1984 Summer Olympics torch relay
The 1984 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from May 8 until July 28, prior to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. It was commonly referred to as the AT&T Olympic Torch Relay, reflecting the lead sponsor of the event. The relay crossed the United States from New York City to Los Angeles, with 3,636 torchbearers running with the torch along a 9,375-mile (15,088 km) route. It was by far the longest Olympic torch relay that had been organized up to that point, creating the precedent for the Olympic flame to tour all parts of the host country rather than traveling directly to the opening ceremony.
| Host city | Los Angeles, United States |
|---|---|
| Countries visited | Greece, United States |
| Distance | 9,375 miles (15,088 km) |
| Torch bearers | 3,636 |
| Start date | May 8, 1984 |
| End date | July 28, 1984 |
| Torch designer | Newhart, Turner Industries |
| No. of torches | 4,500 |
It was the first torch relay to be funded primarily by corporate sponsorships, a decision which received significant backlash from Greek organizers, who threatened not to light the flame until days before the relay began. It was also the first time that ordinary members of the public, rather than carefully selected teams of runners, were permitted to carry the Olympic torch. Through the "Youth Legacy Kilometer" program, any person or group which donated $3,000 to selected charities would be permitted to run with the torch for 1 kilometer (0.62 mi). The program raised nearly $11 million for the YMCA of the USA, the Boys Club of America, the Girls Club of America, and the Special Olympics.
The relay culminated in the Olympics' opening ceremony on July 28. Rafer Johnson was the final torchbearer who lit the cauldron, becoming the first Black athlete in history to do so.
Torch edit
The aluminum torch, designed with a brass finish and leather handle that gave it an antique look, was 56.5 centimeters (22.2 in) long and weighed 1,000 grams (35 oz).[1] Etched on the ring of the torch were the words of the Olympic motto ("Citius, Altius, Fortius") with the Olympic rings between each word. They were manufactured by Turner Industries of Sycamore, Illinois,[2] and each one was numbered.[3] After the trial run in March, the original design of the torch was found to be flawed. The valve was found to be recessed too deeply inside the bowl of the torch and was extinguished too easily. The type of propane and the valve used for its release were also adjusted to ensure that it would remain lit wherever possible.[3]
Organization edit
Planning for the relay began in 1981, when the idea of the Youth Legacy Kilometer program was first conceived. Under this program, individuals and organizations could sponsor a kilometer of the relay, which would give them the right to carry the torch along that segment of the route or to choose others who would be allowed to do so. The cost to sponsor a kilometer was $3,000, the proceeds of which would be donated to charity.[3] Peter Ueberroth, chair of the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee (LAOOC), later wrote that he first conceived of the idea of running the torch across the length of the country, which had not been done before. Although his fellow organizers were extremely skeptical that such a relay would be practical, Ueberroth continued to push for it and eventually succeeded.[4]: 188–191
Shortly after AT&T became a sponsor of the Olympic Games in 1982, organizers tasked the company's Long Lines Division with handling the logistics of the relay event.[3] AT&T employees would also be responsible for carrying the flame in areas where a sponsor had not been found.[5] AT&T's role in the relay coincided with the company being forced to divest its regional operating companies at the beginning of 1984; the Long Lines Division was not affected by the divestiture. The Boys Club of America, the Girls Club of America, and the YMCA of the USA shared responsibility for marketing the event and for disbursing the funds raised as part of the relay.[3] Additional sponsors included Burson-Marsteller, the PR agency of AT&T, which helped to organize the relay provided the majority of the staffing for the events;[3][6] Levi Strauss & Co., which provided the runner uniforms; Converse, which supplied the shoes; and General Motors, which designed custom GMC and Buick vehicles to follow and support the runners, specially designed to travel at slow speeds for long periods of time.[7][3]
At the 86th IOC Session in New Delhi, India in March 1983, the LAOOC presented its plans for the relay. Under the LAOOC's initial proposal, the relay would have started in early April and lasted for nearly four months, more than twice the length of any previous Olympic torch relay. The Hellenic Olympic Committee (HOC), responsible for lighting the flame in Olympia, conveying it to Athens, and handing it over to the host nation, opposed the plan, believing that the sponsorships were commercializing the symbol of the Olympic flame. Furthermore, the HOC refused to stage its portion of the torch relay so early, since the torch had traditionally been carried through Greece by children who would still be in school in April.[8][9] As a result, the relay was scaled back to last less than three months, but the dispute over the sponsorship program remained unresolved.[4]: 191–193
Plans for the relay and a preliminary route were first publicly announced on July 28, 1983, one year before the Games' opening ceremony, in two simultaneous press conferences in New York City and Los Angeles. The proposed route would have begun on May 8, 1984 in New York, then passed through all 50 states (Alaska and Hawaii being visited only by branch routes which would split off from the main torch in Seattle) before arriving in Los Angeles for the opening ceremony.[5]
However, given the later start date, organizers realized that this route, covering over 16,000 miles (26,000 km), would require runners to carry the torch 24 hours a day and would be logistically impractical.[3] Additionally, the Youth Legacy Kilometer program had fallen below expectations, with only 2,000 of the available 10,000 kilometers sponsored by the end of 1983.[10] Political consultant Wally McGuire was tasked with designing a more realistic route, which was shortened to 9,375 miles (15,088 km) through 33 states and the District of Columbia. McGuire presented his proposal to the LAOOC on January 3, 1984,[4]: 194–196 and details about the new route were made public the next day.[10] Two advance teams, one starting from New York and one starting from Los Angeles, surveyed and finalized the route, meeting in Steamboat Springs, Colorado on February 15.[3]
On February 1, Kimon Koulouris, the Greek minister of sports, announced that the government would not allow the flame to be used for commercial purposes, jeopardizing the relay plans. The mayor of Olympia, Spyros Foteinos, added that the town also would not agree to participate in the event if it was commercialized,[11] saying that the American delegation would have to light the flame themselves. During IOC meetings at the Winter Olympics which began a few days later in Sarajevo, this opposition continued.[4]: 204–207 [12] In response, the LAOOC agreed to stop accepting new sponsorships on March 20, and the Greek delegation tentatively agreed to participate in the relay.[13] In order to keep Greek participation in the relay to a minimum, and to avoid the possibility of protests along the route there, organizers considered transmitting the flame to New York in the form of a laser beam by satellite, as had been done in 1976 between Athens and Montreal.[3]
LAOOC general manager Harry Usher insisted that "we have not commercialized the torch run" and that "the object is to carry the torch with the same dignity it has always had in Olympic tradition." This reputation was further damaged, however, after the Caesars Tahoe Palace casino resort sponsored 50 kilometers of the Nevada route and announced that it would raffle them off to customers, who would win a place in the relay, a two-night stay at the resort, and a cash prize of $1,984. The LAOOC forced Caesars to scale back its promotion.[14] Ultimately, seven of the kilometer segments were given to winning customers, 42 went to local organizations, and the remaining kilometer was given to 1976 decathlon winner Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), who had signed a promotional contract with Caesars.[15]
A test run for the relay was held from March 18 through March 24, from Trenton, New Jersey to Cleveland, Ohio, following the same route on the same days of the week as the relay. Based on this experience, the design of the torch was modified to ensure that the flame would not go out during the run, and other logistical changes were made.[3]
Despite the compromise that had been worked out between Greek and American officials, on April 25, eight days before the planned lighting ceremony at Olympia, the Hellenic Athletics Federation told its members not to participate in the relay to Athens in protest against the commercialization of the Olympics. The next day, the Olympia ceremony was abruptly canceled.[3] According to Peter Ueberroth's memoirs, IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch, who had assured the LAOOC throughout the dispute that the flame would be handed over without problems, dispatched two students to Olympia, where they lit their own Olympic flame and brought it back to IOC headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland. With their leverage over the flame removed, Ueberroth wrote, the Greek organizers agreed to hold an official lighting ceremony.[4]: 240–242 Reportedly, American organizers also threatened not to allow Greek athletes to walk in the Parade of Nations first at the opening ceremony, as is traditional.[16]: 36
Relay and notable torchbearers edit
The flame was lit in a private ceremony at Olympia on May 7, with spectators not permitted as was usual. It was then flown by helicopter to Athens, and carried on a jet airliner owned by the U.S. federal government to New York.[3] The flame was brought to the United Nations Plaza on the morning of May 8, where a cauldron was lit by Rafer Johnson. The first kilometer was run by Bill Thorpe Jr., grandson of Jim Thorpe, and Gina Hemphill, granddaughter of Jesse Owens. The second kilometer was run by Abel Kiviat, the oldest living American to have competed in the Olympics at the age of 91. Two hours after the relay began, the Soviet Union announced it would boycott the Olympics.[4]: 243–272 [17][18] Olympic boxer Mark Breland also carried the torch in Manhattan.[19]
Unlike later Olympic torch relays, the 1984 event was run entirely on foot, with no other means of transportation used after the flame landed in New York. In areas where no people or organizations had signed up for the Youth Legacy Kilometer program, the torch was carried by a series of "cadre" runners who were members of the Telephone Pioneers of America, a non-profit organization consisting of current and former AT&T employees. At all times, the torch runners were accompanied by a caravan of support vehicles, custom-designed for the relay by sponsor General Motors. The torch was run for roughly 14 to 20 hours per day at a pace of roughly seven miles per hour.[3]
From New York, the relay first traveled northeast to Boston, then backtracked across Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey to reach Philadelphia. Olympic basketball gold medalist and U.S. senator Bill Bradley ran a kilometer in Trenton, New Jersey.[20] Paralyzed news reporter Chris O'Donoghue carried the torch in his wheelchair in Baltimore.[21] In Washington, D.C., the torch was brought to the White House, where it was greeted by President Ronald Reagan.[22]
West of Washington, the relay traversed the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia on its way to Pittsburgh. The flame visited Cleveland and Detroit in late May. The route briefly looped through Chicago, where it was carried by Olympic athlete Willye White and Chicago Bears star running back Walter Payton, before returning eastward into Indiana on its way to Indianapolis.[23] The run through Indianapolis on May 26 took place in the midst of Memorial Day weekend festivities leading up to the 1984 Indianapolis 500, which was held the following day. Gary Romesser, who had won the 500 Festival Mini-Marathon the previous day, carried the torch at the head of the 500 Festival Parade.[24][25][26]
Muhammad Ali ran with the torch in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky,[27] while another Olympic gold medalist from the state, Tamara McKinney, started the next day's leg in Lexington.[28] The First Lady of Tennessee, Leslee "Honey" Alexander, wife of Governor Lamar Alexander, carried the torch onto the University of Tennessee campus in Knoxville.[29]
From Knoxville, the torch traveled south through the Great Smoky Mountains to Atlanta, then followed U.S. Route 78 west to Memphis, Tennessee. Olympic hurdler Thomas Hill ran with the torch in Blytheville, Arkansas,[30] as it skirted the bank of the Mississippi River up to St. Louis. Wilma Rudolph carried it under the Gateway Arch, handing it to St. Louis Cardinals star player Ozzie Smith.[31] Missouri governor Kit Bond held the torch at the state capitol in Jefferson City,[32] while Kansas City saw the relay's oldest torchbearer, 99-year-old Ansel Stubbs, pass the flame to its youngest, 4-year-old Katie Johnston.[33]
The relay crossed the eastern part of Kansas southward to Oklahoma. In Oklahoma City, governor George Nigh was joined by Jim Thorpe's son Richard Thorpe for a ceremony at the state capitol.[34] Rafer Johnson carried the torch again in Dallas, Texas, passing it onward to Dallas Cowboys player Bob Hayes (the only athlete with both an Olympic gold medal and a Super Bowl ring).[35] In nearby Azle, a runner was burned by the torch and required medical attention.[36] The border between Farwell, Texas and Texico, New Mexico was officially designated as the halfway point of the cross-country route, as it was reached on June 17, the 41st day of the 82-day relay.[37]
After passing through Albuquerque, the torch was taken northward into Colorado. Hank Kashiwa carried the torch into Denver. Governor Richard Lamm received the flame on the mile-high step of the Colorado State Capitol and ran with it for a kilometer before passing it to Denver mayor Federico Peña, who carried it down the 16th Street Mall – both politicians dressed in the official runner's uniform.[38] The torch was then carried through the Rocky Mountains, crossing the Continental Divide at Berthoud Pass.[39] Henry Marsh and mayor Ted Wilson ran with the torch in Salt Lake City, Utah.[40] Christin Cooper was the grand marshal of a torch parade in Twin Falls, Idaho.[41]
The torch crossed northeastern Oregon and much of Washington state before reaching the Pacific coast at Seattle, where it was carried by Hugh Foley. Johnny Bumphus ran with it in nearby Tacoma.[7] Proceeding southward to Portland, the torch followed the Willamette Valley to Eugene, then crossed the Cascade Mountains to Klamath Falls. On July 11, the flame was brought into the host state of California at Hatfield, near Tulelake.[42][43]
Eagle Lake Road in Lassen County, California, reportedly the only county-maintained road used in the California leg of the relay as opposed to state and federal highways and city streets,[44] was renamed Route of the Olympic Torch, a name it still bears today. The torch briefly left California to pass through Reno, Nevada, where a local resident was killed in a vehicular accident when traffic was halted for the relay, as well as the state capital of Carson City.[45] The segment sponsored by Caesars Tahoe brought the torch back into California the next day, with Jenner carrying the torch along the casino row in Stateline, Nevada on its way to South Lake Tahoe.[46]
Nancy Ditz carried the torch across the Golden Gate Bridge into San Francisco. The arrival of the torch on July 16 coincided with the opening of the 1984 Democratic National Convention, which also took place in San Francisco that same day.[47] The Democratic candidates nominated at the convention, Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro, had watched the torch pass by while staying in South Lake Tahoe a few days earlier.[48] Mayor Lionel Wilson carried the torch through Oakland,[49] while Congressman Ed Zschau brought it onto the Stanford University campus.[50]
George Christie, a prominent member of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club, carried the torch in his hometown of Ventura.[51] O.J. Simpson carried the torch up the California Incline into Santa Monica, bringing it into the Los Angeles area.[52] One of the only cities to be added to the relay route after it was initially announced, while many were removed due to logistical constraints and a lack of donations, was San Diego, where local residents raised over $550,000 for the Youth Legacy Kilometer program.[53] The San Diego leg of the relay, in which the torch was carried by mayor Roger Hedgecock and Padres star Steve Garvey, was described as raising the city's spirits after the murder of 20 people in the San Ysidro McDonald's massacre a few days earlier.[54] In order to get permission to run the torch across Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, organizers allowed a platoon of Marines to carry it there.[55]
The relay culminated on July 28, with the Olympics opening ceremony at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Gina Hemphill, who had been one of the first torchbearers in New York, carried the torch into the stadium and circled the track before delivering it to Rafer Johnson, who lit the cauldron.[3]
The torchbearers, 3,636 in all, came from a wide variety of backgrounds. The 1984 relay was the first to invite nominations from the public, a system replicated in future relays.[56] It was also the first to charge torchbearers for their participation. Anybody who could raise the entry fee would be able to sponsor one kilometer and bear a torch themselves or designate a person to do so. The Youth Legacy Kilometer program raised nearly $11 million – a fraction of the $30 million organizers had hoped to raise[4]: 193 – all of which was given to charities.[3][6] The YMCA received the largest proportion of the funds, amounting to around $3.9 million, while smaller amounts went to the Boys Clubs, Girls Clubs, and the Special Olympics.[3]
In parallel with the torch relay, a group of Native American athletes held "The Longest Run", starting at the Onondaga Reservation near Syracuse, New York on May 28, 1984 and culminating on July 19 at Whittier Narrows Recreation Area near Los Angeles, for the opening of the Jim Thorpe Memorial Pow-Wow and Native Games there. The event honored Thorpe, whose 1912 Olympic medals, stripped due to his time spent as a professional athlete, had officially been reinstated in January 1983. It was also patterned after the American Indian Movement's Longest Walk protest march of 1978.[57]
Route edit
| Date | Locations | Map |
|---|---|---|
| May 8 | New York: New York City (United Nations Plaza, Central Park, Empire State Building, City Hall, Battery Park, World Trade Center, Bronx Zoo),[18] Pelham Manor, New Rochelle, Larchmont, Mamaroneck, Rye, Port Chester[58] Connecticut: Greenwich, Stamford, Westport, Bridgeport, West Haven (University of New Haven)[59] | |
| May 9 | Connecticut: West Haven, Old Lyme, Niantic, Waterford, New London (United States Coast Guard Academy), Mystic (Mystic Seaport), Stonington, Pawcatuck[60] Rhode Island: Westerly, Narragansett, South Kingstown, North Kingstown, East Greenwich, Warwick, Providence, Pawtucket[61] Massachusetts: North Attleboro | |
| May 10 | Massachusetts: North Attleboro, Foxborough, Walpole, Norwood, Dedham, Boston (Massachusetts State House, Faneuil Hall, Freedom Trail, Old North Church, Government Center), Cambridge (Harvard University), Watertown, Waltham, Wayland, Sudbury, Marlborough, Auburn, Charlton[62] Connecticut: Storrs (University of Connecticut)[59] | |
| May 11 | Connecticut: Storrs, Manchester, East Hartford, Hartford (Connecticut State Capitol), West Hartford, Farmington, Bristol, Wolcott, Waterbury, Middlebury, Woodbury, Southbury, Newtown, Danbury[63] New York: Brewster, Carmel, Mahopac, Baldwin Place, Shrub Oak, Mohegan Lake, Peekskill, West Point (United States Military Academy)[64] | |
| May 12 | New York: West Point, Stony Point, Suffern[65] New Jersey: Mahwah, Lincoln Park, Towaco, Montville, Boonton, Parsippany, Morris Plains, Morristown,[66] Bernardsville, Bedminster, Bridgewater Township, Somerville, Hillsborough Township, Montgomery Township, Princeton, Lawrence Township (Rider College)[67][68] | |
| May 13 | New Jersey: Lawrence Township, Trenton[20] Pennsylvania: Morrisville,[20] Philadelphia (Independence Hall, Liberty Bell,[69] Philadelphia Museum of Art),[70] Yeadon, Chester,[71] Marcus Hook[69] Delaware: Wilmington (Rodney Square),[72] Elsmere,[71] Newark (University of Delaware)[69] Maryland: Havre de Grace,[73] Aberdeen, Edgewood (Aberdeen Proving Ground)[74] | |
| May 14 | Maryland: Edgewood, Baltimore (Harborplace),[75] Annapolis,[76] Bowie[21] Washington, D.C. (White House, United States Capitol, Jefferson Memorial, Lincoln Memorial)[77][22] Virginia: Arlington (Arlington National Cemetery), Fairfax[77] | |
| May 15 | Virginia: Fairfax, Winchester | |
| May 16 | West Virginia: Romney, U.S. Route 50 Maryland: U.S. Route 50 West Virginia: U.S. Route 50, Clarksburg[79] | |
| May 17 | West Virginia: Clarksburg, Shinnston, Fairmont, Morgantown[79] Pennsylvania: Washington[80] | |
| May 18 | Pennsylvania: Washington, Upper St. Clair, Mount Lebanon, Dormont, Pittsburgh (Schenley Park, University of Pittsburgh, Market Square, Point State Park),[80] Sewickley, Ellwood City,[81] New Castle[82] Ohio: Youngstown,[83] Canfield,[84] Berlin Lake[85] | |
| May 19 | Ohio: Berlin Lake, Akron, Fairlawn,[86] Bedford, Maple Heights, Shaker Heights, Cleveland Heights, East Cleveland, Cleveland, Lakewood, Bay Village[87] | |
| May 20 | Ohio: Bay Village, Sheffield Lake, Sandusky, Port Clinton, Toledo[87][88] | |
| May 21 | Michigan: Monroe, Detroit (Hart Plaza, Grand Circus Park),[89] Pontiac,[90] Flint (Sarvis Center)[91] | |
| May 22 | Michigan: Flint, Owosso,[92] East Lansing (Michigan State University), Lansing (Michigan State Capitol), Potterville, Charlotte,[93] Bellevue, Battle Creek (Battle Creek Y Center)[94] | |
| May 23 | Michigan: Battle Creek, Athens,[94] Leonidas, Sturgis, White Pigeon, Mottville,[95] Edwardsburg,[96] Niles,[97] Three Oaks, New Buffalo[98] Indiana: Michigan City, Gary (Fifth Avenue and Burr Street)[99] | |
| May 24 | Indiana: Gary, Hammond, East Chicago, Whiting, Hammond[100] Illinois: Chicago (Daley Plaza), Harvey, South Holland, Calumet City[23][101] Indiana: Hammond, Highland, Schererville, St. John, Lake Village[100] | |
| May 25 | Indiana: Lake Village, Kentland,[102] Gravel Hill, West Lafayette (Purdue University), Lafayette,[103] Elizaville[104] | |
| May 26 | Indiana: Elizaville, Sheridan,[105] Indianapolis (Hoosier Dome),[25] Greenwood,[24] Columbus,[106] Reddington,[107] Seymour, Uniontown[108][109] | |
| May 27 | Indiana: Uniontown, Crothersville, Scottsburg,[107] Jeffersonville Kentucky: Louisville (Clark Memorial Bridge, Kentucky Center for the Arts), Shelbyville,[110][111] Frankfort (Kentucky Governor's Mansion),[112] Versailles, Lexington (Keeneland Race Course)[113] | |
| May 28 | Kentucky: Lexington, Richmond, Berea (Berea College), Lexington, London, Corbin, Barbourville, Pineville (Pine Mountain State Resort Park)[28] | |
| May 29 | Kentucky: Pine Mountain, Middlesboro, Cumberland Gap[28] Tennessee: Cumberland Gap, La Follette, Knoxville (University of Tennessee),[29][114] Gatlinburg (Sugarlands Visitor Center)[115] | |
| May 30 | Tennessee: Gatlinburg, Great Smoky Mountains National Park North Carolina: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cherokee, Bryson City, Andrews, Murphy[116] Georgia: Blairsville[117] | |
| May 31 | Georgia: Blairsville, Dahlonega, Dawsonville, Cumming,[118] Alpharetta, Roswell, Sandy Springs,[119] Atlanta (Chastain Park, Georgia Governor's Mansion, Colony Square),[120] Mableton[118] | |
| June 1 | Georgia: Mableton, Austell, Douglasville, Villa Rica, Temple, Bremen, Tallapoosa[118] | |
| June 2 | Alabama: Leeds, Birmingham,[122] Adamsville, Graysville, Sumiton, Jasper, Carbon Hill, Winfield, Hamilton[123] Mississippi: Fulton,[124] Tupelo (U.S. Route 78 at Auburn Road)[30] | |
| June 3 | Mississippi: Tupelo, Sherman, Blue Springs,[125] New Albany, Myrtle, Hickory Flat, Holly Springs[124] Tennessee: Memphis (Beale Street) Arkansas: West Memphis, Jericho, Turrell (Turrell High School)[30] | |
| June 4 | Arkansas: Turrell, Wilson, Luxora, Blytheville[30] Missouri: Steele, Portageville, Sikeston[30] | |
| June 5 | Missouri: Sikeston, Benton, Kelso, Scott City, Cape Girardeau,[126] Jackson, Old Appleton, Sainte Genevieve,[127] Festus (border with Crystal City) | |
| June 6 | Missouri: Crystal City, Herculaneum, Arnold, St. Louis (Gateway Arch, Forest Park, Francis Olympic Field), Ladue, Ballwin, Ellisville, Gray Summit, Union, Beaufort, Gerald, Rosebud, Drake, Mount Sterling[31] | |
| June 7 | Missouri: Mount Sterling, Linn,[128] Loose Creek, Jefferson City (Missouri State Capitol),[32] St. Martins, California, Tipton, Syracuse, Sedalia, Warrensburg[129][130] | |
| June 8 | Missouri: Warrensburg, Lee's Summit, Raytown, Kansas City (Country Club Plaza, Crown Center)[130] | |
| June 9 | Kansas: Lawrence, Topeka (Kansas State Capitol), Carbondale, Lyndon, Burlington, Yates Center, Buffalo, Altoona[131] | |
| June 10 | Kansas: Altoona, Neodesha, Independence, Caney[131] Oklahoma: Dewey, Bartlesville,[133] Tulsa, Jenks,[134] Sapulpa[135][34] | |
| June 11 | Oklahoma: Sapulpa, Bristow, Stroud, Chandler, Arcadia,[136] Edmond,[137] Oklahoma City,[136] Norman[34] (University of Oklahoma, Memorial Stadium)[138] | |
| June 12 | Oklahoma: Norman, Noble, Purcell, Wayne, Paoli, Pauls Valley, Wynnewood, Davis, Sulphur, Dickson, Mannsville, Madill, Willis (Lake Texoma Lodge)[138][137] | |
| June 13 | Oklahoma: Willis Texas: Sherwood Shores, Whitesboro, Collinsville, Tioga,[139] Pilot Point, Aubrey, Cross Roads, Frisco,[140] Dallas,[141] Grand Prairie[142] | |
| June 14 | Texas: Grand Prairie, Arlington, Fort Worth, Azle, Reno, Springtown, Jacksboro, Jermyn, Loving, Olney[143] | |
| June 15 | Texas: Olney, Megargel, Westover, Seymour, Red Springs, Vera, Benjamin, Guthrie, Dickens[144] | |
| June 16 | Texas: Dickens, Crosbyton, Lubbock, Littlefield[142] | |
| June 17 | Texas: Littlefield, Farwell | |
| June 18 | New Mexico: Fort Sumner, Vaughn, Encino, Willard, Estancia[37] | |
| June 19 | New Mexico: Estancia, Moriarty,[37] Tijeras, Albuquerque,[146] Bernalillo, La Bajada[37] | |
| June 20 | New Mexico: La Bajada, Santa Fe,[147] Española, Ojo Caliente, Tres Piedras[148][149] | |
| June 21 | Colorado: Antonito, La Jara, Alamosa, Mosca, Hooper, Moffat, Mineral Hot Springs, Villa Grove, Poncha Springs, Nathrop, Johnson Village[39][151] | |
| June 22 | Colorado: Johnson Village, Antero Junction, Hartsel, Lake George, Florissant, Divide, Woodland Park, Cascade, Manitou Springs,[151] Colorado Springs (United States Olympic Training Center, United States Air Force Academy)[152] | |
| June 23 | Colorado: Colorado Springs, Franktown, Parker, Denver (Colorado State Capitol, Civic Center, 16th Street Mall),[151][38] Golden[39] | |
| June 24 | Colorado: Golden, Idaho Springs, Empire, Berthoud Pass, Winter Park, Fraser, Tabernash, Granby, Hot Sulphur Springs, Kremmling[39][151] | |
| June 25 | Colorado: Kremmling, Steamboat Springs, Milner, Hayden, Craig[151][153] | |
| June 26 | Colorado: Craig, Maybell, Elk Springs, Blue Mountain,[151] Dinosaur[154] | 1984, summer, olympics, torch, relay, from, until, july, prior, 1984, summer, olympics, angeles, commonly, referred, olympic, torch, relay, reflecting, lead, sponsor, event, relay, crossed, united, states, from, york, city, angeles, with, torchbearers, running. The 1984 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from May 8 until July 28 prior to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles It was commonly referred to as the AT amp T Olympic Torch Relay reflecting the lead sponsor of the event The relay crossed the United States from New York City to Los Angeles with 3 636 torchbearers running with the torch along a 9 375 mile 15 088 km route It was by far the longest Olympic torch relay that had been organized up to that point creating the precedent for the Olympic flame to tour all parts of the host country rather than traveling directly to the opening ceremony Host cityLos Angeles United StatesCountries visitedGreece United StatesDistance9 375 miles 15 088 km Torch bearers3 636Start dateMay 8 1984End dateJuly 28 1984Torch designerNewhart Turner IndustriesNo of torches4 500 It was the first torch relay to be funded primarily by corporate sponsorships a decision which received significant backlash from Greek organizers who threatened not to light the flame until days before the relay began It was also the first time that ordinary members of the public rather than carefully selected teams of runners were permitted to carry the Olympic torch Through the Youth Legacy Kilometer program any person or group which donated 3 000 to selected charities would be permitted to run with the torch for 1 kilometer 0 62 mi The program raised nearly 11 million for the YMCA of the USA the Boys Club of America the Girls Club of America and the Special Olympics The relay culminated in the Olympics opening ceremony on July 28 Rafer Johnson was the final torchbearer who lit the cauldron becoming the first Black athlete in history to do so Contents 1 Torch 2 Organization 3 Relay and notable torchbearers 4 Route 5 Legacy 6 References 7 Further readingTorch edit nbsp A torch from the relay The aluminum torch designed with a brass finish and leather handle that gave it an antique look was 56 5 centimeters 22 2 in long and weighed 1 000 grams 35 oz 1 Etched on the ring of the torch were the words of the Olympic motto Citius Altius Fortius with the Olympic rings between each word They were manufactured by Turner Industries of Sycamore Illinois 2 and each one was numbered 3 After the trial run in March the original design of the torch was found to be flawed The valve was found to be recessed too deeply inside the bowl of the torch and was extinguished too easily The type of propane and the valve used for its release were also adjusted to ensure that it would remain lit wherever possible 3 Organization editPlanning for the relay began in 1981 when the idea of the Youth Legacy Kilometer program was first conceived Under this program individuals and organizations could sponsor a kilometer of the relay which would give them the right to carry the torch along that segment of the route or to choose others who would be allowed to do so The cost to sponsor a kilometer was 3 000 the proceeds of which would be donated to charity 3 Peter Ueberroth chair of the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee LAOOC later wrote that he first conceived of the idea of running the torch across the length of the country which had not been done before Although his fellow organizers were extremely skeptical that such a relay would be practical Ueberroth continued to push for it and eventually succeeded 4 188 191 Shortly after AT amp T became a sponsor of the Olympic Games in 1982 organizers tasked the company s Long Lines Division with handling the logistics of the relay event 3 AT amp T employees would also be responsible for carrying the flame in areas where a sponsor had not been found 5 AT amp T s role in the relay coincided with the company being forced to divest its regional operating companies at the beginning of 1984 the Long Lines Division was not affected by the divestiture The Boys Club of America the Girls Club of America and the YMCA of the USA shared responsibility for marketing the event and for disbursing the funds raised as part of the relay 3 Additional sponsors included Burson Marsteller the PR agency of AT amp T which helped to organize the relay provided the majority of the staffing for the events 3 6 Levi Strauss amp Co which provided the runner uniforms Converse which supplied the shoes and General Motors which designed custom GMC and Buick vehicles to follow and support the runners specially designed to travel at slow speeds for long periods of time 7 3 At the 86th IOC Session in New Delhi India in March 1983 the LAOOC presented its plans for the relay Under the LAOOC s initial proposal the relay would have started in early April and lasted for nearly four months more than twice the length of any previous Olympic torch relay The Hellenic Olympic Committee HOC responsible for lighting the flame in Olympia conveying it to Athens and handing it over to the host nation opposed the plan believing that the sponsorships were commercializing the symbol of the Olympic flame Furthermore the HOC refused to stage its portion of the torch relay so early since the torch had traditionally been carried through Greece by children who would still be in school in April 8 9 As a result the relay was scaled back to last less than three months but the dispute over the sponsorship program remained unresolved 4 191 193 Plans for the relay and a preliminary route were first publicly announced on July 28 1983 one year before the Games opening ceremony in two simultaneous press conferences in New York City and Los Angeles The proposed route would have begun on May 8 1984 in New York then passed through all 50 states Alaska and Hawaii being visited only by branch routes which would split off from the main torch in Seattle before arriving in Los Angeles for the opening ceremony 5 However given the later start date organizers realized that this route covering over 16 000 miles 26 000 km would require runners to carry the torch 24 hours a day and would be logistically impractical 3 Additionally the Youth Legacy Kilometer program had fallen below expectations with only 2 000 of the available 10 000 kilometers sponsored by the end of 1983 10 Political consultant Wally McGuire was tasked with designing a more realistic route which was shortened to 9 375 miles 15 088 km through 33 states and the District of Columbia McGuire presented his proposal to the LAOOC on January 3 1984 4 194 196 and details about the new route were made public the next day 10 Two advance teams one starting from New York and one starting from Los Angeles surveyed and finalized the route meeting in Steamboat Springs Colorado on February 15 3 nbsp Olympic torch at the University of Texas at Arlington 1984 On February 1 Kimon Koulouris the Greek minister of sports announced that the government would not allow the flame to be used for commercial purposes jeopardizing the relay plans The mayor of Olympia Spyros Foteinos added that the town also would not agree to participate in the event if it was commercialized 11 saying that the American delegation would have to light the flame themselves During IOC meetings at the Winter Olympics which began a few days later in Sarajevo this opposition continued 4 204 207 12 In response the LAOOC agreed to stop accepting new sponsorships on March 20 and the Greek delegation tentatively agreed to participate in the relay 13 In order to keep Greek participation in the relay to a minimum and to avoid the possibility of protests along the route there organizers considered transmitting the flame to New York in the form of a laser beam by satellite as had been done in 1976 between Athens and Montreal 3 LAOOC general manager Harry Usher insisted that we have not commercialized the torch run and that the object is to carry the torch with the same dignity it has always had in Olympic tradition This reputation was further damaged however after the Caesars Tahoe Palace casino resort sponsored 50 kilometers of the Nevada route and announced that it would raffle them off to customers who would win a place in the relay a two night stay at the resort and a cash prize of 1 984 The LAOOC forced Caesars to scale back its promotion 14 Ultimately seven of the kilometer segments were given to winning customers 42 went to local organizations and the remaining kilometer was given to 1976 decathlon winner Bruce Jenner now known as Caitlyn Jenner who had signed a promotional contract with Caesars 15 A test run for the relay was held from March 18 through March 24 from Trenton New Jersey to Cleveland Ohio following the same route on the same days of the week as the relay Based on this experience the design of the torch was modified to ensure that the flame would not go out during the run and other logistical changes were made 3 Despite the compromise that had been worked out between Greek and American officials on April 25 eight days before the planned lighting ceremony at Olympia the Hellenic Athletics Federation told its members not to participate in the relay to Athens in protest against the commercialization of the Olympics The next day the Olympia ceremony was abruptly canceled 3 According to Peter Ueberroth s memoirs IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch who had assured the LAOOC throughout the dispute that the flame would be handed over without problems dispatched two students to Olympia where they lit their own Olympic flame and brought it back to IOC headquarters in Lausanne Switzerland With their leverage over the flame removed Ueberroth wrote the Greek organizers agreed to hold an official lighting ceremony 4 240 242 Reportedly American organizers also threatened not to allow Greek athletes to walk in the Parade of Nations first at the opening ceremony as is traditional 16 36 Relay and notable torchbearers edit nbsp Rafer Johnson pictured here as a flagbearer at the 1960 Games carried the torch in New York City and Dallas before lighting the cauldron in Los Angeles The flame was lit in a private ceremony at Olympia on May 7 with spectators not permitted as was usual It was then flown by helicopter to Athens and carried on a jet airliner owned by the U S federal government to New York 3 The flame was brought to the United Nations Plaza on the morning of May 8 where a cauldron was lit by Rafer Johnson The first kilometer was run by Bill Thorpe Jr grandson of Jim Thorpe and Gina Hemphill granddaughter of Jesse Owens The second kilometer was run by Abel Kiviat the oldest living American to have competed in the Olympics at the age of 91 Two hours after the relay began the Soviet Union announced it would boycott the Olympics 4 243 272 17 18 Olympic boxer Mark Breland also carried the torch in Manhattan 19 Unlike later Olympic torch relays the 1984 event was run entirely on foot with no other means of transportation used after the flame landed in New York In areas where no people or organizations had signed up for the Youth Legacy Kilometer program the torch was carried by a series of cadre runners who were members of the Telephone Pioneers of America a non profit organization consisting of current and former AT amp T employees At all times the torch runners were accompanied by a caravan of support vehicles custom designed for the relay by sponsor General Motors The torch was run for roughly 14 to 20 hours per day at a pace of roughly seven miles per hour 3 nbsp Boston mayor Raymond Flynn holds the torch in front of City Hall From New York the relay first traveled northeast to Boston then backtracked across Connecticut New York and New Jersey to reach Philadelphia Olympic basketball gold medalist and U S senator Bill Bradley ran a kilometer in Trenton New Jersey 20 Paralyzed news reporter Chris O Donoghue carried the torch in his wheelchair in Baltimore 21 In Washington D C the torch was brought to the White House where it was greeted by President Ronald Reagan 22 West of Washington the relay traversed the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia on its way to Pittsburgh The flame visited Cleveland and Detroit in late May The route briefly looped through Chicago where it was carried by Olympic athlete Willye White and Chicago Bears star running back Walter Payton before returning eastward into Indiana on its way to Indianapolis 23 The run through Indianapolis on May 26 took place in the midst of Memorial Day weekend festivities leading up to the 1984 Indianapolis 500 which was held the following day Gary Romesser who had won the 500 Festival Mini Marathon the previous day carried the torch at the head of the 500 Festival Parade 24 25 26 Muhammad Ali ran with the torch in his hometown of Louisville Kentucky 27 while another Olympic gold medalist from the state Tamara McKinney started the next day s leg in Lexington 28 The First Lady of Tennessee Leslee Honey Alexander wife of Governor Lamar Alexander carried the torch onto the University of Tennessee campus in Knoxville 29 From Knoxville the torch traveled south through the Great Smoky Mountains to Atlanta then followed U S Route 78 west to Memphis Tennessee Olympic hurdler Thomas Hill ran with the torch in Blytheville Arkansas 30 as it skirted the bank of the Mississippi River up to St Louis Wilma Rudolph carried it under the Gateway Arch handing it to St Louis Cardinals star player Ozzie Smith 31 Missouri governor Kit Bond held the torch at the state capitol in Jefferson City 32 while Kansas City saw the relay s oldest torchbearer 99 year old Ansel Stubbs pass the flame to its youngest 4 year old Katie Johnston 33 The relay crossed the eastern part of Kansas southward to Oklahoma In Oklahoma City governor George Nigh was joined by Jim Thorpe s son Richard Thorpe for a ceremony at the state capitol 34 Rafer Johnson carried the torch again in Dallas Texas passing it onward to Dallas Cowboys player Bob Hayes the only athlete with both an Olympic gold medal and a Super Bowl ring 35 In nearby Azle a runner was burned by the torch and required medical attention 36 The border between Farwell Texas and Texico New Mexico was officially designated as the halfway point of the cross country route as it was reached on June 17 the 41st day of the 82 day relay 37 After passing through Albuquerque the torch was taken northward into Colorado Hank Kashiwa carried the torch into Denver Governor Richard Lamm received the flame on the mile high step of the Colorado State Capitol and ran with it for a kilometer before passing it to Denver mayor Federico Pena who carried it down the 16th Street Mall both politicians dressed in the official runner s uniform 38 The torch was then carried through the Rocky Mountains crossing the Continental Divide at Berthoud Pass 39 Henry Marsh and mayor Ted Wilson ran with the torch in Salt Lake City Utah 40 Christin Cooper was the grand marshal of a torch parade in Twin Falls Idaho 41 The torch crossed northeastern Oregon and much of Washington state before reaching the Pacific coast at Seattle where it was carried by Hugh Foley Johnny Bumphus ran with it in nearby Tacoma 7 Proceeding southward to Portland the torch followed the Willamette Valley to Eugene then crossed the Cascade Mountains to Klamath Falls On July 11 the flame was brought into the host state of California at Hatfield near Tulelake 42 43 Eagle Lake Road in Lassen County California reportedly the only county maintained road used in the California leg of the relay as opposed to state and federal highways and city streets 44 was renamed Route of the Olympic Torch a name it still bears today The torch briefly left California to pass through Reno Nevada where a local resident was killed in a vehicular accident when traffic was halted for the relay as well as the state capital of Carson City 45 The segment sponsored by Caesars Tahoe brought the torch back into California the next day with Jenner carrying the torch along the casino row in Stateline Nevada on its way to South Lake Tahoe 46 Nancy Ditz carried the torch across the Golden Gate Bridge into San Francisco The arrival of the torch on July 16 coincided with the opening of the 1984 Democratic National Convention which also took place in San Francisco that same day 47 The Democratic candidates nominated at the convention Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro had watched the torch pass by while staying in South Lake Tahoe a few days earlier 48 Mayor Lionel Wilson carried the torch through Oakland 49 while Congressman Ed Zschau brought it onto the Stanford University campus 50 nbsp A platoon of Marines carries the torch across Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton George Christie a prominent member of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club carried the torch in his hometown of Ventura 51 O J Simpson carried the torch up the California Incline into Santa Monica bringing it into the Los Angeles area 52 One of the only cities to be added to the relay route after it was initially announced while many were removed due to logistical constraints and a lack of donations was San Diego where local residents raised over 550 000 for the Youth Legacy Kilometer program 53 The San Diego leg of the relay in which the torch was carried by mayor Roger Hedgecock and Padres star Steve Garvey was described as raising the city s spirits after the murder of 20 people in the San Ysidro McDonald s massacre a few days earlier 54 In order to get permission to run the torch across Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton organizers allowed a platoon of Marines to carry it there 55 The relay culminated on July 28 with the Olympics opening ceremony at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Gina Hemphill who had been one of the first torchbearers in New York carried the torch into the stadium and circled the track before delivering it to Rafer Johnson who lit the cauldron 3 The torchbearers 3 636 in all came from a wide variety of backgrounds The 1984 relay was the first to invite nominations from the public a system replicated in future relays 56 It was also the first to charge torchbearers for their participation Anybody who could raise the entry fee would be able to sponsor one kilometer and bear a torch themselves or designate a person to do so The Youth Legacy Kilometer program raised nearly 11 million a fraction of the 30 million organizers had hoped to raise 4 193 all of which was given to charities 3 6 The YMCA received the largest proportion of the funds amounting to around 3 9 million while smaller amounts went to the Boys Clubs Girls Clubs and the Special Olympics 3 In parallel with the torch relay a group of Native American athletes held The Longest Run starting at the Onondaga Reservation near Syracuse New York on May 28 1984 and culminating on July 19 at Whittier Narrows Recreation Area near Los Angeles for the opening of the Jim Thorpe Memorial Pow Wow and Native Games there The event honored Thorpe whose 1912 Olympic medals stripped due to his time spent as a professional athlete had officially been reinstated in January 1983 It was also patterned after the American Indian Movement s Longest Walk protest march of 1978 57 Route edit nbsp Route is approximate where sources are unclear or unavailable Date Locations Map May 8 New York New York City United Nations Plaza Central Park Empire State Building City Hall Battery Park World Trade Center Bronx Zoo 18 Pelham Manor New Rochelle Larchmont Mamaroneck Rye Port Chester 58 Connecticut Greenwich Stamford Westport Bridgeport West Haven University of New Haven 59 nbsp nbsp New York City nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp West Haven nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp May 9 Connecticut West Haven Old Lyme Niantic Waterford New London United States Coast Guard Academy Mystic Mystic Seaport Stonington Pawcatuck 60 Rhode Island Westerly Narragansett South Kingstown North Kingstown East Greenwich Warwick Providence Pawtucket 61 Massachusetts North Attleboro May 10 Massachusetts North Attleboro Foxborough Walpole Norwood Dedham Boston Massachusetts State House Faneuil Hall Freedom Trail Old North Church Government Center Cambridge Harvard University Watertown Waltham Wayland Sudbury Marlborough Auburn Charlton 62 Connecticut Storrs University of Connecticut 59 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp North Attleboro nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Storrs nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp May 11 Connecticut Storrs Manchester East Hartford Hartford Connecticut State Capitol West Hartford Farmington Bristol Wolcott Waterbury Middlebury Woodbury Southbury Newtown Danbury 63 New York Brewster Carmel Mahopac Baldwin Place Shrub Oak Mohegan Lake Peekskill West Point United States Military Academy 64 May 12 New York West Point Stony Point Suffern 65 New Jersey Mahwah Lincoln Park Towaco Montville Boonton Parsippany Morris Plains Morristown 66 Bernardsville Bedminster Bridgewater Township Somerville Hillsborough Township Montgomery Township Princeton Lawrence Township Rider College 67 68 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp West Point nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Lawrence Township nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp May 13 New Jersey Lawrence Township Trenton 20 Pennsylvania Morrisville 20 Philadelphia Independence Hall Liberty Bell 69 Philadelphia Museum of Art 70 Yeadon Chester 71 Marcus Hook 69 Delaware Wilmington Rodney Square 72 Elsmere 71 Newark University of Delaware 69 Maryland Havre de Grace 73 Aberdeen Edgewood Aberdeen Proving Ground 74 May 14 Maryland Edgewood Baltimore Harborplace 75 Annapolis 76 Bowie 21 Washington D C White House United States Capitol Jefferson Memorial Lincoln Memorial 77 22 Virginia Arlington Arlington National Cemetery Fairfax 77 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Edgewood nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Romney May 15 Virginia Fairfax Winchester West Virginia Romney 78 May 16 West Virginia Romney U S Route 50 Maryland U S Route 50West Virginia U S Route 50 Clarksburg 79 nbsp nbsp Romney nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Washington nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp May 17 West Virginia Clarksburg Shinnston Fairmont Morgantown 79 Pennsylvania Washington 80 May 18 Pennsylvania Washington Upper St Clair Mount Lebanon Dormont Pittsburgh Schenley Park University of Pittsburgh Market Square Point State Park 80 Sewickley Ellwood City 81 New Castle 82 Ohio Youngstown 83 Canfield 84 Berlin Lake 85 May 19 Ohio Berlin Lake Akron Fairlawn 86 Bedford Maple Heights Shaker Heights Cleveland Heights East Cleveland Cleveland Lakewood Bay Village 87 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Berlin Lake nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Bay Village nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Monroe May 20 Ohio Bay Village Sheffield Lake Sandusky Port Clinton Toledo 87 88 Michigan Monroe 88 May 21 Michigan Monroe Detroit Hart Plaza Grand Circus Park 89 Pontiac 90 Flint Sarvis Center 91 nbsp nbsp Monroe nbsp nbsp nbsp Flint nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Battle Creek nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp May 22 Michigan Flint Owosso 92 East Lansing Michigan State University Lansing Michigan State Capitol Potterville Charlotte 93 Bellevue Battle Creek Battle Creek Y Center 94 May 23 Michigan Battle Creek Athens 94 Leonidas Sturgis White Pigeon Mottville 95 Edwardsburg 96 Niles 97 Three Oaks New Buffalo 98 Indiana Michigan City Gary Fifth Avenue and Burr Street 99 May 24 Indiana Gary Hammond East Chicago Whiting Hammond 100 Illinois Chicago Daley Plaza Harvey South Holland Calumet City 23 101 Indiana Hammond Highland Schererville St John Lake Village 100 nbsp nbsp nbsp Gary nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Lake Village nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Elizaville nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Uniontown nbsp nbsp nbsp May 25 Indiana Lake Village Kentland 102 Gravel Hill West Lafayette Purdue University Lafayette 103 Elizaville 104 May 26 Indiana Elizaville Sheridan 105 Indianapolis Hoosier Dome 25 Greenwood 24 Columbus 106 Reddington 107 Seymour Uniontown 108 109 May 27 Indiana Uniontown Crothersville Scottsburg 107 Jeffersonville Kentucky Louisville Clark Memorial Bridge Kentucky Center for the Arts Shelbyville 110 111 Frankfort Kentucky Governor s Mansion 112 Versailles Lexington Keeneland Race Course 113 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Lexington nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Pine Mountain nbsp May 28 Kentucky Lexington Richmond Berea Berea College Lexington London Corbin Barbourville Pineville Pine Mountain State Resort Park 28 May 29 Kentucky Pine Mountain Middlesboro Cumberland Gap 28 Tennessee Cumberland Gap La Follette Knoxville University of Tennessee 29 114 Gatlinburg Sugarlands Visitor Center 115 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Gatlinburg nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Blairsville nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Mableton nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Leeds nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Tupelo nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Turrell nbsp nbsp nbsp May 30 Tennessee Gatlinburg Great Smoky Mountains National Park North Carolina Great Smoky Mountains National Park Cherokee Bryson City Andrews Murphy 116 Georgia Blairsville 117 May 31 Georgia Blairsville Dahlonega Dawsonville Cumming 118 Alpharetta Roswell Sandy Springs 119 Atlanta Chastain Park Georgia Governor s Mansion Colony Square 120 Mableton 118 June 1 Georgia Mableton Austell Douglasville Villa Rica Temple Bremen Tallapoosa 118 Alabama Heflin Oxford Lincoln Pell City Leeds 121 June 2 Alabama Leeds Birmingham 122 Adamsville Graysville Sumiton Jasper Carbon Hill Winfield Hamilton 123 Mississippi Fulton 124 Tupelo U S Route 78 at Auburn Road 30 June 3 Mississippi Tupelo Sherman Blue Springs 125 New Albany Myrtle Hickory Flat Holly Springs 124 Tennessee Memphis Beale Street Arkansas West Memphis Jericho Turrell Turrell High School 30 June 4 Arkansas Turrell Wilson Luxora Blytheville 30 Missouri Steele Portageville Sikeston 30 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Sikeston nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Crystal City nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Mount Sterling nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Warrensburg nbsp nbsp nbsp June 5 Missouri Sikeston Benton Kelso Scott City Cape Girardeau 126 Jackson Old Appleton Sainte Genevieve 127 Festus border with Crystal City June 6 Missouri Crystal City Herculaneum Arnold St Louis Gateway Arch Forest Park Francis Olympic Field Ladue Ballwin Ellisville Gray Summit Union Beaufort Gerald Rosebud Drake Mount Sterling 31 June 7 Missouri Mount Sterling Linn 128 Loose Creek Jefferson City Missouri State Capitol 32 St Martins California Tipton Syracuse Sedalia Warrensburg 129 130 June 8 Missouri Warrensburg Lee s Summit Raytown Kansas City Country Club Plaza Crown Center 130 Kansas Kansas City Shawnee 130 Lawrence 131 132 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Lawrence nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Altoona nbsp nbsp nbsp June 9 Kansas Lawrence Topeka Kansas State Capitol Carbondale Lyndon Burlington Yates Center Buffalo Altoona 131 June 10 Kansas Altoona Neodesha Independence Caney 131 Oklahoma Dewey Bartlesville 133 Tulsa Jenks 134 Sapulpa 135 34 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Sapulpa nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Norman nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Willis June 11 Oklahoma Sapulpa Bristow Stroud Chandler Arcadia 136 Edmond 137 Oklahoma City 136 Norman 34 University of Oklahoma Memorial Stadium 138 June 12 Oklahoma Norman Noble Purcell Wayne Paoli Pauls Valley Wynnewood Davis Sulphur Dickson Mannsville Madill Willis Lake Texoma Lodge 138 137 June 13 Oklahoma Willis Texas Sherwood Shores Whitesboro Collinsville Tioga 139 Pilot Point Aubrey Cross Roads Frisco 140 Dallas 141 Grand Prairie 142 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Grand Prairie nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Olney nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Dickens nbsp nbsp nbsp Littlefield nbsp June 14 Texas Grand Prairie Arlington Fort Worth Azle Reno Springtown Jacksboro Jermyn Loving Olney 143 June 15 Texas Olney Megargel Westover Seymour Red Springs Vera Benjamin Guthrie Dickens 144 June 16 Texas Dickens Crosbyton Lubbock Littlefield 142 June 17 Texas Littlefield Farwell New Mexico Texico Clovis 145 Melrose Fort Sumner 37 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Fort Sumner nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Estancia nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp La Bajada nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp June 18 New Mexico Fort Sumner Vaughn Encino Willard Estancia 37 June 19 New Mexico Estancia Moriarty 37 Tijeras Albuquerque 146 Bernalillo La Bajada 37 June 20 New Mexico La Bajada Santa Fe 147 Espanola Ojo Caliente Tres Piedras 148 149 Colorado Antonito 150 39 June 21 Colorado Antonito La Jara Alamosa Mosca Hooper Moffat Mineral Hot Springs Villa Grove Poncha Springs Nathrop Johnson Village 39 151 nbsp nbsp Antonito nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Johnson Village nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Colorado Springs nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Golden nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Kremmling nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Craig nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp June 22 Colorado Johnson Village Antero Junction Hartsel Lake George Florissant Divide Woodland Park Cascade Manitou Springs 151 Colorado Springs United States Olympic Training Center United States Air Force Academy 152 June 23 Colorado Colorado Springs Franktown Parker Denver Colorado State Capitol Civic Center 16th Street Mall 151 38 Golden 39 June 24 Colorado Golden Idaho Springs Empire Berthoud Pass Winter Park Fraser Tabernash Granby Hot Sulphur Springs Kremmling 39 151 June 25 Colorado Kremmling Steamboat Springs Milner Hayden Craig 151 153 June 26 Colorado Craig Maybell Elk Springs Blue Mountain 151 Dinosaur 154 Utah Jensen 155 Vernal Uintah High School 154 nbsp nbsp nbsp Vernal nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Heber City nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp span typ, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library, article, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games. |