West Makian (also known by the endonymMoi[2]: 104 ) is a divergent North Halmahera language of Indonesia. It is spoken on the coast near Makian Island, and on the western half of that island.
West Makian has been strongly influenced by a neighboring Austronesian language or languages to the extent that it was once classified as Austronesian, as East Makian (Taba) still is. As a family-level isolate, it is not closely related to any other language.[3][4] A brief description of the language can be found in Voorhoeve (1982). Much influence comes from Taba, as well as Malay, Ternate, Dutch, and potentially Portuguese.[1]
West Makian has 5 or 6 vowels: /a, e, ə, i, o/, and /u/,[1] with /ə/ not recorded by Watuseke.[5] Voorhoeve states that /ə/ is only found in Indonesian loans.
/ɲ/ is found almost exclusively in Indonesian loanwords. The only original Moi word with /ɲ/ is /miɲe/ - 'one.'
Consonant clusters are found almost entirely in the middle of words, with a few occurring word-initially during continuous speech. The majority of words have stress on the penultimate syllable, with a few having it on the syllable before or the last syllable. Stress is primarily phonemic.
There are two types of sentence intonation so far observed. One involves the tone rising sharply then sometimes falling again, a pattern used in emphatic imperatives and sometimes in questions. The other pattern is a sharp drop at the end of the sentence, used for declarative sentences and non-emphatic imperatives.
In general, for an element CV (consonant-vowel) the pattern is as follows:
West Makian vowel harmony
the form
precedes initial
example
Ca-
(C)a
fV- + abo = faabo fV- + dadi = fadadi
Ce-
(C)e
tV- + bebe = tebebe
Ce-
Ci
dV + pigir = de pigir
Ci-
i
tV- + i = tii
Co-
(C)o, (C)u
dV- + co = doco
However, there are many exceptions. The stative verb gei ("to be dead") takes prefixes fa- (fagei, "to kill") and ma- (magei, "to die") instead of the expected fe- and me-. The directional verbs (naso "to go to", no "to come", etc.) and the verb am ("to eat") take only verbal prefixes of the form Ci (tiam "I eat", minaso "we go to", etc.). Stative verbs are identical to directionals in terms of verbal prefixes, with the exception of the 3rd person singular, which is i- for inanimates and ma- (no vowel harmony) for animates. Additionally, in the imperative, the 2nd singular (nV-) and 2nd plural (fV-) prefixes simply assimilate to the next vowel: the verb uba ("carry") produces nuuba ("you carry it!"), fuuba ("you all carry it!").
References
^ abcdVoorhoeve, C. L. (1982). "The Makian languages and their neighbours". www.language-archives.org. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
^Klamer, Marian; Ger Reesink; and Miriam van Staden. 2008. East Nusantara as a Linguistic Area. In Pieter Muysken (ed.), From linguistic areas to areal linguistics, 95-149. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
^Gary Holton, Marian Klamer (2018), "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head", in Bill Palmer (ed.), The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide, The World of Linguistics, vol. 4, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 569–640, ISBN978-3-11-028642-7
^Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (2018). (21 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2018-06-23.
^Watuseke, F. S. (1976). "West Makian, a Language of the North-Halmahera Group of the West-Irian Phylum" (PDF).
Bibliography
Gary Holton, Marian Klamer (2018), "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head", in Bill Palmer (ed.), The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide, The World of Linguistics, vol. 4, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 569–640, ISBN978-3-11-028642-7
Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (2018). (21 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2018-06-23.
January 06, 2023
west, makian, language, confused, with, language, papua, west, makian, also, known, endonym, divergent, north, halmahera, language, indonesia, spoken, coast, near, makian, island, western, half, that, island, west, makianmoinative, toindonesiaregionwestern, pa. Not to be confused with Moi language Papua West Makian also known by the endonym Moi 2 104 is a divergent North Halmahera language of Indonesia It is spoken on the coast near Makian Island and on the western half of that island West MakianMoiNative toIndonesiaRegionWestern part of Makian island and much of Kayoa Native speakers 12 000 cited 1977 1 Language familyWest Papuan North HalmaheraWest MakianLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code mqs class extiw title iso639 3 mqs mqs a Glottologwest2600ELPMoi Maluku Indonesia West Makian has been strongly influenced by a neighboring Austronesian language or languages to the extent that it was once classified as Austronesian as East Makian Taba still is As a family level isolate it is not closely related to any other language 3 4 A brief description of the language can be found in Voorhoeve 1982 Much influence comes from Taba as well as Malay Ternate Dutch and potentially Portuguese 1 Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Vowels 1 2 Consonants 1 3 Vowel harmony 2 References 3 BibliographyPhonology EditVowels Edit West Makian has 5 or 6 vowels a e e i o and u 1 with e not recorded by Watuseke 5 Voorhoeve states that e is only found in Indonesian loans Front Central BackClose i uMid e e oOpen aConsonants Edit Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m n ɲ ŋPlosive voiceless p t c kvoiced b d ɟ gFricative ɸ hApproximant l Trill r ɲ is found almost exclusively in Indonesian loanwords The only original Moi word with ɲ is miɲe one Consonant clusters are found almost entirely in the middle of words with a few occurring word initially during continuous speech The majority of words have stress on the penultimate syllable with a few having it on the syllable before or the last syllable Stress is primarily phonemic There are two types of sentence intonation so far observed One involves the tone rising sharply then sometimes falling again a pattern used in emphatic imperatives and sometimes in questions The other pattern is a sharp drop at the end of the sentence used for declarative sentences and non emphatic imperatives Vowel harmony Edit West Makian makes use of regressive vowel harmony 1 which affects the vowels of several prefixes the possessive marker and a preposition Specifically they affect the prefixes fa ma and fala the verbal subject prefixes ta na ma fa and da the possessive marker da and the lative ablative and locative preposition ta In general for an element CV consonant vowel the pattern is as follows West Makian vowel harmony the form precedes initial exampleCa C a fV abo faabofV dadi fadadiCe C e tV bebe tebebeCe Ci dV pigir de pigirCi i tV i tiiCo C o C u dV co docoHowever there are many exceptions The stative verb gei to be dead takes prefixes fa fagei to kill and ma magei to die instead of the expected fe and me The directional verbs naso to go to no to come etc and the verb am to eat take only verbal prefixes of the form Ci tiam I eat minaso we go to etc Stative verbs are identical to directionals in terms of verbal prefixes with the exception of the 3rd person singular which is i for inanimates and ma no vowel harmony for animates Additionally in the imperative the 2nd singular nV and 2nd plural fV prefixes simply assimilate to the next vowel the verb uba carry produces nuuba you carry it fuuba you all carry it References Edit a b c d Voorhoeve C L 1982 The Makian languages and their neighbours www language archives org Retrieved 2019 01 30 Klamer Marian Ger Reesink and Miriam van Staden 2008 East Nusantara as a Linguistic Area In Pieter Muysken ed From linguistic areas to areal linguistics 95 149 Amsterdam John Benjamins Gary Holton Marian Klamer 2018 The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird s Head in Bill Palmer ed The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area A Comprehensive Guide The World of Linguistics vol 4 Berlin De Gruyter Mouton pp 569 640 ISBN 978 3 11 028642 7 Gary F Simons Charles D Fennig 2018 Makian West 21 ed Dallas Texas SIL International Ethnologue Archived from the original on 2018 06 23 Watuseke F S 1976 West Makian a Language of the North Halmahera Group of the West Irian Phylum PDF Bibliography EditGary Holton Marian Klamer 2018 The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird s Head in Bill Palmer ed The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area A Comprehensive Guide The World of Linguistics vol 4 Berlin De Gruyter Mouton pp 569 640 ISBN 978 3 11 028642 7 Gary F Simons Charles D Fennig 2018 Makian West 21 ed Dallas Texas SIL International Ethnologue Archived from the original on 2018 06 23 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title West Makian language amp oldid 1065928636, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
