In Brazil the highest concentration of Wapishana speakers are in the municipalities of Cantá and Bonfim, the Serra da Lua region, where it has been recognized as an official language since 2014.[3]
External pressures have diminished the use of Wapishana among younger generations, and it wasn't until 1987 that Wapishana was used as the teaching language in Indigenous schools of the language community. In 2009, Roraima Federal University created an extension program for learning Wapishana.[3] In Guyana, there are organizations for language preservation, such as Wapichan Wadauniinao Ati'o[4]
Many plants and animals endemic to the region are only known in Wapishana, and the language has a distinct system of taxonomy. An example is the three classes of plants, karam’makau, wapaurib bau and wapananinau, which are indicative of the "cultivation criteria" of the indigenous people. Karam’makau represents plants collected in the wild, whereas wapaurib bau is the plants that have been domesticated and often bear names based on the location or farmer of origin. Cassava, a foodstuff of major importance to indigenous people of the region, has a "bewildering variety of names" in Wapishana. Wapananinau are plants with magical properties, and have important functions for shamans of the traditional beliefs.[3]
Relation to other indigenous languagesedit
Kaufman (1994) considered Wapishana, Atorada, and Mapidian to be dialects. Aikhenvald (1999) separates Mawayana/Mapidian/Mawakwa (considered as a single language) from Wapishana, and she includes them in a Rio Branco branch. Ethnologue notes that Atorada has 50% lexical similarity with Wapishana and 20% with Mapidian, and that Wapishana and Mapidian share 10%.[1] Ramirez (2020) considers Atorai to be a dialect of Wapishana.[5]: 33
Wapishana and Pemon, a Cariban language, have borrowed heavily from each other due to intensive mutual contact.[5]
^ abWapixana at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ abcMeira, Sérgio. 2019. A Study of the Genetic Relation between Mawayana and Wapishana (Arawakan Family). Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas (RBLI), vol. 2, no. 1 (Jan.-Jun. 2019), pp. 70-104.
^ abcMachado, Ananda; de Pinho, Rachel Camargo (2020), Leal Filho, Walter; King, Victor T.; Borges de Lima, Ismar (eds.), "Biodiversity and Knowledge Associated with the Wapishana People's Language: An Ethnolinguistic-Territorial and Conservation Case Study in the Amazon", Indigenous Amazonia, Regional Development and Territorial Dynamics: Contentious Issues, The Latin American Studies Book Series, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 357–373, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29153-2_15, ISBN978-3-030-29153-2, retrieved 2021-03-15
^"Wapishana Writers' Workshops and Literacy Tutor Training". SIL International. 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
^ abRamirez, Henri (2020). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados. Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Curitiba: Editora CRV. doi:10.24824/978652510234.4. ISBN978-65-251-0234-4.
^Manoel, Gomes dos Santos. Uma gramatica do Wapixana (Aruak) : aspectos da fonologia, da morfologia e da sintaxe. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. OCLC 697755100.
Bibliographyedit
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). "The Arawak language family". In Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; Dixon, R.M.W. (eds.). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–106.
Tracy, Frances V. (1974). "An Introduction to Wapishana Verb Morphology". International Journal of American Linguistics. 40 (2): 120–125. doi:10.1086/465294. S2CID 143605341.
External linksedit
Wapishana dictionary The Intercontinental Dictionary Series
January 01, 1970
wapishana, language, wapishana, wapixana, arawakan, language, guyana, brazil, spoken, over, people, both, sides, guyana, brazil, border, wapixananative, toguyana, brazilethnicitywapishananative, speakers13, 2000, language, familyarawakan, northernwapishanan, b. Wapishana Wapixana is an Arawakan language of Guyana and Brazil It is spoken by over 13 000 people on both sides of the Guyana Brazil border 2 WapixanaNative toGuyana BrazilEthnicityWapishanaNative speakers13 000 2000 1 Language familyArawakan NorthernWapishanan Rio Branco WapixanaLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code wap class extiw title iso639 3 wap wap a Glottologwapi1253ELPWapixana In Brazil the highest concentration of Wapishana speakers are in the municipalities of Canta and Bonfim the Serra da Lua region where it has been recognized as an official language since 2014 3 External pressures have diminished the use of Wapishana among younger generations and it wasn t until 1987 that Wapishana was used as the teaching language in Indigenous schools of the language community In 2009 Roraima Federal University created an extension program for learning Wapishana 3 In Guyana there are organizations for language preservation such as Wapichan Wadauniinao Ati o 4 Contents 1 Cultural importance 2 Relation to other indigenous languages 3 Phonology 3 1 Consonants 3 2 Vowels 4 Morphology 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksCultural importance editMany plants and animals endemic to the region are only known in Wapishana and the language has a distinct system of taxonomy An example is the three classes of plants karam makau wapaurib bau and wapananinau which are indicative of the cultivation criteria of the indigenous people Karam makau represents plants collected in the wild whereas wapaurib bau is the plants that have been domesticated and often bear names based on the location or farmer of origin Cassava a foodstuff of major importance to indigenous people of the region has a bewildering variety of names in Wapishana Wapananinau are plants with magical properties and have important functions for shamans of the traditional beliefs 3 Relation to other indigenous languages editKaufman 1994 considered Wapishana Atorada and Mapidian to be dialects Aikhenvald 1999 separates Mawayana Mapidian Mawakwa considered as a single language from Wapishana and she includes them in a Rio Branco branch Ethnologue notes that Atorada has 50 lexical similarity with Wapishana and 20 with Mapidian and that Wapishana and Mapidian share 10 1 Ramirez 2020 considers Atorai to be a dialect of Wapishana 5 33 Wapishana and Pemon a Cariban language have borrowed heavily from each other due to intensive mutual contact 5 Phonology editConsonants edit Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ voiced b ɖ ɡ Affricate tʃ Nasal m n ɲ Fricative s ʐ ʃ Tap ɽ Semivowel w j Consonants b ɖ ʐ in final position are heard as voiceless p ʈ ʂ 6 Vowels edit Front Central Back Close i iː ɨ ɨː u uː Open a aːMorphology editWapishana personal affixes 2 singular plural 1st person n m na wa wi 2st person ɨ i i ɨ wiko 3st person ɾ ɨ iʔ sɨ na nu 3rd person refl a Wapishana verbal affixes 2 thematic ta ɗa ɓa present e reciprocal a ka adjectival ɾe keReferences edit a b Wapixana at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required a b c Meira Sergio 2019 A Study of the Genetic Relation between Mawayana and Wapishana Arawakan Family Revista Brasileira de Linguas Indigenas RBLI vol 2 no 1 Jan Jun 2019 pp 70 104 a b c Machado Ananda de Pinho Rachel Camargo 2020 Leal Filho Walter King Victor T Borges de Lima Ismar eds Biodiversity and Knowledge Associated with the Wapishana People s Language An Ethnolinguistic Territorial and Conservation Case Study in the Amazon Indigenous Amazonia Regional Development and Territorial Dynamics Contentious Issues The Latin American Studies Book Series Cham Springer International Publishing pp 357 373 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 29153 2 15 ISBN 978 3 030 29153 2 retrieved 2021 03 15 Wapishana Writers Workshops and Literacy Tutor Training SIL International 2012 09 12 Retrieved 2021 03 15 a b Ramirez Henri 2020 Enciclopedia das linguas Arawak acrescida de seis novas linguas e dois bancos de dados Vol 3 1 ed Curitiba Editora CRV doi 10 24824 978652510234 4 ISBN 978 65 251 0234 4 Manoel Gomes dos Santos Uma gramatica do Wapixana Aruak aspectos da fonologia da morfologia e da sintaxe Universidade Estadual de Campinas OCLC 697755100 Bibliography editAikhenvald Alexandra Y 1999 The Arawak language family In Aikhenvald Alexandra Y Dixon R M W eds The Amazonian languages Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 65 106 Tracy Frances V 1974 An Introduction to Wapishana Verb Morphology International Journal of American Linguistics 40 2 120 125 doi 10 1086 465294 S2CID 143605341 External links editWapishana dictionary The Intercontinental Dictionary Series Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wapishana language amp oldid 1151204472, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
