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Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)

December 28, 2022

The Caucasus Viceroyalty (Russian: Кавка́зское наме́стничество, romanized: Kavkázskoye naméstnichestvo) was the Russian Empire's administrative and political authority in the Caucasus region exercised through the offices of glavnoupravlyayushchiy ("high commissioner") (1801–1844, 1882–1902) and namestnik ("viceroy") (1844–1882, 1904–1917). These two terms are commonly, but imprecisely, translated into English as viceroy, which is frequently used interchangeably with governor general. More accurately, glavnoupravlyayushchiy is referred to as the High Commissioner of the Caucasus, and namestnik as Viceroy.

Caucasus Viceroyalty
Кавказское наместничество
Viceroyalty
Administrative map of the Caucasus Viceroyalty
CountryRussian Empire
Established1801
Abolished1917
CapitalTiflis
(present-day Tbilisi)
Area
 • Total410,423.66 km2 (158,465.46 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(Mount Elbrus)
5,642 m (18,510 ft)
Population
 (1916)
 • Total12,266,282
 • Density30/km2 (77/sq mi)
 • Urban
15.97%
 • Rural
84.03%

Over more than a century of the Russian rule of the Caucasus, the structure of the viceroyalty underwent a number of changes, with the addition or removal of administrative positions and redrawing of provincial divisions.[1]

History

Main article: Russian conquest of the Caucasus

The first time Russian authority was established over the peoples of the Caucasus was after the Russian annexation of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia) in 1801. General Karl Knorring was the first person to be assigned to govern the Caucasus territory, being officially titled as the Commander-in-Chief in Georgia and Governor-General of Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi). Under of his successors, notably Prince Pavel Tsitsianov, General Aleksey Yermolov, Count Ivan Paskevich, and Prince Mikhail Vorontsov, Russian Transcaucasia expanded to encompass territories acquired in a series of wars with the Ottoman Empire, the Persian Empire, and local North Caucasian peoples. The scope of its jurisdiction eventually came to include what is now Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the North Caucasus, as well as parts of Northeastern Turkey (today the provinces of Artvin, Ardahan, Kars, and Iğdır).[2]

Headquartered at Tiflis, the viceroys acted as de facto ambassadors to neighboring countries, commanders in chief of the armed forces, and the supreme civil authority, mostly responsible only to the Tsar. From February 3, 1845, to January 23, 1882, the viceregal authority was supervised by the Caucasus Committee as the Caucasus Krai, which consisted of representatives of the State Council and the ministries of Finances, State Domains, Justice, and Interior, as well as of members of special committees. After the 1917 February Revolution, which dispossessed Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian crown, the Viceroyalty of the Caucasus was abolished by the Russian Provisional Government on March 18, 1917, and all authority, except in the zone of the active army, was entrusted to the civil administrative body called the Special Transcaucasian Committee or Ozakom (short for Osobyy Zakavkazskiy Komitet, Особый Закавказский Комитет).

Administrative divisions

In 1917, there were six guberniyas ("governorates"), five oblasts ("regions"), two special administrative okrugs ("districts"), and a gradonachalstvo ("municipal district") within the Caucasus Viceroyalty:[3][4]

Province Type Russian name Capital Population Size (km²) Location
1897 1916
Baku Governorate Бакинская губернія Baku 826,716 875,746 37,948.97  
Baku Gradonachalstvo Бакинское градоначальство Baku [a] 405,829 1,059.76  
Batum Oblast Батумская область Batum (Batumi) [b] 122,811 6,975.65  
Dagestan Oblast Дагестанская область Temir-Khan-Shura (Buynaksk) 571,154 713,342 29,709.63  
Elizavetpol Governorate Елисаветпольская губернія Yelisavetpol (Ganja) 878,415 1,275,131 44,296.15  
Zakatal Okrug Закатальскій округъ Zakataly (Zaqatala) [c] 92,608 3,985.77  
Kars Oblast Карсская область Kars 290,654 364,214 18,739.50  
Kuban Oblast Кубанская область Yekaterinodar (Krasnodar) 1,918,881 3,022,683 94,783.07  
Kutaisi Governorate Кутаисская губернія Kutais (Kutaisi) 1,058,241 1,034,468 19,956.06  
Sukhumi Okrug Сухумскій отдѣльный округъ Sukhum (Sukhumi) [d] 209,671 6,591.42  
Terek Oblast Терская область Vladikavkaz 933,936 1,377,923 72,443.86  
Tiflis Governorate Тифлисская губернія Tiflis (Tbilisi) 1,051,032 1,473,308 40,861.03  
Black Sea Governorate Черноморская губернія Novorossiysk 57,478 178,306 6,675.68  
Erivan Governorate Эриванская губернія Erivan (Yerevan) 829,556 1,120,242 26,397.11  
Caucasus Viceroyalty 8,416,063 12,266,282 410,423.66

Demographics

 
Ethnographic map of Russian Transcaucasia, 1880.

Caucasian Calendar (1917)

According to the 1917 publication of the Caucasian Calendar [ru], there were 12,266,282 residents in the Caucasus Viceroyalty on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 6,442,684 men and 5,823,598 women, 9,728,750 of whom were the permanent population, and 2,537,532 were temporary residents:[4]

Nationality Urban Rural TOTAL
Number % Number % Number %
Russians[e] 757,908 38.68 3,262,359 31.65 4,020,267 32.77
Armenians 518,164 26.45 1,341,499 13.02 1,859,663 15.16
Georgians 163,482 8.34 1,628,128 15.80 1,791,610 14.61
North Caucasians 48,722 2.49 1,469,783 14.26 1,518,505 12.38
Shia Muslims[f] 221,996 11.33 1,287,495 12.49 1,509,491 12.31
Sunni Muslims[g] 82,384 4.20 862,064 8.36 944,448 7.70
Asiatic Christians 38,096 1.94 170,827 1.66 208,923 1.70
Other Europeans 52,000 2.65 87,623 0.85 139,623 1.14
Kurds 3,331 0.17 93,761 0.91 97,092 0.79
Jews 66,260 3.38 26,878 0.26 93,138 0.76
Roma 1,855 0.09 40,785 0.40 42,640 0.35
Yazidis 5,117 0.26 35,765 0.35 40,882 0.33
TOTAL 1,959,315 100.00 10,306,967 100.00 12,266,282 100.00

High commissioners and viceroys of the Caucasus

Notes

  1. ^ The Baku Gradonchalstvo did not exist in 1897.
  2. ^ The Batum Oblast did not exist in 1897; The population of its territory within the Kutaisi Governorate was 144,584 according to the 1897 census.
  3. ^ The Zakatal Okrug did not exist in 1897; The population of its territory within the Tiflis Governorate was 84,224 according to the 1897 census.
  4. ^ The Sukhumi Okrug did not exist in 1897; The population of its territory within the Kutaisi Governorate was 106,179 according to the 1897 census.
  5. ^ The Caucasian Calendar did not distinguish between Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians.
  6. ^ Primarily Tatars,[5] later known as Azerbaijanis.[6]
  7. ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[5]

References

  1. ^ (in Armenian) Hambaryan, Azat S. (1981). "Հայաստանի սոցիալ-տնտեսական և քաղաքական դրությունը 1870-1900 թթ." [Armenia's social-economic and political situation, 1870–1900] in Hay Zhoghovrdi Patmut'yun [History of the Armenian People], ed. Tsatur Aghayan et al. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, vol. 6, pp. 15–17.
  2. ^ Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780300153088.
  3. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  4. ^ a b Stelmashchuk, N. P. (1917). Кавказский календарь на 1917 годъ [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Namestnika Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze. pp. 178–237. from the original on 4 November 2021.
  5. ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
  6. ^ Bournoutian 2015, p. 35.

Bibliography

  • Bournoutian, George (2015). "Demographic Changes in the Southwest Caucasus, 1604–1830: The Case of Historical Eastern Armenia". Forum of EthnoGeoPolitics. Amsterdam. 3 (2).
  • Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01805-2.

Further reading

  • Atkin, Muriel (1980). Russia and Iran, 1780–1828. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816609246.
  • Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
  • Breyfogle, Nicholas (2005). Heretics and Colonizers: Forging Russia's Empire in the South Caucasus. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801442421.
  • Haxthausen, Baron August von (2016) [1854-55]. Transcaucasia and the Tribes of the Caucasus. Translated by John Edward Taylor. Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. Foreword by Dominic Lieven. London: Gomidas Institute. ISBN 978-1909382312.
  • Jersild, Austin (2003). Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier, 1845-1917. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0773523296.
  • King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195177756.
  • Layton, Susan (1995). Russian Literature and Empire: Conquest of the Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521444439.
  • Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300153088.

See also

Coordinates: 41°43′21″N 44°47′33″E / 41.72250°N 44.79250°E / 41.72250; 44.79250

December 28, 2022
caucasus, viceroyalty, 1801, 1917, caucasus, viceroyalty, russian, Кавка, зское, наме, стничество, romanized, kavkázskoye, naméstnichestvo, russian, empire, administrative, political, authority, caucasus, region, exercised, through, offices, glavnoupravlyayush. The Caucasus Viceroyalty Russian Kavka zskoe name stnichestvo romanized Kavkazskoye namestnichestvo was the Russian Empire s administrative and political authority in the Caucasus region exercised through the offices of glavnoupravlyayushchiy high commissioner 1801 1844 1882 1902 and namestnik viceroy 1844 1882 1904 1917 These two terms are commonly but imprecisely translated into English as viceroy which is frequently used interchangeably with governor general More accurately glavnoupravlyayushchiy is referred to as the High Commissioner of the Caucasus and namestnik as Viceroy Caucasus Viceroyalty Kavkazskoe namestnichestvoViceroyaltyAdministrative map of the Caucasus ViceroyaltyCountryRussian EmpireEstablished1801Abolished1917CapitalTiflis present day Tbilisi Area Total410 423 66 km2 158 465 46 sq mi Highest elevation Mount Elbrus 5 642 m 18 510 ft Population 1916 Total12 266 282 Density30 km2 77 sq mi Urban15 97 Rural84 03 Over more than a century of the Russian rule of the Caucasus the structure of the viceroyalty underwent a number of changes with the addition or removal of administrative positions and redrawing of provincial divisions 1 Contents 1 History 2 Administrative divisions 3 Demographics 3 1 Caucasian Calendar 1917 4 High commissioners and viceroys of the Caucasus 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 See alsoHistory EditMain article Russian conquest of the Caucasus The first time Russian authority was established over the peoples of the Caucasus was after the Russian annexation of the Kingdom of Kartli Kakheti eastern Georgia in 1801 General Karl Knorring was the first person to be assigned to govern the Caucasus territory being officially titled as the Commander in Chief in Georgia and Governor General of Tiflis present day Tbilisi Under of his successors notably Prince Pavel Tsitsianov General Aleksey Yermolov Count Ivan Paskevich and Prince Mikhail Vorontsov Russian Transcaucasia expanded to encompass territories acquired in a series of wars with the Ottoman Empire the Persian Empire and local North Caucasian peoples The scope of its jurisdiction eventually came to include what is now Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus as well as parts of Northeastern Turkey today the provinces of Artvin Ardahan Kars and Igdir 2 Headquartered at Tiflis the viceroys acted as de facto ambassadors to neighboring countries commanders in chief of the armed forces and the supreme civil authority mostly responsible only to the Tsar From February 3 1845 to January 23 1882 the viceregal authority was supervised by the Caucasus Committee as the Caucasus Krai which consisted of representatives of the State Council and the ministries of Finances State Domains Justice and Interior as well as of members of special committees After the 1917 February Revolution which dispossessed Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian crown the Viceroyalty of the Caucasus was abolished by the Russian Provisional Government on March 18 1917 and all authority except in the zone of the active army was entrusted to the civil administrative body called the Special Transcaucasian Committee or Ozakom short for Osobyy Zakavkazskiy Komitet Osobyj Zakavkazskij Komitet Administrative divisions EditIn 1917 there were six guberniyas governorates five oblasts regions two special administrative okrugs districts and a gradonachalstvo municipal district within the Caucasus Viceroyalty 3 4 Province Type Russian name Capital Population Size km Location1897 1916Baku Governorate Bakinskaya guberniya Baku 826 716 875 746 37 948 97 Baku Gradonachalstvo Bakinskoe gradonachalstvo Baku a 405 829 1 059 76 Batum Oblast Batumskaya oblast Batum Batumi b 122 811 6 975 65 Dagestan Oblast Dagestanskaya oblast Temir Khan Shura Buynaksk 571 154 713 342 29 709 63 Elizavetpol Governorate Elisavetpolskaya guberniya Yelisavetpol Ganja 878 415 1 275 131 44 296 15 Zakatal Okrug Zakatalskij okrug Zakataly Zaqatala c 92 608 3 985 77 Kars Oblast Karsskaya oblast Kars 290 654 364 214 18 739 50 Kuban Oblast Kubanskaya oblast Yekaterinodar Krasnodar 1 918 881 3 022 683 94 783 07 Kutaisi Governorate Kutaisskaya guberniya Kutais Kutaisi 1 058 241 1 034 468 19 956 06 Sukhumi Okrug Suhumskij otdѣlnyj okrug Sukhum Sukhumi d 209 671 6 591 42 Terek Oblast Terskaya oblast Vladikavkaz 933 936 1 377 923 72 443 86 Tiflis Governorate Tiflisskaya guberniya Tiflis Tbilisi 1 051 032 1 473 308 40 861 03 Black Sea Governorate Chernomorskaya guberniya Novorossiysk 57 478 178 306 6 675 68 Erivan Governorate Erivanskaya guberniya Erivan Yerevan 829 556 1 120 242 26 397 11 Caucasus Viceroyalty 8 416 063 12 266 282 410 423 66Demographics Edit Ethnographic map of Russian Transcaucasia 1880 Caucasian Calendar 1917 Edit According to the 1917 publication of the Caucasian Calendar ru there were 12 266 282 residents in the Caucasus Viceroyalty on 14 January O S 1 January 1916 including 6 442 684 men and 5 823 598 women 9 728 750 of whom were the permanent population and 2 537 532 were temporary residents 4 Nationality Urban Rural TOTALNumber Number Number Russians e 757 908 38 68 3 262 359 31 65 4 020 267 32 77Armenians 518 164 26 45 1 341 499 13 02 1 859 663 15 16Georgians 163 482 8 34 1 628 128 15 80 1 791 610 14 61North Caucasians 48 722 2 49 1 469 783 14 26 1 518 505 12 38Shia Muslims f 221 996 11 33 1 287 495 12 49 1 509 491 12 31Sunni Muslims g 82 384 4 20 862 064 8 36 944 448 7 70Asiatic Christians 38 096 1 94 170 827 1 66 208 923 1 70Other Europeans 52 000 2 65 87 623 0 85 139 623 1 14Kurds 3 331 0 17 93 761 0 91 97 092 0 79Jews 66 260 3 38 26 878 0 26 93 138 0 76Roma 1 855 0 09 40 785 0 40 42 640 0 35Yazidis 5 117 0 26 35 765 0 35 40 882 0 33TOTAL 1 959 315 100 00 10 306 967 100 00 12 266 282 100 00High commissioners and viceroys of the Caucasus Edit Palace of the Caucasus Viceroy in Tiflis 1860s Karl Heinrich von Knorring 1801 1802 Pavel Tsitsianov 1802 1806 Ivan Gudovich 1806 1809 Alexander Tormasov 1809 1811 Philip Paulucci 1811 1812 Nikolay Rtishchev 1812 1816 Aleksey Yermolov 1816 1827 Ivan Paskevich 1827 1831 Gregor von Rosen 1831 1838 Yevgeny Golovin 1838 1842 Aleksandr Neidgardt 1842 1844 Mikhail Vorontsov 1844 1854 Nikolay Muravyov Karsky 1854 1856 Aleksandr Baryatinsky 1856 1862 Grigol Orbeliani acting 1862 Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich 1862 1882 Aleksandr Dondukov Korsakov 1882 1890 Sergei Sheremetyev 1890 1896 Grigory Golitsyn 1896 1904 Yakov Malama acting 1904 Illarion Vorontsov Dashkov 1904 1916 Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolayevich 1916 1917Notes Edit The Baku Gradonchalstvo did not exist in 1897 The Batum Oblast did not exist in 1897 The population of its territory within the Kutaisi Governorate was 144 584 according to the 1897 census The Zakatal Okrug did not exist in 1897 The population of its territory within the Tiflis Governorate was 84 224 according to the 1897 census The Sukhumi Okrug did not exist in 1897 The population of its territory within the Kutaisi Governorate was 106 179 according to the 1897 census The Caucasian Calendar did not distinguish between Russians Ukrainians and Belarusians Primarily Tatars 5 later known as Azerbaijanis 6 Primarily Turco Tatars 5 References Edit in Armenian Hambaryan Azat S 1981 Հայաստանի սոցիալ տնտեսական և քաղաքական դրությունը 1870 1900 թթ Armenia s social economic and political situation 1870 1900 in Hay Zhoghovrdi Patmut yun History of the Armenian People ed Tsatur Aghayan et al Yerevan Armenian Academy of Sciences vol 6 pp 15 17 Tsutsiev Arthur 2014 Atlas of the Ethno Political History of the Caucasus Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov New Haven Yale University Press p 37 ISBN 9780300153088 Demoskop Weekly Prilozhenie Spravochnik statisticheskih pokazatelej www demoscope ru Retrieved 2022 06 23 a b Stelmashchuk N P 1917 Kavkazskij kalendar na 1917 god Caucasian calendar for 1917 in Russian 72nd ed Tiflis Tipografiya kantselyarii Namestnika Ye I V na Kavkaze pp 178 237 Archived from the original on 4 November 2021 a b Hovannisian 1971 p 67 Bournoutian 2015 p 35 Bibliography EditBournoutian George 2015 Demographic Changes in the Southwest Caucasus 1604 1830 The Case of Historical Eastern Armenia Forum of EthnoGeoPolitics Amsterdam 3 2 Hovannisian Richard G 1971 The Republic of Armenia Vol 1 Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 01805 2 Further reading EditAtkin Muriel 1980 Russia and Iran 1780 1828 Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 0816609246 Baddeley John F 1908 The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus London Longmans Green and Co Breyfogle Nicholas 2005 Heretics and Colonizers Forging Russia s Empire in the South Caucasus Ithaca Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0801442421 Haxthausen Baron August von 2016 1854 55 Transcaucasia and the Tribes of the Caucasus Translated by John Edward Taylor Introduction by Pietro A Shakarian Foreword by Dominic Lieven London Gomidas Institute ISBN 978 1909382312 Jersild Austin 2003 Orientalism and Empire North Caucasus Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier 1845 1917 Montreal and Kingston McGill Queen s University Press ISBN 978 0773523296 King Charles 2008 The Ghost of Freedom A History of the Caucasus Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0195177756 Layton Susan 1995 Russian Literature and Empire Conquest of the Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoy Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0521444439 Tsutsiev Arthur 2014 Atlas of the Ethno Political History of the Caucasus Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 978 0300153088 See also Edit Georgia country portal Caucasus Viceroyalty 1785 1796 Caucasus Viceroyalty 1801 1917 topics Viceroyalties of the Russian Empire Coordinates 41 43 21 N 44 47 33 E 41 72250 N 44 79250 E 41 72250 44 79250 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Caucasus Viceroyalty 1801 1917 amp oldid 1119705193, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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