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Batum oblast

January 01, 1970

The Batum oblast[a] was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with the Black Sea port of Batum (present-day Batumi) as its administrative center. The Batum oblast roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern Georgia, and part of the Artvin Province of Turkey.[1]

Batum oblast
Батумская область
Oblast
Coat of arms
Administrative map of the Batum Oblast
CountryRussian Empire
ViceroyaltyCaucasus
Established1873
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk3 March 1918
CapitalBatum
(present-day Batumi)
Area
 • Total6,975.65 km2 (2,693.31 sq mi)
Population
 (1916)
 • Total122,811
 • Density18/km2 (46/sq mi)
 • Urban
22.02%
 • Rural
87.98%

History edit

The Batum oblast was created out of the territories of the Ottoman Empire's sanjak of Batum following the region's annexation into the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the 1878 Russo-Turkish War. Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903).

According to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Russian SFSR ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire, however, the Transcaucasian Seim, the authority in Transcaucasia by 1918, rejected the treaty, opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms. Such action led to the former's dissolution and the subsequent Treaty of Batum, which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire.

After the Mudros Armistice, in which the Ottoman Empire was forced to withdraw its troops from the territories of the former Russian Transcaucasus including Batum, British troops under the 27th Division occupied the district to support the British military presence in the Transcaucasus, and to serve as a terminal for supplying Denikin's Volunteer Army.

The Batum Oblast was finally evacuated by the British in the summer of 1920, and handed over to the Democratic Republic of Georgia, whom administered the district until it was occupied by Turkish revolutionaries, leading to the Treaty of Kars which resulted in the partition of the district. The north including the port of Batum was retained by Georgia as an autonomy, and the southern Artvin district was incorporated into Turkey as the Artvin Province.

Administrative divisions edit

The districts (okrugs) of the Batum oblast in 1917 were as follows:[2][3]

Name Capital Population Area
1897 1916
Artvin okrug (Артвинский округ) Artvin 56,140 37,414 2,875.06 square versts (3,272.00 km2; 1,263.33 sq mi)
Batumi okrug (Батумский округ) Batum (Batumi) 88,444 85,397 3,254.05 square versts (3,703.31 km2; 1,429.86 sq mi)

Demographics edit

Russian Empire Census edit

According to the Russian Empire Census, the Batum oblast (at the time part of the Kutaisi Governorate) had a population of 144,584 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 82,213 men and 62,371 women. The plurality of the population indicated Georgian to be their mother tongue, with significant Turkish, Armenian and Russian speaking minorities.[2]

Linguistic composition of the Batum oblast in 1897[2]
Language Native speakers %
Georgian 62,004 42.88
Turkish 44,667 30.89
Armenian 14,939 10.33
Russian 7,525 5.20
Greek 4,717 3.26
Ukrainian 2,351 1.63
Kurdish 1,811 1.25
Jewish 1,076 0.74
Polish 911 0.63
Persian 767 0.53
Abkhazian 693 0.48
Mingrelian 635 0.44
German 369 0.26
Imeretian 356 0.25
Tatar[b] 355 0.25
Lithuanian 157 0.11
Sartic 156 0.11
Belarusian 80 0.06
Avar-Andean 56 0.04
Kazi-Kumukh 47 0.03
English 38 0.03
Ossetian 29 0.02
Romanian 27 0.02
Svan 17 0.01
Estonian 11 0.01
Other 790 0.55
ТОТАL 144,584 100.00

Kavkazskiy kalendar edit

According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Batum oblast had a population of 122,811 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 66,808 men and 56,003 women, 95,292 of whom were the permanent population, and 27,519 were temporary residents:[3]

Nationality Urban Rural TOTAL
Number % Number % Number %
Georgians 7,363 27.25 71,476 74.61 78,839 64.20
Armenians 10,975 40.62 4,217 4.40 15,192 12.37
Sunni Muslims[c] 75 0.28 14,267 14.89 14,342 11.68
Russians 5,042 18.66 3,503 3.66 8,545 6.96
Asiatic Christians 1,097 4.06 1,147 1.20 2,244 1.83
Other Europeans 855 3.16 120 0.13 975 0.79
Shia Muslims[d] 529 1.96 165 0.17 694 0.57
North Caucasians 476 1.76 180 0.19 656 0.53
Jews 597 2.21 10 0.01 607 0.49
Kurds 8 0.03 544 0.57 552 0.45
Roma 0 0.00 165 0.17 165 0.13
TOTAL 27,017 100.00 95,794 100.00 122,811 100.00

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^
  2. ^ Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[4][5]
  3. ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[6]
  4. ^ Primarily Tatars.[6]

References edit

  1. ^ Tsutsiev 2014.
  2. ^ a b c "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  3. ^ a b Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 182–185.
  4. ^ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
  5. ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
  6. ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.

Bibliography edit

  • Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.
  • Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. from the original on 4 November 2021.
  • Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.
    

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41°38′45″N 41°38′30″E / 41.64583°N 41.64167°E / 41.64583; 41.64167

January 01, 1970
batum, oblast, province, oblast, caucasus, viceroyalty, russian, empire, with, black, port, batum, present, batumi, administrative, center, roughly, corresponded, most, present, southwestern, georgia, part, artvin, province, turkey, Батумская, областьoblastcoa. The Batum oblast a was a province oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire with the Black Sea port of Batum present day Batumi as its administrative center The Batum oblast roughly corresponded to most of present day southwestern Georgia and part of the Artvin Province of Turkey 1 Batum oblast Batumskaya oblastOblastCoat of armsAdministrative map of the Batum OblastCountryRussian EmpireViceroyaltyCaucasusEstablished1873Treaty of Brest Litovsk3 March 1918CapitalBatum present day Batumi Area Total6 975 65 km2 2 693 31 sq mi Population 1916 Total122 811 Density18 km2 46 sq mi Urban22 02 Rural87 98 Contents 1 History 2 Administrative divisions 3 Demographics 3 1 Russian Empire Census 3 2 Kavkazskiy kalendar 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 BibliographyHistory editThe Batum oblast was created out of the territories of the Ottoman Empire s sanjak of Batum following the region s annexation into the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the 1878 Russo Turkish War Established in 1878 the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate until 1903 According to the Treaty of Brest Litovsk the Russian SFSR ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire however the Transcaucasian Seim the authority in Transcaucasia by 1918 rejected the treaty opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms Such action led to the former s dissolution and the subsequent Treaty of Batum which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire After the Mudros Armistice in which the Ottoman Empire was forced to withdraw its troops from the territories of the former Russian Transcaucasus including Batum British troops under the 27th Division occupied the district to support the British military presence in the Transcaucasus and to serve as a terminal for supplying Denikin s Volunteer Army The Batum Oblast was finally evacuated by the British in the summer of 1920 and handed over to the Democratic Republic of Georgia whom administered the district until it was occupied by Turkish revolutionaries leading to the Treaty of Kars which resulted in the partition of the district The north including the port of Batum was retained by Georgia as an autonomy and the southern Artvin district was incorporated into Turkey as the Artvin Province Administrative divisions editThe districts okrugs of the Batum oblast in 1917 were as follows 2 3 Name Capital Population Area 1897 1916 Artvin okrug Artvinskij okrug Artvin 56 140 37 414 2 875 06 square versts 3 272 00 km2 1 263 33 sq mi Batumi okrug Batumskij okrug Batum Batumi 88 444 85 397 3 254 05 square versts 3 703 31 km2 1 429 86 sq mi Demographics editRussian Empire Census edit According to the Russian Empire Census the Batum oblast at the time part of the Kutaisi Governorate had a population of 144 584 on 28 January O S 15 January 1897 including 82 213 men and 62 371 women The plurality of the population indicated Georgian to be their mother tongue with significant Turkish Armenian and Russian speaking minorities 2 Linguistic composition of the Batum oblast in 1897 2 Language Native speakers Georgian 62 004 42 88 Turkish 44 667 30 89 Armenian 14 939 10 33 Russian 7 525 5 20 Greek 4 717 3 26 Ukrainian 2 351 1 63 Kurdish 1 811 1 25 Jewish 1 076 0 74 Polish 911 0 63 Persian 767 0 53 Abkhazian 693 0 48 Mingrelian 635 0 44 German 369 0 26 Imeretian 356 0 25 Tatar b 355 0 25 Lithuanian 157 0 11 Sartic 156 0 11 Belarusian 80 0 06 Avar Andean 56 0 04 Kazi Kumukh 47 0 03 English 38 0 03 Ossetian 29 0 02 Romanian 27 0 02 Svan 17 0 01 Estonian 11 0 01 Other 790 0 55 TOTAL 144 584 100 00 Kavkazskiy kalendar edit According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar the Batum oblast had a population of 122 811 on 14 January O S 1 January 1916 including 66 808 men and 56 003 women 95 292 of whom were the permanent population and 27 519 were temporary residents 3 Nationality Urban Rural TOTAL Number Number Number Georgians 7 363 27 25 71 476 74 61 78 839 64 20 Armenians 10 975 40 62 4 217 4 40 15 192 12 37 Sunni Muslims c 75 0 28 14 267 14 89 14 342 11 68 Russians 5 042 18 66 3 503 3 66 8 545 6 96 Asiatic Christians 1 097 4 06 1 147 1 20 2 244 1 83 Other Europeans 855 3 16 120 0 13 975 0 79 Shia Muslims d 529 1 96 165 0 17 694 0 57 North Caucasians 476 1 76 180 0 19 656 0 53 Jews 597 2 21 10 0 01 607 0 49 Kurds 8 0 03 544 0 57 552 0 45 Roma 0 0 00 165 0 17 165 0 13 TOTAL 27 017 100 00 95 794 100 00 122 811 100 00See also editBatum Okrug Artvin Okrug Kars Oblast Treaty of San Stefano Treaty of Berlin 1878 Notes edit Russian Batumskaya oblast romanized Batumskaya oblast betʊmskeje ɐbɫesʲtʲ Georgian ბათუმის ოლქი romanized batumis olki b atʰumis olkʰi Turkish Batum Oblasti batum obɫastɯ Before 1918 Azerbaijanis were generally known as Tatars This term employed by the Russians referred to Turkic speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus After 1918 with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and especially during the Soviet era the Tatar group identified itself as Azerbaijani 4 5 Primarily Turco Tatars 6 Primarily Tatars 6 References edit Tsutsiev 2014 a b c Demoskop Weekly Prilozhenie Spravochnik statisticheskih pokazatelej www demoscope ru Retrieved 2022 03 26 a b Kavkazskij kalendar na 1917 god pp 182 185 Bournoutian 2018 p 35 note 25 Tsutsiev 2014 p 50 a b Hovannisian 1971 p 67 Bibliography editBournoutian George A 2018 Armenia and Imperial Decline The Yerevan Province 1900 1914 Milton Park Abingdon Oxon Routledge ISBN 978 1 351 06260 2 OCLC 1037283914 Hovannisian Richard G 1971 The Republic of Armenia The First Year 1918 1919 Vol 1 Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 978 0520019843 Kavkazskij kalendar na 1917 god Caucasian calendar for 1917 in Russian 72nd ed Tiflis Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye I V na Kavkaze kazenny dom 1917 Archived from the original on 4 November 2021 Tsutsiev Arthur 2014 Atlas of the Ethno Political History of the Caucasus PDF Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 9780300153088 Archived PDF from the original on 17 June 2023 nbsp nbsp This Georgian history related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte 41 38 45 N 41 38 30 E 41 64583 N 41 64167 E 41 64583 41 64167 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Batum oblast amp oldid 1222178108, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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