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Abundance of elements in Earth's crust

February 15, 2024

The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as mg/kg, or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm = 1%).

Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number. The rarest elements in the crust (shown in yellow) are not the heaviest, but are rather the siderophile (iron-loving) elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements. These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into the Earth's core. Their abundance in meteoroids is higher. Tellurium and selenium are concentrated as sulfides in the core and have also been depleted by preaccretional sorting in the nebula that caused them to form volatile hydrogen selenide and hydrogen telluride.[1]

Estimates of elemental abundance are difficult because (a) the composition of the upper and lower crust are quite different, and (b) the composition of the continental crust can vary drastically by locality.[2]

List of abundance by element edit

Abundance of chemical elements in Earth's (continental) crust, according to various sources
Element Abundance by source (ppm) Annual production (extraction)
Z Name Symbol Darling[3] WebElements[4] Israel
Science and
Technology[5]		 CRC[6] (2016, tonnes)[7]
8 oxygen O 466,000 460,000 467,100 461,000 (46.1%)
14 silicon Si 277,200 270,000 276,900 282,000 (28.2%) 7,200,000
13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 80,700 82,300 (8.23%) 57,600,000
26 iron Fe 50,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 (5.63%) 1,150,000,000
20 calcium Ca 36,300 50,000 36,500 41,500 (4.15%)
11 sodium Na 28,300 23,000 27,500 23,600 (2.36%) 255,000,000
12 magnesium Mg 20,900 29,000 20,800 23,300 (2.33%) 27,700,000
19 potassium K 25,900 15,000 25,800 20,900 (2.09%)
22 titanium Ti 4,400 6,600 6,200 5,650 (0.565%) 6,600,000
1 hydrogen H 1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400 (0.14%)
15 phosphorus P 1,200 1,000 1,300 1,050 (0.105%)
25 manganese Mn 1,000 1,100 900 950 (0.095%) 16,000,000
9 fluorine F 800 540 290 585 (0.0585%)
56 barium Ba 500 340 500 425 (0.0425%)
38 strontium Sr 360 370 (0.037%) 350,000
16 sulfur S 500 420 520 350 (0.035%) 69,300,000
6 carbon C 300 1,800 940 200 (0.02%) 9,700,000,000
40 zirconium Zr 130 250 165 (0.0165%) 1,460,000
17 chlorine Cl 500 170 450 145 (0.0145%)
23 vanadium V 100 190 120 (0.012%) 76,000
24 chromium Cr 100 140 350 102 (0.0102%) 26,000,000
37 rubidium Rb 300 60 90 (0.009%)
28 nickel Ni 90 190 84 (0.0084%) 2,250,000
30 zinc Zn 79 70 (0.007%) 11,900,000
58 cerium Ce 60 66.5 (0.00665%)
29 copper Cu 100 68 60 (0.006%) 19,400,000
60 neodymium Nd 33 41.5 (0.00415%)
57 lanthanum La 34 39 (0.0039%)
39 yttrium Y 29 33 (0.0033%) 6,000
7 nitrogen N 50 20 19 (0.0019%) 140,000,000
27 cobalt Co 30 25 (0.0025%) 123,000
21 scandium Sc 26 22 (0.0022%)
3 lithium Li 17 20 (0.002%) 35,000
41 niobium Nb 17 20 (0.002%) 64,000
31 gallium Ga 19 19 (0.0019%) 315
82 lead Pb 10 14 (0.0014%) 4,820,000
5 boron B 8.7 10 (0.001%) 9,400,000
90 thorium Th 6 9.6 (0.00096%)
59 praseodymium Pr 8.7 9.2 (0.00092%)
62 samarium Sm 6 7.05 (0.000705%)
64 gadolinium Gd 5.2 6.2 (0.00062%)
66 dysprosium Dy 6.2 5.2 (0.00052%)
68 erbium Er 3.0 3.5 (0.00035%)
18 argon Ar 3.5 (0.00035%)
70 ytterbium Yb 2.8 3.2 (0.00032%)
72 hafnium Hf 3.3 3.0 (0.0003%)
55 caesium Cs 1.9 3.0 (0.0003%)
4 beryllium Be 1.9 2.8 (0.00028%) 220
92 uranium U 1.8 2.7 (0.00027%) 74,119
35 bromine Br 3 2.4 (0.00024%) 391,000
50 tin Sn 0 2.2 9.8 (0.00098%) 280,000
73 tantalum Ta 1.7 2.0 (0.0002%) 1,100
63 europium Eu 1.8 2.0 (0.0002%)
33 arsenic As 2.1 1.8 (0.00018%) 36,500
32 germanium Ge 1.4 1.5 (0.00015%) 155
74 tungsten W 1.1 1.25 (0.000125%) 86,400
67 holmium Ho 1.2 1.3 (0.00013%)
42 molybdenum Mo 1.1 1.2 (0.00012%) 227,000
65 terbium Tb 0.9400 1.2 (0.00012%)
81 thallium Tl 0.5300 0.85 (8.5×10−5%) 10
71 lutetium Lu 0.8 (8×10−5%)
69 thulium Tm 0.4500 0.52 (5.2×10−5%)
53 iodine I 0.4900 0.45 (4.5×10−5%) 31,600
49 indium In 0.1600 0.25 (2.5×10−5%) 655
51 antimony Sb 0.2000 0.2 (2×10−5%) 130,000
48 cadmium Cd 0.1500 0.15 (1.5×10−5%) 23,000
80 mercury Hg 0.0670 0.085 (8.5×10−6%) 4,500
47 silver Ag 0.0800 0.075 (7.5×10−6%) 27,000
34 selenium Se 0.0500 0.05 (5×10−6%) 2,200
46 palladium Pd 0.0063 0.015 (1.5×10−6%) 208
83 bismuth Bi 0.0250 0.0085 (8.5×10−7%) 10,200
2 helium He 0.008 (8×10−7%)
10 neon Ne 0.0051 (5.1×10−7%)
78 platinum Pt 0.0037 0.005 (5×10−7%) 172
79 gold Au 0.0031 0.004 (4×10−7%) 3,100
76 osmium Os 0.0018 0.0015 (1.5×10−7%)
52 tellurium Te 0.0010 0.001 (1×10−7%) 2,200
44 ruthenium Ru 0.0010 0.001 (1×10−7%)
77 iridium Ir 0.0004 0.001 (1×10−7%)
45 rhodium Rh 0.0007 0.001 (1×10−7%)
75 rhenium Re 0.0026 0.0007 (7×10−8%) 47.2
36 krypton Kr 0.0001 (1×10−8%)
54 xenon Xe 3×10−5 (3×10−9%)
91 protactinium Pa 1.4×10−6 (1.4×10−10%)
88 radium Ra 9×10−7 (9×10−11%)
84 polonium Po 2×10−10 (2×10−14%)
94 plutonium Pu 3×10−11 (3×10−15%)
93 neptunium Np 3×10−12 (3×10−16%)
43 technetium Tc 1.35×10−12 (1.35×10−16%)
89 actinium Ac 6×10−13 (6×10−17%)
86 radon Rn 4×10−13 (4×10−17%)
61 promethium Pm 2×10−17 (2×10−21%)
87 francium Fr 1×10−18 (1×10−22%)
85 astatine At 3×10−20 (3×10−24%)

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Anderson, Don L.; "Chemical Composition of the Mantle", Theory of the Earth, pp. 147–175 ISBN 0865421234
  2. ^ David Kring, Composition of Earth's continental crust as inferred from the compositions of impact melt sheets, Lunar and Planetary Science XXVIII
  3. ^ "Elements, Terrestrial Abundance". www.daviddarling.info. from the original on 10 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
  4. ^ "Abundance in Earth's Crust". WebElements.com. from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
  5. ^ "List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust". Israel Science and Technology Homepage. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  6. ^ Abundance of elements in the earth’s crust and in the sea, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 97th edition (2016–2017), p. 14-17
  7. ^ Commodity Statistics and Information. USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguous (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet [1] 2017-10-01 at the Wayback Machine. WNA.
  • BookRags, Periodic Table.
  • World Book Encyclopedia, .
  • HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust.
  • Data Series 140, Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States, Version 2011, USGS [2].
  • Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007

February 15, 2024
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The abundance of elements in Earth s crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as mg kg or parts per million ppm by mass 10 000 ppm 1 Abundance atom fraction of the chemical elements in Earth s upper continental crust as a function of atomic number The rarest elements in the crust shown in yellow are not the heaviest but are rather the siderophile iron loving elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into the Earth s core Their abundance in meteoroids is higher Tellurium and selenium are concentrated as sulfides in the core and have also been depleted by preaccretional sorting in the nebula that caused them to form volatile hydrogen selenide and hydrogen telluride 1 Estimates of elemental abundance are difficult because a the composition of the upper and lower crust are quite different and b the composition of the continental crust can vary drastically by locality 2 List of abundance by element editAbundance of chemical elements in Earth s continental crust according to various sourcesElement Abundance by source ppm Annual production extraction Z Name Symbol Darling 3 WebElements 4 IsraelScience andTechnology 5 CRC 6 2016 tonnes 7 8 oxygen O 466 000 460 000 467 100 461 000 46 1 14 silicon Si 277 200 270 000 276 900 282 000 28 2 7 200 00013 aluminium Al 81 300 82 000 80 700 82 300 8 23 57 600 00026 iron Fe 50 000 63 000 50 500 56 300 5 63 1 150 000 00020 calcium Ca 36 300 50 000 36 500 41 500 4 15 11 sodium Na 28 300 23 000 27 500 23 600 2 36 255 000 00012 magnesium Mg 20 900 29 000 20 800 23 300 2 33 27 700 00019 potassium K 25 900 15 000 25 800 20 900 2 09 22 titanium Ti 4 400 6 600 6 200 5 650 0 565 6 600 0001 hydrogen H 1 400 1 500 1 400 1 400 0 14 15 phosphorus P 1 200 1 000 1 300 1 050 0 105 25 manganese Mn 1 000 1 100 900 950 0 095 16 000 0009 fluorine F 800 540 290 585 0 0585 56 barium Ba 500 340 500 425 0 0425 38 strontium Sr 360 370 0 037 350 00016 sulfur S 500 420 520 350 0 035 69 300 0006 carbon C 300 1 800 940 200 0 02 9 700 000 00040 zirconium Zr 130 250 165 0 0165 1 460 00017 chlorine Cl 500 170 450 145 0 0145 23 vanadium V 100 190 120 0 012 76 00024 chromium Cr 100 140 350 102 0 0102 26 000 00037 rubidium Rb 300 60 90 0 009 28 nickel Ni 90 190 84 0 0084 2 250 00030 zinc Zn 79 70 0 007 11 900 00058 cerium Ce 60 66 5 0 00665 29 copper Cu 100 68 60 0 006 19 400 00060 neodymium Nd 33 41 5 0 00415 57 lanthanum La 34 39 0 0039 39 yttrium Y 29 33 0 0033 6 0007 nitrogen N 50 20 19 0 0019 140 000 00027 cobalt Co 30 25 0 0025 123 00021 scandium Sc 26 22 0 0022 3 lithium Li 17 20 0 002 35 00041 niobium Nb 17 20 0 002 64 00031 gallium Ga 19 19 0 0019 31582 lead Pb 10 14 0 0014 4 820 0005 boron B 8 7 10 0 001 9 400 00090 thorium Th 6 9 6 0 00096 59 praseodymium Pr 8 7 9 2 0 00092 62 samarium Sm 6 7 05 0 000705 64 gadolinium Gd 5 2 6 2 0 00062 66 dysprosium Dy 6 2 5 2 0 00052 68 erbium Er 3 0 3 5 0 00035 18 argon Ar 3 5 0 00035 70 ytterbium Yb 2 8 3 2 0 00032 72 hafnium Hf 3 3 3 0 0 0003 55 caesium Cs 1 9 3 0 0 0003 4 beryllium Be 1 9 2 8 0 00028 22092 uranium U 1 8 2 7 0 00027 74 11935 bromine Br 3 2 4 0 00024 391 00050 tin Sn 0 2 2 9 8 0 00098 280 00073 tantalum Ta 1 7 2 0 0 0002 1 10063 europium Eu 1 8 2 0 0 0002 33 arsenic As 2 1 1 8 0 00018 36 50032 germanium Ge 1 4 1 5 0 00015 15574 tungsten W 1 1 1 25 0 000125 86 40067 holmium Ho 1 2 1 3 0 00013 42 molybdenum Mo 1 1 1 2 0 00012 227 00065 terbium Tb 0 9400 1 2 0 00012 81 thallium Tl 0 5300 0 85 8 5 10 5 1071 lutetium Lu 0 8 8 10 5 69 thulium Tm 0 4500 0 52 5 2 10 5 53 iodine I 0 4900 0 45 4 5 10 5 31 60049 indium In 0 1600 0 25 2 5 10 5 65551 antimony Sb 0 2000 0 2 2 10 5 130 00048 cadmium Cd 0 1500 0 15 1 5 10 5 23 00080 mercury Hg 0 0670 0 085 8 5 10 6 4 50047 silver Ag 0 0800 0 075 7 5 10 6 27 00034 selenium Se 0 0500 0 05 5 10 6 2 20046 palladium Pd 0 0063 0 015 1 5 10 6 20883 bismuth Bi 0 0250 0 0085 8 5 10 7 10 2002 helium He 0 008 8 10 7 10 neon Ne 0 0051 5 1 10 7 78 platinum Pt 0 0037 0 005 5 10 7 17279 gold Au 0 0031 0 004 4 10 7 3 10076 osmium Os 0 0018 0 0015 1 5 10 7 52 tellurium Te 0 0010 0 001 1 10 7 2 20044 ruthenium Ru 0 0010 0 001 1 10 7 77 iridium Ir 0 0004 0 001 1 10 7 45 rhodium Rh 0 0007 0 001 1 10 7 75 rhenium Re 0 0026 0 0007 7 10 8 47 236 krypton Kr 0 0001 1 10 8 54 xenon Xe 3 10 5 3 10 9 91 protactinium Pa 1 4 10 6 1 4 10 10 88 radium Ra 9 10 7 9 10 11 84 polonium Po 2 10 10 2 10 14 94 plutonium Pu 3 10 11 3 10 15 93 neptunium Np 3 10 12 3 10 16 43 technetium Tc 1 35 10 12 1 35 10 16 89 actinium Ac 6 10 13 6 10 17 86 radon Rn 4 10 13 4 10 17 61 promethium Pm 2 10 17 2 10 21 87 francium Fr 1 10 18 1 10 22 85 astatine At 3 10 20 3 10 24 See also editAbundances of the elements data page Atmospheric chemistry Clarke number lists of historical data and terminology List of chemical elements Primordial nuclideReferences edit Anderson Don L Chemical Composition of the Mantle Theory of the Earth pp 147 175 ISBN 0865421234 David Kring Composition of Earth s continental crust as inferred from the compositions of impact melt sheets Lunar and Planetary Science XXVIII Elements Terrestrial Abundance www daviddarling info Archived from the original on 10 April 2007 Retrieved 2007 04 14 Abundance in Earth s Crust WebElements com Archived from the original on 9 March 2007 Retrieved 2007 04 14 List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth s crust Israel Science and Technology Homepage Retrieved 2007 04 15 Abundance of elements in the earth s crust and in the sea CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 97th edition 2016 2017 p 14 17 Commodity Statistics and Information USGS All production numbers are for mines except for Al Cd Fe Ge In N Se plants refineries S all forms and As Br Mg Si unspecified Data for B K Ti Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide data for Na and Cl are for NaCl For many elements like Si Al data are ambiguous many forms produced and are taken for the pure element U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet 1 Archived 2017 10 01 at the Wayback Machine WNA BookRags Periodic Table World Book Encyclopedia Exploring Earth HyperPhysics Georgia State University Abundance of Elements in Earth s Crust Data Series 140 Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States Version 2011 USGS 2 Eric Scerri The Periodic Table Its Story and Its Significance Oxford University Press 2007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Abundance of elements in Earth 27s crust amp oldid 1190472415, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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