanooga in recent years. These events are orchestrated by the Chattanooga Sports Committee, and the half marathon course and marathon course are designed by the same group of runners. The course is subject to change throughout the years. The most recent marathon and half marathon were held on March 3, 2019.

Triathlons

In August 2013, further cementing Chattanooga's growing status as a nationally recognized outdoor haven,[176][177] the Chattanooga Sports Committee, an organization established in 1992 to help the city host major sporting events, announced that the Ironman Triathlon would be coming to the city in a 5-year deal.[178][179] The city became one of only 11 cities in the United States to host the grueling competition showcasing Chattanooga's natural beauty, which consists of a 2.4-mile (3.9 km) swim, a 112-mile (180 km) bike race (which is broken down into two 56-mile (90 km) loops), and a 26.2-mile (42.2 km) run (which is broken down into two 13.1-mile (21.1 km) loops). The event has a $40,000 prize purse and chances to qualify for the Ironman World Championship in Hawaii.[180] On November 4, 2014, it was announced that Chattanooga would host The Ironman 70.3 event, also known as the Half Ironman, in addition to the standard Ironman Triathlon. This event consists of a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) swim, 56-mile (90 km) bike ride, and 13.1-mile (21.1 km) run, and has a prize pot of $30,000. On September 29, 2015, The Chattanooga Convention and Visitors Bureau announced that Ironman had chosen Chattanooga, Tennessee to host the 2017 Ironman 70.3 World Championships.[181]

Awards

Chattanooga has been a member of the League of American Bicyclists' Bronze level since October 2003, the only city in Tennessee to be a member of the organization before Knoxville and Nashville joined in 2010 and 2012, respectively.[182] The city has a number of outdoor clubs: Scenic City Velo, SORBA-Chattanooga, the Wilderness Trail Running Association, and the Chattanooga Track Club. The city also funds Outdoor Chattanooga, an organization focused on promoting outdoor recreation. In September 2004, the city appointed its first-ever executive director of Outdoor Chattanooga to implement the organization's mission, which includes promoting bicycling for transportation, recreation, and active living.[183] For paddlers, Chattanooga offers the Tennessee River Blueway, a 50-mile (80 km) recreational section of the Tennessee River that flows through Chattanooga and the Tennessee River Gorge. The Tennessee Aquarium has a high speed catamaran, the River Gorge Explorer, to allow up to 70 people to explore the Tennessee River Gorge.[184] The Explorer departs from the Chattanooga Pier.[185] Since 2008, Chattanooga has hosted the Skyhoundz[186] World Canine Disc Championship, the crowning event of the largest disc dog competition series in the world.

Media and communications

The city of Chattanooga is served by numerous local, regional, and national media outlets which reach approximately one million people in four states: Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and North Carolina.

Newspapers

 

The Chattanooga Times Free Press, the area's only daily newspaper, is published every morning. It was formed in 1999 from the merger of two papers that had been bitter rivals for half a century, the Times and the News-Free Press. The Times was owned and published by Adolph Ochs, who later bought The New York Times. The Times was the morning paper and had a generally more liberal editorial page. The News-Free Press, whose name was the result of an earlier merger, was an afternoon daily and its editorials were more conservative than those in the Times. On August 27, 1966, the News-Free Press became the first newspaper in the nation to dissolve a joint operating agreement.[187][188] In 1999, the Free Press, which had changed its name from News-Free Press in 1993, was bought by an Arkansas company, WEHCO Media, publisher of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, which then bought The Times from the Ochs heirs.[189] The Times Free Press is the only newspaper in the United States to have two editorial pages, reflecting opposite ends of the political spectrum. The Times's editorial page, which is liberal, is on the left page and the Free Press's editorial page, which is conservative, is on the right.[190]

The Chattanooga Pulse is a free weekly alternative newspaper, published every Wednesday, that focuses primarily on arts, music, film and culture.[191] It was formed in 2003 by Zachary Cooper and Michael Kull, running independently until 2008, when the paper was purchased by Brewer Media Group, which also owns and operates five radio stations in the city.

Enigma is a free monthly pop culture and entertainment magazine.[192] Founded as a weekly newspaper in 1995 by David Weinthal, Enigma lays claim to being Chattanooga's oldest alternative newspaper, even though it had ceased physical publication from 2013 until it resumed as a monthly magazine in 2015.

The Chattanooga News Chronicle is an African-American weekly newspaper.[193]

Online media

The Chattanoogan and its website "Chattanoogan.com", established in 1999, is an online media outlet that concentrates on news from Chattanooga, North Georgia, and Southeast Tennessee. The publisher is John Wilson, previously a staff writer for the Chattanooga Free Press. The Chattanoogan is the oldest online newspaper in Chattanooga.[194][195]

Nooga.com, purchased in November 2010 by local entrepreneur Barry Large, relaunched in 2011 as a local news website offering "quality daily content focusing on local business, politics, and entertainment in the Chattanooga area."[196] In August 2018, Nooga.com partnered with Greenville, S.C.-based media company 6AM City.[197] The outlet was rebranded and relaunched as NOOGAtoday in September 2018.[198][199] While NOOGAtoday's primary product is its daily email newsletter, it also publishes content on its social media accounts and website.[199]

Radio

Chattanooga is served by the following AM and FM radio stations:

AM

  • WDYN 980 AM – Southern Gospel / WDYN Radio,[200] operated by Tennessee Temple University (licensed to Rossville, GA)
  • WFLI 1070 AM – Top 40 from the '60s & '70s (licensed to Chattanooga-Lookout Mountain, TN)
  • WGOW 1150 AM – News Talk / NewsRadio 1150[201] (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
  • WNOO 1260 AM – Urban gospel and Motown (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
  • WXCT 1370 AM – Sports / 1370 Fox Sports Radio (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
  • WLMR 1450 AM – Christian Talk (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
  • WJOC 1490 AM – Southern Gospel (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)

FM

  • WUTC 88.1 FM – NPR[202]/Mixed music / Music 88. Operated by UTC. First station in Chattanooga to broadcast in HD Radio. (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
  • W203AZ 88.5 FM – Religious / CSN International[203] (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
  • WMBW 88.9 FM – Christian / Moody Radio For The Heart of the Southeast. Owned and operated by Moody Bible Institute. (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
  • WYBK 89.7 FM – Christian. Operated by Bible Broadcasting Network. (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
  • W211BG 90.1 FM – Religious[204] (Licensed to Walden, TN)
  • WSMC 90.5 FM – Classical/NPR/PRI[205] Operated by Southern Adventist University. (licensed to Collegedale, TN)
  • WJBP 91.5 FM – Christian / Family Life Radio[206] (licensed to Red Bank, TN)
  • WAWL – College Alternative / The Wawl (web only / formerly broadcasting on 91.5) Chattanooga State Community College (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
  • WDEF-FM 92.3 FM – Adult Contemporary / Sunny 92.3[207] (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
  • WSAA 93.1 FM – Christian Rock / Air 1[208] (licensed to Benton, TN)
  • WMPZ 93.5 FM – Urban Adult Contemporary / Groove 93[209] (licensed to Harrison, TN)
  • WJTT 94.3 FM – Urban contemporary / Power 94[210] (licensed to Red Bank, TN)
  • WAAK-LP 94.7 FM – Variety[211] (low power station licensed to Boynton/Ringgold, GA)
  • WALV-FM 95.3 FM – ESPN Chattanooga[212] (licensed to Ooltewah, TN)
  • WUSY 96.1 FM - Classic Country / The Legend 96.1[213]
  • WDOD 96.5 FM – Hits 96.5—Chattanooga's No. 1 Hit Music Station[214] (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
  • WUUQ 97.3 and 99.3 FM – Classic Country / Q Country 97.3/99.3 (licensed to South Pittsburg, TN)
  • WLND 98.1 FM – Hot AC / 98.1 The Lake[215] (licensed to Signal Mountain, TN)
  • WOOP-LP 99.9 FM – Classic country, old-time gospel, bluegrass, and mountain music.[216] Operated by the Traditional Music Resource Center (licensed to Cleveland, TN)
  • WUSY 100.7 FM – Contemporary Country / US101[217] (licensed to Cleveland, TN)
  • WJSQ 101.7 FM – Contemporary and Classic country / 101.7 WLAR[218] (licensed to Athens, TN)
  • WOCE 101.9 FM – Spanish (licensed to Ringgold, GA)
  • WGOW 102.3 FM – Talk Radio 102.3[219] (licensed to Soddy-Daisy, TN)
  • WBDX 102.7 FM – Contemporary Christian[220] (licensed to Trenton, GA)
  • WJLJ 103.1 FM – Contemporary Christian[220] (simulcast with WBDX 102.7) (licensed to Etowah, TN)
  • WKXJ 103.7 FM – Top 40 / 103.7 Kiss FM[221] (licensed to Walden, TN)
  • WUIE 105.1 FM – American Family Radio (licensed to Lakeside, TN)
  • WRXR-FM 105.5 FM – Active Rock / Rock 105[222] (licensed to Rossville, GA)
  • WSKZ 106.5 FM – Classic Rock / KZ106[223] (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
  • W295BI (WALV HD-2) Adult Contemporary / Big Easy 106.9[224] (licensed to Ooltewah, TN)
  • WOGT 107.9 FM – Country / Nash Icon[225] (licensed to East Ridge, TN)

Television

Chattanooga's television stations include:

  • WRCB channel 3, NBC affiliate (DT 13 / cable 4)
  • WOOT-LD channel 6, independent (formerly UPN) (silent)
  • WTVC channel 9, ABC/Fox affiliate (DT 9 / cable 10)
  • WDEF channel 12, CBS affiliate (DT 8 / cable 13)
  • WNGH channel 18, GPB affiliate (DT 4 / cable 12)
  • WELF channel 23, TBN affiliate (DT 28 / cable 9)
  • W26BE channel 26, 3ABN affiliate (cable 295)
  • WTCI channel 45, PBS member station (DT 35 / cable 5)
  • WFLI-TV channel 53, The CW/MyNetworkTV affiliate (Formerly UPN and The WB) (DT 23 / cable 6)
  • WDSI channel 61, This TV affiliate (DT 14 / cable 11)

Law and government

 
Flag of Chattanooga from 1923 to 2012

The current mayor is Tim Kelly, who was elected in April 2021.[226]

 
Flag of Chattanooga from 2012

The city operates under a charter granted by the state legislature in 1852; the charter has been subsequently amended.

The city operates under a strong mayor system, which changed from a commission form of government with members voted at-large. In 1987 twelve African American city residents filed a complaint, Brown v. Board of Commissioners of the City of Chattanooga, alleging that the commission-style government violated their civil rights, including the Voting Rights Act of 1965, by diluting the minority black vote.[227] In 1989 U.S. District Judge R. Allan Edgar ruled in their favor, compelling the city to abandon the at-large voting system that it had used for the 'commission' form of government, established single-member geographical districts to proportionally represent both majority and minority elements of the population according to the city's racial demographics, eliminated voting privileges for non-resident property owners, and created the city's current mayor-council form of government. The Chattanooga City Council has nine members, of whom four are African American. The strong-mayor system began in 1991 after a 1990 citywide election that used the new court-ordered district system.[227]

The city's legislative branch is represented by members from nine districts, elected from single-member districts in partisan elections. The current council members are Chip Henderson (District 1), Jenny Hill (District 2), Ken Smith (District 3), Darrin Ledford (District 4), Isiah Hester (District 5), Carol Berz (District 6), Raquetta Dotley (District 7), Marvene Noel (District 8), and Demetrus Coonrod (District 9).[228]

Chattanooga's delegation to the Tennessee House of Representatives includes Robin Smith[229] (R), District 26; Patsy Hazlewood[230] (R), District 27; Yusuf Hakeem[231] (D), District 28; Mike Carter[232] (R), District 29; and Esther Helton[233] (R), District 30. In the Tennessee Senate, Chattanooga is divided between Districts 10 and 11 with Todd Gardenhire[234] (R) and Bo Watson[235] (R) representing each district respectively.

Chattanooga is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Chuck Fleischmann (R), who represents the 3rd District.[236] In the United States Senate, both Marsha Blackburn (R) and Bill Hagerty (R) have district offices in Chattanooga.[237][238]

Chattanooga, as the county seat of Hamilton County, is home to Chattanooga's City Courts and Hamilton County's Courts.

Chattanooga is the location of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee's Southern Division, which is housed in the Joel W. Solomon Federal Courthouse. The Southern Division has jurisdiction over Bledsoe, Bradley, Hamilton, Marion, McMinn, Meigs, Polk, Rhea, and Sequatchie counties.

The Chattanooga Police Department dates from 1852. Starting in 1883, it hired black police officers, making Chattanooga one of the first major Southern cities to have them. But after the state legislature imposed segregation, black police officers were dropped from the force. They were hired again on a permanent basis beginning on August 11, 1948, years before other major cities in the Southeast, such as Birmingham, Alabama and Jackson, Mississippi, integrated their police departments. The first seven black officers in 1948, Thaddeus Arnold, Singer Askins, W.B. Baulridge, C.E. Black, Morris Glenn, Arthur Heard, and Thomas Patterson, were initially restricted to walking beats in black neighborhoods. In 1960, black police officers were authorized to patrol all neighborhoods and arrest white citizens.[239][240][241]

Education

Primary and secondary education

Most of Chattanooga's primary and secondary education is funded by the government. The public schools in Chattanooga, as well as Hamilton County, have fallen under the purview of the Hamilton County Schools since the 1997 merger of the urban Chattanooga City Schools system and the mostly rural Hamilton County Schools system.[242][243] The Howard School was the first public school in the area, established in 1865 after the Civil War.[244] Tyner High School (now Tyner Academy) was the first secondary school built east of Missionary Ridge in 1907. It is now the home of Tyner Middle Academy. The Chattanooga School for the Arts and Sciences, the STEM School Of Chattanooga and the Chattanooga High School Center for Creative Arts are additional public magnet schools.

The city is home to several well-known private and parochial secondary schools, including Baylor School, Boyd-Buchanan School, Chattanooga Christian School, Girls Preparatory School, McCallie School, and Notre Dame High School. The Siskin Children's Institute in Chattanooga is a specialized institution in the field of early childhood special education.[245]

Higher education

 
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga's Founders Hall in June 2007

A wide variety of higher education institutions can be found in Chattanooga and nearby. The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga is the second largest campus of the University of Tennessee System, with a student population of over 11,587 as of 2017–18 school year.[246] Chattanooga State Community College is a two-year community college with a total undergraduate enrollment of roughly 8150 students in 2018.[247] Tennessee Temple University was a Baptist college located in the Highland Park neighborhood that is no longer operating as of 2015. Chattanooga is also home to a branch of the University of Tennessee College of Medicine, which provides medical education to third- and fourth-year medical students, residents, and other medical professionals in southeast Tennessee through an affiliation with Erlanger Health System. Covenant College, a private liberal arts college operated by the Presbyterian Church in America, is located in the nearby suburb of Lookout Mountain, Georgia, and has a student population of about 1,000. Southern Adventist University is located in the suburb of Collegedale, Tennessee, and enrolls roughly 3,000 students. Richmont Graduate University is a Christian graduate school located in Chattanooga with a CACREP accredited clinical mental health counseling program as well as other ministry related degrees and a student population close to 300. Virginia College School of Business and Health offers a variety of programs leading to diplomas, associate degrees, and bachelor's degrees.

Public library

The Chattanooga Public Library opened in 1905.[248] Since 1976, the Chattanooga-Hamilton County Bicentennial Library system had been jointly operated by the city and county governments; due to Chattanooga terminating a 1966 agreement with Hamilton County to distribute sales tax revenue equally, the city has taken over full funding responsibilities as of 2011.[249][250] The city was given a Carnegie library in 1904, and the two-story purpose-built marble structure survives to this day at Eighth Street and Georgia Avenue as commercial office space. In 1939, the library moved to Douglas Street and McCallie Avenue and shared the new building with the John Storrs Fletcher Library of the University of Chattanooga. This building is now called Fletcher Hall and houses classrooms and offices for the university. In 1976, the city library moved to its third and current location at the corner of Tenth and Broad streets.

Health care

Chattanooga has three hospital systems: Erlanger Health System, Parkridge Hospital System, and CHI Memorial Hospital System.

Founded in 1889, Erlanger is the seventh largest public healthcare system in the United States[251] with more than half a million patient visits a year.[252] Erlanger Hospital is a non-profit academic teaching center affiliated with the University of Tennessee's College of Medicine.[253] Erlanger is also the area's primary trauma center, a Level-One Trauma Center for adults, and the only provider of tertiary care for the residents of southeastern Tennessee, north Georgia, northeastern Alabama, and western North Carolina.[253] In 2008, Erlanger was named one of the nation's "100 Top teaching hospitals for cardiovascular care" by Thomson Reuters.[254] Erlanger has been operated by the Chattanooga-Hamilton County Hospital Authority since 1976.[255]

Parkridge Hospital is located east of downtown in the Glenwood district and is run by Tri-Star Healthcare. Tri-Star also operates Parkridge East Medical Center in nearby East Ridge.

Memorial Hospital, which is operated by Denver-based Catholic Health Initiatives, is located downtown. In 2004, Memorial was named one of the "100 Top Teaching Hospitals" by Thomson Reuters.[256]

Transportation

Considered to be the gateway to the Deep South, along with the Midwest and the Northeast for motorists from states such as Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, Chattanooga's extensive transportation infrastructure has evolved into an intricate system of interstates, streets, tunnels, railroad lines, bridges, and a commercial airport. While only a midsize city, Chattanooga is ranked as having some of the worst traffic congestion of cities its size, due primarily to unusually high volumes of truck traffic.[257] A 2015 study by Cambridge Systematics found that 80% of trucks that pass through Chattanooga are destined for a different location, the highest share of any metropolitan area in the country.[258]

Highways

Interstate 75 (I-75) connects Chattanooga with Knoxville to the northeast and Atlanta to the south. The eastern terminus of Interstate 24 (I-24) is in Chattanooga with I-75, which connects the city to Nashville to the northwest. The northern terminus of Interstate 59 (I-59) is about 10 miles (16 km) southwest of downtown Chattanooga in Dade County, Georgia, and connects the city to Birmingham to the southwest. A controlled-access segment of U.S. Route 27 (US 27) begins at an interchange with I-24 in downtown Chattanooga, and ends in northern Hamilton County, connecting the city with the cities of Red Bank, Soddy Daisy, Dayton, and Dunlap to the north. State Route 153 (SR 153), some of which is controlled-access, is a major route which connects I-75 to US 27 in the eastern and northern parts of the city. A short controlled-access portion of SR 319, known as DuPont Parkway, connects downtown Chattanooga to the Hixson area.[259]

In addition to US 27, several other US Highways pass through Chattanooga as surface streets, and many share concurrencies. They include U.S. Routes 11, 41, 64, 72, 76, and 127, the last three of which have termini in Chattanooga. US 11 and 64 form a concurrency as Brainerd Road and Lee Highway, and connect Chattanooga to Collegedale and Cleveland to the northeast. US 41/76 (Ringgold Road) connects the city to Ringgold, Georgia to the southwest, and a surface-street section of US 27 (Rossville Boulevard) connects to Rossville, Fort Oglethorpe, and LaFayette, all in Georgia, to the south. Beginning in downtown and continuing for several miles to the southwest, US Routes 11, 41, 64, and 72 run together as Cummings Highway, before US 11 splits off, heading toward Trenton, Georgia. The remaining three routes continue toward Jasper, where US 72 splits off headed towards Huntsville, Alabama. US 127 (Signal Mountain Boulevard) begins in North Chattanooga at an interchange with US 27, and connects the city to Signal Mountain and Dunlap to the northwest.[259]

Other major state routes in Chattanooga include routes 17, 58 (Riverfront Parkway, Amnicola Highway), 148 (Lookout Mountain Scenic Highway), 317 (Bonny Oaks Drive), 319 (Hixson Pike), and 320 (East Brainerd Road). Major city-maintained surface streets include Broad Street, Georgia Avenue, Gunbarrel Road, Hickory Valley Road, McCallie Avenue, Shallowford Road, Dayton Boulevard, and Frazier Avenue.[259]

Tunnels

  • Bachman Tubes (also unofficially known as The East Ridge Tunnels), which carry Ringgold Road (US 41/76) into the neighboring city of East Ridge.
  • Missionary Ridge Tunnels (also unofficially known as McCallie or Brainerd Tunnels), which carry McCallie and Bailey Avenues (US 11/64) through Missionary Ridge where the route continues as Brainerd Road.
  • Stringer's Ridge Tunnel, which carries Cherokee Boulevard through Stringer's Ridge where the route continues as Dayton Boulevard.
  • Wilcox Tunnel, which carries Wilcox Boulevard through Missionary Ridge and connects to Shallowford Road.

Public transit

The city is served by a publicly run bus company, the Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority (CARTA). CARTA operates 17 routes, including a free electric shuttle service in the downtown area, and free wireless Internet on certain "smartbuses".[260]

The Chattanooga Department of Transportation has a mission "to make efficient transportation viable for all commuters- cyclists, pedestrians, transit users, and motorists while enhancing multi-use public spaces for all people."[261] Chattanooga favors public transit, as the opening lines on the TDOT website read: "Sit back, relax, and let someone else deal with the traffic. Compared to driving, public transportation is less expensive, safer, and better for the environment. It reduces traffic congestion, saves energy, and benefits the communities it serves."[262]

Bicycle-sharing system

The city has its own bicycle transit system (Bike Chattanooga)[263] with 300 bikes and 33 docking stations, all supplied by PBSC Urban Solutions, a Canadian company.[264]

Railroad lines

Though Chattanooga's most famous connection to the railroad industry is "Chattanooga Choo Choo", a 1941 song made famous by Glenn Miller & His Orchestra, the city serves as a major freight hub with Norfolk Southern (NS) and CSX running trains on their own (and each other's) lines. The Norfolk Southern Railway's main classification yard, DeButts Yard, is just east of downtown; Norfolk Southern's Shipp's Yard and CSX's Wauhatchie Yard are southwest of the city. Norfolk Southern maintains a large railroad repair shop in Chattanooga.[265] The two railroad companies are among the largest individual landowners in the city (the Federal Government is another).[266]

The Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum (TVRM), the largest historic operating railroad in the South, and the Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway also provide railroad service in Chattanooga. The headquarters of the National Model Railroad Association (NMRA) were located in Chattanooga next to the TVRM from 1982 to 2013, when the NMRA moved to Soddy-Daisy, a nearby suburb.[267] (The NMRA had moved from Indianapolis, Indiana to Chattanooga.[267])

Despite the high level of freight rail activity, there is no passenger rail service in the city for commuters or long-distance travelers. But the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) has Chattanooga on a proposed future route that would run from Atlanta to Nashville twice daily, with additional stops in Marietta, GA; Cartersville, GA; Dalton, GA; Bridgeport, AL; Tullahoma, TN; Murfreesboro, TN; and the Nashville International Airport.[268]

Using the AAR reporting marks (NS for Norfolk Southern, CSXT for CSX Transportation, TVRM for the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum, TNT for subsidiary Tyner Terminal Railroad, and CCKY for Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway), the rail lines passing through Chattanooga are as follows:

The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway, often referred to as the Incline Railway by locals, serves as a tourist attraction. It is also occasionally used for commuting by Lookout Mountain residents, particularly during wintry weather when traveling up and down the mountain could be very dangerous.

Until the 1960s the Louisville and Nashville railroad ran passenger trains through Union Station and the Southern Railway ran trains through Terminal Station. The last train, the L&N's Georgian, left Terminal Station in October 1971.

Bridges

 
Bridges in Chattanooga (In the foreground is the Walnut Street Bridge, immediately behind is the Market Street Bridge, and then in the background is the P.R. Olgiati Bridge.)

Being bisected by the Tennessee River, Chattanooga has seven bridges that allow people to traverse the river; five of the bridges being automobile bridges, one a rail bridge, and one a pedestrian bridge. These are the following, from west to east:

 
Market Street Bridge facing the North Shore

Air travel

The Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA) offers non-stop service to various domestic destinations via regional and national airlines, including Allegiant Airlines, American Eagle, Delta Air Lines and its regional carrier Delta Connection, and United Express.[272]

Notable people

In popular culture

Chattanooga has been referred to in pop culture numerous times over the decades, including in books, documentaries, films, TV shows, and more. In recent years, Chattanooga has appeared in more productions of blockbuster movies and TV shows, as well as independent films and documentaries.[273][274]

Novels

Books that have Chattanooga as either a major or minor plot setting include Four and Twenty Blackbirds by Cherie Priest.[275]

Documentaries

Documentaries have been filmed in Chattanooga over the decades, mostly related to the railroad industry or the Civil War battles that were fought in Chattanooga. These include the following:[276]

  • Up Lookout Mountain on the Electric Incline (1913)[277]
  • Battle Fields Around Chattanooga (1913)[278]
  • The Blue and the Gray (1935)[279]
  • Our Country (2003)[280]
  • John Henry: Inside the Sculptors Studio (2008)[281]
  • Let There Be Light: The Odyssey of Dark Star (2010)[282]
  • Memphis & Charleston Railroad: Marriage of the Waters (2010)[283]
  • Born and Bred (2011)[284]
  • When Mourning Breaks (2013)[285]

Films

Chattanooga and its environs have been featured in numerous films since the early 1970s, principally due to Chattanooga being the home of the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum (TVRM), which has allowed its equipment to be filmed in various films.

A partial list of movies shot with TVRM equipment follows:[286]

In addition to the above TVRM films, the following films were filmed either in Chattanooga itself or in nearby locales:[276]

The 1941 Glenn Miller song that catapulted Chattanooga to international fame, "Chattanooga Choo Choo", has been performed in numerous movies, including the 1941 film Sun Valley Serenade, featuring the Miller Orchestra and Milton Berle, The Glenn Miller Story starring James Stewart in the 1953 title role, and the 1984 eponymous film Chattanooga Choo Choo.[308]

Sporting and entertainment events

A number of pro wrestling events, as well as other events, such as circuses, concerts, ice shows, monster truck rallies, and rodeos, have been held in Chattanooga since the late 1980s, all at UTC's McKenzie Arena, also known as The Roundhouse because of its round shape and the impact of the railroad industry on Chattanooga.[309] The events include the following:[276]

TV shows

Police POV, COPS, and the MTV show Cuff'd have shown members of the Chattanooga Police Department apprehending suspects.[318] In addition to police reality shows, Chattanooga and nearby areas have been either been featured or mentioned in several TV shows, including the following:[276]

Miscellaneous film and TV productions

Numerous independent short films have been produced in Chattanooga over the last several years, including the following:[276]

  • Outcasts (2003)[343]
  • Assurances (2004)[344]
  • A Bright Past (2008)[345]
  • Last Breath (2009)[346]
  • The Campaign for Chattanooga: Death Knell of the Confederacy (2012)[347]
  • Ella (2012)[348][349]

Some TV movies have been filmed in Chattanooga or nearby areas, as well, including the 1986 TV movie A Winner Never Quits.[350] In addition, the 1999 music video Usher Live, starring Chattanooga native Usher, was filmed in Chattanooga.[351]

Sister cities

Chattanooga's sister cities are:[352]

In January 2007, all of the cities above (with the exceptions of Wolfsburg and Tōno) and the former sister cities of Swindon and Ascoli Piceno had a tree native to each locale planted at Coolidge Park's Peace Grove, which was established to replace a 100-year-old Slippery elm tree which was damaged in a lightning storm in August 2006.[353][354] Wolfsburg and Tōno were added in September 2011 and January 2018, respectively.[355][356] The Peace Grove has nine trees: a linden tree, which represents Hamm; a Chinese elm, which represents Wuxi; a Mediterranean cedar, which represents Givatayim; a white birch, which represents Nizhny Tagil; a ginkgo tree, which represents Gangneung; an English elm, which represents Swindon; a European hornbeam, which represents Ascoli Piceno; an oak tree, which represents Wolfsburg; and a cherry tree, which represents Tōno.

Friendship cities

Chattanooga has friendly relations with:[352]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Official records for Chattanooga kept at the Weather Bureau downtown from January 1879 to June 1940 and at Lovell Field since July 1940.[75]

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chattanooga, tennessee, chattanooga, redirects, here, other, uses, chattanooga, disambiguation, chattanooga, chat, city, county, seat, hamilton, county, tennessee, united, states, located, along, tennessee, river, bordering, georgia, also, extends, into, mario. Chattanooga redirects here For other uses see Chattanooga disambiguation Chattanooga ˌ tʃ ae t e ˈ n uː ɡ e CHAT e NOO ge is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County Tennessee United States Located along the Tennessee River bordering Georgia it also extends into Marion County on its western end 1 With a population of 181 099 in 2020 9 it is Tennessee s fourth largest city and one of the two principal cities of East Tennessee along with Knoxville It anchors the Chattanooga metropolitan area Tennessee s fourth largest metropolitan statistical area 10 as well as a larger three state area that includes Southeast Tennessee Northwest Georgia and Northeast Alabama Chattanooga TennesseeCityFrom top left to right Chattanooga skyline Chattanooga Bank Building Brainerd Junior High School the Old Post Office Hamilton County Courthouse Chattanooga Choo Choo HotelFlagSealNicknames Scenic City official Chatt Chattown Gig City Nooga and River CityLocation of Chattanooga in Hamilton County TennesseeChattanoogaLocation within TennesseeShow map of TennesseeChattanoogaChattanooga the United States Show map of the United StatesCoordinates 35 2 44 N 85 16 2 W 35 04556 N 85 26722 W 35 04556 85 26722 Coordinates 35 2 44 N 85 16 2 W 35 04556 N 85 26722 W 35 04556 85 26722 2 CountryUnited StatesStateTennesseeCountyHamilton Marion 1 Incorporated1839 3 Government TypeMayor council MayorTim Kelly I Area 4 City150 08 sq mi 388 70 km2 Land142 35 sq mi 368 69 km2 Water7 73 sq mi 20 01 km2 Elevation 5 676 ft 206 m Population 2020 6 City181 099 Rank142nd in the United States4th in Tennessee Density1 272 19 sq mi 491 20 km2 Urban398 569 US 105th Urban density1 366 4 sq mi 527 6 km2 Metro 7 562 647 101st DemonymChattanooganTime zoneUTC 5 EST Summer DST UTC 4 EDT ZIP code s 37341 37343 37350 37351 37363 37377 37379 37402 37403 37404 37405 37406 37407 37408 37409 37410 37411 37412 37415 37416 37419 and 37421Area code423FIPS code47 14000 8 GNIS feature ID1307240 5 AirportChattanooga Metropolitan AirportPublic transportationCARTAWaterwaysTennessee RiverWebsitewww wbr chattanooga wbr govChatype the typeface used by Chattanooga Chattanooga was a crucial city during the American Civil War due to the multiple railroads that converge there After the war the railroads allowed for the city to grow into one of the Southeastern United States largest heavy industrial hubs Today major industry that drives the economy includes automotive advanced manufacturing food and beverage production healthcare insurance tourism and back office and corporate headquarters 10 Chattanooga remains a transit hub in the present day served by multiple Interstate highways and railroad lines It is 118 miles 190 km northwest of Atlanta Georgia 112 miles 180 km southwest of Knoxville Tennessee 134 miles 216 km southeast of Nashville Tennessee 102 miles 164 km east northeast of Huntsville Alabama and 147 miles 237 km northeast of Birmingham Alabama Divided by the Tennessee River Chattanooga is at the transition between the ridge and valley Appalachians and the Cumberland Plateau both of which are part of the larger Appalachian Mountains Its official nickname is the Scenic City alluding to the surrounding mountains ridges and valleys Unofficial nicknames include River City Chatt Nooga Chattown and Gig City the latter a reference to its claims that it has the fastest internet service in the Western Hemisphere 11 12 Chattanooga is internationally known from the 1941 hit song Chattanooga Choo Choo by Glenn Miller and his orchestra It is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga UTC and Chattanooga State Community College Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 Civil War 1 3 1867 flood 1 4 20th century 1 5 21st century 2 Geography 2 1 Cityscape 2 1 1 Downtown revitalization 2 2 Neighborhoods 2 3 Notable suburbs 2 4 Climate 2 5 Time zone 3 Demographics 3 1 2020 census 3 2 2010 census 3 3 Religion 4 Economy 4 1 Utilities 4 2 EPB s gigabit public fiber optic network 4 3 Banking 5 Culture and tourism 5 1 Museums 5 2 Arts and literature 5 3 Attractions 5 4 Festivals and events 6 Sports 6 1 Organized sports 6 1 1 College sports 6 1 2 Semi Pro and Minor League Baseball 6 1 3 Professional soccer 6 1 4 Rugby 6 2 Outdoor sports 7 Media and communications 7 1 Newspapers 7 2 Online media 7 3 Radio 7 3 1 AM 7 3 2 FM 7 4 Television 8 Law and government 9 Education 9 1 Primary and secondary education 9 2 Higher education 9 3 Public library 10 Health care 11 Transportation 11 1 Highways 11 2 Tunnels 11 3 Public transit 11 4 Bicycle sharing system 11 5 Railroad lines 11 6 Bridges 11 7 Air travel 12 Notable people 13 In popular culture 13 1 Novels 13 2 Documentaries 13 3 Films 13 4 Sporting and entertainment events 13 5 TV shows 13 6 Miscellaneous film and TV productions 14 Sister cities 14 1 Friendship cities 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External linksHistory EditSee also Timeline of Chattanooga Tennessee Early history Edit The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were Native Americans Sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period c 10 000 BCE show continuous human occupation through the Archaic Woodland Mississippian Muskogean Yuchi 900 1714 CE and Cherokee 1776 1838 periods The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the Chickamauga Creek is the oldest c 750 CE remaining visible art in Chattanooga 13 The Citico town and mound site was the most significant Mississippian Muscogee landmark in Chattanooga up to 1915 The first part of the name Chattanooga derives from the Muskogean word cvto chắtȯ rock 14 The latter may be derived from a regional suffix nuga meaning dwelling or dwelling place It is also believed to be derived from the Creek Indian word Chat to to noog gee meaning rock rising to a point which is speculated to be a reference to Lookout Mountain 15 The earliest Cherokee occupation of the area dates from 1776 when Dragging Canoe separated himself from the main tribe to establish resistance to European settlement during the Cherokee American wars In 1816 John Ross who later became Principal Chief established Ross s Landing Located along what is now Broad Street it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement which also extended into Georgia and Alabama 16 In 1838 the U S government forced the Cherokees along with other Native Americans to relocate to the area designated as Indian Territory in what is now the state of Oklahoma Their journey west became known as the Trail of Tears for their exile and fatalities along the way The U S Army used Ross s Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps or emigration depots where Native Americans were held before the journey on the Trail of Tears 17 In 1839 the community of Ross s Landing incorporated as the city of Chattanooga The city grew quickly initially benefiting from a location well suited for river commerce With the arrival of the railroad in 1850 Chattanooga became a boom town The city was known as the site where cotton meets corn referring to its location along the cultural boundary between the mountain communities of southern Appalachia and the cotton growing states to the south 16 Battles for Chattanooga November 24 25 1863 Civil War Edit Main article Chattanooga in the American Civil War During the American Civil War Chattanooga was a center of battle Chattanooga served as a hub connecting fifty percent of the Confederacy s arsenals those being located in Atlanta Augusta Columbus and Macon Chattanooga s railroads were vital to the Confederacy s transportation of raw material to processing plants for producing small arms munitions 18 During the Chickamauga Campaign Union artillery bombarded Chattanooga as a diversion and occupied it on September 9 1863 Following the Battle of Chickamauga the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga On November 23 1863 the Battles for Chattanooga began when Union forces led by Major General Ulysses S Grant reinforced troops at Chattanooga and advanced to Orchard Knob against Confederate troops besieging the city The next day the Battle of Lookout Mountain was fought driving the Confederates off the mountain On November 25 Grant s army routed the Confederates in the Battle of Missionary Ridge In regard to victories won by the Union Chattanooga marks one of three defining moments that turned the Civil War in their favor The Battle of Gettysburg brought the streak of victories obtained by the Confederacy to an end while the Siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy itself in half while Chattanooga served as the doorway to the deep south 19 These battles were followed the next spring by the Atlanta Campaign beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward After the war ended the city became a major railroad hub and industrial and manufacturing center 20 1867 flood Edit The largest flood in Chattanooga s history occurred in 1867 before the Tennessee Valley Authority TVA system was created in 1933 by Congress The flood crested at 58 feet 18 m and completely inundated the city Since the completion of the reservoir system the highest Chattanooga flood stage has been nearly 37 feet 11 m which occurred in 1973 Without regulation the flood would have crested at 52 4 feet 16 0 m 21 Chattanooga was a major priority in the design of the TVA reservoir system and remains a major operating priority in the 21st century 21 20th century Edit Market Street in 1907 In December 1906 Chattanooga was in the national headlines in United States v Shipp as the United States Supreme Court in the only criminal trial in its history ruled that Hamilton County Sheriff Joseph H Shipp had violated Ed Johnson s civil rights when Shipp allowed a mob to enter the Hamilton County jail and lynch Johnson on the Walnut Street Bridge 22 Chattanooga grew with the entry of the United States in the First World War in 1917 the nearest training camp was in Fort Oglethorpe Georgia The Influenza pandemic of 1918 closed local movie theaters and pool halls 23 By the 1930s Chattanooga was known as the Dynamo of Dixie inspiring the 1941 Glenn Miller big band swing song Chattanooga Choo Choo 24 Through Mayor P R Olgiati s efforts Chattanooga became the first city in Tennessee to have a completed interstate highway system in the latter 1960s 25 26 27 28 In February 1958 Chattanooga became one of the smallest cities in the country with three VHF television stations WROM TV now WTVC TV channel 9 ABC WRGP TV now WRCB TV channel 3 NBC and WDEF TV channel 12 CBS 29 The same mountains that provide Chattanooga s scenic backdrop also trap industrial pollutants which settle over the city In 1969 the federal government declared that Chattanooga had the dirtiest air in the nation 30 Like other early industrial cities Chattanooga entered the 1970s with serious socioeconomic challenges including job layoffs because of de industrialization deteriorating city infrastructure racial tensions and social division Chattanooga s population increased by nearly 50 000 in the 1970s However this was mostly because the city annexed nearby residential areas 31 By the mid 1980s local leaders launched Vision 2000 an effort to revitalize and reinvent Chattanooga s culture and economy Chattanooga s population declined by more than 10 in the 1980s but regained it over the next two decades the only major U S city to do so 32 21st century Edit Downtown Chattanooga viewed from Lookout Mountain Since the beginning of the 21st century the city of Chattanooga has grown attracting people from out of state and even out of the country 33 Chattanooga launched the first one gigabit per second Internet service in the United States in September 2010 provided through the city owned utility EPB 34 In August 2012 Chattanooga developed its own typeface called Chatype which marks the first time a municipality has its own typeface in the United States and the first crowd funded custom made typeface in the world 35 36 37 On July 16 2015 six people four U S Marines one sailor and the gunman were killed and two more were wounded in shootings at two U S military facilities in Chattanooga 38 On November 21 2016 a school bus carrying students from Woodmore Elementary School crashed in the Brainerd neighborhood killing 6 and injuring 23 39 In March 2018 the driver an employee of Durham School Services was convicted of six counts of criminally negligent homicide 11 counts of reckless aggravated assault seven counts of assault reckless endangerment reckless driving and illegally using his phone while driving 40 The crash reignited the debate about whether seat belts should be required in school buses 41 On June 5 2022 there was a mass shooting in Chattanooga that left three dead and injured 11 42 Geography EditAccording to the United States Census Bureau the city has a total area of 144 6 square miles 374 4 km2 of which 137 1 square miles 355 2 km2 are land and 7 4 square miles 19 2 km2 or 5 12 are water 43 The most prominent natural features in and around Chattanooga are the Tennessee River and the surrounding mountains The Tennessee River is impounded by the Chickamauga Dam north of the downtown area The city is nestled between the southwestern Ridge and valley Appalachians and the foot of Walden s Ridge the river separates the ridge from the western side of downtown Several miles east the city is bisected by Missionary Ridge The downtown area sits at an elevation of approximately 676 feet 206 m one of the lowest elevations in East Tennessee 44 Cityscape Edit Downtown Chattanooga Downtown Chattanooga has a wide variety of entertainment dining cultural and architectural attractions including the Tennessee Aquarium opened in 1992 the Creative Discovery Museum opened in 1995 and the historic Walnut Street Bridge reopened in 1993 The downtown footprint is bounded by interstate highway I 24 on the south to Frazier Avenue in the Northshore as well as US highway 27 in the west to Central Avenue in the east 45 The modern downtown skyline is dominated by the Aquarium the Republic Centre 46 tallest building in Chattanooga 47 circular reference John C Portman Jr s the Westin Gold Building 48 the James Building Chattanooga s first skyscraper 49 and The Block 50 a climbing gym with 5 000 square feet of functional climbing space Chattanooga has buildings with historical significance such as The Read House Hotel the longest continuously operating hotel in the Southeastern United States 51 the Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel a converted railroad terminal the Maclellan Building 52 the Dome Building 49 once the home to the Chattanooga Times and the Tivoli Theatre The BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee headquarters 53 atop Cameron Hill 54 is the second largest LEED Gold certified corporate campus in the nation 55 Downtown Chattanooga has four main bridges over the Tennessee River the Walnut Street Bridge the Market Street Bridge the Olgiati Bridge and the Veterans Memorial Bridge These bridges allow pedestrians to connect the Riverfront and Northshore to the Tennessee Riverwalk and Bluff View Art District Downtown Chattanooga parks include Coolidge Park Renaissance Park Miller Park Miller Plaza and Main Terrain Art Park The Martin Luther King District runs parallel to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga s campus and features the largest mural in Chattanooga 56 The 40 000 square foot mural was created by Philadelphia based muralist Meg Saligman and seven other local artists 57 Downtown revitalization Edit In late 20th and early 21st centuries substantial private and governmental resources have been invested in transforming the city s tarnished image In 1993 restoration of the Walnut Street Bridge was completed An excellent specimen of the Camelback truss bridge it is the oldest surviving bridge of its kind in the Southeastern United States having been built in 1891 Efforts to improve the city include the 21st Century Waterfront Plan a 120 million redevelopment of the Chattanooga waterfront area which was completed in 2005 The Tennessee Aquarium which opened in 1992 has become a major waterfront attraction that has helped to spur neighborhood development 58 Since the opening of the aquarium downtown Chattanooga has received over 5 billion of private investment 59 including nearly 1 billion from 2014 to 2018 60 The city has won three national awards for outstanding livability and nine Gunther Blue Ribbon Awards for excellence in housing and consolidated planning 61 Public art experts chose Passageways 2 0 City Thread from among 50 outstanding public art projects created in 2018 through the Public Art Network Year in Review program a national program that recognizes compelling public art 62 In addition to winning various national and regional awards Chattanooga has been in the national limelight numerous times Chattanooga was the profile city of the August 2007 edition of US Airways Magazine 63 Chattanooga based businesses have been recognized for their investment in solar energy 64 In December 2009 Chattanooga was ranked 8th out of America s 100 largest metro areas for the best Bang For Your Buck city according to Forbes magazine which measured overall affordability housing rates and more 65 Neighborhoods Edit Chattanooga has many buildings and three neighborhoods on the National Register of Historic Places Ferger Place Fort Wood and St Elmo Additionally Chattanooga has several local historic districts Battery Place Glenwood Missionary Ridge M L King and Stringer s Ridge Four of these are formally managed as local historic districts by the city 66 East Brainerd Ferger Place Fort Wood Highland Park Lupton City Missionary Ridge St Elmo Lookout Valley Tyner Notable suburbs Edit Apison Tennessee Chickamauga Georgia Collegedale Tennessee East Brainerd Tennessee East Ridge Tennessee Fort Oglethorpe Georgia Harrison Tennessee Hixson Tennessee LaFayette Georgia Lookout Mountain Georgia Lookout Mountain Tennessee Ooltewah Tennessee Red Bank Tennessee Ridgeside Tennessee Ringgold Georgia Rossville Georgia Sale Creek Tennessee Signal Mountain Tennessee Soddy Daisy Tennessee Trenton Georgia Walden Tennessee Climate Edit Chattanooga like much of Tennessee has a four season humid subtropical climate Koppen Cfa Winter days are usually mild but most years have at least one day average 3 2 where the high remains at or below freezing Snowfall is highly variable from year to year 11 inches 28 cm were recorded between January 9 10 2011 67 Summers are hot and humid with a July daily mean of 80 0 F 26 7 C and 52 days annually with 90 F 32 C or greater temperatures 68 Chattanooga is the sixth fastest warming city in the United States due to climate change 69 Average annual precipitation is over 52 inches 1 300 mm On average November through March represents an extended relatively wet period because of Chattanooga s frequent placement in the winter season in a zone of conflict between warm moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold dry air from Canada amplified by jet stream energy and abundant Gulf moisture July presents a secondary maximum in precipitation due to frequent thunderstorm activity Despite the mountains that surround the city Chattanooga has been affected by tornadoes 70 These tornadoes include the 2011 Super Outbreak which impacted the city and nearby locations including Apison and Cherokee Valley in Catoosa County Georgia where fifteen people died eight in Apison and seven in Cherokee Valley 71 72 73 An EF3 tornado struck southeastern portions of Chattanooga on the night of April 12 2020 and caused significant damage and three fatalities 74 Climate data for Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport Tennessee 1991 2020 normals a extremes 1879 present b Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 78 26 81 27 89 32 93 34 99 37 107 42 107 42 105 41 104 40 100 38 86 30 78 26 107 42 Mean maximum F C 68 8 20 4 73 0 22 8 80 6 27 0 86 0 30 0 90 5 32 5 95 2 35 1 97 1 36 2 96 4 35 8 93 5 34 2 85 8 29 9 76 8 24 9 69 3 20 7 98 3 36 8 Average high F C 51 0 10 6 55 6 13 1 64 1 17 8 73 6 23 1 81 0 27 2 87 6 30 9 90 5 32 5 89 8 32 1 84 3 29 1 74 1 23 4 62 0 16 7 53 2 11 8 72 2 22 3 Daily mean F C 41 7 5 4 45 6 7 6 53 2 11 8 61 7 16 5 70 0 21 1 77 4 25 2 80 7 27 1 80 0 26 7 73 9 23 3 62 7 17 1 51 2 10 7 44 3 6 8 61 9 16 6 Average low F C 32 4 0 2 35 6 2 0 42 2 5 7 49 9 9 9 59 0 15 0 67 3 19 6 71 0 21 7 70 2 21 2 63 6 17 6 51 4 10 8 40 3 4 6 35 3 1 8 51 5 10 8 Mean minimum F C 14 9 9 5 19 6 6 9 25 5 3 6 34 3 1 3 44 1 6 7 56 9 13 8 63 4 17 4 61 9 16 6 50 3 10 2 35 1 1 7 25 9 3 4 20 8 6 2 12 9 10 6 Record low F C 10 23 10 23 2 17 25 4 34 1 39 4 51 11 50 10 36 2 22 6 4 16 2 19 10 23 Average precipitation inches mm 5 02 128 5 03 128 5 34 136 4 87 124 3 94 100 4 18 106 5 08 129 3 67 93 4 23 107 3 59 91 4 80 122 5 25 133 55 00 1 397 Average snowfall inches cm 1 0 2 5 1 2 3 0 1 1 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 76 3 6 9 1 Average precipitation days 0 01 in 10 6 11 1 11 4 10 1 10 6 11 4 11 9 9 4 7 9 7 9 9 1 11 3 122 7Average snowy days 0 1 in 0 7 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 4Average relative humidity 71 2 68 2 65 9 63 8 71 5 73 1 74 9 76 0 77 0 74 6 73 5 72 9 71 9Mean monthly sunshine hours 147 0 155 6 200 5 240 2 275 6 275 5 265 2 256 8 227 9 218 8 158 7 140 4 2 562 2Percent possible sunshine 47 51 54 61 64 63 60 62 61 63 51 46 58Source NOAA relative humidity and sun 1961 1990 68 76 77 Time zone Edit Chattanooga uses the Eastern Time Zone Counties directly to its west in both Tennessee and Alabama use the Central Time Zone Demographics EditHistorical populationCensus Pop 18706 093 188012 892111 6 189029 100125 7 190030 1543 6 191044 60447 9 192057 89529 8 1930119 798106 9 1940128 6137 4 1950131 0411 9 1960130 009 0 8 1970119 923 7 8 1980169 51441 4 1990152 466 10 1 2000155 5542 0 2010167 6747 8 2020181 0998 0 Sources 78 9 6 Racial composition 1970 79 1990 79 2000 80 2010 80 2019 est 81 White 64 0 65 0 60 0 58 0 62 3 Black 35 8 33 7 35 8 34 9 31 4 Asian 0 1 1 0 1 6 2 0 2 7 Native 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 2 Native Hawaiian andother Pacific Islander 0 1 0 1 0 0 Other race 0 1 0 2 1 0 2 8 1 0 Two or more races 1 3 1 9 2 4 2020 census Edit Chattanooga racial composition 82 Race Number PercentageWhite non Hispanic 98 977 60 7 Black or African American non Hispanic 52 384 31 Native American 429 0 24 Asian 4 956 2 9 Pacific Islander 60 0 03 Other mixed 7 712 4 26 Hispanic or Latino 16 581 6 9 As of the 2020 United States census there were 181 099 people 79 565 households and 41 059 families residing in the city 2010 census Edit As of the census of 2010 there were 167 674 people 70 749 households and 40 384 families residing in the city The population density was 1 222 5 inhabitants per square mile 472 0 km2 There were 79 607 housing units at an average density of 588 8 per square mile 227 3 km2 The racial makeup of the city was 58 0 White 34 9 Black 2 0 Asian 0 4 American Indian 0 1 Pacific Islander 2 8 from other races and 1 9 from two or more races Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin regardless of race constituted 5 5 of the total population Non Hispanic Whites were 55 9 of the population in 2010 down from 67 3 in 1980 83 84 There were 70 749 households out of which 26 7 had children under the age of 18 living with them 36 were married couples living together 17 3 had a female householder with no husband present and 42 were non families 33 5 of all households were made up of individuals and 26 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 2 26 and the average family size was 2 94 In the city the population was spread out with 21 3 under the age of 18 11 5 from 18 to 24 27 from 25 to 44 25 5 from 45 to 64 and 14 7 who were 65 years of age or older The median age was 38 1 years 46 1 of the population was male and 53 9 of the population was female The median income for a household in the city was 35 817 and the median income for a family was 43 314 Males had a median income of 36 109 versus 31 077 for females The per capita income for the city was 23 756 About 14 of families and 16 5 of the population were below the poverty line including 27 of those under age 18 and 13 8 of those age 65 or over Chattanooga s Metropolitan Statistical Area which includes Hamilton Marion and Sequatchie counties in Tennessee and Catoosa Dade and Walker counties in Georgia grew from 476 531 people as of the 2000 census to 529 222 people as of the 2010 census an 11 increase during the 2000s 85 Religion Edit The single largest religious group in Chattanooga is Christianity According to 2010 statistics the Southern Baptist Convention was the largest denomination with 225 congregations and 122 300 members followed by the United Methodist Church with 31 500 members and 83 churches The third largest group of Christians identified as non denominational congregations and the fourth largest organized denomination was the Church of God Cleveland Tennessee with 82 churches and 17 900 members The 5th largest Christian religious group according to 2010 statistics was the Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville which had 12 congregations and 14 300 members Islam has 2 200 adherents in Chattanooga 86 Economy Edit Child labor at Richmond Spinning Mill in Chattanooga 1910 Photo by Lewis Hine Chattanooga s economy includes a diversified and growing mix of manufacturing and service industries Notable Chattanooga businesses include Access America Transport BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee CBL amp Associates The Chattanooga Bakery Sanofi the world s first Coca Cola bottling plant Coker Tire U S Xpress Inc Covenant Logistics Double Cola CraftWorks Restaurants amp Breweries Luken Communications Miller amp Martin the National Model Railroad Association PepsiCo Reliance Partners Republic Parking System Rock Creek Tricycle Inc and Unum The city also hosts large branch offices of Cigna AT amp T T Mobile USA and UBS McKee Foods Corporation the maker of nationally known Little Debbie brand snack cakes is a privately held family run company headquartered in nearby Collegedale Tennessee Notable companies that have manufacturing or distribution facilities in the city include Amazon com BASF DuPont Invista Komatsu PepsiCo Rock Tenn Plantronics Domtar Norfolk Southern Ferrara Candy Company manufacturer of Brach s candies Alco Chemical Colonial Pipeline and Buzzi Unicem 87 The William Wrigley Jr Company has a prominent presence in Chattanooga the sole site of production of Altoids breath mint products since 2005 88 89 In a seminal event for Chattanooga Volkswagen announced in July 2008 the construction of its first U S auto plant in over three decades the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant 90 In May 2011 Volkswagen Group of America inaugurated its plant 91 The 1 billion plant opened in May 2011 served as the group s North American manufacturing headquarters The plant which initially employed 2 700 people later increasing to 4 700 manufactures the Passat and the Atlas It also has a full research and development center in downtown Chattanooga employing some 200 engineers the first of its kind in the South 92 93 94 The plant was the first new Volkswagen plant in the United States since the 1988 closure of the Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant near New Stanton Pennsylvania 95 In 2019 Volkswagen Chattanooga announced plans to expand its Chattanooga based plant to construct electric vehicles 96 The expansion is expected to create one thousand new jobs and 800 million in investments 97 In addition to corporate business interests there are many retail shops in Chattanooga including two shopping malls Hamilton Place Mall in East Brainerd and Northgate Mall in Hixson Eastgate Mall in Brainerd used to be a shopping mall but has changed into a multi use office building Tourism and Hospitality has been a growing part of Chattanooga s economy with 2014 being the first year for Hamilton County to surpass 1 billion in revenue Startups have been an increasing trend due in part to EPB s fiber optic grid Notable venture firms based in the city are Blank Slate Ventures Chattanooga Renaissance Fund Lamp Post Group SwiftWing Ventures and the Jump Fund The city is served by several incubators notably Co Lab the Business Development Center and Lamp Post Group The Business Development Center is among the nation s largest incubators both in square footage and in the number of startups that it supports 98 Co working spaces have picked up downtown including Society of Work and Chattanooga Workspace Unique in the city is the startup accelerator Gigtank which utilizes the city s gigabit capacities and focuses on 3D printing healthcare and smartgrid technologies Notable startups include Quickcue acquired by OpenTable in 2013 and Reliance Partners Chattanooga went from zero investable capital in 2009 to over 50 million in 2014 citation needed Utilities Edit Chickamauga Lock and Dam on the Tennessee River at Chattanooga Electric power for most of the city and surrounding area is provided by the city run Electric Power Board EPB EPB also provides high speed Internet service TV and telephone service to business and residential customers throughout Hamilton County as well as parts of Bledsoe County Bradley County Catoosa County Dade County Marion County Rhea County Sequatchie County and Walker County via the nation s largest municipally owned fiber optic system 99 100 TVA operates the nearby Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plant Chickamauga Dam and the Raccoon Mountain Pumped Storage Plant all of which provide electricity to the greater Chattanooga area TVA s corporate power generation and distribution organization is headquartered in downtown Chattanooga Natural gas and water are provided by the privately run Chattanooga Gas Company and Tennessee American Water Company respectively In 2005 Mayor Ron Littlefield stated his desire for the city to purchase the Tennessee American Water Company which was sold in a public offering in 2007 101 102 Former Mayor Jon Kinsey s attempts to have the city buy control of Tennessee American Water were defeated in court EPB Fiber Optics is the dominant cable and internet service provider for most areas of the city 103 The incumbent telephone company is AT amp T Inc However competing phone companies such as EPB cellular phones and VoIP are making inroads A major interstate fiber optics line operated by AT amp T traverses the city making its way from Atlanta to Cincinnati There are more choices among TV Internet and phone service providers for Chattanooga residents than in most other cities its size because of the intense competition between AT amp T Comcast and EPB 104 EPB s gigabit public fiber optic network Edit Beginning in 2009 and continuing through March 2011 when Haletown Tennessee received service from EPB s fiber optic network EPB began to establish its exclusive fiber optic network to its 600 sq mi 1 600 km2 service area which covers the greater Chattanooga Metropolitan Statistical Area 105 In September 2010 EPB became the first municipally owned utilities company in the United States to offer internet access directly to the public at speeds up to ten gigabit 10 000 megabits per second 106 107 The network has been emulated by at least six other cities in Tennessee and studied by other cities in the U S and internationally 108 109 Jay Weatherill South Australia s Premier visited Chattanooga in January 2012 and studied the gigabit network that was supporting critical city safety functions such as police and fire communications infrastructure equipment and applications He also inspected wastewater management storm water management traffic control and medical diagnostics applications as well as operations of a smart lighting and camera system that allows the police to control public lighting and see what is happening in heavy crime areas The use of broadband to carry the video and control signaling has contributed to making Chattanooga s Coolidge Park a safer place to visit 110 In 2011 the expansion of EPB s network became a subject of major controversy in Tennessee 111 The success of its network credited with the expansion of Volkswagen s Chattanooga plant and the establishment of Amazon com facilities in Chattanooga and Cleveland led to a number of legal challenges by AT amp T and Comcast insisting that public funds not be used to fund expansion of public networks in competition with private ones 112 113 However according to EPB federal agencies electricity industry trade sources and other press sources the investment in the fully fiber optic network is justified by electrical system benefits alone including early fault detection and decreases in standby power 114 115 116 117 118 119 Banking Edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information April 2020 As of 2014 there are 27 banks operating in the Chattanooga metropolitan area lending to financial strength 120 Among the larger banks are regional banks First Horizon Bank Truist Financial and Regions Financial Corporation but the area also has offices from UBS Chase and Bank of America In part to the strength and growing economic development Chase recently shifted its East Tennessee headquarters from Knoxville to Chattanooga 121 In early 2015 three locally owned banks and one in nearby Cleveland Tennessee were acquired by other banks CapitalMark formed in 2007 will be acquired by the Nashville based Pinnacle Financial Partners for 187 million to have the fourth largest market share in the Chattanooga metro area 122 First Security Group Inc the largest Chattanooga based bank formed in 2000 will be acquired by the Atlanta based Atlantic Capital Bancshares Inc for 160 million Cornerstone started in 1985 will merge with the Knoxville based SmartBank in a stock deal Cleveland s Southern Heritage Bank was acquired in 2014 by First Citizens National Bank in Dyersburg Tennessee for 32 2 million All these mergers only leave one Chattanooga based independent bank First Volunteer Bank Others in the area locally based include Dunlap Tennessee based Citizens Tri County Bank Ooltewah based Community Trust and Banking Co Dayton Tennessee based Community National Bank Fort Oglethorpe Georgia based Capital Bank LaFayette Georgia based Bank of LaFayette and Cleveland based Bank of Cleveland 123 Culture and tourism EditMuseums Edit Contemporary extension of the Hunter Museum of American Art As the birthplace of the tow truck Chattanooga is the home of the International Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum 124 Another transportation icon the passenger train can be found at the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum called TVRM by locals which is the largest operating historic railroad in the South Chattanooga is home to the Hunter Museum of American Art Other notable museums include the Chattanooga History Center the National Medal of Honor Museum the Houston Museum of Decorative Arts the Chattanooga African American Museum and the Creative Discovery Museum 125 126 127 128 129 Arts and literature Edit Chattanooga has a wide range of performing arts in different venues Chattanooga s historic Tivoli Theatre dating from 1921 and one of the first public air conditioned buildings in the United States is home to the Chattanooga Symphony and Opera CSO which became the first merged symphony and opera company in the United States in 1985 The CSO performs under the baton of Kayoko Dan 130 The Chattanooga Theatre Centre offers 15 productions each year in three separate theater programs the Mainstage the Circle Theater and the Youth Theater 131 132 Another popular performance venue is the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium It was built between 1922 and 1924 by John Parks General Contractors and was designed by the architect R H Hunt who also designed the Tivoli Theatre in Chattanooga 133 Chattanooga hosts several writing conferences including the Conference on Southern Literature and the Festival of Writers both sponsored by the Arts amp Education Council of Chattanooga 134 135 136 Attractions Edit Chattanooga touts many attractions including the Tennessee Aquarium caverns and new waterfront attractions along and across the Tennessee River In the downtown area is the Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel housed in the renovated Terminal Station Also downtown are the Creative Discovery Museum a hands on children s museum dedicated to science art and music an IMAX 3D Theatre and the newly expanded Hunter Museum of American Art The Tennessee Riverwalk an approximately 13 mile long 21 km trail running alongside the river is another attraction for both tourists and residents alike Across the river from downtown is the North Shore district roughly bounded by the Olgiati Bridge to the west and Veterans Bridge to the east The newly renovated area draws locals and tourists to locally owned independent boutique stores and restaurants plus attractions along the Chattanooga Riverpark system including Coolidge Park and Renaissance Park 137 138 The Chattanooga Zoo at Warner Park is at 301 North Holtzclaw Avenue a short distance from the downtown area Hours of operation are from 9 a m to 5 p m every day In 1937 the first small exhibit was established with the construction of a 4x6 cage for two Rhesus Monkeys 139 The Zoo has since grown as in 2017 the Zoo kicked off the year with the announcement of the Kits and Cubs Program which is a unique early childhood learning program designed specifically for the youngest of animal lovers 139 And in May 2017 the Zoo broke ground to expand the Corcovado Jungle exhibit adding six new outdoor and six new indoor exhibits to house small South American monkeys and mammals in June 139 Parks and natural scenic areas provide other attractions The red and black painted See Rock City barns along highways in the Southeast are remnants of a now classic Americana tourism campaign to attract visitors to the Rock City tourist attraction in nearby Lookout Mountain Georgia The mountain is also the site of Ruby Falls and Craven s House 140 The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway is a steep funicular railway that rises from the St Elmo Historic District to the top of the mountain where passengers can visit the National Park Service s Point Park and the Battles for Chattanooga Museum 141 Formerly known as Confederama the museum includes a diorama that details the Battle of Chattanooga From the military park visitors can enjoy panoramic views of Moccasin Bend and the Chattanooga skyline from the mountain s famous point or from vantage points along the well marked trail system 142 Near Chattanooga the Raccoon Mountain Reservoir Raccoon Mountain Caverns and Reflection Riding Arboretum and Botanical Garden boast a number of outdoor and family fun opportunities Other arboretums include Bonny Oaks Arboretum Cherokee Arboretum at Audubon Acres and Cherokee Trail Arboretum The Ocoee River host to a number of events at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics features rafting kayaking camping and hiking Just outside Chattanooga is the Lake Winnepesaukah amusement park The Cumberland Trail begins in Signal Mountain just outside Chattanooga The Tennessee Aquarium s River Journey building The Tennessee Aquarium s Ocean Journey building Trail of Tears water steps off of Market Street downtown Chattanooga Coolidge Park Walnut Street Bridge Looking south towards Lookout MountainFestivals and events Edit Chattanooga hosts the well known Riverbend Festival an annual four day music festival held in June in the downtown area One of the most popular events is the Bessie Smith Strut a one night showcase of blues and jazz music named for the city s most noted blues singer The annual Southern Brewer s Festival and the River Roast festival celebrate such traditional Southern staples as beer and barbecue New events such as GoFest the Between the Bridges wakeboard competition Heritage Festival and Talespin complement well established events such as Riverbend and the Southern Brewer s Festival and attract their own audiences 143 144 Back Row Films is a citywide celebration of film co sponsored by the Hunter Museum of American Art the Arts amp Education Council and UTC 145 Nightfall is a free weekly concert series in Miller Plaza on Friday nights that features an eclectic mix of rock blues jazz reggae zydeco funk bluegrass and folk music from Memorial Day until the end of September 146 The Chattanooga Market features events all year round as part of the Sunday at the Southside including an Oktoberfest in mid October The Chattanooga Dulcimer Festival held each June features workshops for mountain dulcimer hammered dulcimer and auto harp among others along with performances by champion performers from across the nation 147 Chattanooga is also the center of much bluegrass music In 1935 as well as from 1993 to 1995 the city hosted the National Folk Festival Since 2007 the annual 3 Sisters Festival showcases traditional and contemporary bluegrass artists and has been named one of the country s 5 Best bluegrass festivals by Great American Country 148 Each January Chattanooga plays host to Chattacon a science fiction and fantasy literary convention 149 The convention is organized by the nonprofit Chattanooga Speculative Fiction Fans Inc First held in 1976 the convention drew an estimated 1 000 attendees to the Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel in 2012 as well as an estimated 1 300 attendees in 2013 150 151 Since 2014 Chattanooga has been home to the Chattanooga Film Festival an annual film festival 152 153 154 Moon River Festival is held every September in Coolidge Park citation needed Sports EditChattanooga has a large growing and diversified sports scene for a city of its size including college sports minor league baseball semi professional teams professional cycling exemplified by the Volkswagen USA Cycling Professional Road amp Time Trial National Championships the Ironman Triathlon and a large nationally renowned regatta the first weekend of November Organized sports Edit College sports Edit Chattanooga was the home of the NCAA Division I Football Championship game which was held at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga from 1997 to 2009 The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga UTC Mocs compete in NCAA Division I and the Southern Conference UTC s athletic programs include football at the FCS level women s soccer volleyball and cross country in the fall men s and women s basketball Wrestling and indoor track amp field in the winter and softball and outdoor track amp field in the spring Men s and women s golf and men s and women s tennis play in the fall and spring Semi Pro and Minor League Baseball Edit The Chattanooga Lookouts a Class AA Double A South baseball team affiliated with the Cincinnati Reds play at the riverfront AT amp T Field 155 Chattanooga also is home to several semi professional football teams including the Tennessee Crush and the Chattanooga Steam The Tennessee Crush plays its games at Finley Stadium in downtown Chattanooga The Chattanooga Steam plays at Lookout Valley High School near Lookout Mountain Professional soccer Edit The city has two professional soccer teams From 2009 to 2019 Chattanooga FC played in the National Premier Soccer League but is moved to an unsanctioned professional league NISA in 2020 156 Founded in 2009 157 Chattanooga FC has gone to the national finals four times since its inception and drew a record 18 227 fans for their 2015 NPSL title match 158 The club has also found success in the U S Open Cup defeating the professional USL s Wilmington Hammerheads to reach the tournament s third round in 2014 and 2015 In 2019 Chattanooga FC became one of the founding members of NPSL s Founders Cup a group of eleven teams playing a professional tournament in the fall before forming a fully professional league in 2020 159 To support this Chattanooga FC became only the second sports team in the U S after the Green Bay Packers to sell supporter shares in the team 157 These moves were partially in response to a USL League One franchise the Chattanooga Red Wolves SC starting play in the 2019 inaugural season of that new third tier professional league under the direction of Chattanooga FC s former general manager 160 161 The Red Wolves are play in USL League One and intend to build a multi million dollar soccer specific stadium in the neighboring town of East Ridge Tennessee 162 Before the proposed stadium was built the Red Wolves had a legal battle with Arkansas State with ASU sending them a cease and desist letter in November 2019 The stadium was announced as CHI Memorial Stadium and was opened for play and fans in 2020 while still under construction It will hold an estimated 5 000 fans for soccer matches 163 Rugby Edit Chattanooga is also home to several rugby teams the Chattanooga Rugby Football Club Nooga Red Nooga Black men s Old Boys a women s rugby team men s and women s teams at UTC and an all city high school team 164 The Chattanooga Rugby Football Club which was established in 1978 and the 2011 and 2013 DII Mid South champions is affiliated with USA Rugby and USA Rugby South The club fields two teams Nooga Red which competes in Division II and Nooga Black which competes in Division III 165 There is also a men s Old Boys team a Chattanooga women s rugby team as well as collegiate men s and women s teams representing the Mocs at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga A citywide high school rugby team the Wolfpack was established in 2012 and is open to any high school player living in the Chattanooga area 164 All seven teams play their home matches at Montague Park Overlooking the grandstand and finish area at the 2008 Head of the Hooch Outdoor sports Edit RowingThe Head of the Hooch rowing regatta takes place along the Tennessee River in downtown Chattanooga during the first weekend of November The head race originally took place on the Chattahoochee River in Atlanta before moving to Chattanooga in 2005 hence the name Head of the Hooch With 1 965 boats in 2011 and nearly 2 000 boats in 2012 this competition ranks as the 2nd largest regatta in the United States citation needed with numerous college and youth teams such as UNC Men s Crew Vanderbilt Rowing Club James Madison University Crew University of Tennessee Women s Rowing Orlando Rowing Club Nashville Rowing Club Newport Rowing Club and Chattanooga Rowing competing 166 167 168 There are also multiple local rowing clubs such as the Lookout Rowing Club for adults and the Chattanooga Junior Rowing Club for high school students The weekend of the Head of the Hooch also sees hot air balloon rides and other activities CyclingIn 2013 the Volkswagen USA Cycling Professional Road amp Time Trial National Championships were held in Chattanooga The schedule for the 3 day event on May 25 27 featured a handcycling time trail and various other cycling time trials and road races including a men s road race that took the cyclists through the heart of downtown Chattanooga and up Lookout Mountain for a total race distance of 102 5 miles 165 0 km 169 American professional cyclist Freddie Rodriguez won the national road race championship title for the fourth time in his career 170 The Championships debut in Chattanooga marked the first time in the event s 29 year history that women were allowed to compete for professional national titles 171 Chattanooga will also host the Championships in 2014 and 2015 172 The city is home to the Chattanooga Bicycle Club It was established in 1967 to encourage and promote bicycle riding and safety and to foster good relationships between cyclists and motorists by demonstrating courtesy and respect the law 173 The Chattanooga Bicycle Club advocates for transportation fitness and recreation as well as health and wellness This club is in relative with the League of American Bicyclists LAB Adventure Cycling Bike Chattanooga and Outdoor Chattanooga RunningDue to its location at the junction of the Cumberland Plateau and the southern Appalachians Chattanooga has become a haven for outdoor sports and has even been named Outside Magazine s Best Town Ever twice 174 such as hunting fishing trail running road running adventure racing rock climbing mountain biking and road biking The internationally known 175 StumpJump 50k has been hosted on nearby Signal Mountain since 2002 The Erlanger Half Marathon and Marathon have become a large part of the spring activities in Chattanooga in recent years These events are orchestrated by the Chattanooga Sports Committee and the half marathon course and marathon course are designed by the same group of runners The course is subject to change throughout the years The most recent marathon and half marathon were held on March 3 2019 TriathlonsIn August 2013 further cementing Chattanooga s growing status as a nationally recognized outdoor haven 176 177 the Chattanooga Sports Committee an organization established in 1992 to help the city host major sporting events announced that the Ironman Triathlon would be coming to the city in a 5 year deal 178 179 The city became one of only 11 cities in the United States to host the grueling competition showcasing Chattanooga s natural beauty which consists of a 2 4 mile 3 9 km swim a 112 mile 180 km bike race which is broken down into two 56 mile 90 km loops and a 26 2 mile 42 2 km run which is broken down into two 13 1 mile 21 1 km loops The event has a 40 000 prize purse and chances to qualify for the Ironman World Championship in Hawaii 180 On November 4 2014 it was announced that Chattanooga would host The Ironman 70 3 event also known as the Half Ironman in addition to the standard Ironman Triathlon This event consists of a 1 2 mile 1 9 km swim 56 mile 90 km bike ride and 13 1 mile 21 1 km run and has a prize pot of 30 000 On September 29 2015 The Chattanooga Convention and Visitors Bureau announced that Ironman had chosen Chattanooga Tennessee to host the 2017 Ironman 70 3 World Championships 181 AwardsChattanooga has been a member of the League of American Bicyclists Bronze level since October 2003 the only city in Tennessee to be a member of the organization before Knoxville and Nashville joined in 2010 and 2012 respectively 182 The city has a number of outdoor clubs Scenic City Velo SORBA Chattanooga the Wilderness Trail Running Association and the Chattanooga Track Club The city also funds Outdoor Chattanooga an organization focused on promoting outdoor recreation In September 2004 the city appointed its first ever executive director of Outdoor Chattanooga to implement the organization s mission which includes promoting bicycling for transportation recreation and active living 183 For paddlers Chattanooga offers the Tennessee River Blueway a 50 mile 80 km recreational section of the Tennessee River that flows through Chattanooga and the Tennessee River Gorge The Tennessee Aquarium has a high speed catamaran the River Gorge Explorer to allow up to 70 people to explore the Tennessee River Gorge 184 The Explorer departs from the Chattanooga Pier 185 Since 2008 Chattanooga has hosted the Skyhoundz 186 World Canine Disc Championship the crowning event of the largest disc dog competition series in the world Media and communications EditSee also List of newspapers in Tennessee List of radio stations in Tennessee and List of television stations in Tennessee The city of Chattanooga is served by numerous local regional and national media outlets which reach approximately one million people in four states Tennessee Georgia Alabama and North Carolina Newspapers Edit The Chattanooga Times Free Press headquarters The Chattanooga Times Free Press the area s only daily newspaper is published every morning It was formed in 1999 from the merger of two papers that had been bitter rivals for half a century the Times and the News Free Press The Times was owned and published by Adolph Ochs who later bought The New York Times The Times was the morning paper and had a generally more liberal editorial page The News Free Press whose name was the result of an earlier merger was an afternoon daily and its editorials were more conservative than those in the Times On August 27 1966 the News Free Press became the first newspaper in the nation to dissolve a joint operating agreement 187 188 In 1999 the Free Press which had changed its name from News Free Press in 1993 was bought by an Arkansas company WEHCO Media publisher of the Arkansas Democrat Gazette which then bought The Times from the Ochs heirs 189 The Times Free Press is the only newspaper in the United States to have two editorial pages reflecting opposite ends of the political spectrum The Times s editorial page which is liberal is on the left page and the Free Press s editorial page which is conservative is on the right 190 The Chattanooga Pulse is a free weekly alternative newspaper published every Wednesday that focuses primarily on arts music film and culture 191 It was formed in 2003 by Zachary Cooper and Michael Kull running independently until 2008 when the paper was purchased by Brewer Media Group which also owns and operates five radio stations in the city Enigma is a free monthly pop culture and entertainment magazine 192 Founded as a weekly newspaper in 1995 by David Weinthal Enigma lays claim to being Chattanooga s oldest alternative newspaper even though it had ceased physical publication from 2013 until it resumed as a monthly magazine in 2015 The Chattanooga News Chronicle is an African American weekly newspaper 193 Online media Edit The Chattanoogan and its website Chattanoogan com established in 1999 is an online media outlet that concentrates on news from Chattanooga North Georgia and Southeast Tennessee The publisher is John Wilson previously a staff writer for the Chattanooga Free Press The Chattanoogan is the oldest online newspaper in Chattanooga 194 195 Nooga com purchased in November 2010 by local entrepreneur Barry Large relaunched in 2011 as a local news website offering quality daily content focusing on local business politics and entertainment in the Chattanooga area 196 In August 2018 Nooga com partnered with Greenville S C based media company 6AM City 197 The outlet was rebranded and relaunched as NOOGAtoday in September 2018 198 199 While NOOGAtoday s primary product is its daily email newsletter it also publishes content on its social media accounts and website 199 Radio Edit Chattanooga is served by the following AM and FM radio stations AM Edit WDYN 980 AM Southern Gospel WDYN Radio 200 operated by Tennessee Temple University licensed to Rossville GA WFLI 1070 AM Top 40 from the 60s amp 70s licensed to Chattanooga Lookout Mountain TN WGOW 1150 AM News Talk NewsRadio 1150 201 licensed to Chattanooga TN WNOO 1260 AM Urban gospel and Motown licensed to Chattanooga TN WXCT 1370 AM Sports 1370 Fox Sports Radio licensed to Chattanooga TN WLMR 1450 AM Christian Talk licensed to Chattanooga TN WJOC 1490 AM Southern Gospel licensed to Chattanooga TN FM Edit WUTC 88 1 FM NPR 202 Mixed music Music 88 Operated by UTC First station in Chattanooga to broadcast in HD Radio licensed to Chattanooga TN W203AZ 88 5 FM Religious CSN International 203 Licensed to Chattanooga TN WMBW 88 9 FM Christian Moody Radio For The Heart of the Southeast Owned and operated by Moody Bible Institute Licensed to Chattanooga TN WYBK 89 7 FM Christian Operated by Bible Broadcasting Network Licensed to Chattanooga TN W211BG 90 1 FM Religious 204 Licensed to Walden TN WSMC 90 5 FM Classical NPR PRI 205 Operated by Southern Adventist University licensed to Collegedale TN WJBP 91 5 FM Christian Family Life Radio 206 licensed to Red Bank TN WAWL College Alternative The Wawl web only formerly broadcasting on 91 5 Chattanooga State Community College licensed to Chattanooga TN WDEF FM 92 3 FM Adult Contemporary Sunny 92 3 207 licensed to Chattanooga TN WSAA 93 1 FM Christian Rock Air 1 208 licensed to Benton TN WMPZ 93 5 FM Urban Adult Contemporary Groove 93 209 licensed to Harrison TN WJTT 94 3 FM Urban contemporary Power 94 210 licensed to Red Bank TN WAAK LP 94 7 FM Variety 211 low power station licensed to Boynton Ringgold GA WALV FM 95 3 FM ESPN Chattanooga 212 licensed to Ooltewah TN WUSY 96 1 FM Classic Country The Legend 96 1 213 WDOD 96 5 FM Hits 96 5 Chattanooga s No 1 Hit Music Station 214 licensed to Chattanooga TN WUUQ 97 3 and 99 3 FM Classic Country Q Country 97 3 99 3 licensed to South Pittsburg TN WLND 98 1 FM Hot AC 98 1 The Lake 215 licensed to Signal Mountain TN WOOP LP 99 9 FM Classic country old time gospel bluegrass and mountain music 216 Operated by the Traditional Music Resource Center licensed to Cleveland TN WUSY 100 7 FM Contemporary Country US101 217 licensed to Cleveland TN WJSQ 101 7 FM Contemporary and Classic country 101 7 WLAR 218 licensed to Athens TN WOCE 101 9 FM Spanish licensed to Ringgold GA WGOW 102 3 FM Talk Radio 102 3 219 licensed to Soddy Daisy TN WBDX 102 7 FM Contemporary Christian 220 licensed to Trenton GA WJLJ 103 1 FM Contemporary Christian 220 simulcast with WBDX 102 7 licensed to Etowah TN WKXJ 103 7 FM Top 40 103 7 Kiss FM 221 licensed to Walden TN WUIE 105 1 FM American Family Radio licensed to Lakeside TN WRXR FM 105 5 FM Active Rock Rock 105 222 licensed to Rossville GA WSKZ 106 5 FM Classic Rock KZ106 223 licensed to Chattanooga TN W295BI WALV HD 2 Adult Contemporary Big Easy 106 9 224 licensed to Ooltewah TN WOGT 107 9 FM Country Nash Icon 225 licensed to East Ridge TN Television Edit Chattanooga s television stations include WRCB channel 3 NBC affiliate DT 13 cable 4 WOOT LD channel 6 independent formerly UPN silent WTVC channel 9 ABC Fox affiliate DT 9 cable 10 WDEF channel 12 CBS affiliate DT 8 cable 13 WNGH channel 18 GPB affiliate DT 4 cable 12 WELF channel 23 TBN affiliate DT 28 cable 9 W26BE channel 26 3ABN affiliate cable 295 WTCI channel 45 PBS member station DT 35 cable 5 WFLI TV channel 53 The CW MyNetworkTV affiliate Formerly UPN and The WB DT 23 cable 6 WDSI channel 61 This TV affiliate DT 14 cable 11 Law and government EditSee also List of Mayors of Chattanooga Tennessee Flag of Chattanooga from 1923 to 2012 The current mayor is Tim Kelly who was elected in April 2021 226 Flag of Chattanooga from 2012 The city operates under a charter granted by the state legislature in 1852 the charter has been subsequently amended The city operates under a strong mayor system which changed from a commission form of government with members voted at large In 1987 twelve African American city residents filed a complaint Brown v Board of Commissioners of the City of Chattanooga alleging that the commission style government violated their civil rights including the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by diluting the minority black vote 227 In 1989 U S District Judge R Allan Edgar ruled in their favor compelling the city to abandon the at large voting system that it had used for the commission form of government established single member geographical districts to proportionally represent both majority and minority elements of the population according to the city s racial demographics eliminated voting privileges for non resident property owners and created the city s current mayor council form of government The Chattanooga City Council has nine members of whom four are African American The strong mayor system began in 1991 after a 1990 citywide election that used the new court ordered district system 227 The city s legislative branch is represented by members from nine districts elected from single member districts in partisan elections The current council members are Chip Henderson District 1 Jenny Hill District 2 Ken Smith District 3 Darrin Ledford District 4 Isiah Hester District 5 Carol Berz District 6 Raquetta Dotley District 7 Marvene Noel District 8 and Demetrus Coonrod District 9 228 Chattanooga s delegation to the Tennessee House of Representatives includes Robin Smith 229 R District 26 Patsy Hazlewood 230 R District 27 Yusuf Hakeem 231 D District 28 Mike Carter 232 R District 29 and Esther Helton 233 R District 30 In the Tennessee Senate Chattanooga is divided between Districts 10 and 11 with Todd Gardenhire 234 R and Bo Watson 235 R representing each district respectively Chattanooga is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Chuck Fleischmann R who represents the 3rd District 236 In the United States Senate both Marsha Blackburn R and Bill Hagerty R have district offices in Chattanooga 237 238 Chattanooga as the county seat of Hamilton County is home to Chattanooga s City Courts and Hamilton County s Courts Chattanooga is the location of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee s Southern Division which is housed in the Joel W Solomon Federal Courthouse The Southern Division has jurisdiction over Bledsoe Bradley Hamilton Marion McMinn Meigs Polk Rhea and Sequatchie counties The Chattanooga Police Department dates from 1852 Starting in 1883 it hired black police officers making Chattanooga one of the first major Southern cities to have them But after the state legislature imposed segregation black police officers were dropped from the force They were hired again on a permanent basis beginning on August 11 1948 years before other major cities in the Southeast such as Birmingham Alabama and Jackson Mississippi integrated their police departments The first seven black officers in 1948 Thaddeus Arnold Singer Askins W B Baulridge C E Black Morris Glenn Arthur Heard and Thomas Patterson were initially restricted to walking beats in black neighborhoods In 1960 black police officers were authorized to patrol all neighborhoods and arrest white citizens 239 240 241 Education EditPrimary and secondary education Edit Most of Chattanooga s primary and secondary education is funded by the government The public schools in Chattanooga as well as Hamilton County have fallen under the purview of the Hamilton County Schools since the 1997 merger of the urban Chattanooga City Schools system and the mostly rural Hamilton County Schools system 242 243 The Howard School was the first public school in the area established in 1865 after the Civil War 244 Tyner High School now Tyner Academy was the first secondary school built east of Missionary Ridge in 1907 It is now the home of Tyner Middle Academy The Chattanooga School for the Arts and Sciences the STEM School Of Chattanooga and the Chattanooga High School Center for Creative Arts are additional public magnet schools The city is home to several well known private and parochial secondary schools including Baylor School Boyd Buchanan School Chattanooga Christian School Girls Preparatory School McCallie School and Notre Dame High School The Siskin Children s Institute in Chattanooga is a specialized institution in the field of early childhood special education 245 Higher education Edit University of Tennessee at Chattanooga s Founders Hall in June 2007 A wide variety of higher education institutions can be found in Chattanooga and nearby The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga is the second largest campus of the University of Tennessee System with a student population of over 11 587 as of 2017 18 school year 246 Chattanooga State Community College is a two year community college with a total undergraduate enrollment of roughly 8150 students in 2018 247 Tennessee Temple University was a Baptist college located in the Highland Park neighborhood that is no longer operating as of 2015 Chattanooga is also home to a branch of the University of Tennessee College of Medicine which provides medical education to third and fourth year medical students residents and other medical professionals in southeast Tennessee through an affiliation with Erlanger Health System Covenant College a private liberal arts college operated by the Presbyterian Church in America is located in the nearby suburb of Lookout Mountain Georgia and has a student population of about 1 000 Southern Adventist University is located in the suburb of Collegedale Tennessee and enrolls roughly 3 000 students Richmont Graduate University is a Christian graduate school located in Chattanooga with a CACREP accredited clinical mental health counseling program as well as other ministry related degrees and a student population close to 300 Virginia College School of Business and Health offers a variety of programs leading to diplomas associate degrees and bachelor s degrees Public library Edit The Chattanooga Public Library opened in 1905 248 Since 1976 the Chattanooga Hamilton County Bicentennial Library system had been jointly operated by the city and county governments due to Chattanooga terminating a 1966 agreement with Hamilton County to distribute sales tax revenue equally the city has taken over full funding responsibilities as of 2011 249 250 The city was given a Carnegie library in 1904 and the two story purpose built marble structure survives to this day at Eighth Street and Georgia Avenue as commercial office space In 1939 the library moved to Douglas Street and McCallie Avenue and shared the new building with the John Storrs Fletcher Library of the University of Chattanooga This building is now called Fletcher Hall and houses classrooms and offices for the university In 1976 the city library moved to its third and current location at the corner of Tenth and Broad streets Health care EditSee also List of hospitals in Tennessee Chattanooga has three hospital systems Erlanger Health System Parkridge Hospital System and CHI Memorial Hospital System Founded in 1889 Erlanger is the seventh largest public healthcare system in the United States 251 with more than half a million patient visits a year 252 Erlanger Hospital is a non profit academic teaching center affiliated with the University of Tennessee s College of Medicine 253 Erlanger is also the area s primary trauma center a Level One Trauma Center for adults and the only provider of tertiary care for the residents of southeastern Tennessee north Georgia northeastern Alabama and western North Carolina 253 In 2008 Erlanger was named one of the nation s 100 Top teaching hospitals for cardiovascular care by Thomson Reuters 254 Erlanger has been operated by the Chattanooga Hamilton County Hospital Authority since 1976 255 Parkridge Hospital is located east of downtown in the Glenwood district and is run by Tri Star Healthcare Tri Star also operates Parkridge East Medical Center in nearby East Ridge Memorial Hospital which is operated by Denver based Catholic Health Initiatives is located downtown In 2004 Memorial was named one of the 100 Top Teaching Hospitals by Thomson Reuters 256 Transportation EditConsidered to be the gateway to the Deep South along with the Midwest and the Northeast for motorists from states such as Alabama Florida and Georgia Chattanooga s extensive transportation infrastructure has evolved into an intricate system of interstates streets tunnels railroad lines bridges and a commercial airport While only a midsize city Chattanooga is ranked as having some of the worst traffic congestion of cities its size due primarily to unusually high volumes of truck traffic 257 A 2015 study by Cambridge Systematics found that 80 of trucks that pass through Chattanooga are destined for a different location the highest share of any metropolitan area in the country 258 Highways Edit Interstate 75 I 75 connects Chattanooga with Knoxville to the northeast and Atlanta to the south The eastern terminus of Interstate 24 I 24 is in Chattanooga with I 75 which connects the city to Nashville to the northwest The northern terminus of Interstate 59 I 59 is about 10 miles 16 km southwest of downtown Chattanooga in Dade County Georgia and connects the city to Birmingham to the southwest A controlled access segment of U S Route 27 US 27 begins at an interchange with I 24 in downtown Chattanooga and ends in northern Hamilton County connecting the city with the cities of Red Bank Soddy Daisy Dayton and Dunlap to the north State Route 153 SR 153 some of which is controlled access is a major route which connects I 75 to US 27 in the eastern and northern parts of the city A short controlled access portion of SR 319 known as DuPont Parkway connects downtown Chattanooga to the Hixson area 259 In addition to US 27 several other US Highways pass through Chattanooga as surface streets and many share concurrencies They include U S Routes 11 41 64 72 76 and 127 the last three of which have termini in Chattanooga US 11 and 64 form a concurrency as Brainerd Road and Lee Highway and connect Chattanooga to Collegedale and Cleveland to the northeast US 41 76 Ringgold Road connects the city to Ringgold Georgia to the southwest and a surface street section of US 27 Rossville Boulevard connects to Rossville Fort Oglethorpe and LaFayette all in Georgia to the south Beginning in downtown and continuing for several miles to the southwest US Routes 11 41 64 and 72 run together as Cummings Highway before US 11 splits off heading toward Trenton Georgia The remaining three routes continue toward Jasper where US 72 splits off headed towards Huntsville Alabama US 127 Signal Mountain Boulevard begins in North Chattanooga at an interchange with US 27 and connects the city to Signal Mountain and Dunlap to the northwest 259 Other major state routes in Chattanooga include routes 17 58 Riverfront Parkway Amnicola Highway 148 Lookout Mountain Scenic Highway 317 Bonny Oaks Drive 319 Hixson Pike and 320 East Brainerd Road Major city maintained surface streets include Broad Street Georgia Avenue Gunbarrel Road Hickory Valley Road McCallie Avenue Shallowford Road Dayton Boulevard and Frazier Avenue 259 Tunnels Edit Bachman Tubes also unofficially known as The East Ridge Tunnels which carry Ringgold Road US 41 76 into the neighboring city of East Ridge Missionary Ridge Tunnels also unofficially known as McCallie or Brainerd Tunnels which carry McCallie and Bailey Avenues US 11 64 through Missionary Ridge where the route continues as Brainerd Road Stringer s Ridge Tunnel which carries Cherokee Boulevard through Stringer s Ridge where the route continues as Dayton Boulevard Wilcox Tunnel which carries Wilcox Boulevard through Missionary Ridge and connects to Shallowford Road Public transit Edit The city is served by a publicly run bus company the Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority CARTA CARTA operates 17 routes including a free electric shuttle service in the downtown area and free wireless Internet on certain smartbuses 260 The Chattanooga Department of Transportation has a mission to make efficient transportation viable for all commuters cyclists pedestrians transit users and motorists while enhancing multi use public spaces for all people 261 Chattanooga favors public transit as the opening lines on the TDOT website read Sit back relax and let someone else deal with the traffic Compared to driving public transportation is less expensive safer and better for the environment It reduces traffic congestion saves energy and benefits the communities it serves 262 Bicycle sharing system Edit The city has its own bicycle transit system Bike Chattanooga 263 with 300 bikes and 33 docking stations all supplied by PBSC Urban Solutions a Canadian company 264 Railroad lines Edit Chattanooga Choo Choo Chattanooga Choo Choo Though Chattanooga s most famous connection to the railroad industry is Chattanooga Choo Choo a 1941 song made famous by Glenn Miller amp His Orchestra the city serves as a major freight hub with Norfolk Southern NS and CSX running trains on their own and each other s lines The Norfolk Southern Railway s main classification yard DeButts Yard is just east of downtown Norfolk Southern s Shipp s Yard and CSX s Wauhatchie Yard are southwest of the city Norfolk Southern maintains a large railroad repair shop in Chattanooga 265 The two railroad companies are among the largest individual landowners in the city the Federal Government is another 266 The Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum TVRM the largest historic operating railroad in the South and the Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway also provide railroad service in Chattanooga The headquarters of the National Model Railroad Association NMRA were located in Chattanooga next to the TVRM from 1982 to 2013 when the NMRA moved to Soddy Daisy a nearby suburb 267 The NMRA had moved from Indianapolis Indiana to Chattanooga 267 Despite the high level of freight rail activity there is no passenger rail service in the city for commuters or long distance travelers But the National Railroad Passenger Corporation Amtrak has Chattanooga on a proposed future route that would run from Atlanta to Nashville twice daily with additional stops in Marietta GA Cartersville GA Dalton GA Bridgeport AL Tullahoma TN Murfreesboro TN and the Nashville International Airport 268 Using the AAR reporting marks NS for Norfolk Southern CSXT for CSX Transportation TVRM for the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum TNT for subsidiary Tyner Terminal Railroad and CCKY for Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway the rail lines passing through Chattanooga are as follows CSXT Western amp Atlantic Subdivision Chattanooga to Atlanta Chattanooga Subdivision Chattanooga to Nashville on former NC amp StL trackage NS Cincinnati New Orleans and Texas Pacific aka the Queen and Crescent Route Chattanooga to Cincinnati Ohio via Lexington Kentucky Alabama Division Chattanooga to Memphis via Huntsville Alabama Alabama Great Southern Chattanooga to New Orleans Louisiana via Birmingham Alabama Georgia Division Chattanooga to Atlanta Central Division Chattanooga to Knoxville Chattanooga Traction Company North Chattanooga to Signal Mountain Dry Valley Line Red Bank to Lupton City TVRM East Chattanooga to Grand Junction 3 miles 4 8 km East Chattanooga Belt Line Railroad from near 23rd Street across to Holtzclaw Avenue and East Chattanooga around North Chamberlain Ave used by TVRM TNT Tyner Terminal Railroad Enterprise South Industrial Park railroad operations CCKY formerly the Tennessee Alabama amp Georgia line Chattanooga to Hedges Georgia abandoned since 2009 formerly the Central of Georgia line Chattanooga to Lyerly Georgia The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway often referred to as the Incline Railway by locals serves as a tourist attraction It is also occasionally used for commuting by Lookout Mountain residents particularly during wintry weather when traveling up and down the mountain could be very dangerous Until the 1960s the Louisville and Nashville railroad ran passenger trains through Union Station and the Southern Railway ran trains through Terminal Station The last train the L amp N s Georgian left Terminal Station in October 1971 Bridges Edit Bridges in Chattanooga In the foreground is the Walnut Street Bridge immediately behind is the Market Street Bridge and then in the background is the P R Olgiati Bridge Being bisected by the Tennessee River Chattanooga has seven bridges that allow people to traverse the river five of the bridges being automobile bridges one a rail bridge and one a pedestrian bridge These are the following from west to east Market Street Bridge facing the North Shore P R Olgiati Bridge Named for a former mayor P R Olgiati this bridge which was dedicated in 1959 carries U S Highway 27 from downtown towards Dayton Tennessee and points northward 20 Market Street Bridge Officially called the John Ross Bridge this bridge is a bascule bridge which is a type of draw bridge The bridge was completed in 1917 for the large sum of 1 million for the time Having stood for decades since its last major overhaul the Tennessee Department of Transportation declared it unsafe in late 2004 The bridge was closed in 2005 for a long overdue renovation and was reopened on August 4 2007 269 Walnut Street Bridge Also known as The Walking Bridge it is one of the centerpieces of Chattanooga s urban renewal and is the second longest pedestrian bridge in the nation Constructed in 1891 the bridge was declared unsafe and closed to traffic in 1978 It was on the verge of being demolished in the late 1980s when public outcry led to it being restored as a pedestrian only span that opened in 1993 20 270 Veterans Memorial Bridge Completed in 1984 this bridge has helped commuters from Hixson Lupton City and other northern areas reach downtown quickly 20 C B Robinson Bridge Opened in 1981 this bridge carries DuPont Parkway SR 319 from Amnicola Highway SR 58 to Hixson Pike and Route 153 20 Tenbridge This truss bridge with a vertical lift carries the Cincinnati New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway over the river and is a popular railfan area It was constructed in 1920 271 Wilkes T Thrasher Bridge Completed in 1955 this route carries Highway 153 over the Chickamauga Dam 20 Air travel Edit The Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport CHA offers non stop service to various domestic destinations via regional and national airlines including Allegiant Airlines American Eagle Delta Air Lines and its regional carrier Delta Connection and United Express 272 Notable people EditMain article List of people from Chattanooga TennesseeIn popular culture EditThis section appears to contain trivial minor or unrelated references to popular culture Please reorganize this content to explain the subject s impact on popular culture providing citations to reliable secondary sources rather than simply listing appearances Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2019 Chattanooga has been referred to in pop culture numerous times over the decades including in books documentaries films TV shows and more In recent years Chattanooga has appeared in more productions of blockbuster movies and TV shows as well as independent films and documentaries 273 274 Novels Edit Books that have Chattanooga as either a major or minor plot setting include Four and Twenty Blackbirds by Cherie Priest 275 Documentaries Edit Documentaries have been filmed in Chattanooga over the decades mostly related to the railroad industry or the Civil War battles that were fought in Chattanooga These include the following 276 Up Lookout Mountain on the Electric Incline 1913 277 Battle Fields Around Chattanooga 1913 278 The Blue and the Gray 1935 279 Our Country 2003 280 John Henry Inside the Sculptors Studio 2008 281 Let There Be Light The Odyssey of Dark Star 2010 282 Memphis amp Charleston Railroad Marriage of the Waters 2010 283 Born and Bred 2011 284 When Mourning Breaks 2013 285 Films Edit Chattanooga and its environs have been featured in numerous films since the early 1970s principally due to Chattanooga being the home of the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum TVRM which has allowed its equipment to be filmed in various films A partial list of movies shot with TVRM equipment follows 286 Fool s Parade 1971 Southern 4501 as B amp O 4501 287 Eleanor amp Franklin 1976 starring Jane Alexander and Edward Herrmann 288 The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James 1986 289 Fled 1996 shot on the TVRM mainline 290 Mama Flora s Family 1998 291 October Sky 1999 Southern 4501 appearing as N amp W 4501 with O Winston Link being the engineer 292 The Adventures of Ociee Nash 2003 293 Warm Springs 2005 shot in Summerville Georgia using TVRM equipment 294 Heaven s Fall 2007 295 Leatherheads 2008 starring George Clooney and Renee Zellweger 296 Water for Elephants 2011 starring Reese Witherspoon and Robert Pattinson 297 The promotional video for Josh Turner s 2003 country single Long Black Train was filmed on TVRM property 286 In addition to the above TVRM films the following films were filmed either in Chattanooga itself or in nearby locales 276 The Man Trail 1915 298 The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia 1981 299 The Big Blue 1988 300 Dutch 1991 301 Christopher Columbus The Discovery 1992 302 All Over Again 2001 303 Straight into Darkness 2004 304 42 2013 filmed at Engel Stadium 305 306 Identity Thief 2013 scene set in St Louis was filmed on the Market Street Bridge 307 The 1941 Glenn Miller song that catapulted Chattanooga to international fame Chattanooga Choo Choo has been performed in numerous movies including the 1941 film Sun Valley Serenade featuring the Miller Orchestra and Milton Berle The Glenn Miller Story starring James Stewart in the 1953 title role and the 1984 eponymous film Chattanooga Choo Choo 308 Sporting and entertainment events Edit A number of pro wrestling events as well as other events such as circuses concerts ice shows monster truck rallies and rodeos have been held in Chattanooga since the late 1980s all at UTC s McKenzie Arena also known as The Roundhouse because of its round shape and the impact of the railroad industry on Chattanooga 309 The events include the following 276 Clash of the Champions IV Season s Beatings 1988 310 Saturday s Night Main Event January 27 1990 episode 311 Halloween Havoc 1991 312 In Your House 13 Final Four February 16 1997 313 314 2005 and 2011 Men s Southern Conference basketball tournaments 2005 Women s Southern Conference basketball championship game Kenny Rogers concert October 8 1982 first ever event held in McKenzie Arena 315 Toby Keith concert February 8 2007 316 Elton John concert 2011 2013 2016 317 TV shows Edit Police POV COPS and the MTV show Cuff d have shown members of the Chattanooga Police Department apprehending suspects 318 In addition to police reality shows Chattanooga and nearby areas have been either been featured or mentioned in several TV shows including the following 276 America s Walking This Woman s Not Stopping episode originally broadcast May 20 2002 319 R amp B Divas Atlanta Til Divas Do Us Part episode originally broadcast June 19 2013 320 American Idol Top 3 Results Show episode originally broadcast May 19 2011 321 Antiques Roadshow Chattanooga episodes Hours 1 3 originally broadcast March 30 and April 6 and 13 2009 322 Bridezillas Shederyl amp Poni episode 323 Fitness Truth CF Open Chattanooga episode originally broadcast August 14 2011 324 40 a Day Chattanooga episode originally broadcast October 29 2004 325 Evening Magazine 326 Extreme Makeover Home Edition Sharrock Family episode originally broadcast May 15 2011 327 Good Eats Hook Line and Dinner episode originally broadcast September 8 1999 328 Mystery Manhunt 2012 329 330 Off Limits Tennessee episode originally broadcast June 20 2011 331 Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy Larry Gets the Horns episode originally broadcast February 22 2011 332 16 and Pregnant Maci episode originally broadcast June 11 2009 333 Teen Mom Maci Bookout character 334 Tennessee Crossroads Show 752 episode originally broadcast June 23 1994 335 The Andy Griffith Show Andy the Matchmaker and The Shoplifters episodes originally broadcast on November 14 1960 and March 2 1964 respectively 336 The Middle Vacation Days episode originally broadcast March 5 2014 337 The Steps a locally produced web series 338 339 Trading Spouses Meet Your New Mommy Hammond Howard episode originally broadcast January 17 and 24 2005 340 341 Who Do You Think You Are Lionel Richie episode originally broadcast March 4 2011 342 Restaurant Impossible Chattanooga Blues episode shot at the Blue Orleans and was broadcast on February 27 2020 Miscellaneous film and TV productions Edit Numerous independent short films have been produced in Chattanooga over the last several years including the following 276 Outcasts 2003 343 Assurances 2004 344 A Bright Past 2008 345 Last Breath 2009 346 The Campaign for Chattanooga Death Knell of the Confederacy 2012 347 Ella 2012 348 349 Some TV movies have been filmed in Chattanooga or nearby areas as well including the 1986 TV movie A Winner Never Quits 350 In addition the 1999 music video Usher Live starring Chattanooga native Usher was filmed in Chattanooga 351 Sister cities EditChattanooga s sister cities are 352 Hamm North Rhine Westphalia Germany 1975 Wuxi Jiangsu China 1982 Givatayim Gush Dan Israel 1988 Nizhny Tagil Sverdlovsk Oblast Russia 1996 Gangneung Gangwon do South Korea 2003 Wolfsburg Lower Saxony Germany 2011 Tōno Iwate Japan 2017 In January 2007 all of the cities above with the exceptions of Wolfsburg and Tōno and the former sister cities of Swindon and Ascoli Piceno had a tree native to each locale planted at Coolidge Park s Peace Grove which was established to replace a 100 year old Slippery elm tree which was damaged in a lightning storm in August 2006 353 354 Wolfsburg and Tōno were added in September 2011 and January 2018 respectively 355 356 The Peace Grove has nine trees a linden tree which represents Hamm a Chinese elm which represents Wuxi a Mediterranean cedar which represents Givatayim a white birch which represents Nizhny Tagil a ginkgo tree which represents Gangneung an English elm which represents Swindon a European hornbeam which represents Ascoli Piceno an oak tree which represents Wolfsburg and a cherry tree which represents Tōno Friendship cities Edit Chattanooga has friendly relations with 352 Manfredonia Apulia Italy 2014 See also Edit United States portal Tennessee portalBenwood Foundation Chattanooga Rome and Columbus Railroad Lyndhurst Foundation The Steele Home Orphanage Underground Chattanooga YMCA of Metropolitan ChattanoogaNotes Edit Mean monthly maxima and minima i e the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020 Official records for Chattanooga kept at the Weather Bureau downtown from January 1879 to June 1940 and at Lovell Field since July 1940 75 References Edit a b Chattanooga Municipal Technical Advisory Service Retrieved August 2 2021 About Chattanooga Tennessee Archived from the original on September 12 2011 Retrieved May 10 2011 Tennessee Blue Book Archived March 6 2008 at the Wayback Machine 2005 2006 pp 618 625 ArcGIS REST Services Directory United States Census Bureau Retrieved October 15 2022 a b U S Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System Chattanooga Tennessee a b Census Population API United States Census Bureau Retrieved October 15 2022 2020 Population and Housing State Data United States Census Bureau Retrieved October 11 2021 U S Census website United States Census Bureau Retrieved January 31 2008 a b QuickFacts Chattanooga city Tennessee United States Census Bureau Retrieved October 11 2021 a b Chattanooga Economic Development Greater Chattanooga Economic Partnership www greaterchatt com Retrieved July 25 2019 Smith Ellis June 24 2012 Internet rivals Comcast EPB slug it out in Chattanooga market Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved June 26 2012 Chattanooga Gig Your Gig is Here chattanoogagig com Retrieved July 17 2015 kunesh tom Chickamauga Mound Chattanooga InterTribal Association Retrieved March 15 2019 A Dictionary of Creek Muskogee Margaret McKane Mauldin Omarzu Tim May 31 2016 Chattanooga may mean rock rising to a point after Lookout Mountain Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved October 28 2020 a b Timothy Ezzell Chattanooga Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture 2009 Retrieved January 17 2013 Vicki Rozema Voices from the Trail of Tears Voices from the Trail of Tears 2003 Retrieved August 19 2009 Hughes Micheal Anderson 1991 The Struggle for Chattanooga 1862 1863 p 10 via ProQuest Dissertations amp Theses Global Russo Valeria A 2000 Gateway to Civil War history RUN OF PAPER Edition Patriot Ledger via ProQuest Central a b c d e f Chattanooga History Native Americans Displaced by Early Settlers City data com Retrieved November 13 2011 a b Flood Prone Areas Archived from the original on August 31 2015 Retrieved February 6 2016 Flood Prone Areas Tennessee Valley Authority Moody Chris March 11 2021 The lynching that Black Chattanooga never forgot takes center stage downtown Washington Post Chattanooga Tennessee Reconstruction to World War II NGeorgia com Retrieved August 29 2012 Chattanooga Dirtiest City in American Chattanooga Green City The GreenPages Chattanooga Archived from the original on May 10 2013 Retrieved April 25 2013 Peter Rudolph Rudy Olgiati Chattanooga gov City of Chattanooga Retrieved November 28 2019 Where Do Our Interstate Highways Terminate chattanoogan com Retrieved July 17 2015 Why did they name it the Ol Johnny Bridge chattanoogaradiotv com Retrieved July 17 2015 Bridge Statistics for Chattanooga Tennessee TN Condition Traffic Stress Structural Evaluation Project Costs city data com Retrieved July 17 2015 Chapter Seven gtvhof com Retrieved July 17 2015 Brandes Gratz Roberta July 7 2011 Healing the Urban Heart Chattanooga s Next Great Challenge The CitiStates Group Archived from the original on March 15 2013 Retrieved June 28 2012 Hightower Cliff August 28 2009 City reveals second phase of annexation Chattanooga Times Free Press Chattanooga Tennessee Retrieved December 21 2018 City populations grow shift Chattanooga Times Free Press July 7 2009 Retrieved November 13 2011 Pare Mike May 29 2018 Chattanooga s 2017 population growth rate was best among Tennessee s 4 biggest cities Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved July 20 2018 Lohr Steve September 12 2010 Fastest Net Service in U S Coming to Chattanooga The New York Times Retrieved December 7 2011 Morrison Chloe September 6 2012 Chatype used everywhere from library to new downtown banners Nooga com Retrieved March 12 2013 Chatype Typeface Chatype com August 15 2012 Retrieved March 12 2013 Denton Lisa March 25 2012 Chattanooga Now 2012 Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved March 12 2013 Chattanooga shootings Gunman ID d as Muhammad Youssef Abdulazeez CBC News July 16 2015 Retrieved July 16 2015 Sterling Joe Simon Darran November 21 2016 6 dead in Tennessee school bus crash CNN Cable News Network Retrieved November 22 2016 Bus driver found guilty of criminally negligent homicide in crash that killed 6 kids WBIR TV Retrieved June 16 2018 Pak Nataly May 23 2018 NTSB changes tune about seat belts on school buses after deadly crashes ABC News New York City Retrieved December 2 2019 Three people dead 14 shot outside nightclub in Chattanooga Tennessee nbcnews com June 5 2022 Retrieved June 5 2022 Geographic Identifiers 2010 Census Summary File 1 G001 Chattanooga city Tennessee American Factfinder U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved January 26 2018 Tennessee topographic map elevation relief topographic map com Retrieved January 22 2022 Downtown Chattanooga Districts Archived from the original on August 17 2018 Retrieved August 17 2018 Republic Centre www berryhunt com List of tallest buildings in Tennessee The Westin Chattanooga Marriott International a b Properties Archived from the original on August 17 2018 Retrieved August 17 2018 The Block Chattanooga TN theblockchattanooga com Uncovering the History of the Read House May 15 2018 History of the Maclellan Building www chattanoogan com Cameron Hill Archived from the original on August 17 2018 Retrieved August 17 2018 A Brief History of Cameron Hill Archived from the original on August 17 2018 Retrieved August 17 2018 Green Initiatives BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee Archived from the original on August 17 2018 Retrieved August 17 2018 We Will Not Be Satisfied Until Meg Saligman Artists to paint largest mural in Chattanooga on M L King timesfreepress com waterfront exec summary pdf application pdf Object PDF rivercitycompany com Archived from the original PDF on October 29 2008 Retrieved October 2 2008 In 25 years Tennessee Aquarium helps reshape Chattanooga downtown photos timesfreepress com April 23 2017 Retrieved July 20 2018 Downtown is top tax generator for Chattanooga Hamilton County timesfreepress com February 22 2018 Retrieved July 20 2018 City of Chattanooga Chattanooga gov Retrieved November 13 2011 Passageways 2 0 City Thread Receives National Award www chattanoogatrend com Retrieved July 25 2019 Profile Chattanooga PDF Chattanooga Chamber of Commerce Archived from the original PDF on April 29 2012 Retrieved December 7 2011 Chattanooga Goes Solar www chattanoogatrend com Levy Francesca December 2009 America s Best Bang For The Buck Cities Forbes Retrieved March 4 2022 City of Chattanooga Historic Planning amp Zoning www chattanooga gov Retrieved August 25 2018 Climatography of the United States No 20 1971 2000 PDF National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Archived from the original PDF on July 22 2013 Retrieved September 19 2010 a b NowData NOAA Online Weather Data National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved May 25 2021 Tennessee Extreme Heat Tennessee s Climate Threats States At Risk Climate Central Retrieved May 25 2020 Chattanooga Natural Disaster and Weather Extremes for Chattanooga USA com Retrieved February 18 2013 Documented Tornadoes in Hamilton County TN Srh noaa gov Retrieved April 25 2013 Funeral Services Set For Some Of Apison Tornado Victims Chattanoogan com April 29 2011 Retrieved February 18 2013 Barbour Matt September 23 2012 Memorial honors April 27th tornado victims WRCB com Retrieved February 18 2013 Matthew Cappucci Andrew Freeman Jason Samenow April 13 2020 13 Dead as Tornadoes Storms Tear Through Southern States The Washington Post Retrieved April 13 2020 Threaded Extremes threadex rcc acis org Station Chattanooga Lovell AP TN U S Climate Normals 2020 U S Monthly Climate Normals 1991 2020 National Oceanic amp Atmospheric Administration Retrieved May 25 2021 WMO Climate Normals for CHATTANOOGA LOVELL FIELD TN 1961 1990 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved March 10 2014 Census of Population and Housing Decennial Censuses United States Census Bureau Retrieved March 4 2012 a b Table 43 Tennessee Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Large Cities and Other Places Earliest Census to 1990 PDF U S Census Bureau July 13 2005 Archived from the original PDF on September 17 2011 Retrieved April 27 2018 a b Chattanooga city Tennessee United States Census Bureau Retrieved December 29 2019 U S Census Bureau QuickFacts Chattanooga city Tennessee census gov United States Census Bureau Retrieved July 18 2020 Explore Census Data data census gov Retrieved December 25 2021 2010 Demographic Profile Data DP 1 for Chattanooga city Tennessee U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved December 3 2016 Chattanooga city Tennessee State amp County QuickFacts U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on February 18 2014 Retrieved March 4 2014 Population data PDF archive knoxmpc org Chattanooga TN GA Metropolitan Statistical Area Religious Traditions 2010 The Association of Religion Data Archives ARDA 2010 Retrieved April 12 2016 Chattanooga candy companies gear up for sugar season https m timesfreepress com news 2013 oct 31 scenic city candy companies gear up for sugar Archived August 11 2014 at archive today Pare Mike April 12 2012 Life Savers at 100 Wrigley cites Chattanooga plant during celebration Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved June 27 2012 Altoids Made in America Prepared Foods Network September 7 2005 Retrieved June 27 2012 Pare Mike July 15 2008 Chattanooga lands VW plant Chattanooga Times Free Press Archived from the original on May 11 2013 Retrieved December 7 2011 Volkswagen wants slice of American pie AUSmotive com Pare Mike May 24 2011 VW ushers in new era in U S with its Chattanooga plant Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved June 26 2012 VW announces Chattanooga made SUV and 2 000 new jobs Chattanooga Times Free Press July 14 2014 Archived from the original on August 8 2014 Heron Michelle July 15 2014 Volkswagen Chattanooga SUV celebration continues WRCB TV Chattanooga Holusha John November 21 1987 Volkswagen to Shut U S Plant The New York Times Retrieved March 27 2010 Volkswagen Chooses Chattanooga for U S Electric Vehicle Production www chattanoogachamber com January 14 2019 Retrieved February 3 2020 Capps Tia January 16 2019 Volkswagen electric autos to boost Chattanooga economy www chattanoogatrend com Retrieved February 3 2020 Malek Mitra February 1 2015 Dalton may hatch business incubator Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved March 5 2015 Electricity meets the Internet with smart meters Chattanooga Times Free Press July 17 2009 Archived from the original on September 29 2011 Retrieved November 13 2011 Lohr Steve September 12 2010 Fastest Net Service in U S Coming to Chattanooga The New York Times Littlefield We Want Local Control of the Water Company The Chattanoogan December 19 2005 Archived from the original on October 14 2007 Retrieved March 24 2007 Parent Company Of Tennessee American Water To Be Sold In Public Offering The Chattanoogan March 25 2006 Archived from the original on October 19 2006 Retrieved March 24 2007 Flessner David May 2 2017 EPB Fiber surpasses 90 000 customers Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved August 4 2017 Smith Ellis December 5 2011 EPB AT amp T and Comcast compete for Chattanooga customers Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved June 22 2012 Our Company and History EPB Retrieved February 21 2012 EPB Fiber Optics epbfi com Retrieved July 17 2015 Chattanooga Announces 1 Gbps Tier community broadband networks Muninetworks org September 13 2010 Retrieved April 25 2013 Chattanooga Community Fiber Network Profiled on The Southern Way community broadband networks Muninetworks org October 29 2011 Retrieved April 25 2013 Knoxville News Station Envious of Chattanooga Fiber Network community broadband networks Muninetworks org January 4 2012 Retrieved April 25 2013 South Australia looks at Chattanooga for high speed broadband model BroadbandExpert January 9 2012 Archived from the original on June 23 2013 Retrieved April 25 2013 chattanooga community broadband networks Muninetworks org Retrieved April 25 2013 In Chattanooga EPB Customers Rave Comcast Customers Livid community broadband networks Muninetworks org January 28 2012 Retrieved April 25 2013 Amazon s Chattanooga Distribution Center is Expanding community broadband networks Muninetworks org January 13 2012 Retrieved April 25 2013 Smart Grid Electric Power EPB Retrieved April 25 2013 EPB Smart Grid Project SmartGrid gov June 13 2012 Retrieved April 25 2013 Smith Ellis October 25 2011 EPB s Chattanooga smart grid gains federal accolades Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved April 25 2013 EPB Deploys America s Fastest Fiber optic Smart Grid Lee Baker Smart Grid Consultant Electric Energy Online Archived from the original on August 9 2011 Retrieved April 25 2013 EPB smart meters a benefit Chattanooga Times Free Press November 30 2011 Retrieved April 25 2013 More Chattanooga 1Gbps Thoughts and Coverage community broadband networks Muninetworks org Retrieved April 25 2013 Big Five Chattanooga s biggest banks Chattanooga Times Free Press December 2 2014 Retrieved July 17 2015 Flessner Dave October 16 2014 Johnston heads new Chase hub in Chattanooga Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved July 17 2015 Flessner Dave April 8 2015 Nashville s Pinnacle Bank to buy CapitalMark for 187 million Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved July 17 2015 Flessner Dave April 12 2015 Chattanooga hot market for bank mergers Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved July 17 2015 The International Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum Internationaltowingmuseum org October 7 2011 Retrieved November 13 2011 Cicero De Oratore Chattanooga History Center Chattanoogahistory com Retrieved November 13 2011 National Medal of Honor Museum Chattanooga Tennessee Mohm org Retrieved November 13 2011 index html thehoustonmuseum com Retrieved July 17 2015 Chattanooga African American Museum Caamhistory com Archived from the original on October 15 2011 Retrieved November 13 2011 The Creative Discovery Museum United Nations Retrieved November 13 2011 Chattanooga Symphony and Opera Welcome Chattanoogasymphony org Retrieved November 13 2011 Home Theatrecentre com Retrieved April 25 2013 The previous conductor was Robert Bernhardt who retired in 2011 after 19 seasons but continues to live in Chattanooga https8d www theatrecentre com Chattanooga Theatre Centre National Register Information System Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium 80003823 National Register of Historic Places National Park Service November 2 2013 Retrieved May 8 2020 Conference on Southern Literature Southernlitconference org Retrieved November 13 2011 Festival of Writers Artsedcouncil org Archived from the original on October 4 2011 Retrieved November 13 2011 The Arts amp Education Council of Chattanooga Artsedcouncil org Retrieved November 13 2011 Chattanooga Tennessee Visitors Bureau Chattanooga Outdoors Coolidge Park Chattanoogafun com Archived from the original on November 21 2010 Retrieved November 13 2011 Chattanooga Tennessee Visitors Bureau Chattanooga Outdoors Renaissance Park Chattanoogafun com Archived from the original on September 20 2010 Retrieved November 13 2011 a b c Chattanooga Zoo History www chattzoo org Retrieved March 28 2019 Cravens House Ngeorgia com June 5 2007 Retrieved November 13 2011 Point Park on Lookout Mountain Georgia Tennessee Roadsidegeorgia com Retrieved November 13 2011 Redirection is also a direction hikelookout com Archived from the original on April 2 2018 Retrieved July 17 2015 GoFest Gofest info Archived from the original on April 24 2011 Retrieved November 13 2011 Talespin Archived from the original on December 21 2009 The Back Row Film Series Backrowfilms com Retrieved November 13 2011 RiverCity Downtownchattanooga org Retrieved November 13 2011 Chattanooga Dulcimer Festival Chattanooga Dulcimer Festival Archived from the original on September 12 2011 Retrieved November 13 2011 The 5 Best Bluegrass Festivals in the Country Great American Country Retrieved August 28 2016 January 20 22 2012 Chattacon org Retrieved November 13 2011 37th Chattacon convention brings science fiction fans to Chattanooga Chattanooga Times Free Press January 22 2012 Retrieved May 22 2012 Jett Tyler January 27 2013 Creature comforts Chattacon lures fantasies to Chattanooga Choo Choo Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved February 23 2013 Past Festivals Chattanooga Film Festival Retrieved May 29 2020 Filmmakers With A Cult Following Chattanooga Film Festival Retrieved May 29 2020 Courter Barry March 11 2020 Large entertainment events planned for Chattanooga area still on track as nation s coronavirus outbreak grows Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved May 29 2020 Chattanooga Lookouts official site affiliate stated on top right hand corner of web page Lookouts com January 1 2011 Retrieved November 13 2011 Chattanooga FC to go professional in 2020 Chattanooga FC August 15 2019 a b Chattanooga Football Club Scores Some Serious Funding on Wefunder April 4 2019 US amateur record crowd of 18 227 sees NPSL club Chattanooga FC fall in overtime in championship August 10 2015 About NPSL Founders Cup October 31 2018 Archived from the original on July 15 2019 Retrieved July 12 2019 USL League One takes its first strides March 28 2019 Chattanooga Football Club audit reveals unauthorized payments went to former general manager January 25 2019 East Ridge to be home for new Chattanooga Red Wolves Soccer Club stadium timesfreepress com April 25 2019 Retrieved June 25 2019 Trademark tussle Arkansas college sends cease and desist letter to Chattanooga Red Wolves WTVC November 27 2019 a b Behringer Maggie February 21 2013 See Chattanooga s rugby boom this Saturday Nooga com Retrieved March 19 2013 Behringer Maggie February 26 2013 Banner day for rugby at Montague Park Nooga com Retrieved March 19 2013 2011 Results Head of the Hooch November 5 6 2011 Retrieved May 22 2012 Head of the Hooch competition draws 15 000 to river Chattanooga Times Free Press November 6 2011 Retrieved May 22 2012 Rosenbladt Oli November 16 2012 Hooch 2012 A Regatta Like Clockwork Row2k com Retrieved December 2 2012 The Official Website USA Cycling legacy usacycling org Rodriguez wins fourth U S men s road title May 27 2013 Retrieved June 25 2013 Chattanooga leaders business owners prepare for the Super Bowl of cycling May 24 2013 Retrieved June 25 2013 USA Cycling Championships This Weekend May 23 2013 Retrieved June 25 2013 Home The Chattanooga Bicycle Club Retrieved April 1 2019 How Chattanooga became the Best Town Ever timesfreepress com Retrieved August 25 2018 Famed Stump Jump helps kick off Chattanooga s RiverRocks festival timesfreepress com Retrieved July 17 2015 America s Best Towns 2011 Outside Magazine October 2011 Retrieved January 14 2018 The 16 Best Places to Live in the U S 2015 Outside Magazine September 2015 Retrieved January 14 2018 Paschal David August 15 2013 Chattanooga lands five year Ironman deal Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved August 16 2013 Chattanooga to host Ironman Triathlon series WRCB Chattanooga Tenn August 15 2013 Retrieved August 16 2013 Kona Bound How to Get to the IRONMAN World Championship World Triathlon Corporation October 2014 Retrieved January 14 2018 Chattanooga Tenn Chosen to Host the 2017 IRONMAN 70 3 World Championships The Chattanooga Convention amp Visitors Bureau September 2014 Retrieved January 14 2018 Bicycle Friendly Community Chattanooga League of American Bicyclists 2012 Archived from the original on February 13 2013 Retrieved February 12 2013 About Outdoorchattanooga com Archived from the original on November 5 2011 Retrieved November 13 2011 Tennessee Aquarium River Gorge Explorer Boat Tnaqua org April 18 2009 Archived from the original on September 29 2011 Retrieved November 13 2011 Tennessee Aquarium Boat tour highlights Tnaqua org Archived from the original on September 29 2011 Retrieved November 13 2011 Skyhoundz Newspaper marks 10 years since sales merger Chattanooga Times Free Press January 4 2009 Retrieved June 26 2012 Choice Now In Chattanooga Tuscaloosa Ala News August 28 1966 Retrieved June 26 2012 Chattanooga Times Free Press Overview Chattanooga Times Free Press 2010 Archived from the original on January 1 2011 Retrieved June 26 2012 Our unique editorial variety timesfreepress com Retrieved November 13 2011 About The Pulse Enigma Magazine in Print The New Enigma online magazine is now underway html5 app asp Chattanooga News Chronicle e Edition www chattanooganewschronicle com Archived from the original on June 28 2014 The Chattanoogan Chattanoogan com Retrieved July 21 2009 Chattanoogan com was launched Sept 1 1999 as one of the first full service web only daily newspapers in the country It currently gets about 50 000 80 000 visits per day Internet Newspaper to Appear in Chattanooga Tenn Chattanooga Times Free Press 1999 Archived from the original on October 26 2012 Retrieved July 22 2009 A new Internet venture that calls itself one of the first full service Web only newspapers in the country is slated to appear today in Chattanooga Chattanoogan com will publish Monday through Friday on the Internet at www chattanoogan com said publisher and co owner John Wilson on Tuesday Mr Wilson formerly with the Chattanooga Free Press for 28 years and the Hamilton County historian said the Internet paper will offer local news sports features weather obituaries opinion health and classified advertising Flessner Dave 2011 Group plans news website as Igou sells nooga domain Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved February 17 2011 Barry Large who co founded Access America Transport Inc says the new site could transform the way people in our area gather their news express their opinions and plan their weekends Large said Tuesday he is the majority owner in a group that acquired the Internet domain name nooga com in November from Chattanooga businessman Rick Igou Although the nooga com site is inactive Large said in an e mailed statement Tuesday that he plans to launch a news site that will provide quality daily content focusing on local business politics and entertainment in the Chattanooga area Nooga com will go live in the near future featuring an impressive array of writers and contributors from around the Scenic City Nooga com partners with media company timesfreepress com August 13 2018 Retrieved July 26 2019 Nooga com partners with 6AM City unveils new brand across online platforms NOOGAtoday August 13 2018 Retrieved July 26 2019 a b noogatoday September 27 2018 We are officially NOOGAtoday here s to seven more years NOOGAtoday Retrieved July 26 2019 WDYN Radio Home www wdyn com Amazing travel gadgets August 20 2015 Home Page Top Stories Christian Radio Bible Teaching Modern Praise amp Worship Music CSN Christian Satellite Network www csnradio com Positive amp Encouraging K LOVE K LOVE University Southern Adventist Home www wsmc org Family Life Radio Christian Radio Station Network Family Life Radio WDEF WDEF Air1 Positive Hits Air1 WMPZ WMPZ WJTT POWER94 WJTT POWER94 WAAK 94 7 FM WaaKool Radio Catoosa County waak catt com Archived from the original on March 30 2008 Retrieved February 4 2008 BIG 95 3 BIG 95 3 Real 96 1 Chattanooga s 1 for Hip Hop and R amp B Real 96 1 Hits 96 Hits 96 98 1 The Lake We Play Anything Chattanooga 98 1 The Lake Welcome to the World Wide Woop Streaming Radio Video Bluegrass Talk Radio IOS 8 0 Compatible www woopfm com US 101 Chattanooga s 1 For Country US 101 WJSQ WLAR www wjsqwlar com Two Survivors Tell Of Wreck That Killed 3 Members Of Thomas Family Archived from the original on December 14 2005 Retrieved December 7 2005 a b Home Shining the Light in the Tennessee Valley J103 www j103 com KISS FM 1 FOR NEW MUSIC KISS FM Rock 105 Man Up Man Up Chattanooga Rock 105 Man Up WSKZ FM WSKZ FM Easy 106 9 WPLZ HD2 permanent dead link WOGT FM WOGT FM Taylor Sarah Grace April 18 2021 Kelly takes office as Chattanooga s mayor Monday with plan for first 100 days Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved April 19 2021 a b Hightower Cliff Todd South October 13 2011 Brown v Board of Commissioners Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved August 10 2012 City Council Chattanooga gov City of Chattanooga Retrieved June 20 2022 Representative Robin Smith TN House Directory Tennessee General Assembly Retrieved March 15 2019 Representative Patsy Hazlewood TN House Directory Tennessee General Assembly Retrieved March 15 2019 Representative Yusuf Hakeem TN House Directory Tennessee General Assembly Retrieved March 15 2019 Representative Mike Carter TN House Directory Tennessee General Assembly Retrieved March 15 2019 Representative Esther Helton TN House Directory Tennessee General Assembly Retrieved March 15 2019 Senator Todd Gardenhire TN Senate Directory Tennessee General Assembly Retrieved March 15 2019 Senator Bo Watson TN Senate Directory Tennessee General Assembly Retrieved March 15 2019 Congressman Chuck Fleischmann United States House of Representatives Retrieved July 3 2012 Call My Office U S Senator Marsha Blackburn of Tennessee Retrieved August 21 2020 Senator Lamar Alexander United States Senate Archived from the original on July 10 2016 Retrieved July 3 2012 Chattanooga Police Department 1940s City of Chattanooga Retrieved August 9 2012 Chattanooga s History Great Depression through the Present Day NGeorgia com Retrieved August 9 2012 Hubbard Rita L December 10 2007 Notable Place and Events that had an impact on the United States African Americans of Chattanooga A History of Unsung Heroes Charleston South Carolina The History Press pp 77 78 ISBN 978 1 59629 315 1 Retrieved August 9 2012 Hamilton County Department of Education Quick Links hcde org Archived from the original on September 11 2012 Retrieved July 17 2015 History PEF Pefchattanooga org Retrieved April 25 2013 3HD is now ND amp P Thehowardschool net Retrieved November 13 2011 Children With Special Needs Autism Early Intervention Special Education Down syndrome Siskin Children s Institute Siskin org Retrieved November 13 2011 UTC Factbook utc edu Retrieved April 4 2016 2018 Student Population Chattanooga State Community College College Tuition Compare Retrieved April 16 2019 American Library Annual 1917 1918 New York R R Bowker Co 1918 pp 7 v hdl 2027 mdp 39015013751220 http www lib chattanooga gov Archived June 13 2006 at the Wayback Machine Library Website Hightower Cliff May 23 2011 Sales tax accord ends new era begins Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved July 1 2012 Erlanger Ranked Seventh Largest Public Hospital System In The Nation Chattanoogan com www chattanoogan com Retrieved October 6 2015 Erlanger Health System FY 2014 2015 a b About Erlanger Erlanger org October 5 2011 Retrieved November 13 2011 100 Top Hospitals 2008 Thomson Reuters 2008 Archived from the original on May 24 2008 Retrieved November 18 2008 Erlanger Hospital www erlanger org Archived from the original on October 21 2008 100 Top Hospitals 2004 Thomson Reuters 2004 Archived from the original on February 9 2007 Retrieved March 24 2007 Pare Mike August 28 2015 Chattanooga traffic gridlock sets new records Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved March 31 2022 Pare Mike February 15 2015 Forget trains Chattanooga is No 1 in the nation for truck traffic Chattanooga Times Free Press Retrieved January 11 2022 a b c Tennessee Department of Transportation Long Range Planning Division Office of Data Visualization 2018 Hamilton County PDF Map Tennessee Department of Transportation http www chattanoogan com articles article 113678 asp Archived July 20 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Chattanoogan September 19 2007 Transportation www chattanooga gov Retrieved April 1 2019 Public Transit Services www tn gov Retrieved April 1 2019 Bike Chattanooga celebrates four years Retrieved August 3 2016 Chattanooga eying new bicycle models for bike share program Retrieved August 3 2016 Norfolk Southern Corporate Profile Norfolk Southern Retrieved August 22 2012 Chattanooga Tennessee Slider enc slider com Archived from the original on August 20 2006 Retrieved October 1 2015 a b Keane Maribeth February 20 2009 An Interview With National Model Railroad Association Library Director Brent Lambert Collectors Weekly Retrieved June 26 2012 Amtrak s Vision Atlanta Chattanooga Nashville Amtrak Connects US Retrieved March 23 2022 Market Street Bridge Project What s Happening Marketstbridge com Archived from the original on July 22 2013 Retrieved November 13 2011 Katy Trail Information Bikekatytrail com Archived from the original on October 1 2011 Retrieved November 13 2011 Tennessee River Railroad Bridge 35 104075 85 233388 Bridgehunter com Retrieved November 13 2011 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint location link 1 Archived July 25 2010 at the Wayback Machine Leber Holly November 17 2008 Film enthusiasts want Chattanooga to become a movie magnet Chattanooga Times Free Press Archived from the original on May 10 2013 Retrieved February 12 2013 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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