Caen
Caen (/kɒ̃, kɑːn/, French: [kɑ̃] (listen); Norman: Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the department of Calvados. The city proper has 105,512 inhabitants (as of 2018[update]), while its functional urban area has 470,000,[3] making Caen the second largest urban area in Normandy and the 19th largest in France.[4] It is also the third largest commune in all of Normandy after Le Havre and Rouen.[5][6]
Caen Kaem (Norman) | |
|---|---|
Prefecture and commune | |
View of the Abbaye aux Hommes; The Abbaye aux Dames; Saint-Pierre Church; Rue Froide in the old town | |
Coat of arms | |
Caen Caen | |
| Coordinates: 49°11′N 0°22′W / 49.18°N 0.37°WCoordinates: 49°11′N 0°22′W / 49.18°N 0.37°W | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Calvados |
| Arrondissement | Caen |
| Canton | Caen-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
| Intercommunality | Caen la Mer |
| Government | |
| • Mayor (2020–2026) | Joël Bruneau[1] (LR) |
| Area 1 | 25.70 km2 (9.92 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 173.6 km2 (67.0 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,597 km2 (1,003 sq mi) |
| Population (Jan. 2019)[2] | 106,230 |
| • Density | 4,100/km2 (11,000/sq mi) |
| • Urban (2018[3]) | 205,708 |
| • Urban density | 1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi) |
| • Metro (2018[3]) | 469,526 |
| • Metro density | 180/km2 (470/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Caennais |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 14118 /14000 |
| Elevation | 2–73 m (6.6–239.5 ft) (avg. 8 m or 26 ft) |
| Website | www.caen.fr |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
It is located 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) inland from the English Channel, 200 kilometres (120 miles) north-west of Paris, and connected to the south of England by the Caen (Ouistreham) to Portsmouth ferry route. Caen is located in the centre of its northern region, and it is a centre of political, economic, and cultural power. Located a few miles from the coast, the landing beaches, the bustling resorts of Deauville and Cabourg, as well as Norman Switzerland and Pays d'Auge, Caen is often considered the archetype of Normandy.
Caen is known for its historical buildings built during the reign of William the Conqueror, who was buried there, and for the Battle for Caen, heavy fighting that took place in and around Caen during the Battle of Normandy in 1944, destroying much of the city. The city has now preserved the memory by erecting a memorial and a museum dedicated to peace, the Mémorial de Caen.
Etymology
The first references to the name of Caen are found in different acts of the dukes of Normandy: Cadon 1021/1025,[7] Cadumus 1025,[8] Cathim 1026/1027.[9] Year 1070 of the Parker manuscript[10] of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refers to Caen as Kadum,[11] and year 1086 of the Laud manuscript[12] gives the name as Caþum.[13] Despite a lack of sources as to the origin of the settlements, the name Caen would seem to be of Gaulish origin, from the words catu-, referring to military activities and magos, field, hence meaning "manoeuvre field" or "battlefield".[14] In Layamon's Brut, the poet asserts that King Arthur named the city in memory of Sir Kay.[15]
History
Early history
Caen was known in Roman times as 'Catumagos', from the Gaulish roots magos meaning 'field' and catu meaning 'combat'. It remained a minor settlement throughout the Roman period and began to see major development commence in the 10th century, under the patronage of the Dukes of Normandy. Around 1060, William the Conqueror began construction of the Château de Caen, which became the centre of the ducal court. Duchess Matilda of Flanders also founded the Benedictine Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Caen around the same time, eventually being buried in the abbey. Caen succeeded Bayeux as the capital of Lower Normandy, complementing the second ducal capital of Rouen.
Caen fell to Philip II of France on 21 May 1204, and was incorporated along with the remainder of Normandy into the Kingdom of France.
Hundred Years' War
In 1346, King Edward III of England led his army against the city, hoping to loot it. It was expected that a siege of perhaps several weeks would be required, but the army took the city in less than a day, on 26 July 1346, storming and sacking it, killing 3,000 of its citizens, and burning much of the merchants' quarter on the Île Ste-Jean. Only the castle of Caen held out, despite attempts to besiege it. A few days later, the English left, marching to the east and on to their victory at the Battle of Crécy. It was later captured following a siege by Henry V in 1417 and treated harshly for being the first town to put up any resistance to his invasion. In 1450 towards the end of the war, French forces recaptured Caen.
Second World War
During the Battle of Normandy in the Second World War, Caen was taken back from German forces in early July, a month after the Normandy landings, particularly those by British I Corps on 6 June 1944. British and Canadian troops had intended to capture the town on D-Day. However they were held up north of the city until 9 July, when an intense bombing campaign during Operation Charnwood destroyed 70% of the city and killed 2,000 French civilians.[16] The Allies seized the western quarters, a month later than Field Marshal Montgomery's original plan. During the battle, many of the town's inhabitants sought refuge in the Abbaye aux Hommes ("Men's Abbey"), built by William the Conqueror some 800 years before. The spire of the Church of Saint-Pierre and the university were destroyed by British and Canadian bombing.
Postwar
Postwar work included the reconstruction of complete districts of the city and the university campus. It took 14 years (1948–1962) and led to the current urbanization of Caen. Having lost many of its historic quarters and its university campus in the war, Caen does not have the atmosphere of a traditional Norman town such as Honfleur, Rouen, Cabourg, Deauville or Bayeux.
The Canadian Army Film and Photo Unit filmed the D-Day offensive and Orne breakout several weeks later. It returned several months later to document the city's recovery efforts. The resulting film, You Can't Kill a City, is preserved in the National Archives of Canada.
Geography
Caen is in an area of high humidity. The river Orne flows through the city, as well as small rivers known as les Odons, most of which have been buried under the city to improve urban hygiene. Caen has a large flood zone, named "La prairie", located around the hippodrome, not far from the river Orne, which is regularly submerged.[17][18]
Caen is 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) from the Channel. A canal (Canal de Caen à la Mer) parallel to the Orne was built during the reign of Napoleon III to link the city to the sea at all times. The canal reaches the English Channel at Ouistreham. A lock keeps the tide out of the canal and lets large ships navigate up the canal to Caen's freshwater harbours.
Population
The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Caen proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Caen absorbed the former commune of Venoix in 1952.[19]
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| Source: EHESS[19] and INSEE (1968-2017)[20] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Main sights
Castle
The castle, Château de Caen, built c. 1060 by William the Conqueror, who successfully conquered England in 1066, is one of the largest medieval fortresses of Western Europe. It remained an essential feature of Norman strategy and policy. At Christmas 1182, a royal court celebration for Christmas in the aula of Caen Castle brought together Henry II and his sons, Richard the Lionheart and John Lackland, receiving more than a thousand knights. Caen Castle, along with all of Normandy, was handed over to the French Crown in 1204. The castle saw several engagements during the Hundred Years' War (1346, 1417, 1450) and was in use as a barracks as late as the Second World War. Bullet holes are visible on the walls of the castle where members of the French Resistance were shot during the Second World War. Today, the castle serves as a museum that houses the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen (Museum of Fine Arts of Caen) and Musée de Normandie (Museum of Normandy) along with many periodical exhibitions about arts and history. (See . Archived from the original on 13 February 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2004.)
Abbeys
In repentance for marrying his cousin Mathilda of Flanders, William ordered two abbeys to be built on the Pope's encouragement:
- Eglise St.-Etienne, formerly the Abbaye aux Hommes (Men's Abbey). It was completed in 1063 and is dedicated to St Stephen. The current Hôtel de Ville (town hall) of Caen is built onto the South Transept of the building.
- Eglise de la Ste.-Trinité, formerly the Abbaye aux Dames (Women's Abbey). It was completed in 1060 and is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The current seat of the regional council (conseil régional) of Basse-Normandie is nearby.
Others
- Jardin botanique de Caen, a historic botanical garden
- Church of Saint-Pierre
- Church of Saint-Étienne-le-Vieux
- Church of Saint-Jean de Caen
- Mémorial pour la Paix ("Memorial for Peace") built in 1988, a museum charting the events leading up to and after D-Day. It is an emotional presentation inviting meditation on the thought of Elie Wiesel: "Peace is not a gift from God to man, but a gift from man to himself". The Memorial for Peace also includes an exhibit of Nobel Peace Prize winners and another one on Conflict Resolution in different cultures.
- Parc Festyland, an amusement park to the west of Caen in the nearby town of Carpiquet. The park receives 110,000 visitors every year.
- Mondeville 2 is a regional shopping centre in adjoining Mondeville.
- Medieval wooden houses[21]
- Colline aux Oiseaux, a floral parc located on the former dump of the city of Caen[22][23]
Administration
Mayors of Caen have included:
- 1945–1959: Yves Guillou, Rally of the French People
- 1959–1970: Jean-Marie Louvel, MRP and Centre Démocrate
- 1970–2001: Jean-Marie Girault, Republican Party and UDF
- 2001–2008: Brigitte Le Brethon, RPR and UMP
- 2008–2014: Philippe Duron, PS
- 2014–present: Joël Bruneau, The Republicans
Joël Bruneau was re-elected mayor in the 2020 municipal elections.[1]
In 1952, the small commune of Venoix became part of Caen.[19]
In 1990, the agglomeration of Caen was organized into a district, transformed in 2002 into a Communauté d'agglomération (Grand Caen (Greater Caen), renamed Caen la Mer in 2004), gathers 29 towns and villages, including Villons-les-Buissons, Lion-sur-Mer, Hermanville-sur-Mer, which joined the Communauté d'agglomération in 2004. The population of the "communauté d'agglomération" is around 220,000 inhabitants.
In the former administrative organisation, Caen was a part of 9 cantons, of which it was the chief town. These cantons contained a total of 13 towns. Caen gave its name to a 10th canton, of which it was not part. Since the 2015 canton reorganization, Caen is part of the cantons of Caen-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.[24]
Transport
Public transport
Urban transport network
Twisto is the urban transport network of Caen, including about sixty bus lines and 3 tramway lines.[25] The present tram network officially opened on 27 July 2019 replacing the Caen Guided Light Transit (French: TVR de Caen but known locally as the "tram"), a guided trolleybus network which operated from 2002 to 2017, which was closed due to reliability issues. The city previously had a tramway which operated from 1860 to 1937.
Rail
.
Caen also had several main and branch railway lines linking Caen railway station (French: Gare de Caen) to all parts of Normandy with lines to Paris, Vire, Flers, Cabourg, Houlgate, Deauville, Saint-Lô, Bayeux and Cherbourg.
Now the SNCF operates the Paris-Caen-Cherbourg, Caen-Rouen, Caen-Le Mans-Tours, Caen-Rennes services and some others small lines,[26] while Railcoop will soon open new lines such as Lille-Amiens-Rouen-Caen-Rennes-Nantes and Paris-Caen-Brest making Caen railway station its north-western hub.[27]
Caen station is the second busiest in Normandy, after Rouen station.
Air transport
Caen - Carpiquet Airport is the biggest airport in Normandy considering the number of passengers and flights that it serves every year. Most flights are operated by HOP!, Volotea and the French national airline Air France operates flights to the French cities of Lyon, Nice, Toulouse, Montpellier, Marseille, Biarritz, Ajaccio, Figari, Bastia and Calvi.[28]
Water transport
Caen is served by the large port of Ouistreham, lying at the mouth of the Caen Canal where it meets the English Channel. A cruise/ferry service operates between Portsmouth, England, and Caen/Ouistreham running both standard roll-on-roll-off car ferries and supercat fast ferries, with the latter making crossing from March to November. The ferry terminal is 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) from Caen with a daytime shuttle bus service for foot passengers. There is also a cyclist road from Caen to Ouistreham.[29]
Road transport
Caen is connected to the rest of France by motorways to Paris (A13), Brittany and Southern France (A84) and to Le Mans and central France (A88–A28). The A13 and A88 are toll roads while the A84 is a toll-free motorway. The city is encircled by the N814 ring-road (Boulevard Périphérique) that was completed in the late 1990s. The N13 connects Caen to Cherbourg and to Paris. A section of the former N13 (Caen-Paris) is now D613 (in Calvados) following road renumbering. The Boulevard Périphérique includes an impressive viaduct called the Viaduc de Calix that goes over the canal and River Orne. The canal links the city to the sea to permit cargo ships and ferries to dock in the port of Caen. Ferries which have docked include the Quiberon and the Duc de Normandie.
Education
- The University of Caen has around 34,000 students in five different campuses and Caen is ranked 18th biggest student city of France. The University has a good reputation as it is ranked 16th in France.[30]
- The University is divided into 11 colleges, called UFR (Unité fondamentale de Recherche), six institutes, one Engineering School, two IUP and five local campuses. The University is one of the oldest in France, having been founded by Henry VI, King of England in 1432.
- Caen also has a school of fine arts L'ésam Caen/Cherbourg and grandes écoles such as the École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Caen and École supérieure d'ingénieurs des travaux de la construction de Caen.
- A campus of the business school École de management de Normandie is also located in the city.
Economy
The agricultural and food-processing Agrial cooperative has its head office on Caen. Agrial group processes vegetables, cider apples, milk, poultry and meat with the help of its 12,000 employees and all its partners.[31]
Music and theatre
The Théâtre de Caen (1963) is the home of the Baroque musical ensemble Les Arts Florissants. The organization was founded by conductor William Christie in 1979 and derives its name from the 1685 opera by Marc-Antoine Charpentier.
Notable people
Caen was the birthplace or origin of:
Public service
- Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester (ca.1090–1147), illegitimate son of Henry I of England.[32]
- Robert Constantin (ca.1530 – 1605), physician, bibliographer, lexicographer and humanist.
- Samuel Bochart (1599–1667 in Caen), Protestant biblical scholar, taught Pierre Daniel Huet.[33]
- St. John Eudes (1601–1680), Catholic priest, forerunner of the devotion to the Sacred Heart.[34]
- Tanneguy Le Fèvre (1615–1672), classical scholar.[35]
- Pierre Daniel Huet (1630–1721), churchman and scholar.[36]
- Gervais de La Rue (1751–1835), historian, re. Norman language and Anglo-Norman literature
- Louis Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant (1764–1853), politician.[37]
- Charlotte Corday (1768–1793), guillotined for the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat
- Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen (1769–1832), a French general.[38]
- Eugène Poubelle (1831–1907), lawyer and diplomat, introduced waste containers to Paris
- Charles-Hippolyte Pouthas (1886–1974), historian of political and religious history
- Marie-Pierre Kœnig (1898–1970), Maréchal de France, commanded the Free French at the Battle of Bir Hakeim
- Claude Hettier de Boislambert (1906-1986), Resistance leader, governor, politician, diplomat
- Ovida Delect (1926–1996), poet, Communist, politician, member of the French resistance in WWII and a trans woman.
- Sonia de La Provôté (born 1968), member of the French Senate
- Fabrice Le Vigoureux (born 1969), member of the National Assembly
The Arts
- Jean Bertaut (1552–1611), poet of light verse to celebrate the incidents of court life.[39]
- François de Malherbe (1555 at Le Locheur – 1628), poet, critic and translator.[40]
- François le Métel de Boisrobert (1592–1662), poet, playwright and courtier.[41]
- Jean François Sarrazin (ca.1611 at Hermanville – 1654), a French writer.[42]
- René Auguste Constantin de Renneville (1650–1723), writer.[43]
- Jean-Baptiste Belin (1653–1715), painter who specialized in flowers.
- François Henri Turpin (1709–1799), man of literature.[44]
- J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur (1735–1813), French-American writer
- Jean-Jacques Boisard (1744–1833), writer who specialized in fables
- Jean-François Boisard (1762–1820), painter and poet.
- Daniel Auber (1782–1871), composer and director of the Paris Conservatoire.[45]
- Étienne Mélingue (1807–1875), actor, sculptor and painter.[46]
- Jules Danbé (1840–1905), a violinist, composer and conductor, mainly of opera.
- Gabriel Dupont (1878–1914), composer of operas and chamber music.
- Roger Grenier (1919–2017), writer, journalist and radio animator.
- Alain Duhamel (born 1940), journalist and political commentator.
- Jean-Loup Rivière (1948–2018), playwright and drama critic.
- Laure Adler (born 1950), journalist, writer, publisher and radio/TV producer.
- Christophe Desjardins (born 1962), a viola player and specialist in contemporary music.
- Olivier Baroux (born 1964), actor, comedian, writer and director
- Gilles Peterson (born 1964), DJ, record collector, record label owner; lives in London
- Laurent Lefrançois (born 1974), French contemporary composer
- Orelsan (born 1982), rapper, songwriter, record producer, actor and film director
- Seb Toussaint (born 1988), street artist and painter
Science and business
- Pierre Varignon (1654–1722), mathematician, he invented the U-tube manometer
- Estienne Roger (ca.1664 – 1722), printer, bookseller and publisher of sheet music
- Paul Jacques Malouin (1701–1778), physician and chemist.
- Guillaume-François Rouelle (1703 at Mathieu – 1770), chemist and apothecary.[47]
- Louis Lépecq de La Clôture (1736-1804), surgeon and epidemiologist.
- Pierre-Simon Girard (1765–1836), mathematician and engineer, worked on fluid mechanics.
- Hippolyte-Victor Collet-Descotils (1773–1815), chemist; discovered iridium in 1803.
- Jacques Amand Eudes-Deslongchamps (1794–1867), naturalist and palaeontologist.[48]
- Eugène Eudes-Deslongchamps (1830–1889), paleontologist and naturalist
- Jules Lair (1836–1907), businessman, paleographer, historian and antiquary
- André-Louis Danjon (1890–1967), astronomer, measured the earthshine on the moon
- René Herse (1908–1976), builder of high-quality touring, randonneur and racing bicycles.
- Jean-Yves Marin (born 1955), archeologist, medievalist and chief curator of French heritage.
- Pierre Denis (born 1964) businessman, CEO of Jimmy Choo Ltd, 2012-2020.
Sport
- René Menzies (ca.1889 – ca.1971), long-distance cycling record holder
- Jean-Pierre Jaussaud (1937–2021), racing driver, won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1978 and 1980.
- Jean-François Ballester (1965–2018), figure skater, gold medallist at the 2018 Winter Olympics
- Corinne Lagache (born 1975), former football goalkeeper with 27 caps with France women
- Bruno Grougi (born 1983), a former footballer with 451 club caps and 3 for Martinique
- Jérémy Sorbon (born 1983), a former footballer with 518 club caps
- Benoît Costil (born 1987), footballer with over 480 club caps and 1 for France
- Youssef El-Arabi (born 1987), footballer with over 400 club caps and 46 for Morocco
- Bruno Massot (born 1989), pair skater, gold medallist at the 2018 Winter Olympics
International relations
- Alexandria, United States
- Nashville, United States
- Ohrid, North Macedonia
- Portsmouth, England, United Kingdom
- Reșița, Romania
- Thiès, Senegal
- Würzburg, Germany
- Anzio, Italy [50]
Sport
From 1947 to 2006, Caen was a stage of the Tour de France a total of 15 times.[51] Further, Caen was one of the hosts of the EuroBasket 1983. The city has a football team, SM Caen. The Drakkars de Caen play ice hockey in the FFHG Division 1. In 2014, Caen was the location of the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games.
Symbols
Heraldry
Current arms:
Gules, a single-towered open castle Or, windowed and masoned sable.
Under the Ancien Régime: Per fess, gules and azure, 3 fleurs de lys Or.
During the First French Empire: Gules, a single-towered castle Or, a chief of Good Imperial Cities (gules, 3 bees Or).
- Arms in effect under Ancien Régime.
- Arms in effect under the First French Empire.
- Arms in effect today, reverting to the original arms of the 13th century.
Motto
Today, Caen has no motto, but it used to have one, which did not survive the French Revolution. As a result, its spelling is archaic and has not been updated:[53]
Un Dieu, un Roy, une Foy, une Loy.
(One God, one King, one Faith, one Law.)
This motto is reflected in a notable old Chant royal.[54]
Code
Caen's home port code is CN.
Climate
Caen has an oceanic climate that is somewhat ameliorated due to its slightly inland position. In spite of this, summers are still cool by French standards and the climate is typically maritime in terms of high precipitation, relatively modest sunshine hours and mild winters.
| Climate data for Caen (CFR), elevation: 67 m (220 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1945–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) | 20.8 (69.4) | 24.4 (75.9) | 26.6 (79.9) | 30.4 (86.7) | 35.2 (95.4) | 39.7 (103.5) | 38.9 (102.0) | 33.5 (92.3) | 28.9 (84.0) | 21.6 (70.9) | 17.2 (63.0) | 39.7 (103.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) | 8.6 (47.5) | 11.5 (52.7) | 13.6 (56.5) | 17.1 (62.8) | 20.1 (68.2) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.8 (73.0) | 20.1 (68.2) | 16.1 (61.0) | 11.5 (52.7) | 8.3 (46.9) | 15.1 (59.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) | 5.5 (41.9) | 7.8 (46.0) | 9.5 (49.1) | 12.8 (55.0) | 15.8 (60.4) | 17.8 (64.0) | 18.0 (64.4) | 15.6 (60.1) | 12.4 (54.3) | 8.4 (47.1) | 5.7 (42.3) | 11.2 (52.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 2.6 (36.7) | 2.4 (36.3) | 4.2 (39.6) | 5.3 (41.5) | 8.5 (47.3) | 11.0 (51.8) | 13.1 (55.6) | 13.2 (55.8) | 11.1 (52.0) | 8.7 (47.7) | 5.3 (41.5) | 3.0 (37.4) | 7.4 (45.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −19.6 (−3.3) | −16.5 (2.3) | −7.4 (18.7) | −5.7 (21.7) | −0.8 (30.6) | 1.0 (33.8) | 4.7 (40.5) | 4.0 (39.2) | 1.8 (35.2) | −3.7 (25.3) | −6.8 (19.8) | −11.0 (12.2) | −19.6 (−3.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 66.1 (2.60) | 52.4 (2.06) | 55.6 (2.19) | 50.4 (1.98) | 62.6 (2.46) | 57.9 (2.28) | 52.6 (2.07) | 51.2 (2.02) | 60.8 (2.39) | 77.6 (3.06) | 74.6 (2.94) | 78.1 (3.07) | 739.9 (29.13) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.0 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 9.5 | 12.1 | 12.7 | 13.6 | 125.7 |
| Average snowy days | 3.4 | 3.8 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 13.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86 | 84 | 82 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 83 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 83 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 69.6 | 84.3 | 125.6 | 167.3 | 193.7 | 213.5 | 207.1 | 204.4 | 167.2 | 117.8 | 79.4 | 61.4 | 1,691.2 |
| Source 1: Meteo France[55][56] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)[57] | |||||||||||||
Gallery
Hôtel d'Escoville, 16th century, Caen
South Wall of the Castle, a huge fortress in the centre of the city
Town Hall of Caen
Caen's former 'tramway' was in fact a modern guided-bus system.
Saint-Étienne-le-Vieux Church
Interior of Saint-Pierre Church
The fortress of Caen
The Abbey of St. Étienne
Église Saint Pierre seen from in front of the Château
See also
- Stade Malherbe Caen – Professional French association football team based in Caen
- Caen stone – Limestone quarried near Caen, France
- Communes of the Calvados department
References
- ^ a b "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
- ^ "Populations légales 2019". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.
- ^ a b c Comparateur de territoire, INSEE, retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ INSEE. "France par aire d'attraction des villes - Population municipale 2019 >> Tableau". Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ "La Normandie compte 3 339 131 habitants" (in French). paris-normandie.fr. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
- ^ "Grande Normandie : combien d'habitants dans votre commune ?" (in French). Retrieved 22 March 2018.
- ^ Marie Fauroux, Recueil des actes des ducs de Normandie (911–1066), Mémoires de la Société des antiquaires de Normandie XXXVI, Caen, 1961, p. 122, n° 32.
- ^ Ibid., p. 130, n° 34.
- ^ Villam que dicitur Cathim super fluvium Olne: the town called Cathim on the Orne river, ibid., p. 182, n° 58.
- ^ . Asc.jebbo.co.uk. 15 August 2007. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
- ^ Her Landfranc se þe wæs abbod an Kadum com to Ængla lande: Here Lanfranc who was abbot at Caen came to England.
- ^ Manuscript E: The Laud Chronicle 12 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine – Asc.jebbo.co.uk
- ^ He swealt on Normandige on þone nextan dæg æfter natiuitas sancte Marie. 7-man bebyrgede hine on Caþum æt sancte Stephanes mynstre: He [King William] died in Normandy on the day after the Nativity of St Mary and was buried in Caen, in St Stephen's Abbey
- ^ René Lepelley, Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de communes de Normandie, P.U.C., Corlet, Caen, Condé-sur-Noireau, 1996
- ^ Brut, l. 13,936
- ^ "Mémorial des victimes civiles 1944 en Basse-Normandie". Crhq.cnrs.fr. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ^ "La Prairie de Caen". CAEN (in French). Retrieved 23 March 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "EN IMAGES. Caen : inondations autour de la Prairie". Ouest-France.fr (in French). Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ a b c Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Caen, EHESS. (in French)
- ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
- ^ . Office de Tourisme de Caen (in French). Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ . CAEN (in French). Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ "La colline aux oiseaux, l'un des plus grand parc et jardins de Cae". Site officiel du tourisme dans le Calvados (in French). Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ "Décret n° 2014-160 du 17 février 2014 portant délimitation des cantons dans le département du Calvados | Legifrance". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
- ^ Twisto - Les Mobilités de Caen la mer
- ^ Normandie. Derniers ajustements pour les nouveaux horaires des trains en 2020
- ^ Avec Railcoop, deux nouvelles lignes de train passeront par la Manche
- ^ Air France va proposer 5 destinations depuis Caen-Carpiquet en 2022
- ^ Voie Verte
- ^ Aurelie (28 March 2022). "Etudier à Caen". Paris, je te quitte (in French). Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ (PDF). Agrial Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
- ^ Davis, Henry William Carless (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). p. 130.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 106.
- ^ "CatholicSaints.Info » Blog Archive » Saint John Eudes".
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 372.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 855–856.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 63–64.
- ^ Rose, John Holland (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). p. 907.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 811.
- ^ Saintsbury, George (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). p. 488.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 154.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 204–205.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 100–101.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 482.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 889.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 94–95.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 768.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 796.
- ^ "Nouvelle coopération internationale pour Caen" (PDF). caen.fr (in French). CaenMag. 15 September 2019. p. 12. (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- ^ "Gemellaggio dal 2019 tra Anzio e la città di Caen". 14 May 2018.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 13 July 2016.
- ^ Cabinet du maire de Caen
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2 January 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ "Chant royal - Pierre GRINGOIRE - Vos poèmes - Poésie française - Tous les poèmes - Tous les poètes". www.bonjourpoesie.fr.
- ^ . Meteo France. 6 August 2019. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
- ^ "CAEN–CARPIQUET (14)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
- ^ (in French). Infoclimat. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
Bibliography
- Joseph Decaëns and Adrien Dubois (ed.), Caen Castle. A ten Centuries Old Fortress within the Town, Publications du CRAHM, 2010, ISBN 978-2-902685-75-2,
External links
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 936.
- Caen City Council 6 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
- (in French). Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - Encyclopædia Britannica Caen
- Caen town guide