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2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage

March 09, 2023

On 26 September 2022, a series of clandestine bombings and subsequent underwater gas leaks occurred on the Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipelines. Both pipelines were built to transport natural gas from Russia to Germany through the Baltic Sea, and are majority owned by the Russian majority state-owned gas company, Gazprom. The perpetrators' identities and the motives behind the sabotage remain debated.

2022 Nord Stream gas pipe sabotage
Map showing the location of the Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 pipeline explosions near Bornholm. The two run close to each other most of the way, but deviate near the sites of the sabotage.[1]
Date26 September 2022
LocationCentral Baltic Sea, near Bornholm, Denmark
Coordinates
Type
CauseSabotage[4][5][6][7]
MotiveUnknown
TargetNord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2
PerpetratorUnknown
First reporterNord Stream AG
Property damage
  • Both A and B pipes of NS1 are inoperable
  • Pipe A of NS2 is inoperable. Pipe B remains undamaged.

Prior to the leaks, the pipelines had not been operating due to disputes between Russia and the European Union in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, but were filled with natural gas. On 26 September at 02:03 local time (CEST), an explosion was detected originating from Nord Stream 2; a pressure drop in the pipeline was reported and natural gas began escaping to the surface southeast of the Danish island of Bornholm. Seventeen hours later, the same occurred to Nord Stream 1, resulting in three separate leaks northeast of Bornholm.[8][9] All three affected pipes were rendered inoperable; Russia has confirmed one of the two Nord Stream 2 pipes is operable and is thus ready to deliver gas through Nord Stream 2.[10] The leaks occurred one day before Poland and Norway opened the Baltic Pipe running through Denmark, bringing in gas from the North Sea, rather than from Russia as the Nord Stream pipelines do.[11][12] The leaks are located in international waters (not part of any nation's territorial sea), but within the economic zones of Denmark and Sweden.[13]

Nord Stream AG, the Gazprom-owned operator of Nord Stream, said the pipelines had sustained "unprecedented" damage in one day.[14] On 29 September, Russian President Vladimir Putin called the attack on the pipeline "an unprecedented act of international terrorism".[15][16]

Background

Main article: Russia in the European energy sector
 
Major existing and planned natural gas pipelines supplying Russian gas to Europe in 2021, including the Yamal–Europe, Brotherhood, TurkStream, Blue Stream and Nord Stream pipelines through Belarus, Ukraine, Turkey and Germany.

In 2021, Russia supplied roughly 45% of the natural gas imported by European Union states.[17] The United States has been a major opponent of the Nord Stream pipelines. Former US President Donald Trump said in 2019 that Nord Stream 2 could turn Europe into a "hostage of Russia" and placed sanctions on any company assisting Russia to complete the pipeline.[18] In December 2020, then President-elect Joe Biden came out forcefully against the opening of the new pipeline and the impact this would have on potential Russian influence. In 2021, the Biden administration lifted the sanctions, stating that while it was "unwavering" in opposition to Nord Stream 2, removing the sanctions was a matter of national interest, to maintain positive relations with Germany and other US allies in Europe.[19] The second pipeline was completed in September 2021.[20] On 7 February 2022, US President Joe Biden said in a press conference that the US "will end Nord Stream" if Russia invades Ukraine and reemphasised with a promise to do it when asked how.[21]

Timeline

The Geological Survey of Denmark said that a seismometer on Bornholm showed two spikes on 26 September: the first P wave at 02:03 local time (CEST) indicated a magnitude of 2.3 and the second at 19:03 a magnitude of 2.1.[22] Similar data were provided by a seismometer at Stevns, and by several seismometers in Germany, Sweden (as far away as the station in Kalix 1,300 kilometres or 810 miles north), Finland and Norway.[23] The seismic data were characteristic of underwater explosions, not natural events, and showed that they happened near the locations where the leaks were later discovered.[24][22][25] Around the same time, pressure in the non-operating pipeline dropped from 10.50 to 0.70 megapascals (105 to 7 bar), as recorded by Nord Stream in Germany.[26][24][27]

After Germany's initial report of pressure loss in Nord Stream 2, a gas leak from the pipeline was discovered by a Danish F-16 interceptor response unit to the southeast of Dueodde, Bornholm.[28][29] Nord Stream 2 consists of two parallel lines and the leak happened in line A inside the Danish economic zone.[30] Citing danger to shipping, Danish Maritime Authority closed the sea for all vessels in a 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) zone around the leak site, and advised planes to stay at least 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above it.[29][31] The pipe, which was not operating, had 300 million cubic metres (11 billion cubic feet) of pressurized gas in preparation for its first deliveries.[32]

An environmental impact assessment of NS2 was made in 2019. By 2012, corrosion leaks had only occurred in two large pipelines worldwide. Leaks due to military-type acts and mishaps were considered "very unlikely". The largest leak in the analysis was defined as a "full-bore rupture (>80 mm [3.1 in])", for example from a sinking ship hitting the pipeline. Such an unlikely large leak from 54 metres (177 ft) water depth could result in a gas plume up to 15 metres (49 ft) wide at the surface.[33]

For NS2, the pipes have an outer diameter of approximately 1,200 millimetres (48 inches) and a steel wall thickness of 27–41 millimetres (1.1–1.6 in) – thickest at the pipe ingress where operating pressure is 22 megapascals (220 bar) and thinnest at the pipe egress where operating pressure is 17.7 megapascals (177 bar), when transporting gas. To weigh down the pipe (to ensure negative buoyancy), a 60–110-millimetre (2.4–4.3 in) layer of concrete surrounds the steel.[34] Each line of the pipeline was made of about 100,000 concrete-weight coated steel pipes each weighing 24 tonnes (53,000 lb) welded together and laid on the seabed. To facilitate pigging, the pipelines have a constant internal diameter of 1,153 millimetres (45.4 in), according to Nord Stream. Sections lie at a depth of around 80–110 metres (260–360 ft).[26]

 
Stack of pipes that make up the Nord Stream 2 pipeline, made from steel with a concrete casing

Hours after the German office of Nord Stream AG had reported pressure loss in Nord Stream 1, two gas leaks were discovered on that pipeline by Swedish authorities.[25][35] Both parallel lines of Nord Stream 1 are ruptured and the sites of its two leaks are about 6 km (3.7 mi) from each other, with one in the Swedish economic zone and the other in the Danish economic zone.[9][30] On 28 September, the Swedish Coast Guard clarified that the initially reported leak in the Swedish economic zone actually was two leaks located near each other, bringing the total number of leaks on the Nord Stream pipes to four (two in the Swedish economic zone, two in the Danish).[9][36]

While none of the pipelines were delivering supplies to Europe, both Nord Stream 1 and 2 were pressurized with gas.[37]

Danish Defence posted a video of the gas leak on their website which showed that, as of 27 September, the largest of the leaks created turbulence on the water surface of approximately 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in diameter. The smallest leak made a circle of about 200 metres (660 ft) in diameter.[28] Analysts noted the much larger plumes as an indication that the rupture is very large,[23] compared to a presumed technical leak plume of 15 metres (49 ft).[33]

The SwePol power cable between Sweden and Poland passes near two of the leak sites, and was investigated for damage.[38] Tests by Svenska Kraftnät, published on 4 October, indicated the cable was not damaged.[39]

Swedish Navy ships were scouting for two days in nearby proximity where Nord Stream 1 and 2 were later subjected to sabotage. The search was carried out between Thursday and Saturday, but from the night of Sunday to Monday, no Swedish ships were at the site.[40][41]

On 1 October, the Danish Energy Agency reported that one of the two pipelines, Nord Stream 2, appeared to have stopped leaking gas as the pressure inside the pipe had stabilized.[42] The following day, the same agency reported that the pressure had stabilized in both Nord Stream 1 pipelines as well, indicating that the leakage had stopped.[43] In contrast, Swedish authorities reported on 2 October that gas continues to escape from the two leaks in their economic zone, albeit to a lesser extent than a few days ago.[44]

The leaks

2022 Nord Stream leaks
Pipe Location Comment
Nord Stream 2 pipe A exclusive economic zone of Denmark discovered by a Danish F-16 interceptor response unit to the southeast of Dueodde, Bornholm
Nord Stream 2 pipe A exclusive economic zone of Sweden discovered on that pipeline by Swedish authorities
Nord Stream 1 pipe A exclusive economic zone of Sweden discovered on that pipeline by Swedish authorities
Nord Stream 1 pipe B exclusive economic zone of Denmark discovered on that pipeline by Swedish authorities

Possibility of repairs

On 27 September 2022, Nord Stream AG, the operator of Nord Stream, said it was impossible to estimate when the infrastructure would be repaired.[45] German authorities stated that unless they were rapidly repaired, the three damaged lines, both lines in Nord Stream 1 and line A in Nord Stream 2, were unlikely to ever become operational again due to corrosion caused by sea water.[1] The Washington Post reported that the incidents are likely to put a permanent end to both Nord Stream projects.[46]

According to engineers, possible methods for the repair of the pipeline would include full-scale replacement of pipe segments and clamping of damaged sections. If carried out, repairs would be expected to last several months.[47]

In February 2023, The Times reported that Russia had begun estimating repair costs, put at about $500 million.[48]

Cause

Sweden's Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson said that it likely was sabotage and also mentioned the detonations.[49] The Geological Survey of Denmark said that the tremors that had been detected were unlike those recorded during earthquakes, but similar to those recorded during explosions.[50] The Swedish public service broadcaster SVT reported that measuring stations in both Sweden and Denmark recorded strong underwater explosions near the Nord Stream pipelines. Björn Lund, Associate Professor in Seismology at The Swedish National Seismic Network said "there is no doubt that these were explosions" at an estimated 100-kilogram (220 lb) TNT equivalent.[25] European Union officials blamed sabotage, as did the secretary general of NATO, Jens Stoltenberg, and the Prime Minister of Poland, Mateusz Morawiecki.[51][52][53]

The Kremlin said that it did not rule out sabotage as a reason for the damage to the Nord Stream pipelines.[54] Dmitry Peskov, the Kremlin spokesman, said: "We cannot rule out any possibility right now. Obviously, there is some sort of destruction of the pipe. Before the results of the investigation, it is impossible to rule out any option."[55][56]

The German newspaper Der Tagesspiegel wrote that the leaks are being investigated for whether they may have been caused by targeted attacks by submarine or clearance divers.[57]

According to German Federal Government circles, photos taken by the Federal Police with the support of the navy show a leak 8 metres (26 ft) long, which could only be the result of explosives.[58]

On 11 November 2022, Wired reported that satellite imagery revealed two large unidentified ships which had turned off their AIS trackers and had appeared around the site of the leaks in the days before the gas leaks were detected.[59]

On 18 November 2022, Swedish authorities announced that remains of explosives were found at the site of the leaks, and confirmed that the incident was the result of sabotage.[6][7]

Investigations

The day after the leaks occurred, the Swedish Police Authority opened an investigation of the incident, calling it "major sabotage". The investigation is conducted in cooperation with other relevant authorities as well as the Swedish Security Service.[60] A similar investigation was opened in Denmark. The two nations were in close contact, and had also been in contact with other countries in the Baltic region and NATO.[49][61] Because it happened within international waters (not part of any nation's territorial sea, although within the Danish and Swedish economic zones), neither the Danish Prime Minister nor the Swedish Prime Minister regarded it as an attack on their nation.[62][49] On 2 October, Nancy Faeser, German Minister of the Interior and Community, announced that Germany, Denmark and Sweden intend to form a joint investigation team to investigate these seeming acts of sabotage.[5]

Russia reportedly dispatched naval vessels to join Swedish and Danish maritime experts at the leak sites. Foreign Policy reported that since the pipelines are Russian-state owned and since the sabotage is not considered a military attack, investigations may be complicated by Russian involvement.[63] Moscow demanded to be part of the investigations conducted by Denmark and Sweden, but both countries refused, telling Russia to conduct its own investigations.[64]

On 6 October, the Swedish Security Service said its preliminary investigations in the Swedish exclusive economic zone showed extensive damage and they "found evidence of detonations",[65] strengthening "the suspicions of serious sabotage".[66]

On 10 October, the German Public Prosecutor General launched an investigation into suspected intentional causing of an explosion and anti-constitutional sabotage. The procedure is directed against unknown persons. According to the federal authority, it is responsible because it was a serious violent attack on national energy supply, likely to impair Germany's external and internal security. The Federal Criminal Police Office and the Federal Police were commissioned to investigate.[67] The Federal Police had already started an investigative mission with assistance from the German Navy. Investigators took photos with a Navy underwater drone that showed a leak 8 metres (26 ft) long. This could only have been caused by explosives, it was said in government circles.[58]

On 14 October, Russia's foreign ministry summoned German, Danish and Swedish envoys to express "bewilderment" over the exclusion of Russian experts from investigations and protesting reported participation of the United States, saying that Russia would not recognise any "pseudo-results" without the involvement of its own experts.[68]

Also on 14 October, the Swedish prosecutor announced that Sweden would not set up a joint investigation team with Denmark and Germany because that would transfer information related to Swedish national security. German public broadcaster ARD also reported that Denmark had rejected a joint investigation team.[69] On 18 November, the Swedish Security Service concluded that the incident was an act of "gross sabotage", stating that traces of explosives were found on the pipes.[70] Also on 18 October, the Swedish newspaper Expressen released photos it had commissioned of the Nord Stream 1 damage, showing at least 50 m (160 ft) of pipe missing from its trench, as well as steel debris around the site.[71][72]

On 15 October, the left-wing German party Die Linke made a parliamentary inquiry to the government. The German government claimed that no on-site investigation had taken place yet, and refused to disclose information about the presence of NATO or Russian ships near Bornholm on the day of the presumed sabotage, citing state secret.[73]

In February 2023, The Times stated that none of the three separate investigations had publicly assigned responsibility for the damage.[48]

On 17 February 2023, Russia formally submitted a proposal to the Security Council of the United Nations calling for an investigation into the Nord Stream sabotage, and reiterated its request on 20 February 2023.[74]

According to a European lawmaker briefed late last year by his country's main foreign intelligence service, investigators have been gathering information about an estimated 45 "ghost ships" whose location transponders were not on or were not working when they passed through the area, possibly to cloak their movements.[75] The lawmaker was also told that more than 1,000 pounds of "military grade" explosives were used by the perpetrators.[75]

Speculation

Russia first accused the United Kingdom,[76] and later the United States, of being responsible for the sabotage.[48]

Involvement by Russia

CNN reported that European security officials observed Russian Navy support ships nearby where the leaks later occurred on 26 and 27 September. One week prior, Russian submarines were also observed nearby.[77]

In September 2022, the former head of Germany's Federal Intelligence Service (BND), Gerhard Schindler, alleged that Russia sabotaged the gas pipelines to justify their halting of gas supplies prior to the explosion and said Russia's "halt in gas supplies can now be justified simply by pointing to the defective pipelines, without having to advance alleged turbine problems or other unconvincing arguments for breaking supply contracts.”[78]

Finland's national public broadcasting company Yle compared the incident to the two explosions on a gas pipeline in North Ossetia in January 2006, which were caused by remote-controlled military-grade charges.[79] The explosions halted Russian gas supply to Georgia after the country had started seeking NATO membership.[79]

In December 2022, The Washington Post reported that after months of investigation, there was so far no conclusive evidence that Russia was behind the attack, and numerous European and US officials privately say that Russia may not be to blame after all. Others who still consider Russia a prime suspect said positively attributing the attack — to any country — may be impossible.[80]

Involvement by the United States

Der Spiegel reported that the United States Central Intelligence Agency had warned the German government of possible sabotage to the pipelines weeks beforehand.[81] The New York Times reported that the CIA had warned various European governments sometime in June.[82]

In a widely shared post on Twitter, Polish MEP and former foreign affairs and defence minister Radek Sikorski stated simply, "Thank you, USA", next to a photo of bubbling water above the pipeline damage. He followed up to clarify that this was only speculation on his part,[83] and that his view was based in part on a February joint press conference of US President Joe Biden and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, during which Biden stated, "If Russia invades ... again, there will no longer be a Nord Stream 2. We will bring an end to it."[84][48] Sikorski's post was criticized by many politicians and government officials. Polish government spokesman Piotr Müller said it was harmful and served Russian propaganda.[83] US State Department spokesman Ned Price characterized the idea of US involvement in the pipeline damage as "preposterous".[85] Der Spiegel commented that Nord Stream 2 was already stopped entirely without explosives two days before Russia invaded Ukraine, and that what happened is exactly what Biden and Scholz had said would happen.[86] Sikorski deleted the original and all follow-up tweets several days later.[85]

At a United Nations Security Council meeting convened for the incident, Russian Federation representative Vasily Nebenzya suggested that the United States was involved in the pipeline damage.[87] Deutsche Welle fact check concluded that the Russian claim "that an American helicopter was responsible for the gas leaks is untenable and misleading." The helicopter never flew along the pipeline and the gas leak areas were at least 9 and 30 km away, respectively, from its flight path.[88][89]

On 2 February 2023, Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov said on Russian state television the U.S. had direct involvement in the explosions intended to help preserve U.S. global dominance.[48]

On 8 February 2023, American investigative journalist Seymour Hersh published an article on his Substack page in which he alleged that the attack was ordered by the White House and carried out utilizing American and Norwegian assets.[90][91][92][93] The post relied on a single anonymous source, whom Hersh described as having "direct knowledge of the operational planning."[94] The White House responded to the story by calling it "utterly false and complete fiction".[95] Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that those allegations are "nonsense".[96] Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov told Russian state-owned media RIA Novosti that "Our assumption was that the US and several NATO allies were involved in this disgusting crime." He also threatened unspecified "consequences" for the US.[97] Norwegian commentator Harald S. Klungtveit [no] has challenged the accuracy of Hersh's claims, such as that Alta-class minesweepers had participated in BALTOPS 2022, or that Jens Stoltenberg has been cooperating with U.S. intelligence services since the Vietnam War (Stoltenberg was a teenager at the time).[98]

Involvement by other countries

On 29 October 2022, Russia accused a unit of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy of sabotaging the gas pipeline. This claim was denied by the UK Ministry of Defence which released a statement saying: "To detract from their disastrous handling of the illegal invasion of Ukraine, the Russian Ministry of Defence is resorting to peddling false claims of an epic scale".[76]

In late 2022, another former head of the BND, August Hanning, said that Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Britain had a plausible interest in disabling the pipelines, as well as the U.S.[48]

In March 2023, several international media outlets reported that a pro-Ukrainian group may have carried out the attack.[75][99][100] According to these reports, investigators found explosive residues in a yacht that had been rented by six people with professionally forged passports, for a Polish company with two Ukrainian owners. The yacht is said have left Rostock on 6 September.[99]

Aftermath

On 27 September 2022, European gas prices jumped 12 percent after news spread of the damaged pipelines,[101][102] despite the fact that Nord Stream 1 had not delivered gas since August and Nord Stream 2 had never gone into service.[103]

The Danish Navy and Swedish Coast Guard sent ships to monitor the discharge and keep other vessels away from danger by establishing an exclusion zone of 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) around each leak.[45][104] Two of the ships are the Swedish Amfitrite [sv] and the Danish Absalon, which are specially designed to operate in contaminated environments such as gas clouds.[104][105] Vessels could lose buoyancy if they enter the gas plumes, and there might be a risk of leaked gas igniting over the water and in the air, but there were no risks associated with the leaks outside the exclusion zones.

The president of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, wrote on Twitter that "Any deliberate disruption of active European energy infrastructure is unacceptable & will lead to the strongest possible response."[106] After the leaks, Norwegian authorities increased the security around their gas and oil infrastructure.[107] As of 29 September 2022, eastward flow of gas from Germany to Poland through the Yamal–Europe pipeline was stable,[108][109] as was transmission through Ukraine as of 2 October 2022,[110] although concerns remained that Russia may introduce "sanctions against Ukraine's Naftogaz [...] that could prohibit Gazprom from paying Ukraine transit fees [... that] could end Russian gas flows to Europe via the country."[108][109][111][112]

On 5 October, Nord Stream 2 AG reported that Gazprom had begun pulling gas back out of the undamaged pipe for consumption in Saint Petersburg, reducing pipe pressure.[113] Infrastructure in the North Sea was being inspected for anomalies.[114]

On 11 January 2023, EU and NATO announced the creation of a task force on making their critical infrastructure more resilient to potential threats, citing "Putin’s weaponising of energy" and the sabotage of the Nord Stream pipelines.[115]

Environmental impact

In the area, the leaks would only affect the environment where the gas plumes in the water column are located. A greater effect is likely to be the climate impact caused by the large volumes of escaping methane, a potent greenhouse gas.[26][116] The released volume is approximately 0.25% of the annual capacity of the pipelines, an amount nearly equal to the total release from all other sources of methane in a full year across Sweden.[117] A Danish official said these Nord Stream gas leaks could emit a CO2 equivalent of 14.6 million tonnes (32 billion pounds), similar to one third of Denmark's total annual greenhouse gas emissions.[118][119]

The methane emissions from the leaks are equal to a few days of the emissions from regular fossil fuel production.[120] However, the leaks set a record as the single largest discharge of methane, dwarfing all previously known leaks, such as the Aliso Canyon gas leak.[120][121]

Equipment measured no increase in atmospheric methane at Bornholm.[122] A weather station in Norway logged an unprecedented 400 parts per billion (ppb) increase from a base level of 1800 ppb.[123]

Scientists from several European countries have analyzed the impact on marine ecosystems. The shockwave is stated to have killed marine life within a radius of 4 kilometer and have damaged the hearing of animals up to 50 kilometers. An estimated 250,000 mectric tons of seafloor sediment containing lead and tributyltin used in anti-fouling paint have been lifted up.[124] Additionally, the area is contaminated from the dumping of ammunitions and chemical weapons.[125]

See also

References

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March 09, 2023
2022, nord, stream, pipeline, sabotage, september, 2022, series, clandestine, bombings, subsequent, underwater, leaks, occurred, nord, stream, nord, stream, natural, pipelines, both, pipelines, were, built, transport, natural, from, russia, germany, through, b. On 26 September 2022 a series of clandestine bombings and subsequent underwater gas leaks occurred on the Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipelines Both pipelines were built to transport natural gas from Russia to Germany through the Baltic Sea and are majority owned by the Russian majority state owned gas company Gazprom The perpetrators identities and the motives behind the sabotage remain debated 2022 Nord Stream gas pipe sabotageMap showing the location of the Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 pipeline explosions near Bornholm The two run close to each other most of the way but deviate near the sites of the sabotage 1 Date26 September 2022LocationCentral Baltic Sea near Bornholm DenmarkCoordinates54 52 6 N 15 24 6 E 54 8767 N 15 4100 E 54 8767 15 4100 DANGER AREA 1 RAD 5 NM 2 55 32 1 N 15 41 9 E 55 5350 N 15 6983 E 55 5350 15 6983 DANGER AREA 2 RAD 5 NM 3 55 33 4 N 15 47 3 E 55 5567 N 15 7883 E 55 5567 15 7883 DANGER AREA 3 RAD 5 NM 3 55 32 45 N 15 46 74 E 55 54083 N 15 77900 E 55 54083 15 77900 DANGER AREA 4 RAD 5 3 TypeIndustrial disasterGas leaks after explosionsCauseSabotage 4 5 6 7 MotiveUnknownTargetNord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2PerpetratorUnknownFirst reporterNord Stream AGProperty damageBoth A and B pipes of NS1 are inoperablePipe A of NS2 is inoperable Pipe B remains undamaged Prior to the leaks the pipelines had not been operating due to disputes between Russia and the European Union in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine but were filled with natural gas On 26 September at 02 03 local time CEST an explosion was detected originating from Nord Stream 2 a pressure drop in the pipeline was reported and natural gas began escaping to the surface southeast of the Danish island of Bornholm Seventeen hours later the same occurred to Nord Stream 1 resulting in three separate leaks northeast of Bornholm 8 9 All three affected pipes were rendered inoperable Russia has confirmed one of the two Nord Stream 2 pipes is operable and is thus ready to deliver gas through Nord Stream 2 10 The leaks occurred one day before Poland and Norway opened the Baltic Pipe running through Denmark bringing in gas from the North Sea rather than from Russia as the Nord Stream pipelines do 11 12 The leaks are located in international waters not part of any nation s territorial sea but within the economic zones of Denmark and Sweden 13 Nord Stream AG the Gazprom owned operator of Nord Stream said the pipelines had sustained unprecedented damage in one day 14 On 29 September Russian President Vladimir Putin called the attack on the pipeline an unprecedented act of international terrorism 15 16 Contents 1 Background 2 Timeline 2 1 The leaks 2 2 Possibility of repairs 3 Cause 3 1 Investigations 3 2 Speculation 3 2 1 Involvement by Russia 3 2 2 Involvement by the United States 3 2 3 Involvement by other countries 4 Aftermath 4 1 Environmental impact 5 See also 6 ReferencesBackgroundMain article Russia in the European energy sector Major existing and planned natural gas pipelines supplying Russian gas to Europe in 2021 including the Yamal Europe Brotherhood TurkStream Blue Stream and Nord Stream pipelines through Belarus Ukraine Turkey and Germany In 2021 Russia supplied roughly 45 of the natural gas imported by European Union states 17 The United States has been a major opponent of the Nord Stream pipelines Former US President Donald Trump said in 2019 that Nord Stream 2 could turn Europe into a hostage of Russia and placed sanctions on any company assisting Russia to complete the pipeline 18 In December 2020 then President elect Joe Biden came out forcefully against the opening of the new pipeline and the impact this would have on potential Russian influence In 2021 the Biden administration lifted the sanctions stating that while it was unwavering in opposition to Nord Stream 2 removing the sanctions was a matter of national interest to maintain positive relations with Germany and other US allies in Europe 19 The second pipeline was completed in September 2021 20 On 7 February 2022 US President Joe Biden said in a press conference that the US will end Nord Stream if Russia invades Ukraine and reemphasised with a promise to do it when asked how 21 TimelineThe Geological Survey of Denmark said that a seismometer on Bornholm showed two spikes on 26 September the first P wave at 02 03 local time CEST indicated a magnitude of 2 3 and the second at 19 03 a magnitude of 2 1 22 Similar data were provided by a seismometer at Stevns and by several seismometers in Germany Sweden as far away as the station in Kalix 1 300 kilometres or 810 miles north Finland and Norway 23 The seismic data were characteristic of underwater explosions not natural events and showed that they happened near the locations where the leaks were later discovered 24 22 25 Around the same time pressure in the non operating pipeline dropped from 10 50 to 0 70 megapascals 105 to 7 bar as recorded by Nord Stream in Germany 26 24 27 After Germany s initial report of pressure loss in Nord Stream 2 a gas leak from the pipeline was discovered by a Danish F 16 interceptor response unit to the southeast of Dueodde Bornholm 28 29 Nord Stream 2 consists of two parallel lines and the leak happened in line A inside the Danish economic zone 30 Citing danger to shipping Danish Maritime Authority closed the sea for all vessels in a 5 nautical miles 9 3 km 5 8 mi zone around the leak site and advised planes to stay at least 1 000 m 3 300 ft above it 29 31 The pipe which was not operating had 300 million cubic metres 11 billion cubic feet of pressurized gas in preparation for its first deliveries 32 An environmental impact assessment of NS2 was made in 2019 By 2012 corrosion leaks had only occurred in two large pipelines worldwide Leaks due to military type acts and mishaps were considered very unlikely The largest leak in the analysis was defined as a full bore rupture gt 80 mm 3 1 in for example from a sinking ship hitting the pipeline Such an unlikely large leak from 54 metres 177 ft water depth could result in a gas plume up to 15 metres 49 ft wide at the surface 33 For NS2 the pipes have an outer diameter of approximately 1 200 millimetres 48 inches and a steel wall thickness of 27 41 millimetres 1 1 1 6 in thickest at the pipe ingress where operating pressure is 22 megapascals 220 bar and thinnest at the pipe egress where operating pressure is 17 7 megapascals 177 bar when transporting gas To weigh down the pipe to ensure negative buoyancy a 60 110 millimetre 2 4 4 3 in layer of concrete surrounds the steel 34 Each line of the pipeline was made of about 100 000 concrete weight coated steel pipes each weighing 24 tonnes 53 000 lb welded together and laid on the seabed To facilitate pigging the pipelines have a constant internal diameter of 1 153 millimetres 45 4 in according to Nord Stream Sections lie at a depth of around 80 110 metres 260 360 ft 26 Stack of pipes that make up the Nord Stream 2 pipeline made from steel with a concrete casing Hours after the German office of Nord Stream AG had reported pressure loss in Nord Stream 1 two gas leaks were discovered on that pipeline by Swedish authorities 25 35 Both parallel lines of Nord Stream 1 are ruptured and the sites of its two leaks are about 6 km 3 7 mi from each other with one in the Swedish economic zone and the other in the Danish economic zone 9 30 On 28 September the Swedish Coast Guard clarified that the initially reported leak in the Swedish economic zone actually was two leaks located near each other bringing the total number of leaks on the Nord Stream pipes to four two in the Swedish economic zone two in the Danish 9 36 While none of the pipelines were delivering supplies to Europe both Nord Stream 1 and 2 were pressurized with gas 37 Danish Defence posted a video of the gas leak on their website which showed that as of 27 September the largest of the leaks created turbulence on the water surface of approximately 1 kilometre 0 62 mi in diameter The smallest leak made a circle of about 200 metres 660 ft in diameter 28 Analysts noted the much larger plumes as an indication that the rupture is very large 23 compared to a presumed technical leak plume of 15 metres 49 ft 33 The SwePol power cable between Sweden and Poland passes near two of the leak sites and was investigated for damage 38 Tests by Svenska Kraftnat published on 4 October indicated the cable was not damaged 39 Swedish Navy ships were scouting for two days in nearby proximity where Nord Stream 1 and 2 were later subjected to sabotage The search was carried out between Thursday and Saturday but from the night of Sunday to Monday no Swedish ships were at the site 40 41 On 1 October the Danish Energy Agency reported that one of the two pipelines Nord Stream 2 appeared to have stopped leaking gas as the pressure inside the pipe had stabilized 42 The following day the same agency reported that the pressure had stabilized in both Nord Stream 1 pipelines as well indicating that the leakage had stopped 43 In contrast Swedish authorities reported on 2 October that gas continues to escape from the two leaks in their economic zone albeit to a lesser extent than a few days ago 44 The leaks This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message 2022 Nord Stream leaks Pipe Location CommentNord Stream 2 pipe A exclusive economic zone of Denmark discovered by a Danish F 16 interceptor response unit to the southeast of Dueodde BornholmNord Stream 2 pipe A exclusive economic zone of Sweden discovered on that pipeline by Swedish authoritiesNord Stream 1 pipe A exclusive economic zone of Sweden discovered on that pipeline by Swedish authoritiesNord Stream 1 pipe B exclusive economic zone of Denmark discovered on that pipeline by Swedish authoritiesPossibility of repairs On 27 September 2022 Nord Stream AG the operator of Nord Stream said it was impossible to estimate when the infrastructure would be repaired 45 German authorities stated that unless they were rapidly repaired the three damaged lines both lines in Nord Stream 1 and line A in Nord Stream 2 were unlikely to ever become operational again due to corrosion caused by sea water 1 The Washington Post reported that the incidents are likely to put a permanent end to both Nord Stream projects 46 According to engineers possible methods for the repair of the pipeline would include full scale replacement of pipe segments and clamping of damaged sections If carried out repairs would be expected to last several months 47 In February 2023 The Times reported that Russia had begun estimating repair costs put at about 500 million 48 CauseSweden s Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson said that it likely was sabotage and also mentioned the detonations 49 The Geological Survey of Denmark said that the tremors that had been detected were unlike those recorded during earthquakes but similar to those recorded during explosions 50 The Swedish public service broadcaster SVT reported that measuring stations in both Sweden and Denmark recorded strong underwater explosions near the Nord Stream pipelines Bjorn Lund Associate Professor in Seismology at The Swedish National Seismic Network said there is no doubt that these were explosions at an estimated 100 kilogram 220 lb TNT equivalent 25 European Union officials blamed sabotage as did the secretary general of NATO Jens Stoltenberg and the Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki 51 52 53 The Kremlin said that it did not rule out sabotage as a reason for the damage to the Nord Stream pipelines 54 Dmitry Peskov the Kremlin spokesman said We cannot rule out any possibility right now Obviously there is some sort of destruction of the pipe Before the results of the investigation it is impossible to rule out any option 55 56 The German newspaper Der Tagesspiegel wrote that the leaks are being investigated for whether they may have been caused by targeted attacks by submarine or clearance divers 57 According to German Federal Government circles photos taken by the Federal Police with the support of the navy show a leak 8 metres 26 ft long which could only be the result of explosives 58 On 11 November 2022 Wired reported that satellite imagery revealed two large unidentified ships which had turned off their AIS trackers and had appeared around the site of the leaks in the days before the gas leaks were detected 59 On 18 November 2022 Swedish authorities announced that remains of explosives were found at the site of the leaks and confirmed that the incident was the result of sabotage 6 7 Investigations The day after the leaks occurred the Swedish Police Authority opened an investigation of the incident calling it major sabotage The investigation is conducted in cooperation with other relevant authorities as well as the Swedish Security Service 60 A similar investigation was opened in Denmark The two nations were in close contact and had also been in contact with other countries in the Baltic region and NATO 49 61 Because it happened within international waters not part of any nation s territorial sea although within the Danish and Swedish economic zones neither the Danish Prime Minister nor the Swedish Prime Minister regarded it as an attack on their nation 62 49 On 2 October Nancy Faeser German Minister of the Interior and Community announced that Germany Denmark and Sweden intend to form a joint investigation team to investigate these seeming acts of sabotage 5 Russia reportedly dispatched naval vessels to join Swedish and Danish maritime experts at the leak sites Foreign Policy reported that since the pipelines are Russian state owned and since the sabotage is not considered a military attack investigations may be complicated by Russian involvement 63 Moscow demanded to be part of the investigations conducted by Denmark and Sweden but both countries refused telling Russia to conduct its own investigations 64 On 6 October the Swedish Security Service said its preliminary investigations in the Swedish exclusive economic zone showed extensive damage and they found evidence of detonations 65 strengthening the suspicions of serious sabotage 66 On 10 October the German Public Prosecutor General launched an investigation into suspected intentional causing of an explosion and anti constitutional sabotage The procedure is directed against unknown persons According to the federal authority it is responsible because it was a serious violent attack on national energy supply likely to impair Germany s external and internal security The Federal Criminal Police Office and the Federal Police were commissioned to investigate 67 The Federal Police had already started an investigative mission with assistance from the German Navy Investigators took photos with a Navy underwater drone that showed a leak 8 metres 26 ft long This could only have been caused by explosives it was said in government circles 58 On 14 October Russia s foreign ministry summoned German Danish and Swedish envoys to express bewilderment over the exclusion of Russian experts from investigations and protesting reported participation of the United States saying that Russia would not recognise any pseudo results without the involvement of its own experts 68 Also on 14 October the Swedish prosecutor announced that Sweden would not set up a joint investigation team with Denmark and Germany because that would transfer information related to Swedish national security German public broadcaster ARD also reported that Denmark had rejected a joint investigation team 69 On 18 November the Swedish Security Service concluded that the incident was an act of gross sabotage stating that traces of explosives were found on the pipes 70 Also on 18 October the Swedish newspaper Expressen released photos it had commissioned of the Nord Stream 1 damage showing at least 50 m 160 ft of pipe missing from its trench as well as steel debris around the site 71 72 On 15 October the left wing German party Die Linke made a parliamentary inquiry to the government The German government claimed that no on site investigation had taken place yet and refused to disclose information about the presence of NATO or Russian ships near Bornholm on the day of the presumed sabotage citing state secret 73 In February 2023 The Times stated that none of the three separate investigations had publicly assigned responsibility for the damage 48 On 17 February 2023 Russia formally submitted a proposal to the Security Council of the United Nations calling for an investigation into the Nord Stream sabotage and reiterated its request on 20 February 2023 74 According to a European lawmaker briefed late last year by his country s main foreign intelligence service investigators have been gathering information about an estimated 45 ghost ships whose location transponders were not on or were not working when they passed through the area possibly to cloak their movements 75 The lawmaker was also told that more than 1 000 pounds of military grade explosives were used by the perpetrators 75 Speculation Russia first accused the United Kingdom 76 and later the United States of being responsible for the sabotage 48 Involvement by Russia CNN reported that European security officials observed Russian Navy support ships nearby where the leaks later occurred on 26 and 27 September One week prior Russian submarines were also observed nearby 77 In September 2022 the former head of Germany s Federal Intelligence Service BND Gerhard Schindler alleged that Russia sabotaged the gas pipelines to justify their halting of gas supplies prior to the explosion and said Russia s halt in gas supplies can now be justified simply by pointing to the defective pipelines without having to advance alleged turbine problems or other unconvincing arguments for breaking supply contracts 78 Finland s national public broadcasting company Yle compared the incident to the two explosions on a gas pipeline in North Ossetia in January 2006 which were caused by remote controlled military grade charges 79 The explosions halted Russian gas supply to Georgia after the country had started seeking NATO membership 79 In December 2022 The Washington Post reported that after months of investigation there was so far no conclusive evidence that Russia was behind the attack and numerous European and US officials privately say that Russia may not be to blame after all Others who still consider Russia a prime suspect said positively attributing the attack to any country may be impossible 80 Involvement by the United States Der Spiegel reported that the United States Central Intelligence Agency had warned the German government of possible sabotage to the pipelines weeks beforehand 81 The New York Times reported that the CIA had warned various European governments sometime in June 82 In a widely shared post on Twitter Polish MEP and former foreign affairs and defence minister Radek Sikorski stated simply Thank you USA next to a photo of bubbling water above the pipeline damage He followed up to clarify that this was only speculation on his part 83 and that his view was based in part on a February joint press conference of US President Joe Biden and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz during which Biden stated If Russia invades again there will no longer be a Nord Stream 2 We will bring an end to it 84 48 Sikorski s post was criticized by many politicians and government officials Polish government spokesman Piotr Muller said it was harmful and served Russian propaganda 83 US State Department spokesman Ned Price characterized the idea of US involvement in the pipeline damage as preposterous 85 Der Spiegel commented that Nord Stream 2 was already stopped entirely without explosives two days before Russia invaded Ukraine and that what happened is exactly what Biden and Scholz had said would happen 86 Sikorski deleted the original and all follow up tweets several days later 85 At a United Nations Security Council meeting convened for the incident Russian Federation representative Vasily Nebenzya suggested that the United States was involved in the pipeline damage 87 Deutsche Welle fact check concluded that the Russian claim that an American helicopter was responsible for the gas leaks is untenable and misleading The helicopter never flew along the pipeline and the gas leak areas were at least 9 and 30 km away respectively from its flight path 88 89 On 2 February 2023 Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov said on Russian state television the U S had direct involvement in the explosions intended to help preserve U S global dominance 48 On 8 February 2023 American investigative journalist Seymour Hersh published an article on his Substack page in which he alleged that the attack was ordered by the White House and carried out utilizing American and Norwegian assets 90 91 92 93 The post relied on a single anonymous source whom Hersh described as having direct knowledge of the operational planning 94 The White House responded to the story by calling it utterly false and complete fiction 95 Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that those allegations are nonsense 96 Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov told Russian state owned media RIA Novosti that Our assumption was that the US and several NATO allies were involved in this disgusting crime He also threatened unspecified consequences for the US 97 Norwegian commentator Harald S Klungtveit no has challenged the accuracy of Hersh s claims such as that Alta class minesweepers had participated in BALTOPS 2022 or that Jens Stoltenberg has been cooperating with U S intelligence services since the Vietnam War Stoltenberg was a teenager at the time 98 Involvement by other countries On 29 October 2022 Russia accused a unit of the United Kingdom s Royal Navy of sabotaging the gas pipeline This claim was denied by the UK Ministry of Defence which released a statement saying To detract from their disastrous handling of the illegal invasion of Ukraine the Russian Ministry of Defence is resorting to peddling false claims of an epic scale 76 In late 2022 another former head of the BND August Hanning said that Russia Ukraine Poland and Britain had a plausible interest in disabling the pipelines as well as the U S 48 In March 2023 several international media outlets reported that a pro Ukrainian group may have carried out the attack 75 99 100 According to these reports investigators found explosive residues in a yacht that had been rented by six people with professionally forged passports for a Polish company with two Ukrainian owners The yacht is said have left Rostock on 6 September 99 AftermathOn 27 September 2022 European gas prices jumped 12 percent after news spread of the damaged pipelines 101 102 despite the fact that Nord Stream 1 had not delivered gas since August and Nord Stream 2 had never gone into service 103 The Danish Navy and Swedish Coast Guard sent ships to monitor the discharge and keep other vessels away from danger by establishing an exclusion zone of 5 nautical miles 9 3 km 5 8 mi around each leak 45 104 Two of the ships are the Swedish Amfitrite sv and the Danish Absalon which are specially designed to operate in contaminated environments such as gas clouds 104 105 Vessels could lose buoyancy if they enter the gas plumes and there might be a risk of leaked gas igniting over the water and in the air but there were no risks associated with the leaks outside the exclusion zones The president of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen wrote on Twitter that Any deliberate disruption of active European energy infrastructure is unacceptable amp will lead to the strongest possible response 106 After the leaks Norwegian authorities increased the security around their gas and oil infrastructure 107 As of 29 September 2022 update eastward flow of gas from Germany to Poland through the Yamal Europe pipeline was stable 108 109 as was transmission through Ukraine as of 2 October 2022 update 110 although concerns remained that Russia may introduce sanctions against Ukraine s Naftogaz that could prohibit Gazprom from paying Ukraine transit fees that could end Russian gas flows to Europe via the country 108 109 111 112 On 5 October Nord Stream 2 AG reported that Gazprom had begun pulling gas back out of the undamaged pipe for consumption in Saint Petersburg reducing pipe pressure 113 Infrastructure in the North Sea was being inspected for anomalies 114 On 11 January 2023 EU and NATO announced the creation of a task force on making their critical infrastructure more resilient to potential threats citing Putin s weaponising of energy and the sabotage of the Nord Stream pipelines 115 Environmental impact In the area the leaks would only affect the environment where the gas plumes in the water column are located A greater effect is likely to be the climate impact caused by the large volumes of escaping methane a potent greenhouse gas 26 116 The released volume is approximately 0 25 of the annual capacity of the pipelines an amount nearly equal to the total release from all other sources of methane in a full year across Sweden 117 A Danish official said these Nord Stream gas leaks could emit a CO2 equivalent of 14 6 million tonnes 32 billion pounds similar to one third of Denmark s total annual greenhouse gas emissions 118 119 The methane emissions from the leaks are equal to a few days of the emissions from regular fossil fuel production 120 However the leaks set a record as the single largest discharge of methane dwarfing all previously known leaks such as the Aliso Canyon gas leak 120 121 Equipment measured no increase in atmospheric methane at Bornholm 122 A weather station in Norway logged an unprecedented 400 parts per billion ppb increase from a base level of 1800 ppb 123 Scientists from several European countries have analyzed the impact on marine ecosystems The shockwave is stated to have killed marine life within a radius of 4 kilometer and have damaged the hearing of animals up to 50 kilometers An estimated 250 000 mectric tons of seafloor sediment containing lead and tributyltin used in anti fouling paint have been lifted up 124 Additionally the area is contaminated from the dumping of ammunitions and chemical weapons 125 See also2022 Urengoy Pomary Uzhhorod pipeline explosionReferences a b Grosse Schaden an Gasleitungen Nord Stream Rohren wohl fur immer zerstort Bundespolizei verstarkt Meeresschutz in German Der Tagesspiegel 28 September 2022 Archived from the original on 28 September 2022 Retrieved 28 September 2022 Denmark The Baltic Sea Bornholm SE Gas leakage Danger to navigation Prohibited area established PDF Sofartsstyrelsen 26 September 2022 Archived PDF from the original on 3 October 2022 Retrieved 5 October 2022 A gas leakage has been observed in pos 54 52 60 N 015 24 60 E a b c Denmark The Baltic Sea Bornholm NE Gas leakages Danger to navigation Prohibited areas established PDF Sofartsstyrelsen 29 September 2022 Archived PDF from the original on 30 September 2022 Retrieved 5 October 2022 Gas leakages have been observed in pos 55 33 40 N 015 47 30 E pos 55 32 10 N 015 41 90 E and pos 55 32 450 N 015 46 470 E Aitken Peter 2 October 2022 NATO chief All evidence points to pipeline sabotage dodges question on Ukraine membership Fox News Archived from the original on 3 October 2022 Retrieved 3 October 2022 a b Nancy Faeser kundigt internationale Ermittlungsgruppe an Zeit Online in German Zeitverlag 2 October 2022 Retrieved 3 October 2022 a b Bekraftat sabotage vid Nord Stream Aklagarmyndigheten in Swedish Retrieved 18 November 2022 a b Russia Ukraine war live remains of explosives found at Nord Stream pipeline blast site 10m Ukrainians without power says Zelenskiy the Guardian 18 November 2022 Retrieved 18 November 2022 Now Nord Stream 1 gas pipeline hit by two leaks in Baltic Sea WION Archived from the original on 1 October 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 a b c Kustbevakningen Fyra lackor pa Nord Stream Svenska Dagbladet 28 September 2022 Archived from the original on 3 October 2022 Retrieved 28 September 2022 Hemicker Lorenz Kappel Janina 5 October 2022 Russland bestatigt Einsatzbereitschaft von Nord Stream 2 Russia confirms Nord Stream 2 is operable Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in German Archived from the original on 6 October 2022 Ende September kam es zu Explosionen unter Wasser an der Ostseepipeline Dabei wurden beide Strange der Pipeline Nord Stream 1 und ein Strang von Nord Stream 2 leck geschlagen Scislowska Monika Olsen Jan M Keyton David 28 September 2022 Blasts precede Baltic pipeline leaks sabotage seen likely ABC News American Broadcasting Company Archived from the original on 1 October 2022 Retrieved 28 September 2022 Gas Infrastructure Europe System Development Map 2022 2021 PDF European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas ENTSOG December 2021 Archived PDF from the original on 24 September 2022 Retrieved 7 October 2022 Nord Stream selskab Skader er uden fortilfaelde in Danish Berlingske 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 1 October 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Poland Denmark fear sabotage over Russian gas pipeline leaks Al Jazeera English Archived from the original on 30 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Putin zayavil Erdoganu o besprecedentnoj diversii na Severnyh potokah RBK in Russian Archived from the original on 30 September 2022 Retrieved 29 September 2022 Putin i Erdogan obsudili po telefonu situaciyu na Ukraine Interfax ru in Russian Retrieved 29 September 2022 International Energy Agency 3 March 2022 How Europe can cut natural gas imports from Russia significantly within a year IEA Retrieved 10 February 2023 Nord Stream 2 Trump approves sanctions on Russia gas pipeline BBC News 21 December 2019 Markind Daniel 21 May 2021 Nord Steam 2 Saga Ends as Biden Waives Sanctions Forbes Retrieved 10 February 2023 Soldatkin Vladimir 10 September 2021 Russia completes Nord Stream 2 construction gas flows yet to start Reuters Retrieved 10 February 2023 Shalal Andrea Rinke Andreas Mason Jeff 8 February 2022 Biden pledges end to Nord Stream 2 if Russia invades Ukraine Reuters Retrieved 7 March 2023 a b GEUS har registreret rystelser i Ostersoen in Danish Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 a b Viseth Ellen Synnove 27 September 2022 Havet bobler Universitetslektor frykter meget stor eksplosjon Tu no in Norwegian Teknisk Ukeblad Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 a b Scandinavian seismic stations register explosions near pipelines raising fears of sabotage PBS 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 a b c Persson Ida 27 September 2022 Seismolog Tva explosioner intill Nord Stream Sveriges Radio in Swedish Archived from the original on 30 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 a b c Chestney Nina 27 September 2022 Q A What is known so far about the Nord Stream gas pipeline leaks Reuters Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Sanderson Katharine 30 September 2022 What do Nord Stream methane leaks mean for climate change Nature doi 10 1038 d41586 022 03111 x PMID 36180742 S2CID 252645440 Archived from the original on 1 October 2022 Retrieved 1 October 2022 a b Gaslaekage i Ostersoen Danish Defence in Danish Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 a b Laek pa Nord Stream 2 rorledning i Ostersoen Danish Energy Agency in Danish 26 September 2022 Archived from the original on 30 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 a b Laek pa gasledninger Det ved vi og det mangler vi svar pa in Danish TV 2 28 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 28 September 2022 Nord Stream pipelines hit by gas leaks Sveriges Radio 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Gosden Emily 27 September 2022 Nord Stream 2 Gas leaks into Baltic Sea after reports of explosions The Times Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 a b Offentlig horing af miljokonsekvensrapport Nord Stream 2 sydost om Bornholm Environmental impact assessment Energistyrelsen in Danish 3 May 2019 Archived from the original on 23 April 2022 click Nord Stream 2 Environmental Impact Assessment Denmark South Eastern Route April 2019 Nord Stream 2 Public Hearing presentation PDF Nord Stream 2 19 June 2019 p 15 Archived PDF from the original on 17 May 2021 Ringstrom Anna Jacobsen Stine 27 September 2022 Sweden issues warning of two gas leaks on Nord Stream 1 pipeline Reuters Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Solsvik Terje 29 September 2022 Fourth leak found on Nord Stream pipelines Swedish coast guard says Reuters Archived from the original on 29 September 2022 Retrieved 29 September 2022 Mysterious leaks hit Nord Stream pipelines linking Russia and Germany Deutsche Welle Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Nyheter S V T Jonsson Oskar Wiken Johan Jensen Karlsson Pontus 29 September 2022 Explosionerna skedde nara svensk polska elkabeln specialister inkallade SVT Nyheter in Swedish Archived from the original on 30 September 2022 Retrieved 30 September 2022 Johan Zachrisson Winberg Johan Wiken 4 October 2022 Polenkabeln oskadd efter Nord Stream lackorna in Swedish SVT Nyheter Retrieved 4 October 2022 Svenska marinen hade fartyg pa plats fore explosionerna DN SE in Swedish 30 September 2022 Archived from the original on 30 September 2022 Retrieved 30 September 2022 Marinen pa plats dagarna fore explosionerna Omni in Swedish Archived from the original on 30 September 2022 Retrieved 30 September 2022 Danes Nord Stream 2 pipeline seems to have stopped leaking Associated Press 1 October 2022 Archived from the original on 1 October 2022 Retrieved 1 October 2022 Nord Stream 1 har slutat att lacka gas Sveriges Radio 2 October 2022 Archived from the original on 2 October 2022 Retrieved 2 October 2022 Kein Gasaustritt mehr aus Pipeline Lecks Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in German 2 October 2022 Archived from the original on 3 October 2022 Retrieved 3 October 2022 a b Pressure drop on both strings of the gas pipeline update Nord Stream AG 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 European leaders blame Russian sabotage after Nord Stream explosions The Washington Post 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 28 September 2022 Stokel Walker Chris 3 October 2022 Here s how the Nord Stream gas pipelines could be fixed MIT Technology Review Retrieved 4 October 2022 a b c d e f Bennetts Marc 2 February 2023 Who attacked the Nord Stream pipelines The Times London Retrieved 2 February 2023 a b c Regeringen om gaslackagen Troligen fraga om ett sabotage in Swedish Sveriges Television 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 1 October 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Dansk ekspert Eksplosion malt ved Bornholm svarer til en storre bombe fra Anden Verdenskrig in Danish Danmarks Radio 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Nord Stream leaks Sabotage to blame says EU BBC 28 September 2022 Archived from the original on 28 September 2022 Retrieved 28 September 2022 NATO calls Nord Stream leaks acts of sabotage Reuters 28 September 2022 Archived from the original on 28 September 2022 Retrieved 28 September 2022 Ringstrom Anna Jacobsen Stine 27 September 2022 Gas leaks in Russian pipelines to Europe stoke sabotage fears Reuters Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Kremlin sabotage cannot be ruled out as reason for Nord Stream damage Reuters 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Nord Stream Ukraine accuses Russia of pipeline terror attack BBC News 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Huge Nord Stream pipeline leaks could be sabotage says Danish PM POLITICO 26 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Alles spricht gegen einen Zufall Nord Stream Pipelines konnten durch Anschlage beschadigt worden sein Der Tagesspiegel Online in German ISSN 1865 2263 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 a b Nord Stream Pipelines Keine gemeinsamen Ermittlungen Tagesschau in German 14 October 2022 Retrieved 14 October 2022 Burgess Matt Dark Ships Emerge From the Shadows of the Nord Stream Mystery Wired Retrieved 13 November 2022 Polisen utreder sabotage av Nord Stream Sveriges Radio 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Gassen fosser ud i Ostersoen og det er naeppe tilfaeldigt Det ved vi om de tre laek og det mangler vi svar pa in Danish Altinget 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 30 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Mette Frederiksen Myndigheder vurderer at laekager var bevidst sabotage in Danish Danmarks Radio 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Russia May Use Nord Stream Aftermath to Cause More Trouble World War 2 explosives hinder Nord stream pipeline leak investigation Al Arabiya English 13 October 2022 Lehto Essi Ringstrom Anna 7 October 2022 Gross sabotage Nord Stream investigation finds evidence of detonations Swedish police say Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 9 October 2022 Swedish probe of Nord Stream leaks points to serious sabotage Al Jazeera 6 October 2022 Retrieved 9 October 2022 Nord Stream Lecks Bundesanwaltschaft leitet Ermittlungen ein Nord Stream Leaks Federal Attorney Office initiates investigation Tagesschau in German 10 October 2022 Retrieved 10 October 2022 Russia Denounces Exclusion From Nord Stream Leaks Probe The Moscow Times 13 October 2022 More Rachel 14 October 2022 Sweden Shuns Formal Joint Investigation of Nord Stream Leak Citing National Security U S News Reuters Retrieved 16 October 2022 JARED GANS 18 November 2022 Swedish say they found evidence of explosives in Nord Stream pipelines The Hill Forsta bilderna fran sprangda gasroret pa Ostersjons botten www expressen se in Swedish 18 October 2022 Archived from the original on 18 October 2022 translation Our underwater camera documents long tears in the seabed before it reaches the concrete reinforced steel pipe torn apart in the suspected sabotage At least fifty meters of the gas line appears to be missing after the explosion A deep grave in the seabed where the gas pipeline used to be Oltermann Philip 18 October 2022 Nord Stream 1 first underwater images reveal devastating damage The Guardian Retrieved 15 December 2022 Inimicizie 2 October 2022 Il sabotaggio di Nord Stream e gli strani avvenimenti della primavera 2021 Inimicizie in Italian Retrieved 24 October 2022 Kelly Lidia 21 February 2023 Russia urges Sweden again to share Nord Stream probe findings Reuters Retrieved 23 February 2023 a b c Entous Adam Barnes Julian E Goldman Adam 7 March 2023 Intelligence Suggests Pro Ukrainian Group Sabotaged Pipelines U S Officials Say The New York Times Archived from the original on 8 March 2023 Retrieved 8 March 2023 a b Russia says UK navy blew up Nord Stream London denies involvement Reuters 29 October 2022 Retrieved 29 October 2022 First on CNN European security officials observed Russian Navy ships in vicinity of Nord Stream pipeline leaks CNN Politics 29 September 2022 Archived from the original on 29 September 2022 Retrieved 29 September 2022 Only Russia could be behind Nord Stream leaks says former German intel chief Politico 29 September 2022 Retrieved 23 February 2023 a b Georgia tahtoi Natoon ja seuraavaksi posahtivat putket lansi halusi Nord Streamin vaikka Venaja kaytti kaasua aseenaan jo vuosia aiemmin Yle in Finnish 2 October 2022 Retrieved 2 October 2022 Harris Shane Hudson John Ryan Missy Birnbaum Michael 21 December 2022 No conclusive evidence Russia is behind Nord Stream attack The Washington Post Retrieved 3 March 2023 CIA warned Berlin about possible attacks on gas pipelines in summer Spiegel Reuters 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 28 September 2022 Retrieved 28 September 2022 Sanger David E and Julian E Barnes 28 September 2022 CIA Warned Europe of Potential Attacks on Nord Stream Pipelines New York Times a b Sikorski skrytykowany za wpis nie wycofal sie Cieszy mnie paraliz Nord Stream to dobre dla Polski Dziennik Gazeta Prawna in Polish 28 September 2022 Archived from the original on 28 September 2022 Retrieved 28 September 2022 Shalal Andrea 8 February 2022 If Russia invades Ukraine there will be no Nord Stream 2 Biden says Reuters Retrieved 2 February 2023 a b Russia exploits Polish ex FM s Nord Stream tweet in information warfare against West report Polski Radio 3 October 2022 Stocker Christian 2 October 2022 Die Copy Paste Propaganda The Copy Paste Propaganda Der Spiegel in German Retrieved 5 October 2022 Am Ende wurde Nord Stream 2 schon zwei Tage vor dem eigentlichen Einmarsch auf Eis gelegt Und zwar ganz ohne Sprengsatze Es war also genau das passiert was Biden und Scholz angekundigt hatten U S has much to gain from Nord Stream damage Russia says at U N Reuters 1 October 2022 Retrieved 20 October 2022 Weber Joscha 30 September 2022 No proof of US sabotage of Nord Stream pipeline Deutsche Welle Retrieved 14 December 2022 Zhang Legu 7 October 2022 China Lets Nord Stream Sabotage Gossip Run Wild Polygraph info Retrieved 14 December 2022 Midolo Emanuele US bombed Nord Stream gas pipelines claims investigative journalist Seymour Hersh The Times ISSN 0140 0460 Retrieved 9 February 2023 Seymour Hersh im Interview Joe Biden sprengte Nord Stream weil er Deutschland nicht traute Berliner Zeitung US and Norway blew up the Nord Stream Pipelines Seymour Hersh Helsinki Times 16 February 2023 Retrieved 16 February 2023 Scheidler Fabian US Blew Up Nord Stream Pipeline Because Ukraine War Wasn t Going Well for the West Seymour Hersh The Wire India Retrieved 16 February 2023 Kaspark Alex 10 February 2023 Claim That US Blew up Nord Stream Pipelines Relies on Anonymous Source Snopes Retrieved 12 February 2023 White House says blog post on Nord Stream explosion utterly false Reuters 8 February 2023 Faulconbridge Guy Soldatkin Vladimir 9 February 2023 Kremlin says those behind Nord Stream blasts must be punished Reuters Russia Blames US for Nord Stream Blasts Threatens Consequences Bloomberg News 9 February 2023 Archived from the original on 11 February 2023 Retrieved 11 February 2023 Klungtveit Harald S 10 February 2023 Forsvaret ut mot oppspinn om Nord Stream sprengningen De norske flyene har aldri vaert i omradet Filter Nyheter in Norwegian Bokmal Retrieved 15 February 2023 a b Stark Holger 7 March 2023 Nord Stream Ermittlungen Spuren fuhren in die Ukraine Die Zeit in German The German investigative authorities have apparently made a breakthrough in solving the attack on the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines After joint research by the ARD capital studio the ARD political magazine Kontraste SWR and ZEIT it was possible to largely reconstruct how and when the explosive attack was prepared in the course of the investigation Accordingly traces lead in the direction of Ukraine However investigators have not yet found any evidence as to who ordered the destruction Tucker Maxim 8 March 2023 West kept quiet about Nord Stream attack to protect Ukraine The Times A week after the Nord Stream pipeline exploded staff at a Scandinavian delegation in Brussels walked out of their embassy intelligence briefing impressed by the level of detail they had received so soon after the attack It hadn t been carried out by the Americans the Russians or the Poles their intelligence service apparently told them but by a private venture originating in Ukraine Mazneva Elena 27 September 2022 European Gas Prices Jump After Damage to Idled Russian Pipelines Bloomberg Retrieved 27 September 2022 Delfs Arne Mazneva Elena Shiryaevskaya Anna 27 September 2022 Germany Suspects Sabotage Hit Russia s Nord Stream Pipelines Bloomberg Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Pipeline Breaks Look Deliberate Europeans Say Exposing Vulnerability New York Times 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 a b Eriksson Mikael Ljungkvist Matilda 27 September 2022 Kustbevakningen rycker ut till gaslackan Fartyget klarar att ga in i ett gasmoln in Swedish Sveriges Radio Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Dansk fregat sendes til Bornholm bygget til at kaempe i gas in Danish Danmarks Radio 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Ursula von der Leyen vonderleyen 27 September 2022 Spoke to Statsmin Frederiksen on the sabotage action Nordstream Paramount to now investigate the incidents get full clarity on events amp why Any deliberate disruption of active European energy infrastructure is unacceptable amp will lead to the strongest possible response Tweet via Twitter Norway to strengthen security at oil gas installations Reuters 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 3 October 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 a b Gas flows stable via Yamal pipeline and Ukraine Reuters 29 September 2022 Retrieved 2 October 2022 a b Eastward gas flows via Yamal pipeline rise flows via Ukraine stable Reuters 27 September 2022 Retrieved 2 October 2022 Gazprom says gas exports to Europe via Ukraine steady on Sunday Reuters 2 October 2022 Archived from the original on 3 October 2022 Retrieved 2 October 2022 Chestney Nina 29 September 2022 Russia s Ukraine gas transit sanction threat a fresh blow for Europe Archived from the original on 1 October 2022 Retrieved 2 October 2022 Russian gas transit volume in Ukraine in 2022 by route Statista Statista Research Department 28 September 2022 Archived from the original on 3 September 2022 Retrieved 2 October 2022 Gazprom lowers pressure in undamaged part of Nord Stream 2 pipe Denmark says Reuters 5 October 2022 Norway inspects Europipe II subsea gas link to Germany Reuters 7 October 2022 After Nord Stream blasts NATO EU vows to protect infrastructure aljazeera com Accessed 11 January 2023 Eksperten om gasudslip Klimapavirkning den storste effekt Sveriges Radio 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 28 September 2022 Gaslackan kan vara stor paverkar klimatet Barometern 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 30 September 2022 Retrieved 28 September 2022 Record methane leak flows from damaged Baltic Sea pipelines ABC News Archived from the original on 30 September 2022 Retrieved 28 September 2022 The possible climate effect of the gas leaks from the Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 pipelines Energistyrelsen 29 September 2022 Archived from the original on 30 September 2022 Retrieved 30 September 2022 a b Benshoff Laura 4 October 2022 The Nord Stream pipelines have stopped leaking But the methane emitted broke records NPR Nord Stream gas leaks may be biggest ever with warning of large climate risk TheGuardian com 28 September 2022 Forsvarets eksperter ma ikke udtale sig om efterforskning af gaslaekager Her er hvad vi ved Danmarks Radio in Danish 3 October 2022 Amundsen Bard 29 September 2022 Gasslekkasjen i Ostersjoen Malestasjon pa Sorlandet har registrert ekstrem okning i mengden metan i lufta forskning no in Norwegian Archived from the original on 29 September 2022 Retrieved 30 September 2022 Environmental impact of sabotage of the Nord Stream pipelines www researchsquare com 10 February 2023 Retrieved 27 February 2023 Nord Stream eksplosioner hvirvlede gift fra fortiden op i Ostersoen DR in Danish 27 February 2023 Retrieved 27 February 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage amp oldid 1143621382, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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