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Ashdod

February 20, 2023

This article is about the modern Israeli city. For the ancient and classical-era city of Ashdod, see Isdud.

Ashdod (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד ʾašdōḏ; Arabic: أسدود or إسدود ʾisdūd or ʾasdūd Arabic pronunciation: [ʔɪ, ʔa-sˈduːd]; Philistine: 𐤀𐤔𐤃𐤃 *ʾašdūd) is the sixth-largest city in Israel. Located in the country's Southern District, it lies on the Mediterranean coast 32 kilometres (20 miles) south of Tel Aviv and 20 km (12 mi) north of Ashkelon.

Ashdod
  • אַשְׁדּוֹד‎
City (from 1968)
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259ʔašdod
Flag
Ashdod
Ashdod
Coordinates: 31°48′0″N 34°39′0″E / 31.80000°N 34.65000°E / 31.80000; 34.65000Coordinates: 31°48′0″N 34°39′0″E / 31.80000°N 34.65000°E / 31.80000; 34.65000
Country Israel
DistrictSouthern
Founded1700 BCE (Canaanite settlement)
1300 BCE (Philistine rule)
147 BCE (Hasmonean rule)
7th century CE (Muslim city)
1956 (Israeli city)
Government
 • MayorYehiel Lasri
Area
 • Total47,242 dunams (47.242 km2 or 18.240 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[1]
 • Total226,838
 • Density4,800/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
Website

The historical town of Ashdod, c.6 km southeast of the center of the modern town,[2][3] dating to the 17th century BCE, was one of the five Philistine city-states. The coastal site of Ashdod-Yam, today southwest of the modern city, was a separate city for most of its history.

Modern Ashdod was established in 1956 on the sand hills 6km northeast of the historical Ashdod, then known as Isdud, a Palestinian town which had been depopulated in 1948. It was incorporated as a city in 1968, with a land-area of approximately 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi). Being a planned city, expansion followed a main development plan, which facilitated traffic and prevented air pollution in the residential areas, despite population growth. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Ashdod had a population of 225,939 in 2019,[1] with an area of 47,242 dunams (47.242 km2; 18.240 sq mi).[4]

Ashdod is today a major Israeli city, and contains the largest port in Israel accounting for 60% of the country's imported goods. Ashdod today is home to the largest Moroccan and Karaite Jewish communities in Israel,[5][6] and to the largest Georgian Jewish community in the world.[7] It is also an important regional industrial center.

History

Stone Age

Three stone tools dating from the Neolithic era were discovered, but no other evidence of a Stone Age settlement in Ashdod was found, suggesting that the tools were deposited there in a later period.[8]

Historical Ashdod (Isdud) and Ashdod-Yam

 
The Madaba Map, showing the two cities of ΑϹΔⲰ... / ASDŌ... / Asdod (Tel Ashdod) and ΑΖⲰΤΟϹΠΑΡΑΛ[ΙΟϹ] / AZŌTOSPARAL[IOS] / Azotus-by-the-Sea (Ashdod-Yam)
Main articles: Isdud and Ashdod-Yam

The historical town of Ashdod (today referred to as Tel Ashdod / Isdud), was c.6km southeast of the center of the modern town. It dates to the 17th century BCE, and was a prominent Philistine city, one of the five Philistine city-states. The coastal site of Ashdod-Yam, today southwest of the modern city, was a separate city for most of its history.

The first documented urban settlement at Tel Ashdod / Isdud dates to the 17th century BCE, when it was a fortified Canaanite city.[9] It was destroyed at the end of the Late Bronze Age. During the Iron Age, it was a prominent Philistine city, one of the five Philistine city-states. It is mentioned 13 times in the Hebrew Bible. After being captured by Uzziah, it was briefly ruled by the Kingdom of Judah before it was taken by the Assyrians. During the Persian period, Nehemiah condemned the returning Jews for intermarrying Ashdod's residents. Under Hellenistic rule, the city was known as Azotus. It was later incorporated into the Hasmonean kingdom. During the 1st century BCE, Pompey removed the city from Judean rule and annexed it to the Roman province of Syria. Ashdod was a bishopric under Byzantine rule, but its importance gradually slipped and by the Middle Ages it was a village.[10]

Ashdod-Yam, later known as Azotos Paralios, appears to have been first settled in the Bronze Age, gradually gaining in importance through the Iron Age.[11] In the Byzantine period the port town overshadowed in importance the city further inland: the bishops of Azotos present at the council of 325 and the council of Jerusalem in 536 seem to have resided in Azotos Paralios rather than in Azotos Mesogeios.[11][12] The prominence of Hellenised, then Christian Azotus continued until the 7th century, when it came under Muslim rule. The city was represented at the Council of Chalcedon by Heraclius of Azotus. A coastal fort "Minat al-Qal'a" (lit. "the port with the castle" in Arabic) was erected by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik, the builder of the Dome of the Rock, at or near the former Azotus Paralios,[13] which was later reconstructed by the Fatimids and Crusaders.[14] The port city stops being mentioned during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods, making it likely that it was destroyed due to fears that they might again be used by Crusader invasions from the sea.[14]

Foundation of modern Ashdod

 
Ashdod in 1960. Historical Isdud is south of the mapped area, shown on the adjacent map here
 
Isdud (Esdud) in 1870 overlaid with the outline of modern Ashdod
Maps comparing the location of historical Isdud (Esdud) and Minet el Kuleh, with modern Ashdod, founded in 1956 c.6km northwest of the ruins of Isdud,
 
Ashdod in 1957

The modern city of Ashdod was founded in 1956. On May 1, 1956, then finance minister Levi Eshkol approved the establishment of the city of Ashdod. "Ashdod Company Ltd.", a daughter company of City-Builders Company Ltd., was created for that purpose by Oved Ben-Ami and Philip Klutznick. The first settlers, 22 families from Morocco, arrived in November 1956, followed by a small influx of immigrants from Egypt.[15][16] In July 1957, the government granted a 24 square kilometres (9 square miles), approximately 32 kilometres (20 mi) from Tel Aviv, to the Ashdod Company Ltd., for building the modern city of Ashdod.[16] The building of the Eshkol A power station in Ashdod was completed in 1958 and included 3 units: 2 units of 50 megawatt, and one unit of 45 megawatt (with sea water desalination capabilities).

The city's development was made possible by the large investment of industrialist Israel Rogosin who opened his main Israeli factory in the city of Ashdod on August 9, 1960.[17][18] Three of the high schools he funded were also built in Ashdod.[19] The Main boulevard in Ashdod is named in his honour as a founder of the city.

The first local council was appointed in October 1959. Dov Gur was appointed the first local council head on behalf of the Israeli Ministry of Interior.[20] In 1961, Ashdod was a town of 4,600. The Magistrates' Court in the city was inaugurated in 1963. The building of the port of Ashdod began in April 1961. The port was inaugurated in November 1963, and was first utilized in November 1965, with the coming of the Swedish ship "Wiengelgad".[16] The city expanded gradually, with the construction of two quarters in the 1960s, followed by four more in the 1970s and two more in the 1980s. In 1972, the population was 40,300, and this grew to 65,700 by 1983.

Large-scale growth of the city began in 1991, with the massive arrival of immigrants from the Soviet Union and Ethiopia and infrastructure development. From 1990 to 2001 the city accepted more than 100,000 new inhabitants, a 150% growth.[21] Five more quarters of the city were completed, and a business district was built. In the 2000s, three more quarters and the marina districts were completed.

Ashdod was one of six cities that won the 2012 Education Prize awarded by the Israel Ministry of Education.[22]

Urban development

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19614,600—    
197240,300+776.1%
198365,700+63.0%
1995129,800+97.6%
2008204,300+57.4%
2016221,591+8.5%
 
Menachem Begin Boulevard

The modern city of Ashdod city was built outside the historic settlement site, on virgin sands. The development followed a main development plan.[23] The planners divided the city into seventeen neighborhoods of ten to fifteen thousand people. Wide avenues between the neighborhoods make traffic flow relatively freely inside the city. Each neighborhood has access to its own commercial center, urban park, and health and education infrastructure. The original plan also called for a business and administrative center, built in the mid-1990s, when the city population grew rapidly more than doubling in ten years.[21]

Three industrial zones were placed adjacent to the port in the northern part of the city, taking into account the prevailing southern winds which take air pollution away from the city.[23] The plan had its problems, however, including asymmetric growth of upscale and poorer neighborhoods and the long-time lack of a main business and administrative center.[24]

The city was planned for a maximum of 250,000 inhabitants, and an additional area in the south was reserved for further development.[23]

In 2012, a plan to build an industrial zone on part of the Ashdod Sand Dune was approved. The plan calls for a hi-tech industrial park, events halls, and coffee shops to be built adjacent to the train station. It will cover 400 dunams (0.4 km2; 0.2 sq mi), including 130 dunams of built-up space, with the rest of the area being preserved as a nature reserve.[25][26] In addition, the Port of Ashdod is undergoing a massive expansion program.[27]

Geography

The Ashdod-Nitzanim sand dune nature reserve is a 20-kilometer (12-mile) stretch of sand dunes on the southern outskirts of Ashdod.

Climate

Ashdod has a Mediterranean climate with hot summers, pleasant spring and fall, and cool, rainy winters. As a seaside town, the humidity tends to be high many times year round, and rain occurs mainly from November to March. In winter, temperatures seldom drop below 5 °C (41 °F) and are more likely to be in the range of 10–15 °C (50–59 °F), while in summer the average is 27 °C (81 °F). The average annual rainfall is 510 mm (20.1 in).

Economy

 
Ashdod Sea Mall

Ashdod is one of the most important industrial centers in Israel. All industrial activities in the city are located in northern areas such as the port area, the northern industrial zone, and around the Lachish River. The port of Ashdod is the largest port in Israel, handling about 60% of Israel's port cargo. It was mainly upgraded in recent years and will be able to provide berths for Panamax ships.[28][29] Various shipping companies offices are also located in the port area which also is home to an Eshkol A power station and coal terminal.

The Northern industrial zone is located on Highway 41 and includes various industry including an oil refinery, which is one of only two in the country. The heavy industry zone located south of the Lachish River was once the main industrial center in Ashdod. Recently, however, leisure facilities have moved into the area. There is still some industry here, however, such as a Teva Pharmaceutical Industries plant, construction components producer Ashtrom, and Solbar a soybean oil producer. Ashdod is also home to Elta, a part of Israel Aircraft Industries where radar equipment, electronic warfare systems, and ELINT are developed.

Retail and entertainment

 
Ashdod from above

Historically each neighborhood of Ashdod had its own commercial center. In 1990, however, when the mall shopping culture developed in Israel, the main commercial activity in Ashdod moved to malls. The first mall to open in Ashdod was the Forum Center in the industrial zone. Restaurants, bars and night clubs were opened in the area. Today, the Forum center is mainly used for offices. Lev Ashdod Mall, which opened in 1993, has been enlarged and upgraded since then.[30] Ashdod Mall, billed at the time as the city's largest shopping mall, has also been redesigned since its opening in 1995.[31] City Mall, Ashdod was opened in a combined building with the central bus station in 1996,[32] following the examples of the Tel Aviv Central Bus Station and the Jerusalem Central Bus Station. The Sea Mall, a three-story mall near the government offices, has a climbing wall and movie theater. Star Center doubled in size in 2007.[33]

Education

In 2013, Ashdod had 500 schools employing 3,500 teachers. The student population was 55,000. The city's education budget was NIS 418 million shekels.[22]

Lycée français Guivat-Washington, a French international high school, is in Givat Washington, in proximity to Ashdod.[34]

Healthcare

Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Ashdod's only general hospital, serves the city and the surrounding area. It is a 300-bed hospital, and its "bomb shelter" design with thick concrete walls offers sufficient protection so as to keep operating without having to transfer patients during a time of war. It is also a university hospital affiliated with Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.[35] The hospital opened in 2017. Prior to the opening of the hospital, Ashdod did not have a general hospital, and residents in need of hospitalization had to travel to Kaplan Medical Center in Rehovot or Barzilai Medical Center in Ashkelon.

There are public and private clinics operating in the city. A special clinic run by Hatzalah operates at times when all other clinics in the city are closed.[36]

Transportation

 
Ashdod central bus station
 
Big Ashdod Bus Terminal

Road

Ashdod is located on the historic Via Maris. Highway 4 was developed following this route along the southern sea shore of Israel; it serves as the main connection to the north, towards the Tel Aviv metropolitan area, and to the south, towards Ashkelon. Ad Halom junction was planned as the main entrance to the city from the east.[24]

Ashdod Interchange was opened in 2009.[37] The interchange continues the freeway section of Highway 4 further south, by removing the traffic light at this junction, and also added grade separation with the railway.[38] The other main road in the area is Highway 41 which served the city from the start of its modern history. This road runs from west to east towards Gedera and it is the main transport link to the port of Ashdod and the industrial zones, and connects to Highway 4 with an interchange.

In late 2012, Ashdod won a NIS 220 million grant from the Israeli Transport Ministry to improve public transportation and decrease private car use. According to the municipality's plans, a 20-kilometer ring of road arteries will be given priority in public transportation. These arteries will carry four bus rapid transit lines. In the city's more crowded areas, such as Herzl Boulevard or the western part of Menachem Begin Boulevard, a public transportation lane will be paved in the center of the road. In other areas, the right-hand lane will be reserved for public transportation. Buses will also be given priority at traffic lights; electronic devices will allow a bus to signal its approach, causing the light to turn green. In addition, an electric-powered bicycle rental network will be set up, and 22 kilometres (14 miles) of bicycle paths will be paved in the city.[39]

Train

Main article: Ashdod Ad Halom Railway Station
 
Ashdod Ad Halom Railway Station

The passenger railway connection to Ashdod opened in 1992[40] after the renovation of the historical railway to Egypt.[41] Ashdod railway station is on Israel Railways' Binyamina/Netanya – Tel Aviv – Ashkelon line and it is located near Ad Halom Junction. The station was upgraded in 2003[40] when a new terminal building was built. The station building is modern, but proper road access to it was only organized on September 23, 2008, when a new road to the station was opened.[42]

There is also heavy freight traffic in the area. Port of Ashdod has its own railway spur line as well as a special terminal for potash brought from the Sodom area and exported abroad.

Buses

A new central bus station opened in 1996. It serves as the terminus both for inter- and intracity lines. The central bus station is attached to the City Mall. Intercity bus lines connect the city with most population centers in central and southern Israel. Following is the list of bus companies serving routes at the central bus station:

The Egged Ta'avura company has been operating urban buses in Ashdod since 2007.[45][46] In addition, a share taxi service exists in Ashdod, operated by Moniyot HaIr.[47] Most share taxi lines coincide with intracity bus lines.

Cruise ships and yachts

 
Ashdod beach

There is a passenger pier in the Port of Ashdod. The traffic at this gateway is constantly growing, especially due to cruise ship activities. The other sea gateway is Blue Marina.

Demographics

 
LaMimunia Moroccan culture center
Year Population
1961 4,600[48]
1972 40,300
1983 65,700[49]
1990 83,900
1995 125,820
1996 137,100
2000 174,224
2001 187,000
2003 192,200[50]
2006 204,400
2008 209,200
2016 220,883

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Ashdod had a population of about 225,939 at the end of 2019, making it the sixth largest city in Israel.[1] The annual population growth rate is 2.6% and the ratio of women to men is 1,046 to 1,000. The population age distribution was recorded as 19.7% under the age of 10, 15.7% from age 10 to 19, 14.9% from 20 to 29, 19.1% from 30 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% were 65 or older. The population of Ashdod is significantly younger than the Israeli average because of the large number of young couples living in the city. The city is ranked medium-low in socio-economic grading, with a rating of 4 out of 10. 56.1% of 12th grade students in Ashdod were eligible for matriculation certificates in 2000. The average salary in 2000 was NIS 4,821 compared to the national average of NIS 6,835.

Immigrant absorption

Ashdod has seen much of its growth as the result of absorption of immigrants. The first settlers were Jewish immigrants from Morocco and Egypt.[16] In the 1960s Ashdod accepted a large number of immigrants from Romania, followed by a large number from Georgia (then part of the Soviet Union) in the 1970s.[16] More than 60,000 Russian Jews from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel in the 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union settled in Ashdod. Recent demographic figures suggest that about 32%[51] of the city's population are new immigrants, 85% of whom are originally from the former Soviet Union. During the 1990s the city absorbed a large number of Beta Israel immigrants from Ethiopia, and in more recent years Ashdod absorbed a large number of immigrants from the United States, United Kingdom, France, Argentina, and South Africa. Many of the 60,000 Marathi-speaking Bene Israel from Maharashtra, India who moved to Israel also settled there. Ashdod also receives a significant amount of internal migration,[52] especially from the Gush Dan region.

Religion

 
Orot Haim yeshiva

Over 95% of Ashdod's population is Jewish, over 30% of whom are religiously observant. Despite this, the city is generally secular, although most of the non-Jewish population is a result of mixed marriages. About 100 families are affiliated with the Pittsburg Hasidic group, established there in 1969 by Grand Rabbi Avraham Abba Leifer and continued today by his son, Grand Rabbi Mordechai Yissachar Ber Leifer.[53] Ashdod has many synagogues serving different streams of Judaism. The city is also home to the world's largest[54] Karaite community, about five thousand strong.[55] There is also a Scandinavian Seamen Protestant church, established by Norwegian Righteous Among the Nations pastor Per Faye-Hansen.[56][57]

Local government

 
Ashdod city hall

Ashdod was declared a city in 1968. The Ashdod City Council has twenty-five elected members, one of whom is the mayor. The mayor serves a five-year term and appoints six deputies. The current mayor of Ashdod, Yehiel Lasri, was last elected in 2008 after Zvi Zilker has been in office continuously since 1989.[58] Within the city council there are various factions representing different population groups. The headquarters of the Ashdod Municipality and the mayor's office are at city hall. This new municipal building is located in the main culture and business area.

Mayors

 
Ashdod MonArt Arts Center

Culture and art

Music and performing arts

 
Amphi Ashdod - more than 6,400 seats
 
Outdoor sculpture of Samson in Ashdod

Ashdod is home to the Israeli Andalusian Orchestra, which performs Andalusian classical music. It is an Arabic music style that originates from Moorish Iberia or Al-Andalus, has been jealously preserved in its original form by Arab and Jewish musicians of the Maghreb over the centuries, and has left its mark on the cante flamenco, the flamenco singing style, perhaps better known in the West. The orchestra was awarded the Israel Prize in 2006.[59][60]

Ashdod also has one of the biggest open theaters in Israel - Amphi Ashdod that can hosts more than 6,400 guests. The Amphi hosts Ashdod's international art festival "Méditerranée".

The MonArt Centre for the Arts, which includes a ballet school, a music center and the Ashdod Museum of Art,[61] is a performing arts center which comprises different galleries, art schools, studios and events. The ambitious architectural complex[61] has been inaugurated in 2003. Theatre and concerts are hosted in several cultural venues; the most important are performed at the Ashdod Performing Arts Center, a new 938-seat concert hall[62] of distinct elegance and originality designed by Israeli architect Haim Dotan[63] and inaugurated in 2012 in the city's cultural center. Ashdod plays host to many national and international music festivals, including the annual Super Jazz Ashdod Festival managed by Leonid Ptashka.[64]

The ACADMA conservatory is a professional educational institute for music and performance studies based in Ashdod. Operated under the supervision of the Ministry of Education, the institute was established in 1966,[65] and serves as a home for 600 young musicians in different fields.

Museums

The Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture[66] is worldwide the only museum dedicated to this topic. It reopened in 2014 with a new interactive exhibition. The Museum displays significant Philistine artifacts form each of the five cities in the Philistine pentapolis.

The Ashdod Museum of Art, located in the MonArt center (see above at "Music and performing arts"), has 12 galleries and two exhibition halls. In an architectural echo of the Louvre, the entrance to the museum is through a glass pyramid.[67] In 2003 the internal spaces of the museum were redesigned by the architects Eyal Weizman, Rafi Segal and Manuel Herz.

Sports

Ashdod's football team, F.C. Ironi Ashdod represents the city in the Israeli Premier League. The club is known for its successful football school. It is also home to Hapoel Ashdod F.C., which plays in Liga Alef. The city's top basketball team is Maccabi Ashdod. The men squad plays in First League, Israel's First tier league, and the women squad Maccabi Bnot Ashdod plays in top division.

Ashdod plays host to many national and international sporting tournaments, including the annual Ashdod International Chess Festival. The city has a cricket team,[68] a rarity in Israel. It is run and organized by citizens of Indian descent. Ashdod's beaches are a venue for water sports, like as windsurfing and Scuba diving. The Ashdod Marina offers yachting services.

Notable athletes from Ashdod include:

Twin towns–Sister cities

Ashdod is twinned with

Notable people

Past

Georgy Adelson-Velsky resided in the city from 1992 until his death in 2014

See also

References

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  • Rudiger Schmitt, "Ashdod and the Material Remains of Domestic Cults in the Philistine Coastal Plain," in John Bodel and Saul M. Olyan (eds), Household and Family Religion in Antiquity (Malden, MA/Oxford: Blackwell, 2008) (The Ancient World: Comparative Histories), 159–170.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ashdod.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ashdod.
  • Survey of Western Palestine, Map 16: IAA, Wikimedia commons
  • Official website
  • Ashdod Port official website
  • Ashdod Cemetery
  • Map of Ashdod region, 1960 - Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel


February 20, 2023
ashdod, this, article, about, modern, israeli, city, ancient, classical, city, isdud, hebrew, ʾašdōḏ, arabic, أسدود, إسدود, ʾisdūd, ʾasdūd, arabic, pronunciation, ʔɪ, sˈduːd, philistine, 𐤀𐤔𐤃𐤃, ʾašdūd, sixth, largest, city, israel, located, country, southern, d. This article is about the modern Israeli city For the ancient and classical era city of Ashdod see Isdud Ashdod Hebrew א ש ד ו ד ʾasdōḏ Arabic أسدود or إسدود ʾisdud or ʾasdud Arabic pronunciation ʔɪ ʔa sˈduːd Philistine 𐤀𐤔𐤃𐤃 ʾasdud is the sixth largest city in Israel Located in the country s Southern District it lies on the Mediterranean coast 32 kilometres 20 miles south of Tel Aviv and 20 km 12 mi north of Ashkelon Ashdod א ש ד ו ד City from 1968 Hebrew transcription s ISO 259ʔasdodFlagAshdodShow map of Ashkelon region of IsraelAshdodShow map of IsraelCoordinates 31 48 0 N 34 39 0 E 31 80000 N 34 65000 E 31 80000 34 65000 Coordinates 31 48 0 N 34 39 0 E 31 80000 N 34 65000 E 31 80000 34 65000Country IsraelDistrictSouthernFounded1700 BCE Canaanite settlement 1300 BCE Philistine rule 147 BCE Hasmonean rule 7th century CE Muslim city 1956 Israeli city Government MayorYehiel LasriArea Total47 242 dunams 47 242 km2 or 18 240 sq mi Population 2021 1 Total226 838 Density4 800 km2 12 000 sq mi Websitewww ashdod muni ilThe historical town of Ashdod c 6 km southeast of the center of the modern town 2 3 dating to the 17th century BCE was one of the five Philistine city states The coastal site of Ashdod Yam today southwest of the modern city was a separate city for most of its history Modern Ashdod was established in 1956 on the sand hills 6km northeast of the historical Ashdod then known as Isdud a Palestinian town which had been depopulated in 1948 It was incorporated as a city in 1968 with a land area of approximately 60 square kilometres 23 sq mi Being a planned city expansion followed a main development plan which facilitated traffic and prevented air pollution in the residential areas despite population growth According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics Ashdod had a population of 225 939 in 2019 1 with an area of 47 242 dunams 47 242 km2 18 240 sq mi 4 Ashdod is today a major Israeli city and contains the largest port in Israel accounting for 60 of the country s imported goods Ashdod today is home to the largest Moroccan and Karaite Jewish communities in Israel 5 6 and to the largest Georgian Jewish community in the world 7 It is also an important regional industrial center Contents 1 History 1 1 Stone Age 1 2 Historical Ashdod Isdud and Ashdod Yam 1 3 Foundation of modern Ashdod 2 Urban development 3 Geography 4 Climate 5 Economy 6 Retail and entertainment 7 Education 8 Healthcare 9 Transportation 9 1 Road 9 2 Train 9 3 Buses 9 4 Cruise ships and yachts 10 Demographics 10 1 Immigrant absorption 10 2 Religion 11 Local government 11 1 Mayors 12 Culture and art 12 1 Music and performing arts 12 2 Museums 13 Sports 14 Twin towns Sister cities 15 Notable people 15 1 Past 16 See also 17 References 17 1 Bibliography 18 External linksHistory EditStone Age Edit Three stone tools dating from the Neolithic era were discovered but no other evidence of a Stone Age settlement in Ashdod was found suggesting that the tools were deposited there in a later period 8 Historical Ashdod Isdud and Ashdod Yam Edit The Madaba Map showing the two cities of AϹDⲰ ASDŌ Asdod Tel Ashdod and AZⲰTOϹPARAL IOϹ AZŌTOSPARAL IOS Azotus by the Sea Ashdod Yam Main articles Isdud and Ashdod Yam The historical town of Ashdod today referred to as Tel Ashdod Isdud was c 6km southeast of the center of the modern town It dates to the 17th century BCE and was a prominent Philistine city one of the five Philistine city states The coastal site of Ashdod Yam today southwest of the modern city was a separate city for most of its history The first documented urban settlement at Tel Ashdod Isdud dates to the 17th century BCE when it was a fortified Canaanite city 9 It was destroyed at the end of the Late Bronze Age During the Iron Age it was a prominent Philistine city one of the five Philistine city states It is mentioned 13 times in the Hebrew Bible After being captured by Uzziah it was briefly ruled by the Kingdom of Judah before it was taken by the Assyrians During the Persian period Nehemiah condemned the returning Jews for intermarrying Ashdod s residents Under Hellenistic rule the city was known as Azotus It was later incorporated into the Hasmonean kingdom During the 1st century BCE Pompey removed the city from Judean rule and annexed it to the Roman province of Syria Ashdod was a bishopric under Byzantine rule but its importance gradually slipped and by the Middle Ages it was a village 10 Ashdod Yam later known as Azotos Paralios appears to have been first settled in the Bronze Age gradually gaining in importance through the Iron Age 11 In the Byzantine period the port town overshadowed in importance the city further inland the bishops of Azotos present at the council of 325 and the council of Jerusalem in 536 seem to have resided in Azotos Paralios rather than in Azotos Mesogeios 11 12 The prominence of Hellenised then Christian Azotus continued until the 7th century when it came under Muslim rule The city was represented at the Council of Chalcedon by Heraclius of Azotus A coastal fort Minat al Qal a lit the port with the castle in Arabic was erected by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al Malik the builder of the Dome of the Rock at or near the former Azotus Paralios 13 which was later reconstructed by the Fatimids and Crusaders 14 The port city stops being mentioned during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods making it likely that it was destroyed due to fears that they might again be used by Crusader invasions from the sea 14 Foundation of modern Ashdod Edit Ashdod in 1960 Historical Isdud is south of the mapped area shown on the adjacent map here Isdud Esdud in 1870 overlaid with the outline of modern AshdodMaps comparing the location of historical Isdud Esdud and Minet el Kuleh with modern Ashdod founded in 1956 c 6km northwest of the ruins of Isdud Ashdod in 1957 The modern city of Ashdod was founded in 1956 On May 1 1956 then finance minister Levi Eshkol approved the establishment of the city of Ashdod Ashdod Company Ltd a daughter company of City Builders Company Ltd was created for that purpose by Oved Ben Ami and Philip Klutznick The first settlers 22 families from Morocco arrived in November 1956 followed by a small influx of immigrants from Egypt 15 16 In July 1957 the government granted a 24 square kilometres 9 square miles approximately 32 kilometres 20 mi from Tel Aviv to the Ashdod Company Ltd for building the modern city of Ashdod 16 The building of the Eshkol A power station in Ashdod was completed in 1958 and included 3 units 2 units of 50 megawatt and one unit of 45 megawatt with sea water desalination capabilities The city s development was made possible by the large investment of industrialist Israel Rogosin who opened his main Israeli factory in the city of Ashdod on August 9 1960 17 18 Three of the high schools he funded were also built in Ashdod 19 The Main boulevard in Ashdod is named in his honour as a founder of the city The first local council was appointed in October 1959 Dov Gur was appointed the first local council head on behalf of the Israeli Ministry of Interior 20 In 1961 Ashdod was a town of 4 600 The Magistrates Court in the city was inaugurated in 1963 The building of the port of Ashdod began in April 1961 The port was inaugurated in November 1963 and was first utilized in November 1965 with the coming of the Swedish ship Wiengelgad 16 The city expanded gradually with the construction of two quarters in the 1960s followed by four more in the 1970s and two more in the 1980s In 1972 the population was 40 300 and this grew to 65 700 by 1983 Large scale growth of the city began in 1991 with the massive arrival of immigrants from the Soviet Union and Ethiopia and infrastructure development From 1990 to 2001 the city accepted more than 100 000 new inhabitants a 150 growth 21 Five more quarters of the city were completed and a business district was built In the 2000s three more quarters and the marina districts were completed Ashdod was one of six cities that won the 2012 Education Prize awarded by the Israel Ministry of Education 22 Urban development EditHistorical populationYearPop 19614 600 197240 300 776 1 198365 700 63 0 1995129 800 97 6 2008204 300 57 4 2016221 591 8 5 Menachem Begin Boulevard The modern city of Ashdod city was built outside the historic settlement site on virgin sands The development followed a main development plan 23 The planners divided the city into seventeen neighborhoods of ten to fifteen thousand people Wide avenues between the neighborhoods make traffic flow relatively freely inside the city Each neighborhood has access to its own commercial center urban park and health and education infrastructure The original plan also called for a business and administrative center built in the mid 1990s when the city population grew rapidly more than doubling in ten years 21 Three industrial zones were placed adjacent to the port in the northern part of the city taking into account the prevailing southern winds which take air pollution away from the city 23 The plan had its problems however including asymmetric growth of upscale and poorer neighborhoods and the long time lack of a main business and administrative center 24 The city was planned for a maximum of 250 000 inhabitants and an additional area in the south was reserved for further development 23 In 2012 a plan to build an industrial zone on part of the Ashdod Sand Dune was approved The plan calls for a hi tech industrial park events halls and coffee shops to be built adjacent to the train station It will cover 400 dunams 0 4 km2 0 2 sq mi including 130 dunams of built up space with the rest of the area being preserved as a nature reserve 25 26 In addition the Port of Ashdod is undergoing a massive expansion program 27 Geography EditThe Ashdod Nitzanim sand dune nature reserve is a 20 kilometer 12 mile stretch of sand dunes on the southern outskirts of Ashdod Climate EditAshdod has a Mediterranean climate with hot summers pleasant spring and fall and cool rainy winters As a seaside town the humidity tends to be high many times year round and rain occurs mainly from November to March In winter temperatures seldom drop below 5 C 41 F and are more likely to be in the range of 10 15 C 50 59 F while in summer the average is 27 C 81 F The average annual rainfall is 510 mm 20 1 in Economy Edit Port of Ashdod Ashdod Sea Mall Ashdod is one of the most important industrial centers in Israel All industrial activities in the city are located in northern areas such as the port area the northern industrial zone and around the Lachish River The port of Ashdod is the largest port in Israel handling about 60 of Israel s port cargo It was mainly upgraded in recent years and will be able to provide berths for Panamax ships 28 29 Various shipping companies offices are also located in the port area which also is home to an Eshkol A power station and coal terminal The Northern industrial zone is located on Highway 41 and includes various industry including an oil refinery which is one of only two in the country The heavy industry zone located south of the Lachish River was once the main industrial center in Ashdod Recently however leisure facilities have moved into the area There is still some industry here however such as a Teva Pharmaceutical Industries plant construction components producer Ashtrom and Solbar a soybean oil producer Ashdod is also home to Elta a part of Israel Aircraft Industries where radar equipment electronic warfare systems and ELINT are developed Retail and entertainment Edit Ashdod from above Historically each neighborhood of Ashdod had its own commercial center In 1990 however when the mall shopping culture developed in Israel the main commercial activity in Ashdod moved to malls The first mall to open in Ashdod was the Forum Center in the industrial zone Restaurants bars and night clubs were opened in the area Today the Forum center is mainly used for offices Lev Ashdod Mall which opened in 1993 has been enlarged and upgraded since then 30 Ashdod Mall billed at the time as the city s largest shopping mall has also been redesigned since its opening in 1995 31 City Mall Ashdod was opened in a combined building with the central bus station in 1996 32 following the examples of the Tel Aviv Central Bus Station and the Jerusalem Central Bus Station The Sea Mall a three story mall near the government offices has a climbing wall and movie theater Star Center doubled in size in 2007 33 Education EditIn 2013 Ashdod had 500 schools employing 3 500 teachers The student population was 55 000 The city s education budget was NIS 418 million shekels 22 Lycee francais Guivat Washington a French international high school is in Givat Washington in proximity to Ashdod 34 Healthcare Edit Assuta Ashdod Medical Center Assuta Ashdod Medical Center Ashdod s only general hospital serves the city and the surrounding area It is a 300 bed hospital and its bomb shelter design with thick concrete walls offers sufficient protection so as to keep operating without having to transfer patients during a time of war It is also a university hospital affiliated with Ben Gurion University of the Negev 35 The hospital opened in 2017 Prior to the opening of the hospital Ashdod did not have a general hospital and residents in need of hospitalization had to travel to Kaplan Medical Center in Rehovot or Barzilai Medical Center in Ashkelon There are public and private clinics operating in the city A special clinic run by Hatzalah operates at times when all other clinics in the city are closed 36 Transportation Edit Ashdod central bus station Big Ashdod Bus Terminal Ashdod Marina Road Edit Ashdod is located on the historic Via Maris Highway 4 was developed following this route along the southern sea shore of Israel it serves as the main connection to the north towards the Tel Aviv metropolitan area and to the south towards Ashkelon Ad Halom junction was planned as the main entrance to the city from the east 24 Ashdod Interchange was opened in 2009 37 The interchange continues the freeway section of Highway 4 further south by removing the traffic light at this junction and also added grade separation with the railway 38 The other main road in the area is Highway 41 which served the city from the start of its modern history This road runs from west to east towards Gedera and it is the main transport link to the port of Ashdod and the industrial zones and connects to Highway 4 with an interchange In late 2012 Ashdod won a NIS 220 million grant from the Israeli Transport Ministry to improve public transportation and decrease private car use According to the municipality s plans a 20 kilometer ring of road arteries will be given priority in public transportation These arteries will carry four bus rapid transit lines In the city s more crowded areas such as Herzl Boulevard or the western part of Menachem Begin Boulevard a public transportation lane will be paved in the center of the road In other areas the right hand lane will be reserved for public transportation Buses will also be given priority at traffic lights electronic devices will allow a bus to signal its approach causing the light to turn green In addition an electric powered bicycle rental network will be set up and 22 kilometres 14 miles of bicycle paths will be paved in the city 39 Train Edit Main article Ashdod Ad Halom Railway Station Ashdod Ad Halom Railway Station The passenger railway connection to Ashdod opened in 1992 40 after the renovation of the historical railway to Egypt 41 Ashdod railway station is on Israel Railways Binyamina Netanya Tel Aviv Ashkelon line and it is located near Ad Halom Junction The station was upgraded in 2003 40 when a new terminal building was built The station building is modern but proper road access to it was only organized on September 23 2008 when a new road to the station was opened 42 There is also heavy freight traffic in the area Port of Ashdod has its own railway spur line as well as a special terminal for potash brought from the Sodom area and exported abroad Buses Edit A new central bus station opened in 1996 It serves as the terminus both for inter and intracity lines The central bus station is attached to the City Mall Intercity bus lines connect the city with most population centers in central and southern Israel Following is the list of bus companies serving routes at the central bus station Company name Major destinationsEgged Jerusalem a seasonal line to EilatMetropoline 43 Be er Sheva Kiryat Gat Sderot NetivotConnex 44 Tel Aviv CBS and Arlozorov Terminal Bar Ilan University Tel HaShomer Rishon LeTziyon Rehovot Yavne Ashkelon Kiryat Mal akhi Gedera Gan YavneEgged Ta avura Intracity serviceThe Egged Ta avura company has been operating urban buses in Ashdod since 2007 45 46 In addition a share taxi service exists in Ashdod operated by Moniyot HaIr 47 Most share taxi lines coincide with intracity bus lines Cruise ships and yachts Edit Ashdod beach There is a passenger pier in the Port of Ashdod The traffic at this gateway is constantly growing especially due to cruise ship activities The other sea gateway is Blue Marina Demographics Edit LaMimunia Moroccan culture center Year Population1961 4 600 48 1972 40 3001983 65 700 49 1990 83 9001995 125 8201996 137 1002000 174 2242001 187 0002003 192 200 50 2006 204 4002008 209 2002016 220 883According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics Ashdod had a population of about 225 939 at the end of 2019 making it the sixth largest city in Israel 1 The annual population growth rate is 2 6 and the ratio of women to men is 1 046 to 1 000 The population age distribution was recorded as 19 7 under the age of 10 15 7 from age 10 to 19 14 9 from 20 to 29 19 1 from 30 to 44 19 1 from 45 to 64 and 11 3 were 65 or older The population of Ashdod is significantly younger than the Israeli average because of the large number of young couples living in the city The city is ranked medium low in socio economic grading with a rating of 4 out of 10 56 1 of 12th grade students in Ashdod were eligible for matriculation certificates in 2000 The average salary in 2000 was NIS 4 821 compared to the national average of NIS 6 835 Immigrant absorption Edit Ashdod has seen much of its growth as the result of absorption of immigrants The first settlers were Jewish immigrants from Morocco and Egypt 16 In the 1960s Ashdod accepted a large number of immigrants from Romania followed by a large number from Georgia then part of the Soviet Union in the 1970s 16 More than 60 000 Russian Jews from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel in the 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union settled in Ashdod Recent demographic figures suggest that about 32 51 of the city s population are new immigrants 85 of whom are originally from the former Soviet Union During the 1990s the city absorbed a large number of Beta Israel immigrants from Ethiopia and in more recent years Ashdod absorbed a large number of immigrants from the United States United Kingdom France Argentina and South Africa Many of the 60 000 Marathi speaking Bene Israel from Maharashtra India who moved to Israel also settled there Ashdod also receives a significant amount of internal migration 52 especially from the Gush Dan region Religion Edit Orot Haim yeshiva Over 95 of Ashdod s population is Jewish over 30 of whom are religiously observant Despite this the city is generally secular although most of the non Jewish population is a result of mixed marriages About 100 families are affiliated with the Pittsburg Hasidic group established there in 1969 by Grand Rabbi Avraham Abba Leifer and continued today by his son Grand Rabbi Mordechai Yissachar Ber Leifer 53 Ashdod has many synagogues serving different streams of Judaism The city is also home to the world s largest 54 Karaite community about five thousand strong 55 There is also a Scandinavian Seamen Protestant church established by Norwegian Righteous Among the Nations pastor Per Faye Hansen 56 57 Local government Edit Ashdod city hall Ashdod was declared a city in 1968 The Ashdod City Council has twenty five elected members one of whom is the mayor The mayor serves a five year term and appoints six deputies The current mayor of Ashdod Yehiel Lasri was last elected in 2008 after Zvi Zilker has been in office continuously since 1989 58 Within the city council there are various factions representing different population groups The headquarters of the Ashdod Municipality and the mayor s office are at city hall This new municipal building is located in the main culture and business area Mayors Edit Dov Gur 1959 61 Robert Hayim 1961 63 20 Avner Garin 1963 69 Zvi Zilker 1969 83 Aryeh Azulay 1983 89 Zvi Zilker 1989 2008 Yehiel Lasri 2008 Ashdod MonArt Arts CenterCulture and art EditMusic and performing arts Edit Amphi Ashdod more than 6 400 seats Outdoor sculpture of Samson in Ashdod Ashdod is home to the Israeli Andalusian Orchestra which performs Andalusian classical music It is an Arabic music style that originates from Moorish Iberia or Al Andalus has been jealously preserved in its original form by Arab and Jewish musicians of the Maghreb over the centuries and has left its mark on the cante flamenco the flamenco singing style perhaps better known in the West The orchestra was awarded the Israel Prize in 2006 59 60 Ashdod also has one of the biggest open theaters in Israel Amphi Ashdod that can hosts more than 6 400 guests The Amphi hosts Ashdod s international art festival Mediterranee The MonArt Centre for the Arts which includes a ballet school a music center and the Ashdod Museum of Art 61 is a performing arts center which comprises different galleries art schools studios and events The ambitious architectural complex 61 has been inaugurated in 2003 Theatre and concerts are hosted in several cultural venues the most important are performed at the Ashdod Performing Arts Center a new 938 seat concert hall 62 of distinct elegance and originality designed by Israeli architect Haim Dotan 63 and inaugurated in 2012 in the city s cultural center Ashdod plays host to many national and international music festivals including the annual Super Jazz Ashdod Festival managed by Leonid Ptashka 64 The ACADMA conservatory is a professional educational institute for music and performance studies based in Ashdod Operated under the supervision of the Ministry of Education the institute was established in 1966 65 and serves as a home for 600 young musicians in different fields Museums Edit The Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture 66 is worldwide the only museum dedicated to this topic It reopened in 2014 with a new interactive exhibition The Museum displays significant Philistine artifacts form each of the five cities in the Philistine pentapolis The Ashdod Museum of Art located in the MonArt center see above at Music and performing arts has 12 galleries and two exhibition halls In an architectural echo of the Louvre the entrance to the museum is through a glass pyramid 67 In 2003 the internal spaces of the museum were redesigned by the architects Eyal Weizman Rafi Segal and Manuel Herz Sports Edit Yud Alef Stadium Ashdod s football team F C Ironi Ashdod represents the city in the Israeli Premier League The club is known for its successful football school It is also home to Hapoel Ashdod F C which plays in Liga Alef The city s top basketball team is Maccabi Ashdod The men squad plays in First League Israel s First tier league and the women squad Maccabi Bnot Ashdod plays in top division Ashdod plays host to many national and international sporting tournaments including the annual Ashdod International Chess Festival The city has a cricket team 68 a rarity in Israel It is run and organized by citizens of Indian descent Ashdod s beaches are a venue for water sports like as windsurfing and Scuba diving The Ashdod Marina offers yachting services Notable athletes from Ashdod include Vered Borochovsky 69 2000 Sydney Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics swimmer Alon Day Professional race car driver Alon Hazan international soccer player Haim Revivo international soccer playerTwin towns Sister cities EditAshdod is twinned with Bahir Dar Ethiopia Bordeaux France 70 71 72 Bahia Blanca Argentina 73 Los Angeles California US Wuhan China Spandau Germany 74 Tampa Florida US 75 Brest Belarus Batumi Georgia Tiraspol Moldova 76 77 78 Zaporizhzhia Ukraine 79 Atyrau Kazakhstan Arkhangelsk Russia Chișinău Moldova Jurmala Latvia 80 Notable people EditOfir Ben Shitrit born 1995 singer Nir Bitton born 1991 footballer Alon Day born 1991 racing driver Igor Olshanetskyi born 1986 Olympic weightlifter Valery Panov born 1938 dancer and choreographer Dorit Revelis born 2001 model Haim Revivo born 1972 footballer Anna Zak born 2001 social media starPast Edit Georgy Adelson Velsky resided in the city from 1992 until his death in 2014See also EditAshdod on the Sea Ashdod s historic twin city now part of modern Ashdod Minat al Qal a the Early Muslim castle at Ashdod on the Sea Cities of the ancient Near East Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel Cities in the Book of JoshuaReferences Edit a b c Population in the Localities 2019 XLS Israel Central Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 16 August 2020 Jacobs D Eber S Silvani F Rough Guides Firm 1998 Israel and the Palestinian Territories The Rough Guide Music rough guide Rough Guides p 113 ISBN 978 1 85828 248 0 Retrieved 2022 12 22 Four kilometres out of town and just west of Route 4 Tel Ashdod was the centre of the village of Isdud ancient Ashdod and site of the Philistine port Get off the bus if you like old mounds derelict Palestinian homes Karṭa Firm 1983 Carta s Official Guide to Israel And Complete Gazetteer to All Sites in the Holy Land State of Israel Ministry of Defence Publishing House p 81 ISBN 978 965 220 047 1 Retrieved 2022 12 22 Tel Ashdod Ancient tel 7 km S of modern Ashdod within abandoned Arab village of Isdud Local Authorities in Israel 2005 Publication 1295 Municipality Profiles Ashdod PDF in Hebrew Israel Central Bureau of Statistics Archived from the original PDF on 2008 05 29 Retrieved April 14 2008 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2019 12 23 Retrieved 2019 05 19 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link קהילת אשדוד היהדות הקראית העולמית www karaite org il Archived from the original on 2017 10 16 Retrieved 2017 10 16 The chess queen was hosted in Ashdod Archived 2017 10 16 at the Wayback Machine mynet 19 03 09 Moshe Dothan Ashdod VI The Excavations of Areas H and K 1968 1969 Iaa Reports v 6 Israel Antiquities Authority 2005 ISBN 965 406 178 3 Moshe Dothan 1990 Ashdod Seven levels of excavations in Hebrew Israel Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel Ashdod branch p 91 ULI Sysno 005093624 Ashdod Israel Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 2022 06 25 a b Introducing Ashdod Yam History and Excavations Ashdod Yam Archaeological Project website of The Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Institut fur Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Universitat Leipzig 2014 Retrieved 24 May 2015 Azotus Paralus Ashdod al Minah A virtual travel through the Madaba Map Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Jerusalem 2000 Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 Retrieved 24 May 2015 Reuven Vunsh Oren Tal and Dorit Sivan 8 August 2013 Horbat Ashdod Yam Hadashot Arkheologiyot Archived from the original on 12 April 2015 Retrieved 5 April 2015 a b The Towns of Palestine under Muslim Rule 600 1600 pdfUploading The Towns of Palestine under Muslim Rule in Arabic Davis Barry Ashdod on offer JPost Israel News JPost Archived from the original on 2013 10 20 Retrieved 2013 08 08 a b c d e R Yaniv 1990 Ashdod From repatriants settlement to the City in Hebrew Israel Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel Ashdod branch p 163 ULI Sysno 005093624 Rogosin Plant in Israel to Start Production of Nylon Yarn Today August 8 1960 Archived from the original on March 2 2020 Retrieved March 2 2020 Israel Rogosin Is Dead at 85 Textile Man and Philanthropist The New York Times April 29 1971 Archived from the original on March 2 2020 Retrieved March 2 2020 Israel Rogosin Dedicates Three New Schools in Ashdod February 15 1968 Archived from the original on March 2 2020 Retrieved March 2 2020 a b R Yaniv 1990 Head of the local council and the city in Hebrew Israel Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel Ashdod branch p 179 ULI Sysno 005093624 a b Data of population in the city of Ashdod in Hebrew The Center for Research and Information Knesset April 17 2001 Archived from the original Word on 27 September 2007 Retrieved September 21 2007 a b Ziri Danielle Six cities across the country win 2012 education prize Jpost com Archived from the original on 2013 05 07 Retrieved 2013 08 08 a b c Development Plan for city of Ashdod PDF in Hebrew The Society of Protection of Nature in Israel Ashdod branch 2000 Archived from the original PDF on November 28 2007 a b J Herz U Fogel 1990 New lineation plan to the city of Ashdod in Hebrew Israel Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel Ashdod branch p 29 ULI Sysno 005093624 Rinat Zafrir 2012 12 18 Israeli greens up in arms over building plans on last stretch of major sand dunes Israel News Haaretz Daily Newspaper Haaretz Haaretz com Archived from the original on 2013 04 21 Retrieved 2013 03 12 Rinat Zafrir 2012 07 06 High tech and banquets creep into Israel s last surviving dunes Israel News Haaretz Daily Newspaper Haaretz com Archived from the original on 2013 04 21 Retrieved 2013 03 12 Royal HaskoningDHV Consultants Project Managers and Engineers Dhvgroup com Archived from the original on 2013 01 21 Retrieved 2013 03 12 Ashdod Port Development Israel Port Technology Archived from the original on November 23 2007 Retrieved September 20 2007 Eitan Port A NIS 3 Billion Project Among Israel s Largest Infrastructure Projects Ports and Railways Authority Archived from the original on December 27 2007 Retrieved September 20 2007 kenyonim com Lev Ashdod Mall in Hebrew Archived from the original on 2007 10 31 Retrieved 2007 09 17 Ashdod News December 1 2005 Ashdod Mall closed its gates in Hebrew Archived from the original on July 21 2011 Retrieved September 29 2007 kenyonim com City Mall Ashdod in Hebrew Archived from the original on 2007 11 01 Retrieved 2007 09 17 Filgar broaden Star Center cite in Ashdod in Hebrew Debby Communications Ltd 2006 Archived from the original Word on October 25 2007 Retrieved September 25 2007 La maison Archive Lycee francais Guivat Washington Retrieved on September 17 2015 L Oulpena Francaise se trouve dans le campus de Guivat Washington a un quart d heure d Ashdod Friends of Assuta Ashdod www friendsofassutaashdod org Archived from the original on 2018 12 04 Retrieved 2019 05 28 Hatzolah Darom Emergency Response of Southern Israel the Ashdod Clinic Archived from the original on 2017 02 12 Retrieved 2017 04 14 Ad Halom interchange was opened MYnet May 26 2009 Archived from the original on June 9 2009 Retrieved August 21 2009 Government approved today 11 12 05 Minister of Finance and Minister of Transport proposal for a five year plan for the design development paving safety and maintenance of intercity roads at a volume of NIS 19 billion Israeli Ministries of Finance and Transport December 11 2005 Archived from the original Word on November 28 2007 Retrieved September 20 2007 Bassok Moti 2013 01 25 Ashdod aspires to become a public transportation paradise Israel News Haaretz Archived from the original on 2013 06 25 Retrieved 2013 08 08 a b The duplication of section Pleshet jnct Ashdod Ad Halom and upgrading of railway station Ashdod Ad Halom in Hebrew Railway News Israel May 30 2004 Archived from the original on 9 October 2007 Retrieved September 26 2007 General Information Milestones Israel Railways official site Archived from the original on November 24 2007 Retrieved September 26 2007 Harush Yair September 24 2008 New Access Road to the Railway Station Opened in Hebrew Mynet Archived from the original on January 3 2009 Retrieved September 28 2008 Metropoline line maps in Hebrew Metropoline Archived from the original on December 17 2008 Retrieved November 27 2008 A schematic map of Connex bus lines in the Ashdod area Connex in Hebrew List of intracity lines in Ashdod in Hebrew Egged Ta avura Archived from the original on August 22 2008 Retrieved November 23 2008 New lines of public transportation Ashdod4u com in Hebrew September 19 2005 Archived from the original on July 7 2011 Retrieved November 26 2008 List of share taxi lines operated by Moniyot HaIr in Hebrew Moniyot HaIr Archived from the original on October 31 2007 Retrieved November 27 2008 Israel Central Bureau of Statistics Israel in Figures Population Archived from the original on 2012 02 07 Retrieved 2007 07 09 City Population The districts of Israel and all Israeli cities of more than 20 000 inhabitants Archived from the original on 2007 08 09 Retrieved 2007 07 09 Jewish Virtual Library Latest Population Figures for Israel Archived from the original on 2018 06 12 Retrieved 2019 05 28 Ashdod Municipality Absorption and immigration Archived from the original on 2015 12 08 Israel Central Bureau of Statistics Internal migration in Israel PDF Labour Force Surveys ISSN 0793 5382 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 02 07 Retrieved 2007 09 29 Overview of Pittsburgh A Warm Hasidic Community in Ashdod Israel www pittsburghdynasty org Archived from the original on 2009 04 26 Retrieved February 18 2010 Last Days Reporters 7 Stages of the beginning of Judaism Archived from the original on September 28 2007 קהילת אשדוד היהדות הקראית העולמית www karaite org il Righteous Among the Nations Norway Per Faye Hansen Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Authority Archived from the original on January 29 2008 Retrieved September 26 2007 Bilateral Relations Per Faye Hansen recognised as Righteous Among the Nations Norway the official site in Israel Archived from the original on November 7 2007 Retrieved September 26 2007 Local council elections 2003 results Archived 2007 10 02 at the Wayback Machine Haaretz October 29 2003 in Hebrew Barnea Or April 4 2006 Israel Prize awarded to Dvora Omer Ynetnews Ynet Archived from the original on November 7 2007 Retrieved September 16 2007 Israel Prize Recipients 2006 Israeli Andalusit Orchestra in Hebrew Israel Ministry of Education Archived from the original on December 26 2008 Retrieved September 16 2007 a b Monart Arts Center 2012 05 02 Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 Retrieved 29 June 2015 המשכן לאמנויות הבמה אשדוד Archived from the original on 23 June 2015 Retrieved 29 June 2015 Haim Dotan Archived from the original on 2015 07 09 Retrieved 2015 04 06 White will light up Ashdod jpost com Archived from the original on 2015 11 26 Retrieved 2015 11 25 Yannai Bezalel July 11 2002 Sounds from the South Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 15 August 2007 Retrieved September 16 2007 המוזאון לתרבות הפלשתים Archived from the original on 2014 12 23 Retrieved 2014 12 23 Collins Liat September 18 2008 Ashdod has an artsy side Jpost com Retrieved September 20 2009 permanent dead link Kaplan Reuven Cricket Revolution in Ashdod in Hebrew Ashdod News Archived from the original on December 13 2007 Retrieved October 20 2008 Identity Vered Borochovsky The sports org Archived from the original on December 24 2007 Retrieved September 18 2007 Bordeaux Rayonnement europeen et mondial Mairie de Bordeaux in French Archived from the original on 2013 02 07 Retrieved 2013 07 29 Bordeaux Atlas francais de la cooperation decentralisee et des autres actions exterieures Delegation pour l Action Exterieure des Collectivites Territoriales Ministere des Affaires etrangeres in French Archived from the original on 2013 02 07 Retrieved 2013 07 29 Ashdod jumelee a Bordeaux le 7decembre 1984 in French Official Bordeaux website Archived from the original on December 8 2006 Retrieved September 18 2007 Bahia Internacional Ciudades Hermanas in Spanish Official Bahia Blanca website Archived from the original on September 2 2007 Retrieved September 18 2007 Stadtepartnerschaften des Bezirks Spandau in German Official Spandua website Archived from the original on November 16 2007 Retrieved September 18 2007 Tampa Sister Cities Official site for the city of Tampa Florida Archived from the original on 18 October 2007 Retrieved September 18 2007 S segodnyashnego dnya u Tiraspolya eshyo odin pobratim gorod geroj Volgograd Olviya press 2006 04 12 Archived from the original on 2013 11 13 Retrieved 2013 11 13 Goroda sodruzhestva Tiraspolya Novosti Pridnestrovya 2013 04 18 Archived from the original on 2013 11 13 Retrieved 2013 04 24 Izrail Oficialnyj sajt Gosudarstvennoj administracii g Tiraspolya i g Dnestrovska tirasadmin org Retrieved 2021 08 06 Harosh Yair 4 November 2011 אשדוד חתמה ברית ערים תאומות עם ז פורוז יה Ashdod signed a twin city agreement with Zaporizhzhia Yediot Ahronot ראש עיריית אשדוד ד ר יחיאל לסרי ז פורוז יה היא העיר הראשונה בין מדינות חבר העמים שאשדוד חותמת איתה הסכם אך לא תהיה האחרונה אני מעוניין שז פורוז יה תהיה מודל לכינון יחסים בין ערים תאומות Asdoda Izraela in Latvian Jurmalas dome Archived from the original on October 28 2018 Retrieved November 26 2017 Bibliography Edit Barron J B ed 1923 Palestine Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 Government of Palestine Conder C R Kitchener H H 1882 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 2 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Department of Statistics 1945 Village Statistics April 1945 Government of Palestine Archived from the original on 2019 04 02 Retrieved 2016 12 30 Hadawi S 1970 Village Statistics of 1945 A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre Archived from the original on 2018 12 08 Retrieved 2011 10 30 Hutteroth Wolf Dieter Abdulfattah Kamal 1977 Historical Geography of Palestine Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten Sonderband 5 Erlangen Germany Vorstand der Frankischen Geographischen Gesellschaft ISBN 3 920405 41 2 Archived from the original on 2019 10 14 Retrieved 2018 12 10 Khalidi W 1992 All That Remains The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 Washington D C Institute for Palestine Studies ISBN 0 88728 224 5 Archived from the original on 2019 03 21 Retrieved 2016 12 30 Le Strange G 1890 Palestine Under the Moslems A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A D 650 to 1500 Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund p 405 Mills E ed 1932 Census of Palestine 1931 Population of Villages Towns and Administrative Areas Jerusalem Government of Palestine Morris B 2004 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 00967 7 Archived from the original on 2020 07 25 Retrieved 2017 08 30 Nasser G A 1955 1973 Memoirs in Journal of Palestine Studies pdf file downloadable Petersen Andrew 2001 A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine British Academy Monographs in Archaeology Vol 1 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 727011 0 Archived from the original on 2021 05 29 Retrieved 2018 12 25 Isdud p 155 158 Archived 2019 08 10 at the Wayback Machine Pringle D 1997 Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem an archaeological Gazetter Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521 46010 7 Archived from the original on 2020 06 08 Retrieved 2017 08 30 Robinson E Smith E 1841 Biblical Researches in Palestine Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea A Journal of Travels in the year 1838 Vol 2 Boston Crocker amp Brewster Robinson E Smith E 1841 Biblical Researches in Palestine Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea A Journal of Travels in the year 1838 Vol 3 Boston Crocker amp Brewster Sharon M 1997 Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae A Vol 1 BRILL ISBN 90 04 10833 5 Archived from the original on 2019 12 21 Retrieved 2018 12 10 Isdud p 124 Archived 2019 12 21 at the Wayback Machine Rudiger Schmitt Ashdod and the Material Remains of Domestic Cults in the Philistine Coastal Plain in John Bodel and Saul M Olyan eds Household and Family Religion in Antiquity Malden MA Oxford Blackwell 2008 The Ancient World Comparative Histories 159 170 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ashdod Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ashdod Survey of Western Palestine Map 16 IAA Wikimedia commons Official website Ashdod Port official website Ashdod Cemetery Map of Ashdod region 1960 Eran Laor Cartographic Collection The National Library of Israel Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ashdod amp oldid 1135411373, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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