Footwear refers to garments worn on the feet, which typically serves the purpose of protection against adversities of the environment such as wear from ground textures and temperature. Footwear in the manner of shoes therefore primarily serves the purpose to ease locomotion and prevent injuries. Footwear can also be used for fashion and adornment as well as to indicate the status or rank of the person within a social structure. Socks and other hosiery are typically worn additionally between the feet and other footwear for further comfort and relief. Cultures have different customs regarding footwear. These include not using any in some situations, usually bearing a symbolic meaning. This can however also be imposed on specific individuals to place them at a practical disadvantage against shod people, if they are excluded from having footwear available or are prohibited from using any. This usually takes place in situations of captivity, such as imprisonment or slavery, where the groups are among other things distinctly divided by whether or whether not footwear is being worn.
In some cultures, people remove their shoes before entering a home. Bare feet are also seen as a sign of humility and respect, and adherents of many religions worship or mourn while barefoot. Some religious communities explicitly require people to remove shoes before they enter holy buildings, such as temples.
In several cultures people remove their shoes as a sign of respect towards someone of higher standing. In a similar context deliberately forcing other people to go barefoot while being shod oneself has been used to clearly showcase and convey one's superiority within a setting of power disparity.
Practitioners of the craft of shoemaking are called shoemakers, cobblers, or cordwainers.
Footwear has been in use since the earliest human history, archeological finds of complete shoes date back to the Chalcolithic (ca. 5000 BCE).
The Romans saw clothing and footwear as unmistakable signs of power and status in society, and most Roman citizens wore footwear, while slaves and peasants sometimes remained barefoot.[1] The Middle Ages saw the rise of high-heeled shoes, also associated with power, and the desire to look larger than life, and artwork from that period often depicts bare feet as a symbol of poverty. Depictions of captives such as prisoners or slaves from the same period well into the 18th century show the individuals barefooted almost exclusively, at this contrasting the prevailing partakers of the scene. Officials like prosecutors, judges but also slave owners or passive bystanders were usually portrayed wearing shoes. During the Middle Ages, men and women wore pattens, commonly seen as the predecessor of the modern high-heeled shoe,[2] while the poor and lower classes in Europe, as well as slaves in the New World, were usually barefoot.[3] In the 15th century, chopines were created in Turkey, and were usually 18–20 cm (7–8 inches) high. These shoes became popular in Venice and throughout Europe, as a status symbol revealing wealth and social standing.
During the 16th century, royalty such as Catherine de Medici and Mary I of England began wearing high-heeled shoes to make them look taller or larger than life. By 1580, men also wore them, and a person with authority or wealth might be described as, well-heeled. In modern society, high-heeled shoes are a part of women's fashion and are widespread in certain countries around the world.[4]
An artist's impression of Ötzi's right shoe. Ötzi is a male mummy found in the Italian Alps in September 1991 in remarkably well-preserved condition.
Materials
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2015)
Modern footwear is usually made up of leather or plastic, and rubber. In fact, leather was one of the original materials used for the first versions of a shoe.[5] The soles can be made of rubber or plastic, sometimes having a sheet of metal inside. Roman sandals had sheets of metal on their soles so that it would not bend out of shape.
More recently, footwear providers like Nike, have begun to source environmentally friendly materials.[6]
This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available.(July 2015)
A football boot based upon a common design used in 2018. Note the absence of a leather tongue, the relatively low rear upper around the heel, and the presence of a sock style fastener. This design helps to ensure maximum flexibility and range of movement. By limiting the potential impingement of the ankle joint by the boot upper, it allows the wearer's gait to be more natural.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2020)
In Europe, the footwear industry has declined in the last years. Whereas in 2005, there were about 27,000 firms, in 2008 there were only 24,000. As well as the number of firms, the direct employment has decreased. The only factors that remained almost steady was the value added at factor cost and production value.[citation needed]
In the U.S., the annual footwear industry revenue was $48 billion in 2012. In 2015, there were about 29,000 shoe stores in the U.S. and the shoe industry employed about 189,000 people.[7] Due to rising imports, these numbers are also declining. The only way of staying afloat in the shoe market is to establish a presence in niche markets.[8]
Safety of footwear products
To ensure high quality and safety of footwear, manufacturers have to make sure all products comply to existing and relevant standards. By producing footwear in accordance with national and international regulations, potential risks can be minimized and the interest of both textile manufacturers and consumers can be protected. The following standards/regulations apply to footwear products:
BIS (ISI) : IS 15298-I: 2011 test methods, IS 15298 –II for safety footwear, IS 15298-III Protective footwear, IS 15298-IV Occupational Footwear
Impressions
Footwear can create two types of impressions: two-dimensional and three-dimensional impressions.[11] When footwear places material onto a solid surface, it creates a two-dimensional impression.[11][12] These types of impressions can be made with a variety of substances, like dirt and sand.[11] When footwear removes material from a soft surface, it creates a three-dimensional impression.[11][12] These types of impressions can be made in a variety of soft substances, like snow and dirt.[11] Two-dimensional impressions also differ from three-dimensional impressions because the latter demonstrate length, width, and depth whereas two-dimensional impressions only demonstrate the first two aspects.[12]
^DeMello, Margo (1 September 2009). Feet and footwear: a cultural encyclopedia. Macmillan. pp. 65–. ISBN978-0-313-35714-5. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
^"Dangerous Elegance: A History of High-Heeled Shoes". Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^Frazine, Richard Keith (1993). The Barefoot Hiker. Ten Speed Press. p. 98. ISBN0-89815-525-8.
^Goonetilleke, Ravindra (2012). The Science of Footwear (Human Factors and Ergonomics). CRC Press. ISBN978-1-4398-3568-5.
^"The Fascinating History Of Footwear". All That Is Interesting. 2013-04-23. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
^"What materials are used to make Nike shoes?". Reference. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
^. www.statisticbrain.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
^"Shoe & Footwear Manufacturing in the US Market Research - IBISWorld". Retrieved 2 May 2015.
^"Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective (Safety) Toe Cap Footwear". Retrieved 5 July 2016.
^"ISO - ISO Standards - ISO/TC 216 - Footwear". Retrieved 2 May 2015.
^ abcdeGardner, Ross M. (30 June 2021). Practical crime scene processing and investigation. ISBN978-1-032-09443-4. OCLC 1255870591.
^ abcBaxter Jr, E (2015). Complete Crime Scene Investigation Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 284–285.
Further reading
Goonetilleke, R.S. (2012). The Science of Footwear. Human Factors and Ergonomics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-1-4398-3568-5. 726 pages.
Wilcox, R.T. (2008). The Mode in Footwear: A Historical Survey with 53 Plates. Dover Fashion and Costumes Series. Dover Publications. ISBN978-0-486-46761-0. 190 pages.
Riello, G. (2006). A Foot in the Past: Consumers, Producers and Footwear in the Long Eighteenth Century. Pasold studies in textile history. Pasold Research Fund/Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-929225-6. 302 pages.
External links
Media related to Footwear at Wikimedia Commons
Britannica: clothing and footwear industry
March 25, 2023
footwear, refers, garments, worn, feet, which, typically, serves, purpose, protection, against, adversities, environment, such, wear, from, ground, textures, temperature, manner, shoes, therefore, primarily, serves, purpose, ease, locomotion, prevent, injuries. Footwear refers to garments worn on the feet which typically serves the purpose of protection against adversities of the environment such as wear from ground textures and temperature Footwear in the manner of shoes therefore primarily serves the purpose to ease locomotion and prevent injuries Footwear can also be used for fashion and adornment as well as to indicate the status or rank of the person within a social structure Socks and other hosiery are typically worn additionally between the feet and other footwear for further comfort and relief Cultures have different customs regarding footwear These include not using any in some situations usually bearing a symbolic meaning This can however also be imposed on specific individuals to place them at a practical disadvantage against shod people if they are excluded from having footwear available or are prohibited from using any This usually takes place in situations of captivity such as imprisonment or slavery where the groups are among other things distinctly divided by whether or whether not footwear is being worn Sneakers are a type of footwear A pair of long socks In some cultures people remove their shoes before entering a home Bare feet are also seen as a sign of humility and respect and adherents of many religions worship or mourn while barefoot Some religious communities explicitly require people to remove shoes before they enter holy buildings such as temples In several cultures people remove their shoes as a sign of respect towards someone of higher standing In a similar context deliberately forcing other people to go barefoot while being shod oneself has been used to clearly showcase and convey one s superiority within a setting of power disparity Practitioners of the craft of shoemaking are called shoemakers cobblers or cordwainers Contents 1 History 2 Materials 3 Components 4 Types 4 1 Boots 4 2 Shoes 4 3 Sandals 4 4 Slipper 4 5 Specific footwear 4 6 Traditional footwear 4 7 Socks 5 Footwear industry 6 Safety of footwear products 7 Impressions 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistory Edit Chalcolithic leather shoe ca 5000 BCE Footwear has been in use since the earliest human history archeological finds of complete shoes date back to the Chalcolithic ca 5000 BCE The Romans saw clothing and footwear as unmistakable signs of power and status in society and most Roman citizens wore footwear while slaves and peasants sometimes remained barefoot 1 The Middle Ages saw the rise of high heeled shoes also associated with power and the desire to look larger than life and artwork from that period often depicts bare feet as a symbol of poverty Depictions of captives such as prisoners or slaves from the same period well into the 18th century show the individuals barefooted almost exclusively at this contrasting the prevailing partakers of the scene Officials like prosecutors judges but also slave owners or passive bystanders were usually portrayed wearing shoes During the Middle Ages men and women wore pattens commonly seen as the predecessor of the modern high heeled shoe 2 while the poor and lower classes in Europe as well as slaves in the New World were usually barefoot 3 In the 15th century chopines were created in Turkey and were usually 18 20 cm 7 8 inches high These shoes became popular in Venice and throughout Europe as a status symbol revealing wealth and social standing During the 16th century royalty such as Catherine de Medici and Mary I of England began wearing high heeled shoes to make them look taller or larger than life By 1580 men also wore them and a person with authority or wealth might be described as well heeled In modern society high heeled shoes are a part of women s fashion and are widespread in certain countries around the world 4 An artist s impression of Otzi s right shoe Otzi is a male mummy found in the Italian Alps in September 1991 in remarkably well preserved condition Materials EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it July 2015 Modern footwear is usually made up of leather or plastic and rubber In fact leather was one of the original materials used for the first versions of a shoe 5 The soles can be made of rubber or plastic sometimes having a sheet of metal inside Roman sandals had sheets of metal on their soles so that it would not bend out of shape More recently footwear providers like Nike have begun to source environmentally friendly materials 6 Components Edit Typical shoe component location and nomenclature Adhesives Buckle Counter footwear Backstay fitting between upper and lining in heel area and giving structure to back of shoe and supporting ankle Eyelet Heel Hook Insole Outsole Laces Shank Sole Tack Tongue footwear Part of shoe covering top of foot underneath laces Tread WeltTypes EditSee also List of shoe styles This article is in list format but may read better as prose You can help by converting this article if appropriate Editing help is available July 2015 Boots Edit Boots Chukka boots Combat boots Cowboy boots Derby boots Fashion boots Go go boots Hiking boots Motorcycle boots Mukluk Platform boots Riding boots Russian boots Seaboots Tabi boots Tanker boots Thigh high boots Valenki Veldskoen Waders Wellington boots WinklepickersShoes Edit Bowling shoes are a type of athletic shoe A football boot based upon a common design used in 2018 Note the absence of a leather tongue the relatively low rear upper around the heel and the presence of a sock style fastener This design helps to ensure maximum flexibility and range of movement By limiting the potential impingement of the ankle joint by the boot upper it allows the wearer s gait to be more natural Shoes Athletic shoes also known as trainers or sneakers Ballet flats Brothel creepers Court shoes known in the US as pumps Diabetic shoes Espadrilles Galoshes Kitten heels Lace up shoes Derby shoes Oxford shoes Brogues Blucher shoes High tops Loafers Mary Janes Moccasins Monks Mules Platform shoes Plimsoll shoes School shoes Skate shoes Sneakers Tap shoes Toe shoes Vibram FiveFingers toe shoesSandals Edit Sandals Kolhapuri Chappals Peshawari chappal Flip flops thongs Slide Worishofer Avarca from Balearic Islands A pair of SandalsSlipper Edit Closed slippers Open slippersSpecific footwear Edit A climbing shoe Ballet shoes Boat shoes High heeled footwear Climbing shoes Clogs Football boots Sabaton Safety footwear Sailing boots Ski boots Snowshoes Ice skates Surgical shoe Pointe shoes Swimfins flippers Barefoot sandalsTraditional footwear Edit Footwraps used by the Finnish Army until the 1990s Abarka of leather from Pyrenees Areni 1 shoe 5 500 year old leather shoe found in Armenia Bast shoe of bast from Northern Europe Crakow shoes from Poland with long toes popular in the 15th century Galesh of textile from Iran Geta of wood from Japan Klompen of wood from the Netherlands Opanci of leather from Balkans Pampooties of hide from IrelandSocks Edit Socks Toe socks Tabi Socks Anklets Bobby socks Diabetic socks Dress socks Footwraps Knee highs Toe socksFootwear industry EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it August 2020 In Europe the footwear industry has declined in the last years Whereas in 2005 there were about 27 000 firms in 2008 there were only 24 000 As well as the number of firms the direct employment has decreased The only factors that remained almost steady was the value added at factor cost and production value citation needed In the U S the annual footwear industry revenue was 48 billion in 2012 In 2015 there were about 29 000 shoe stores in the U S and the shoe industry employed about 189 000 people 7 Due to rising imports these numbers are also declining The only way of staying afloat in the shoe market is to establish a presence in niche markets 8 Safety of footwear products EditTo ensure high quality and safety of footwear manufacturers have to make sure all products comply to existing and relevant standards By producing footwear in accordance with national and international regulations potential risks can be minimized and the interest of both textile manufacturers and consumers can be protected The following standards regulations apply to footwear products CPSIA GB Standards such as GB20400 2006 Leather and fur limit of harmful matter QB T1002 2005 Leather shoes GB T 15107 Athletic footwear EN Standards for Footwear ASTM Standards 9 ISO standards 10 AAFA Restricted Substance List BIS ISI IS 15298 I 2011 test methods IS 15298 II for safety footwear IS 15298 III Protective footwear IS 15298 IV Occupational FootwearImpressions EditFootwear can create two types of impressions two dimensional and three dimensional impressions 11 When footwear places material onto a solid surface it creates a two dimensional impression 11 12 These types of impressions can be made with a variety of substances like dirt and sand 11 When footwear removes material from a soft surface it creates a three dimensional impression 11 12 These types of impressions can be made in a variety of soft substances like snow and dirt 11 Two dimensional impressions also differ from three dimensional impressions because the latter demonstrate length width and depth whereas two dimensional impressions only demonstrate the first two aspects 12 See also Edit Fashion portalAmerican Apparel and Footwear Association American Podiatric Medical Association Boot fetishism List of current and defunct clothing amp footwear stores in the United Kingdom List of footwear designers List of shoe styles Orthopaedic footwear Shoe fetishism Shoe size Shoes Walking bootReferences Edit DeMello Margo 1 September 2009 Feet and footwear a cultural encyclopedia Macmillan pp 65 ISBN 978 0 313 35714 5 Retrieved 29 January 2012 Dangerous Elegance A History of High Heeled Shoes Retrieved July 1 2010 Frazine Richard Keith 1993 The Barefoot Hiker Ten Speed Press p 98 ISBN 0 89815 525 8 Goonetilleke Ravindra 2012 The Science of Footwear Human Factors and Ergonomics CRC Press ISBN 978 1 4398 3568 5 The Fascinating History Of Footwear All That Is Interesting 2013 04 23 Retrieved 2016 10 24 What materials are used to make Nike shoes Reference Retrieved 2016 10 24 Footwear Industry Statistics www statisticbrain com Archived from the original on 20 May 2015 Retrieved 2 May 2015 Shoe amp Footwear Manufacturing in the US Market Research IBISWorld Retrieved 2 May 2015 Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective Safety Toe Cap Footwear Retrieved 5 July 2016 ISO ISO Standards ISO TC 216 Footwear Retrieved 2 May 2015 a b c d e Gardner Ross M 30 June 2021 Practical crime scene processing and investigation ISBN 978 1 032 09443 4 OCLC 1255870591 a b c Baxter Jr E 2015 Complete Crime Scene Investigation Handbook CRC Press pp 284 285 Further reading EditGoonetilleke R S 2012 The Science of Footwear Human Factors and Ergonomics Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 4398 3568 5 726 pages Wilcox R T 2008 The Mode in Footwear A Historical Survey with 53 Plates Dover Fashion and Costumes Series Dover Publications ISBN 978 0 486 46761 0 190 pages Riello G 2006 A Foot in the Past Consumers Producers and Footwear in the Long Eighteenth Century Pasold studies in textile history Pasold Research Fund Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 929225 6 302 pages External links Edit Media related to Footwear at Wikimedia Commons Britannica clothing and footwear industry Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Footwear amp oldid 1146360105, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
