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Heavy equipment

November 15, 2023

"Heavy machinery" redirects here. For other uses, see Heavy machinery (disambiguation).
"Earthmover" redirects here. For other uses, see Earthmover (disambiguation).
Further information: Equipment

Heavy equipment, heavy machinery, earthmovers, construction vehicles, or construction equipment, refers to heavy-duty vehicles specially designed to execute construction tasks, most frequently involving earthwork operations or other large construction tasks. Heavy equipment usually comprises five equipment systems: the implement, traction, structure, power train, and control/information.

Heavy equipment vehicles of various types parked near a highway construction site

Heavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BC when the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius described a crane in De architectura when it was powered via human or animal labor.

Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied, making tasks which could take hundreds of people and weeks of labor without heavy equipment far less intensive in nature. Some equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.

The word plant, in this context, has come to mean any type of industrial equipment, including mobile equipment (e.g. in the same sense as powerplant). However, plant originally meant "structure" or "establishment" – usually in the sense of factory or warehouse premises; as such, it was used in contradistinction to movable machinery, e.g. often in the phrase "plant and equipment".

History edit

Further information: History of construction and History of steam road vehicles
 
Wheel Loaders and other industrial trucks parked

The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise De architectura. The pile driver was invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1818.

From horses, through steam and diesel, to electric and robotic edit

 
horse-drawn Fresno scraper digging water-supply ditch
 
A portable engine; a precursor to modern engineering vehicles
 
An early gasoline-powered tractor
 
Heavy equipment circa 1922

Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of portable steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines, such as the combine harvester. The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into a new machine core traction engine, that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller. During the 20th century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene and ethanol engines were used, but today diesel engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered machines such as the forklift. Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first mass-produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917.

The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the 1901 Lombard Steam Log Hauler. The use of tracks became popular for tanks during World War I, and later for civilian machinery like the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles and mobile land machines are bucket-wheel excavators, built since the 1920s.

"Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the hand shovel – moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the inclined plane, levers, and pulleys to place solid building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were an independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology of that time."[1]

Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made containerization possible.

Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites.

Most of the major equipment manufacturers such as Caterpillar,[2] Volvo,[3] Liebherr,[4] and Bobcat have released or have been developing fully or partially electric-powered heavy equipment. Commercially-available models and R&D models were announced in 2019 and 2020.[5]

Robotics and autonomy has been a growing concern for heavy equipment manufacturers with manufacturers beginning research and technology acquisition.[6] A number of companies are currently developing (Caterpillar and Bobcat) or have launched (Built Robotics) commercial solutions to the market.

Types edit

These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization.

Track-type

Grader

SkidSteer

Excavator

Backhoe

Timber

Pipelayer

Scraper

Mining

Articulated

Compactor

Loader

Track loader

Material handler

Paving

Underground

Hydromatic tool

Hydraulic machinery

Highway

Images edit

  •  

    The Caterpillar D10N bulldozer evolved from tracked-type tractors and is characterized by a steel blade attached to the front that is used to push other equipment and construction materials, such as, earth.

  •  

    The bucket excavator Komatsu PC210-LC.

  •  

    The wheel trencher MARAIS SMC 200 R.

  •  

    Iron bar reinforced foundation piles are driven with a drilling machine, concrete pump, mixer-truck, and a specialized auger that allows pumping concrete through its axis while withdrawn.

  •  

    Fixed crane in a coal mine in Germany

  •  

    Caterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parked near a quarry in Israel

  •  

    Bucket wheel excavators in Garzweiler surface mine, Germany

  •  

    Wheel loader

  •  

    Grader cleaning and leveling

  •  

    Heavy duty excavator with large bucket equipped.

  •  

    Landfill compactor (tamping tip)

  •  

    Komatsu Dozer pushing coal on the job site

  •  

    A wheeled front loader tractor equipped with a large bucket elevated by hydraulic rams.

  •  

    Folded conveyor on a tracked grinder

Implements and hydromechanical work tools edit

Traction: Off-the-road tires and tracks edit

Main articles: Off-the-road tire and Caterpillar track
 
Continuous track (circa 1909)
 
Caterpillar track (circa 2009)

Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving machines, work for slow moving earthmoving machines, and load and carry for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on any construction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.

Heavy equipment operator edit

Main article: Heavy equipment operator

A heavy equipment operator drives and operates heavy equipment used in engineering and construction projects.[7][8] Typically only skilled workers may operate heavy equipment, and there is specialized training for learning to use heavy equipment.

Much publication about heavy equipment operators focuses on improving safety for such workers. The field of occupational medicine researches and makes recommendations about safety for these and other workers in safety-sensitive positions.

Equipment cost edit

Due to the small profit margins on construction projects it is important to maintain accurate records concerning equipment utilization, repairs and maintenance. The two main categories of equipment costs are ownership cost and operating cost.[9]

Ownership cost edit

To classify as an ownership cost an expense must have been incurred regardless of if the equipment is used or not. These costs are as follows:

Depreciation can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text:

m = some year in the future

N = equipment useful life (years)

and Dn = Annual depreciation amount

Dn = purchase price / N

Book value (BV) in year m

BVm = purchase price – (m x Dn)

example:

N = 5

purchase price = $350,000

m = 3 years from now

BV3 = $350,000 – ( 3 x $350,000/5) = $140,000

Operating cost edit

For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the equipment. These costs are as follows:[10]

  • tires
  • 3rd party service contract
  • replacement of high-wear items

The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a minor repair. A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life, while a minor repair is normal maintenance. How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used. Some firms will charge only major repairs to the equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project. Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded[citation needed] as it can impact the bidding strategies of their competition. In a company with multiple semi-independent divisions, the equipment department often wants to classify all repairs as "minor" and charge the work to a job – therefore improving their 'profit' from the equipment.

Models edit

Main article: Model construction vehicle

Die-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers. These are typically in 1:50 scale. The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles.

Notable manufacturers edit

The largest 10 construction equipment manufacturers in 2020 based on revenue data of top 50 manufacturers published by KHL Group [12]

No. Company Country CE sales (million USD) Share of total
1 Caterpillar   United States 32,882 16.2%
2 Komatsu   Japan 23,298 11.5%
3 John Deere   United States 11,220 5.5%
4 XCMG   China 11,162 5.5%
5 Sany   China 10,956 5.4%
6 Volvo Construction Equipment   Sweden 9,381 4.6%
7 Hitachi Construction Machinery   Japan 8,989 4.4%
8 Liebherr    Switzerland 8,565 4.2%
9 Doosan Infracore   South Korea 6,689 3.3%
10 Zoomlion   China 6,270 3.1%


Other manufacturers include:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Haycraft, William R. (2011). "History of Construction Equipment". Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 137 (10): 720–723. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000374.
  2. ^ Lambert, Fred (January 29, 2019). "Caterpillar unveils an all-electric 26-ton excavator with a giant 300 kWh battery pack". Electrek. Wright’s Media. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  3. ^ McLoud, Don (April 24, 2020). "Volvo CE gets $2M grant to test electric excavator, loader in California". Equipment World. Randall-Reilly. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  4. ^ Gruver Doyle, Marcia (November 18, 2019). "Liebherr's prototype battery-powered LB 16 drilling rig has 10-hour run time (VIDEO)". Equipment World. Randall-Reilly. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  5. ^ Rubenstone, Jeff (June 5, 2019). "Construction Equipment Goes Electric, But Hurdles Remain". Engineering News-Record. BNP Media. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  6. ^ "Caterpillar Announces Acquisition of Robotic Expertise". Caterpillar. June 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  7. ^ U.S. Department of Labor – Occupational Outlook Handbook
  8. ^ V. J. Davies, Ken Tomasin (1996). Construction Safety Handbook. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2519-X.
  9. ^ Peurifoy & Schexnayder "Construction Planning Equipment, and Methods" McGraw Hill 6th edition ISBN 0-07-232176-8, 2002.
  10. ^ Bartholomew, S.H. "Estimating and Bidding for Heavy Construction" CSU Chico, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-598327-4, 2000
  11. ^ "Heavy Equipment parts catalog". AGA Parts. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  12. ^ ""World's top 50 OEMs ranked". International Construction May 2020: page 22" (PDF).

External links edit

  •   Media related to Heavy equipment at Wikimedia Commons

November 15, 2023
heavy, equipment, heavy, machinery, redirects, here, other, uses, heavy, machinery, disambiguation, earthmover, redirects, here, other, uses, earthmover, disambiguation, further, information, equipment, heavy, machinery, earthmovers, construction, vehicles, co. Heavy machinery redirects here For other uses see Heavy machinery disambiguation Earthmover redirects here For other uses see Earthmover disambiguation Further information Equipment Heavy equipment heavy machinery earthmovers construction vehicles or construction equipment refers to heavy duty vehicles specially designed to execute construction tasks most frequently involving earthwork operations or other large construction tasks Heavy equipment usually comprises five equipment systems the implement traction structure power train and control information Heavy equipment vehicles of various types parked near a highway construction siteHeavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BC when the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius described a crane in De architectura when it was powered via human or animal labor Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied making tasks which could take hundreds of people and weeks of labor without heavy equipment far less intensive in nature Some equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion The word plant in this context has come to mean any type of industrial equipment including mobile equipment e g in the same sense as powerplant However plant originally meant structure or establishment usually in the sense of factory or warehouse premises as such it was used in contradistinction to movable machinery e g often in the phrase plant and equipment Contents 1 History 1 1 From horses through steam and diesel to electric and robotic 2 Types 2 1 Images 3 Implements and hydromechanical work tools 4 Traction Off the road tires and tracks 5 Heavy equipment operator 6 Equipment cost 6 1 Ownership cost 6 2 Operating cost 7 Models 8 Notable manufacturers 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksHistory editFurther information History of construction and History of steam road vehicles nbsp Wheel Loaders and other industrial trucks parkedThe use of heavy equipment has a long history the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius 1st century BCE gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise De architectura The pile driver was invented around 1500 The first tunnelling shield was patented by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1818 From horses through steam and diesel to electric and robotic edit nbsp horse drawn Fresno scraper digging water supply ditch nbsp A portable engine a precursor to modern engineering vehicles nbsp An early gasoline powered tractor nbsp Heavy equipment circa 1922Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power With the advent of portable steam powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines such as the combine harvester The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into a new machine core traction engine that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller During the 20th century internal combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment Kerosene and ethanol engines were used but today diesel engines are dominant Mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery The early 20th century also saw new electric powered machines such as the forklift Caterpillar Inc is a present day brand from these days starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company The first mass produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917 The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the 1901 Lombard Steam Log Hauler The use of tracks became popular for tanks during World War I and later for civilian machinery like the bulldozer The largest engineering vehicles and mobile land machines are bucket wheel excavators built since the 1920s Until almost the twentieth century one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine the hand shovel moved with animal and human powered sleds barges and wagons This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance usually a wheelbarrow or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal In antiquity an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket and masses of men were used to move earth to build civil works Builders have long used the inclined plane levers and pulleys to place solid building materials but these labor saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving which required digging raising moving and placing loose materials The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving then as now were an independent power source and off road mobility neither of which could be provided by the technology of that time 1 Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards and made containerization possible Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites Most of the major equipment manufacturers such as Caterpillar 2 Volvo 3 Liebherr 4 and Bobcat have released or have been developing fully or partially electric powered heavy equipment Commercially available models and R amp D models were announced in 2019 and 2020 5 Robotics and autonomy has been a growing concern for heavy equipment manufacturers with manufacturers beginning research and technology acquisition 6 A number of companies are currently developing Caterpillar and Bobcat or have launched Built Robotics commercial solutions to the market Types editThese subdivisions in this order are the standard heavy equipment categorization Track type Agricultural tractors Bulldozer Snowcat Skidder Track type tractors Bulldozer Tractor Military engineering vehiclesGrader GraderSkidSteer Skid steer loaderExcavator Amphibious excavator Compact excavator Dragline excavator Dredger Bucket wheel excavator Excavator digger Long reach excavator Power shovel Reclaimer Steam shovel Suction excavator Walking Excavator Trencher machine YarderBackhoe Backhoe Backhoe loaderTimber Feller buncher Harvester Skidder Track harvester Wheel forwarder Wheel skidderPipelayer Pipelayer sideboom Scraper Fresno scraper Scraper Wheel tractor scraper belly scraper Mining Construction amp mining tractor Construction amp mining trucks Mining equipment Haul truckArticulated Articulated hauler Articulated truckCompactor Wheel dozers soil compactors Soil stabilizerLoader Loader Skip loader skippy Wheel loader front loader integrated tool carrier Track loader Track loaderMaterial handler Aerial work platform Lift table Cherry picker Crane Block setting crane Bulk handling crane Crane vessel Container crane Gantry crane Overhead crane Electric overhead traveling crane Railroad crane Ring crane Level luffing crane Mobile crane Travel lift Forklift Grapple Truck amp Knuckleboom loader trailer mount Straddle carrier Sidelifter Reach stacker Telescopic handlersPaving Asphalt paver Asphalt plant Cold planer Cure rig Paver Pavement milling Pneumatic tire compactor Roller road roller or roller compactor Slipform paver Vibratory compactor CompactorUnderground Roadheader Tunnel boring machine Underground mining equipmentHydromatic tool Ballast tamper Attachments Drilling rig Earth auger Pile driver Rotary tiller rototiller rotovator Hydraulic machineryHighway Dump truck Highway 10 yard rear dump Highway bottom dump stiff pup belly train triple Highway end dump and side dump Highway transfer Transfer train Highway transit mixer Lowboy trailer Street sweeper Images edit nbsp The Caterpillar D10N bulldozer evolved from tracked type tractors and is characterized by a steel blade attached to the front that is used to push other equipment and construction materials such as earth nbsp The bucket excavator Komatsu PC210 LC nbsp The wheel trencher MARAIS SMC 200 R nbsp Iron bar reinforced foundation piles are driven with a drilling machine concrete pump mixer truck and a specialized auger that allows pumping concrete through its axis while withdrawn nbsp Fixed crane in a coal mine in Germany nbsp Caterpillar D9L bulldozer excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parked near a quarry in Israel nbsp Bucket wheel excavators in Garzweiler surface mine Germany nbsp Wheel loader nbsp Grader cleaning and leveling nbsp Heavy duty excavator with large bucket equipped nbsp Landfill compactor tamping tip nbsp Komatsu Dozer pushing coal on the job site nbsp A wheeled front loader tractor equipped with a large bucket elevated by hydraulic rams nbsp Folded conveyor on a tracked grinderMilitary engineering vehicles nbsp The militarized Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer allows for earthmoving projects in a combat environment In the picture IDF Caterpillar D9R nbsp The militarized Huta Stalowa Wola backhoe loader in Poland which is subsidiary of LiuGong China nbsp Military scraper nbsp PiPz Dachs armoured engineering vehicle of the German Army 2008 nbsp Temporary roads deployment complex during the Armiya 2021 exhibitionImplements and hydromechanical work tools editauger backhoe bale spear broom bulldozer blade clam shell bucket cold plane demolition shears equipment bucket excavator bucket forks grapple hydraulic hammer hoe ram hydraulics hydraulic tilting bucket 4 in 1 landscape tiller material handling arm mechanical pulverizer crusher multi processor pavement removal bucket pile driver power take off PTO quick coupler rake ripper rotating grab sheep s foot compactor skeleton bucket snow blower stump grinder stump shear thumb tiltrotator trencher vibratory plate compactor wheel sawTraction Off the road tires and tracks editMain articles Off the road tire and Caterpillar track nbsp Continuous track circa 1909 nbsp Caterpillar track circa 2009 Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements tires are used where greater speed or mobility is required An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost There are three types of off the road tires transport for earthmoving machines work for slow moving earthmoving machines and load and carry for transporting as well as digging Off highway tires have six categories of service C compactor E earthmover G grader L loader LS log skidder and ML mining and logging Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use on hard packed surface soft surface and rock Tires are a large expense on any construction project careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage Heavy equipment operator editMain article Heavy equipment operator A heavy equipment operator drives and operates heavy equipment used in engineering and construction projects 7 8 Typically only skilled workers may operate heavy equipment and there is specialized training for learning to use heavy equipment Much publication about heavy equipment operators focuses on improving safety for such workers The field of occupational medicine researches and makes recommendations about safety for these and other workers in safety sensitive positions Equipment cost editDue to the small profit margins on construction projects it is important to maintain accurate records concerning equipment utilization repairs and maintenance The two main categories of equipment costs are ownership cost and operating cost 9 Ownership cost edit To classify as an ownership cost an expense must have been incurred regardless of if the equipment is used or not These costs are as follows purchase expense salvage value tax savings from depreciation major repairs and overhauls property taxes insurance storage Depreciation can be calculated several ways the simplest is the straight line method The annual depreciation is constant reducing the equipment value annually The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy amp Schexnayder text m some year in the futureN equipment useful life years and Dn Annual depreciation amount Dn purchase price NBook value BV in year m BVm purchase price m x Dn example N 5purchase price 350 000m 3 years from now BV3 350 000 3 x 350 000 5 140 000Operating cost edit For an expense to be classified as an operating cost it must be incurred through use of the equipment These costs are as follows 10 F O G fuel lubricants lube oils filters oil air fuel hydraulic and grease repairs repair parts 11 repair labor tires 3rd party service contract replacement of high wear itemsThe biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a minor repair A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life while a minor repair is normal maintenance How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used Some firms will charge only major repairs to the equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded citation needed as it can impact the bidding strategies of their competition In a company with multiple semi independent divisions the equipment department often wants to classify all repairs as minor and charge the work to a job therefore improving their profit from the equipment Models editMain article Model construction vehicle Die cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers These are typically in 1 50 scale The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and NZG in Germany even for US vehicles Notable manufacturers editThe largest 10 construction equipment manufacturers in 2020 based on revenue data of top 50 manufacturers published by KHL Group 12 No Company Country CE sales million USD Share of total1 Caterpillar nbsp United States 32 882 16 2 2 Komatsu nbsp Japan 23 298 11 5 3 John Deere nbsp United States 11 220 5 5 4 XCMG nbsp China 11 162 5 5 5 Sany nbsp China 10 956 5 4 6 Volvo Construction Equipment nbsp Sweden 9 381 4 6 7 Hitachi Construction Machinery nbsp Japan 8 989 4 4 8 Liebherr nbsp Switzerland 8 565 4 2 9 Doosan Infracore nbsp South Korea 6 689 3 3 10 Zoomlion nbsp China 6 270 3 1 Other manufacturers include Atlas Copco BEML Limited Bobcat Company Case Construction Equipment Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant CNH Global Demag Fiat Allis HEPCO HIAB Hidromek Hyundai Heavy Industries Ingersoll Rand JCB Kubota Kobelco LiuGong MARAIS Navistar International Corporation NCK New Holland Track Marshall Orenstein and Koppel GmbH O amp K Paccar Poclain Rototilt Shantui ST Kinetics Takeuchi Manufacturing Wacker Neuson Yanmar ZoomlionSee also editConstruction equipment theft Non road engine Associated Equipment Distributors the trade association for heavy equipment distributorsReferences edit Haycraft William R 2011 History of Construction Equipment Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 137 10 720 723 doi 10 1061 ASCE CO 1943 7862 0000374 Lambert Fred January 29 2019 Caterpillar unveils an all electric 26 ton excavator with a giant 300 kWh battery pack Electrek Wright s Media Retrieved July 14 2020 McLoud Don April 24 2020 Volvo CE gets 2M grant to test electric excavator loader in California Equipment World Randall Reilly Retrieved July 14 2020 Gruver Doyle Marcia November 18 2019 Liebherr s prototype battery powered LB 16 drilling rig has 10 hour run time VIDEO Equipment World Randall Reilly Retrieved July 14 2020 Rubenstone Jeff June 5 2019 Construction Equipment Goes Electric But Hurdles Remain Engineering News Record BNP Media Retrieved July 14 2020 Caterpillar Announces Acquisition of Robotic Expertise Caterpillar June 2020 Retrieved July 14 2020 U S Department of Labor Occupational Outlook Handbook V J Davies Ken Tomasin 1996 Construction Safety Handbook Thomas Telford ISBN 0 7277 2519 X Peurifoy amp Schexnayder Construction Planning Equipment and Methods McGraw Hill 6th edition ISBN 0 07 232176 8 2002 Bartholomew S H Estimating and Bidding for Heavy Construction CSU Chico Upper Saddle River NJ Prentice Hall ISBN 0 13 598327 4 2000 Heavy Equipment parts catalog AGA Parts Retrieved 2020 09 30 World s top 50 OEMs ranked International Construction May 2020 page 22 PDF External links edit nbsp Media related to Heavy equipment at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Heavy equipment amp oldid 1181289018, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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