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Walla Walla, Washington

Walla Walla is a city in Walla Walla County, Washington, where it is the largest city and county seat.[5] It had a population of 34,060 at the 2020 census,[2] estimated to have decreased to 33,927 as of 2021.[3] The population of the city and its two suburbs, the town of College Place and unincorporated Walla Walla East, is about 45,000.[6]

Walla Walla, Washington
City of Walla Walla
Reynolds–Day Building, Sterling Bank, and Baker Boyer Bank buildings in downtown Walla Walla
Location of Walla Walla, Washington
Coordinates: 46°3′54″N 118°19′49″W / 46.06500°N 118.33028°W / 46.06500; -118.33028Coordinates: 46°3′54″N 118°19′49″W / 46.06500°N 118.33028°W / 46.06500; -118.33028
CountryUnited States
StateWashington
CountyWalla Walla
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager
 • BodyCity council
 • MayorTom Scribner
 • City managerNabiel Shawa
Area
 • City13.88 sq mi (35.95 km2)
 • Land13.85 sq mi (35.86 km2)
 • Water0.03 sq mi (0.08 km2)
Elevation
942 ft (287 m)
Population
 • City34,060
 • Estimate 
(2021)[3]
33,927
 • Density2,376.14/sq mi (917.42/km2)
 • Urban
55,805 (US: 464th)
 • Metro
62,682 (US: 382th)
Time zoneUTC−8 (PST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP Code
99362
Area code509
FIPS code53-75775
GNIS feature ID1512769[4]
Websitewallawallawa.gov

Walla Walla is in the southeastern region of Washington, approximately four hours away from Portland, Oregon, and four and a half hours from Seattle. It is located only 6 mi (10 km) north of the Oregon border.

History

Native history and early settlement

 
Old Mission, Waiilatpu

Walla Walla's history starts in 1806 when the Lewis and Clark expedition encountered the Walawalałáma (Walla Walla people) near the mouth of Walla Walla River. Other inhabitants of the valley included the Liksiyu (Cayuse), Imatalamłáma (Umatilla), and Niimíipu (Nez Perce) indigenous peoples.[7] In 1818, Fort Walla Walla (originally Fort Nez Percés), a fur trading outpost run by Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), was established and operated as an important stopping point in Oregon Country.[8] Abandoned in 1855, it is now underwater behind the McNary Dam.[9]

On October 16, 1836,[10] after news of a Nez Perce[a] expedition to learn about Christianity and a deal was brokered between the Cayuse people for the use of the Waiilatpu region,[11][13][14][15] Calvinist missionaries Marcus and Narcissa Whitman established the Whitman Mission.[16][17] A deep distrust of the settlers was cultivated between the Cayuse and the settlers as the Whitmans struggled to convert the natives, failed to fulfill promises, and shifted their focus to whites passing through along the Oregon Trail.[16][17] In 1847, following a deadly measles outbreak, and reports of the Whitmans poisoning the Cayuse, the Whitmans were warned to leave the area because of the Cayuse custom of killing medicine men whose patients died. They refused to leave, and were killed by the Cayuse, along with 12 others.[16][18][17] The site was later designated as Whitman National Monument, a National Historic Site.[19]

Catholic missionaries also arrived in the 1840s, and the Catholic ceremonies resonated with the tribe.[9][10] On July 24, 1846 Pope Pius IX established the Diocese of Walla Walla. Augustin-Magloire Blanchet was appointed the first Bishop of Walla Walla, but fled shortly after the Whitman massacre. The Diocese of Walla Walla is now a titular see held by Witold Mroziewski, an auxiliary bishop of Brooklyn, New York.[20][21]

 
Fort Walla Walla - 1874

In 1855, the Walla Walla Treaty Council was held at Waiilatpu between the Washington Territorial Assembly and the tribal leaders of the surrounding area. Despite the indigenous people citing Tamanwit (natural law), the following year the natives agreed to surrender millions of acres of land for a native reservation and $150,000.[7][22][23][24] The Umatilla Indian Reservation's boundaries eventually shrunk to less than 200,000 of acreage.[25]

Founding

The Walla Walla treaty remained unratified for four years, during which time the conflict between the natives and settlers was increasing due to frontiersmen encroaching on the promised reservation and the Walla Walla and Umatilla peoples' refusal to move to the Umatilla Indian Reservation.[26][27] The United States Army established a presence in a series of military forts beginning in 1856. A community named "Steptoeville" grew around Fort Walla Walla, named for Lieutenant Colonel Edward Steptoe, and later his name was bestowed upon Steptoe, Washington.[8][28] The fort has since been restored with a museum about the early settlers' lives.[29][9][30]

Growth in the region was limited due to a ban on immigration to the area due to the constant warring with the natives from the Department of the Pacific's General John Ellis Wool, who was sympathetic to the natives.[26][31] In 1858, the department was split, leaving Washington territory under the command of General William S. Harney, who lifted the ban on October 31, 1858.[26][31] Thousands of pioneers swarmed to the area, creating a burgeoning farming and mining community.[32]

On March 15, 1859, Walla Walla county held its first county commission and election in the community's first church, St. Patrick's Church, which still serves as the city's parish.[33][34] Following the ratification of the Walla Walla treaty,[29][35][36] the commission voted to name the settlement Walla Walla, on November 17, 1859[37] and the military carried out the forced displacement of the remaining natives, under the threat of hanging.[38][39]

 
Whitman College, Memorial Building, 1906

On December 20, 1859, the first educational charter was granted to Whitman Seminary, a high school, which opened on October 15, 1866. In 1882, the institution's name was changed to Whitman College, and the legislature issued a new educational charter as a four-year private college.[40]

The Mullan Road, the first wagon road to cross the Rocky Mountains into the Pacific Northwest, tied Walla Walla to more mining opportunities, and after gold was discovered in 1860, the area became the outfitting point for the Oro Fino, Idaho mines.[41][42] The nearest part of the road followed the modern approximate path from Spokane to Walla Walla via Interstate 90, U.S. Route 195, and U.S. Route 12.[43] The population swelled due to the gold rush, resulting in an unsuccessful proposal to Congress to split Walla Walla from Washington into its own territory.[44]

Gold rush and growth

 
Bird's eye view of Walla Walla, Washington Territory 1876

Walla Walla was incorporated on January 11, 1862.[45] The first election was held on April 1, 1862, and Judge Elias Bean Whitman, Marcus Whitman's cousin, was elected as the city's first mayor.[32][44][46][47] The population exploded over the following decade to 300% its size, making it the largest city in the territory, slating it to be the capital until cities surpassed it again, after it was bypassed by the transcontinental rail lines in the 1880's.[48][44][49]

During the 1860's, the city established its first businesses and community gathering spaces, a number of which served as the first in Pacific Northwest. The city's first newspaper was one of the first between Missouri and the Cascades, the Washington Statesman, was founded in 1861.[50][51][52] The first bank, Baker Boyer Bank, was the first in the state, was founded in 1869[53] by one of the city's first council members,[44] Dorsey Syng Baker and his brother-in-law John Franklin Boyer,[49][54][40][55] and as of March 2022, still served as the oldest bank in state.[56] The Pioneer Meat Market, run by partners John Dooley and William Kirkman, was opened during this time and remained there until they sold it to Christopher Ennis in 1882 and founded the Walla Walla Dressed Meat Company.[57][58][59][60]

One of the first brick buildings in the city was also Walla Walla's first store, Schwabacher Brothers Store on Main street, which served as the city's grocer, builder supply, and clothes shop. Sigmond Schwabacher, one of the brothers, also served in the city's council.[61] The city's first book store was opened in 1864, and an academic community formed around the city's book collection as the Calliopean Society and later incorporated as the Walla Walla Library Association.[62][63] The city also had one of the region's first breweries,[64] Emil Meyer's City Brewery,[65] that also served as a bakery.[66] Downtown also hosted a post office, several hotels, restaurants, a bathhouse and shaving saloon, a liquor store, a drugstore, and several manufactories.[66][67]

During the gold rush, large populations of Chinese settlers arrived in the city from Portland, Oregon, creating a neighborhood referred to as "Chinatown".[68] The Chinese settlers mainly worked in commerce, mining, and railroad contracts. After Mullan was unable to lobby the state to make Walla Walla a major railroad stop, and a fire in Chinatown destroyed most of the neighborhood, the immigrants left to find work elsewhere,[69][70] including Eng Ah King, who was informally known as the "mayor of Chinatown" for revitalizing Seattle's Chinatown.[71][72]

In 1886, while Washington was lobbying for statehood, local business man Levi Ankeny donated 160 acres of land to the city to serve as the site of a new prison. Legislators approved the site, and in 1887, the state began transferring prisoners to the Washington Territorial Prison from Saatco Prison, a privately-owned facility that was shut down in 1888 because of its poor living conditions.[73][74] The first inmate was a local, William Murphy, who was serving an 18-year sentence for manslaughter.[75] There have been many prison escapes attempted in the prison's history.[76][77][78][79] In 1887, the prison took in its first woman inmate, and had to improvise accommodations until a separate facility was built nearby.[73][80] When Washington became a state in 1889, the facility officially became the Washington State Penitentiary, but inmates nicknamed it "The Hill", "The Joint", "The Walls", and "The Pen".[73]

Agricultural center

 
Fruit farm and vineyard, 1890s

As the gold rush died out, the city developed into an agricultural center referred to as the "cradle of Pacific Northwest history",[44][49] and the "garden city",[67] a popular source for onions, apples, peas, and wine grapes.[29]

Italian settlers from Lonate Pozzolo and Calabria regions formed the core of the gardening industry, and settled in neighborhoods known as "Blalock" and the "South Ninth".[32][81][82] One of the main contributions of the Italians to Walla Walla commerce was their vineyards, and soon after, wine tasting rooms, the first two opening in the 1880's by Frank Orselli and Pasquale Saturno.[83][60] The Italian Walla Walla population was also responsible for growing Washington State's official vegetable,[84] the Walla Walla sweet onion.[32][81][82]

 
Wheat Field, Walla Walla, Washington, 1906

It was the technique of dryland farming, though, that made Walla Walla the region's breadbasket known for its wheat exports.[32][40] The cultivating of grains brought hundreds of Seventh-day Adventists (SDA) to the city, building Walla Walla College and the Walla Walla Sanitarium.[85][86] The SDA population was followed by hundreds of Volga Germans, whose Old Lutheran and Mennonite religions were connected to SDA in Prussia. The immigrants had relied on dryland farming of wheat crops in Volgograd, Russia.[87] The neighborhood built around the Russian-German immigrants is known as "Germantown" or "Russische Ecke (Russian Corner)" to locals, referring to the creek that runs through it as "Little Volga".[88] The area around Walla Walla College eventually incorporated as its own city, College Place, Washington.[89]

German immigrants also grew hops and the city was home to several breweries.[90][65] By the 1890s, wine, beer, liquor, and tobacco taxes accounted for 90% of the city's revenue,[67] but the alcohol industries died out with Prohibition in the United States.[65][91][92]

As the city became dependent on its wheat production, merchants in the town financed a railroad to Wallula, Washington, to connect Walla Walla to the Columbia river, completed in 1875.[93][32][40]

20th century

 
Baker Boyer Bank building, built in 1911

In 1911, Walla Walla adopted a mayor–council government referred to as a "commission" form of government. In 1954, after Sunnyside, Washington adopted another form of government, council–manager government, voted down a change to council-manager, but on November 4, 1959, the city's residents voted to adopt the government form.[44]

Walla Walla's second movie theater, American Theater, opened in 1917 showing The Law of Compensation, a Selznick Pictures film starring Norma Talmadge. The theater later was sold and renamed to Liberty, and eventually became a department store around the 1930s.[94] In 1990, became Walla Walla's first privately renovated building as a Bon-Macy's.[95][96][97] Bon-Macy's parent-company, Federated Department Stores, rebranded all of its subsidiaries to Macy's, which operated in the Liberty building until 2020.[98][99]

In 1927, the Real Estate Improvement Company of Seattle invested $300,000 toward the construction of the Marcus Whitman Hotel. The 174-room hotel was designed by Sherwood D. Ford and opened in 1928. It fell into disrepair in the 1960s, until it was restored in 1999 and re-opened in 2001.[32][100][67][101] As of March 2022, the hotel was still open.[102]

Mill Creek overflowed into Walla Walla and College Place on March 31, 1931, causing $1 million in damages. Community volunteers jury-rigged makeshift levees to divert water from buildings during the cleanup which cost roughly $100,000. The United States Army Corps of Engineers built the Mill Creek Dam and Bennington Lake in response to the disaster.[32][94][103] The dam and lake were instrumental in preventing damage from flooding in 1964, 1996, and 2020.[104]

During the Great Depression, a Canadian import duty cut off the main market for Walla Walla's fresh agriculture. John Grant Kelly, who owned the Walla Walla Union-Bulletin at the time, opened the area's first cannery, Walla Walla Canning Company. In 1939, Walla Walla produced roughly $5 million of the country's $30 million canned green pea industry, and TIME magazine referred to Kelly as the "Father of Peas".[105][32][106] Kelly also owned Church Grape Juice Company, a concord grape farm in Kennewick, Washington. Workers went on strike for better wages in September 1949, and Kelly had two employees arrested for speaking to the Tri-City Herald. Church was one of four juice companies in the region to be charged with violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 for price-fixing grapes. Welch's bought Church from Kelly in 1952.[107][108]

In 1936, Walla Walla and surrounding areas were struck by the magnitude 6.1 State Line earthquake. Residents reported hearing a moderate rumbling immediately before the shock. There was significant damage in the area, and aftershocks were felt for several months following.[109]

in the 1970s and 1980s, Leonetti Cellar, Woodward Canyon, L'Ecole 41, Waterbrook Winery and Seven Hills Winery pioneered a resurgence of Walla Walla's viticulture.[32][110][111]

In 1997, Gary Johnson founded the first brewery in Walla Walla since prohibition, Mill Creek Brewpub.[64]

21st century

In 2001, Walla Walla was a Great American Main Street Award winner for the transformation and preservation of its once dilapidated main street.[112] In July 2011, USA Today selected Walla Walla as the friendliest small city in the United States.[113] Walla Walla was also named Friendliest Small Town in America the same year as part of Rand McNally's annual Best of the Road contest. In 2012 and 2013 Walla Walla was a runner-up in the best food category for the Best of the Road.[114][115] Downtown Walla Walla was awarded a Great Places in America Great Neighborhood designation in 2012 by the American Planning Association.[116][117]

In the 2010s, Walla Walla's brewery industry experienced a revival.[118] The first hops farms since prohibition were planted in 2018,[92][119] and in 2019, Washington State Department of Corrections announced a plan to bring a vineyard and hopyard to Washington State Penitentiary, along with agricultural science education to prepare inmates for careers in the field. The program would offer inmates state-wide minimum wages, a practice only legally enforced by state law at private institutions.[120][121] The city hosted its first beer festival in February 2020.[122]

In 2017, and annually, Walla Walla's mayor signed a proclamation making the third Saturday of September "Adam West Day", to honor the actor who was born and raised in the city.[123][124][125][126] In 2020, the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but the organizers announced that the city approved the erection of a statue in West's honor and a GoFundMe fundraiser to cover the costs of the statue. The statue will be placed in Menlo Park on Alvarado Terrace, part of Historic Downtown Walla Walla.[127][128]

Etymology

Tourists to Walla Walla are often told that it is a "town so nice they named it twice".[129] The slogan was coined by Al Jolson, who had visited the city in the early 1900s in The Keylor Grand Theater. He had also said the same of New York City.[32] The quote referring to Walla Walla was in The Jolson Story, a musical about the entertainer's life.[130]

Some locals and Walla Walla natives often refer to the city in text form with "W2".[131]

Walla Walla is Nez Perce for "Place of Many Waters", because the original settlement was at the junction of the Snake and Columbia rivers.[29]

In popular culture

Walla Walla is humorously mentioned in Pogo in an alternate lyrical version of "Deck the Halls", a traditional Christmas carol.[132] Walla Walla is the location of the treasure in The Three Stooges film Cash and Carry.[133] In a Merrie Melodies short, Transylvania 6-5000, "Walla Walla, Washington" is a magic word that can transform Count Bloodcount.[134] Walla Walla is also the hometown of several fictional companies in other Merrie Melodies shorts, including A Mouse Divided, The High and the Flighty, and This Is a Life?[135][136][137]

Geography and climate

Walla Walla is located in the Walla Walla Valley, with the rolling Palouse hills and the Blue Mountains to the east of town. Various creeks meander through town before combining to become the Walla Walla River, which drains into the Columbia River about 30 miles (50 km) west of town. The city lies in the rain shadow of the Cascade Mountains, so annual precipitation is fairly low.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.84 square miles (33.26 km2), of which 12.81 square miles (33.18 km2) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2) is water.[138][139]

Walla Walla has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate according to the Köppen climate classification system (Köppen: Csa). It is one of the northernmost locations in North America to qualify as having such a climate. In contrast to most other locations having this climate type in North America, Walla Walla can experience fairly cold winter conditions, though they are still relatively mild for its latitude and inland location.

Climate data for Walla Walla, Washington (Walla Walla Regional Airport), 1991–2020 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 70
(21)
75
(24)
79
(26)
96
(36)
100
(38)
116
(47)
114
(46)
114
(46)
104
(40)
89
(32)
80
(27)
68
(20)
116
(47)
Average high °F (°C) 41.9
(5.5)
46.5
(8.1)
55.8
(13.2)
62.5
(16.9)
71.4
(21.9)
79.0
(26.1)
90.1
(32.3)
88.6
(31.4)
78.5
(25.8)
63.4
(17.4)
49.2
(9.6)
41.0
(5.0)
64.0
(17.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 36.3
(2.4)
39.7
(4.3)
46.8
(8.2)
52.5
(11.4)
60.4
(15.8)
67.0
(19.4)
76.3
(24.6)
75.2
(24.0)
66.2
(19.0)
53.9
(12.2)
43.9
(6.6)
35.6
(2.0)
54.3
(12.4)
Average low °F (°C) 30.7
(−0.7)
32.9
(0.5)
37.8
(3.2)
42.5
(5.8)
49.3
(9.6)
55.1
(12.8)
62.4
(16.9)
61.7
(16.5)
53.9
(12.2)
43.9
(6.6)
35.6
(2.0)
30.2
(−1.0)
44.7
(7.1)
Record low °F (°C) −18
(−28)
−16
(−27)
4
(−16)
20
(−7)
26
(−3)
36
(2)
40
(4)
42
(6)
32
(0)
19
(−7)
−11
(−24)
−24
(−31)
−24
(−31)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.10
(53)
1.59
(40)
2.11
(54)
1.98
(50)
2.07
(53)
1.24
(31)
0.47
(12)
0.40
(10)
0.64
(16)
1.66
(42)
2.25
(57)
2.23
(57)
18.74
(476)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 1.0
(2.5)
2.2
(5.6)
0.2
(0.51)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.1
(0.25)
0.3
(0.76)
2.7
(6.9)
6.5
(16.52)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 13.0 10.5 12.3 10.2 9.6 7.3 3.2 2.7 3.9 7.8 13.9 13.2 107.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 2.5 1.7 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.0 3.3 9.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 50.4 83.4 173.8 221.7 288.5 326.3 384.5 344.4 268.8 199.2 67.8 40.3 2,449.2
Percent possible sunshine 18.0 28.6 47.0 54.4 62.1 69.1 80.7 78.7 71.6 59.0 24.0 15.0 50.7
Source 1: NOAA[140][141]
Source 2: Weather.com[citation needed]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop.
18701,394
18803,588157.4%
18904,70931.2%
190010,049113.4%
191019,36492.7%
192015,503−19.9%
193015,9763.1%
194018,10913.4%
195024,10233.1%
196024,5361.8%
197023,619−3.7%
198025,6188.5%
199026,4783.4%
200029,68612.1%
201031,7316.9%
202034,0607.3%
2021 (est.)33,927[3]−0.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[142]
2020 Census[2]

2020 census

As of the census of 2020, there were 34,060 people and 12,414 householders residing in the city. The population density was 2,478.1 inhabitants per square mile (956.8/km2).[143]

2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 31,731 people, 11,537 households, and 6,834 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,477.0 inhabitants per square mile (956.4/km2). There were 12,514 housing units at an average density of 976.9 per square mile (377.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 81.6% White, 2.7% African American, 1.3% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 9.1% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.0% of the population.[143]

There were 11,537 households, of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.8% were other forms of households. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.10.[143]

The median age in the city was 34.4 years. 22% of residents were under the age of 18; 14.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.2% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.9% male and 48.1% female.[143]

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 29,686 people, 10,596 households, and 6,527 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,744.9 people per square mile (1,059.3/km2). There were 11,400 housing units at an average density of 1,054.1 per square mile (406.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.79% White, 2.58% African American, 1.05% Native American, 1.24% Asian, 0.23% Pacific Islander, 8.26% from other races, and 2.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.42% of the population.[143]

There were 10,596 households, of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were other forms of households. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.08.[143]

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 14.2% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 20.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.1 males.[143]

The median income for a household in the city was $31,855, and the median income for a family was $40,856. Men had a median income of $31,753 versus $23,889 for women. The per capita income for the city was $15,792. About 13.1% of families and 18.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.8% of those under the age of 18 and 10.5% of those aged 65 and older.[143]

Economy and infrastructure

Agriculture

 
A wheat field in Walla Walla, Washington

Though wheat is still a big crop, vineyards and wineries have become economically important over the last three decades.[144] In summer 2020, there were over 120 wineries in the greater Walla Walla area. Following the wine boom, the town has developed several fine dining establishments and luxury hotels. The Marcus Whitman Hotel, originally opened in 1928, was renovated with original fixtures and furniture. It is the tallest building in the city, at 13 stories.

 
Walla Walla Farmers Market

The Walla Walla Sweet Onion is another crop with a rich tradition. Over a century ago on the Island of Corsica, off the west coast of Italy, a French soldier named Peter Pieri found an Italian sweet onion seed and brought it to the Walla Walla Valley. Impressed by the new onion's winter hardiness, Pieri, and the Italian immigrant farmers who comprised much of Walla Walla's gardening industry, harvested the seed.[81][145][146]

The sweet onion developed over several generations through the process of selecting onions from each year's crop, targeting sweetness, size and round shape. The Walla Walla Sweet Onion is designated under federal law as a protected agricultural crop. In 2007 the Walla Walla Sweet Onion became Washington's official state vegetable.[147] There is also a Walla Walla Sweet Onion Festival, held annually in July. Walla Walla Sweet Onions have low sulfur content (about half that of an ordinary yellow onion) and are 90 percent water.

Walla Walla currently has two farmers markets, both held from May until October. The first is located on the corner of 4th and Main, and is coordinated by the Downtown Walla Walla Foundation. The other is at the Walla Walla County Fairgrounds on S. Ninth Ave, run by the Walla Walla Valley Farmer's Market.[148]

Wine industry

Walla Walla has experienced an expansion in its wine industry in recent decades, culminating in the area being named "Best Wine Region" in USA Today's Reader Choice Awards in both 2020 and 2021.[149][150] Several local wineries have received top scores from wine publications such as Wine Spectator, The Wine Advocate and Wine and Spirits. Although most of the early recognition went to the wines made from Merlot and Cabernet, Syrah is fast becoming a star varietal in this appellation.[151] Overall, there are more than 120 wineries in the Walla Walla area, which collectively generate over $100 million for the valley annually.[152][153]

Walla Walla Community College offers an associate degree (AAAS) in winemaking and grape growing through its Center for Enology and Viticulture, which operates its own commercial winery, College Cellars.[154]

One challenge to growing grapes in Walla Walla Valley is the risk of a killing freeze during the winter. On average these happen once every six or seven years; the penultimate occurrence (in 2004) destroyed about 75% of the wine grape crop in the valley. In November 2010 the valley was again hit with a killing frost, leading to a 28% decline in Cabernet Sauvignon production, a 20% decline in red grape production, and an overall decline in production of 11% (red and white varietals).[155]

Corrections industry

The second-largest prison in Washington, after nearby Coyote Ridge Corrections Center in Connell, is the Washington State Penitentiary (WSP) located in Walla Walla, at 1313 North 13th. Originally opened in 1886, it now houses about 2,000 offenders.[156] In addition, there are about 1000 staff members. In 2005, the financial benefit to the local economy was estimated to be about $55 million through salaries, medical services, utilities, and local purchases. In 2014, the penitentiary underwent an extensive expansion project to increase the prison capacity to 2,500 violent offenders and double the staff size.[157]

Until October 11, 2018, Washington was a death penalty state, and occasional executions took place at the state penitentiary; the last execution took place on September 10, 2010.[158][159] Washington was also one of the last two states to allow hanging as a choice when sentenced to death[160] (the other being New Hampshire); there has not been a hanging since May 1994 (the default method of execution was changed to lethal injection in 1996). Washington was the last state with an active gallows.[161] 80 executions were carried out at the prison between 1904 to 2010.[162]

The most notable inmate has been Gary Ridgway, a serial killer known as the "Green River killer", who was still incarcerated there as of November 2021.[163]

Healthcare

Walla Walla is served by two health care institutions: St. Mary Medical Center (part of the Catholic Providence Health System) and the Jonathan M. Wainwright Veteran's Affairs Medical Center on the grounds of the old Fort Walla Walla and World War II training facility.

Transportation

Transportation to Walla Walla includes service by air through Walla Walla Regional Airport, several railroads, and highway access primarily from U.S. Route 12. The Washington State Department of Transportation is engaged in a long-term process of widening this road into a four-lane divided highway between Pasco and Walla Walla, with major portions scheduled to be complete in 2022.[164] The highway also acts as the main gateway to Interstates 82 and 84, which run to the west and south, respectively.[165] State Route 125 runs through the city, north to State Route 124 in Prescott and south to Milton-Freewater, Oregon, becoming Oregon Highway 11 at the state line.[citation needed]

There are four major bus services in the area connecting the region's cities. Walla Walla and nearby College Place are served by Valley Transit, a typical multi-route city bus service. The city of Milton-Freewater, OR has a single-line bus service with several stops in town with two stops in College Place and five in Walla Walla. Travel Washington's Grape Line is a 104-mile (167 km) intercity service between Walla Walla and Pasco that runs three times a day. Finally, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation operates a Kayak bus to Pendleton, with four trips each weekday and two trips each Saturday via its Walla Walla Whistler route.[166]

 
Whitman Hotel at Rose and Second in the "Great Neighborhood"
 
Sterling Bank in one of the renovated buildings in the "Great Neighborhood"

Walla Walla Tours

 
Walla Walla Hot Air Balloon Tours (Seattle Ballooning)

Walla Walla has tours for adults and kids. Seattle Ballooning provides hot air balloon rides and tours over Walla Walla's most famous vineyards. There are also a variety of wine tours for tourists to enjoy.

Walla Walla Festivals

The Walla Walla Balloon Festival or otherwise known as the Walla Walla Balloon Stampede, is one of the oldest hot air balloon events in the US. The date changes each year but is either on Mother's Day Weekend or in Mid October.

Sports

Walla Walla is home of the Walla Walla Sweets, a summer collegiate baseball team that plays in the West Coast League. The league comprises college players and prospects working towards a professional baseball career. Teams are located in British Columbia, Oregon, Washington and Alberta. Sweets home games have been played at Borleske Stadium in Walla Walla, since their first season in 2010. In only their second season the Sweets played in the WCL Championship game, ultimately losing to the Corvallis Knights. In 2013, the Sweets won their first North Division title with the second best win–loss record in the WCL. The Sweets lost their North Division playoff series to the Wenatchee Applesox that year.

Walla Walla Drag Strip is an 1/8 mile dragstrip west of the Walla Walla Regional Airport. The dragstrip is located on an old runway of the airport.

There also is a women's flat track roller derby league called the Walla Walla Sweets Rollergirls, their practices and games are played at the Walla Walla YMCA.

Walla Walla is the location of Tour of Walla Walla, a four-stage road cycling race held annually in April. The races are held in Walla Walla and in the Palouse hills of nearby Waitsburg. The stages include two road races, a time trial, and a criterium race.[167]

The annual Walla Walla Marathon takes place in October and includes a full marathon, half-marathon, and 10k race. The full marathon is a Boston Marathon Qualifier.[168] The race route winds through the streets of the city of Walla Walla and the country roads outside of town, often running past several of the region's many estate vineyards.

Fine and performing arts

The Walla Walla Valley boasts a number of fine and performing arts organizations and venues.

  • The Walla Walla Valley Bands were formed in 1989 and currently boasts a Concert Band of more than 70 and two Jazz Ensembles. The group rehearses weekly on Tuesday nights at the Walla Walla Valley Adventist Academy in nearby College Place.
  • The Walla Walla Symphony began in 1907[169] and performs six to eight concerts from October - May. Its primary performance venue is Cordiner Hall on the campus of Whitman College. Other performance venues include the Gesa Power House Theatre and Walla Walla University Church.
  • The Walla Walla Chamber Music Festival is held twice a year and features guest musical ensembles playing classical chamber music in various small venues throughout town. The summer festival includes performances for almost the whole month of June. The winter festival is a small-scale version of the summer program, it is held in mid-January.[170]
  • Shakespeare Walla Walla is a non-profit organization that hosts a summer Shakespeare festival in Walla Walla. They often bring Shakespeare troupes from Seattle and elsewhere to perform about four plays per year. In the past this was done at the Fort Walla Walla Amphitheater, but more recently at the GESA Powerhouse Theatre.[171]
  • The GESA Powerhouse Theatre opened in 2011 in Walla Walla; it was originally the Walla Walla gas plant, hence its name. Its dimensions closely resemble the Blackfriars Theatre once used by William Shakespeare.[172] The venue is used by Shakespeare Walla Walla as well as host to various concerts and other performing arts events throughout the year.
  • The Little Theatre of Walla Walla began in 1944 and moved into its current building on Sumach St. in 1948 where it has performed various plays to this day.[173]
  • The Walla Walla Choral Society began in 1980 and performs a season of three or four concerts per year in various locations around the Walla Walla Valley.
  • Fort Walla Walla Amphitheater is a disused open-air stage with bench seating on the grounds of the Fort Walla Walla Park, next to Fort Walla Walla Museum. It formerly hosted Shakespeare Walla Walla productions and the Walla Walla Community College Summer Musical.
  • The Walla Walla Foundry was founded in 1980.[174]

In addition, the area's three colleges—Whitman College, Walla Walla University and Walla Walla Community College as well as its largest public high school—Walla Walla High School—stage theater and music performances.

Education

 
Whitman College Administration Building in fall 2010

Walla Walla is primarily served by Walla Walla Public Schools, which includes seven elementary schools (one is in Dixie, six of them are K-5 with one of these being PreK-5), two middle schools, one traditional high school (colloquially Wa-Hi), and two alternative high schools (Lincoln and Opportunity). There is also Homelink, an alternative K-8 education program which is a hybrid of homeschooling and public school programs.[175]

There are several private Christian schools in the area. These include:

In addition to these, there are three colleges in the area:

Sister cities

In 1972, Walla Walla established a sister city relationship with Sasayama (now named Tamba-Sasayama), Japan. The two cities have since named roads after their counterpart sister city. Walla Walla has also hosted exchange students from Tamba-Sasayama since 1994 for a two-week home-stay experience. Yearlong high school student exchanges between the cities have occurred several times in the past. Cultural/art exchanges involving music, dance, and various art mediums have also occurred. The Walla Walla Sister City Committee has been the recipient of the Washington State Sister City Association Peace Prize in 2011 and 2014 for their involvement in promoting peace, cultural understanding and friendship.[177][178][179]

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Some sources say that Flathead (Bitterroot Salish) delegates were sent, but the Nez Perce tribe has claimed all four delegates as belonging to their tribes. It has been suggested that "Flathead" was being used to describe the Nez Perce appearance, rather than the tribe.[11][12]

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Further reading

  • MacGibbon, Elma (1904). Leaves of knowledge. Shaw & Borden Co. Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection Elma MacGibbon's reminiscences of her travels in the United States starting in 1898, which were mainly in Oregon and Washington. Includes chapter "Walla Walla and southeastern Washington."
  • Bennett, Robert A. Walla Walla: Portrait of a Western Town, 1804–1899. Walla Walla: Frontier Press Books, c. 1980.
  • Gilbert, Frank T. Historic Sketches: Walla Walla, Columbia and Garfield Counties, Washington Territory. Portland, Oregon: A.G. Walling Printing

External links

  • City of Walla Walla
  • Walla Walla Valley Chamber of Commerce
  • Walla Walla Tourism
  • Walla Walla Community Indicators Project

walla, walla, washington, other, uses, walla, walla, walla, walla, city, walla, walla, county, washington, where, largest, city, county, seat, population, 2020, census, estimated, have, decreased, 2021, population, city, suburbs, town, college, place, unincorp. For other uses see Walla Walla Walla Walla is a city in Walla Walla County Washington where it is the largest city and county seat 5 It had a population of 34 060 at the 2020 census 2 estimated to have decreased to 33 927 as of 2021 3 The population of the city and its two suburbs the town of College Place and unincorporated Walla Walla East is about 45 000 6 Walla Walla WashingtonCityCity of Walla WallaReynolds Day Building Sterling Bank and Baker Boyer Bank buildings in downtown Walla WallaFlagLocation of Walla Walla WashingtonCoordinates 46 3 54 N 118 19 49 W 46 06500 N 118 33028 W 46 06500 118 33028 Coordinates 46 3 54 N 118 19 49 W 46 06500 N 118 33028 W 46 06500 118 33028CountryUnited StatesStateWashingtonCountyWalla WallaGovernment TypeCouncil manager BodyCity council MayorTom Scribner City managerNabiel ShawaArea 1 City13 88 sq mi 35 95 km2 Land13 85 sq mi 35 86 km2 Water0 03 sq mi 0 08 km2 Elevation942 ft 287 m Population 2020 2 City34 060 Estimate 2021 3 33 927 Density2 376 14 sq mi 917 42 km2 Urban55 805 US 464th Metro62 682 US 382th Time zoneUTC 8 PST Summer DST UTC 7 PDT ZIP Code99362Area code509FIPS code53 75775GNIS feature ID1512769 4 Websitewallawallawa govWalla Walla is in the southeastern region of Washington approximately four hours away from Portland Oregon and four and a half hours from Seattle It is located only 6 mi 10 km north of the Oregon border Contents 1 History 1 1 Native history and early settlement 1 2 Founding 1 3 Gold rush and growth 1 4 Agricultural center 1 5 20th century 1 6 21st century 2 Etymology 3 In popular culture 4 Geography and climate 5 Demographics 5 1 2020 census 5 2 2010 census 5 3 2000 census 6 Economy and infrastructure 6 1 Agriculture 6 2 Wine industry 6 3 Corrections industry 6 4 Healthcare 6 5 Transportation 6 6 Walla Walla Tours 6 7 Walla Walla Festivals 7 Sports 8 Fine and performing arts 9 Education 10 Sister cities 11 Notable people 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Walla Walla Washington Native history and early settlement Edit See also Tragedy at Waiilatpu and Whitman Mission National Historic Site Old Mission Waiilatpu Walla Walla s history starts in 1806 when the Lewis and Clark expedition encountered the Walawalalama Walla Walla people near the mouth of Walla Walla River Other inhabitants of the valley included the Liksiyu Cayuse Imatalamlama Umatilla and Niimiipu Nez Perce indigenous peoples 7 In 1818 Fort Walla Walla originally Fort Nez Perces a fur trading outpost run by Hudson s Bay Company HBC was established and operated as an important stopping point in Oregon Country 8 Abandoned in 1855 it is now underwater behind the McNary Dam 9 On October 16 1836 10 after news of a Nez Perce a expedition to learn about Christianity and a deal was brokered between the Cayuse people for the use of the Waiilatpu region 11 13 14 15 Calvinist missionaries Marcus and Narcissa Whitman established the Whitman Mission 16 17 A deep distrust of the settlers was cultivated between the Cayuse and the settlers as the Whitmans struggled to convert the natives failed to fulfill promises and shifted their focus to whites passing through along the Oregon Trail 16 17 In 1847 following a deadly measles outbreak and reports of the Whitmans poisoning the Cayuse the Whitmans were warned to leave the area because of the Cayuse custom of killing medicine men whose patients died They refused to leave and were killed by the Cayuse along with 12 others 16 18 17 The site was later designated as Whitman National Monument a National Historic Site 19 Catholic missionaries also arrived in the 1840s and the Catholic ceremonies resonated with the tribe 9 10 On July 24 1846 Pope Pius IX established the Diocese of Walla Walla Augustin Magloire Blanchet was appointed the first Bishop of Walla Walla but fled shortly after the Whitman massacre The Diocese of Walla Walla is now a titular see held by Witold Mroziewski an auxiliary bishop of Brooklyn New York 20 21 Fort Walla Walla 1874In 1855 the Walla Walla Treaty Council was held at Waiilatpu between the Washington Territorial Assembly and the tribal leaders of the surrounding area Despite the indigenous people citing Tamanwit natural law the following year the natives agreed to surrender millions of acres of land for a native reservation and 150 000 7 22 23 24 The Umatilla Indian Reservation s boundaries eventually shrunk to less than 200 000 of acreage 25 Founding Edit See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Walla Walla County WashingtonThe Walla Walla treaty remained unratified for four years during which time the conflict between the natives and settlers was increasing due to frontiersmen encroaching on the promised reservation and the Walla Walla and Umatilla peoples refusal to move to the Umatilla Indian Reservation 26 27 The United States Army established a presence in a series of military forts beginning in 1856 A community named Steptoeville grew around Fort Walla Walla named for Lieutenant Colonel Edward Steptoe and later his name was bestowed upon Steptoe Washington 8 28 The fort has since been restored with a museum about the early settlers lives 29 9 30 Growth in the region was limited due to a ban on immigration to the area due to the constant warring with the natives from the Department of the Pacific s General John Ellis Wool who was sympathetic to the natives 26 31 In 1858 the department was split leaving Washington territory under the command of General William S Harney who lifted the ban on October 31 1858 26 31 Thousands of pioneers swarmed to the area creating a burgeoning farming and mining community 32 On March 15 1859 Walla Walla county held its first county commission and election in the community s first church St Patrick s Church which still serves as the city s parish 33 34 Following the ratification of the Walla Walla treaty 29 35 36 the commission voted to name the settlement Walla Walla on November 17 1859 37 and the military carried out the forced displacement of the remaining natives under the threat of hanging 38 39 Whitman College Memorial Building 1906On December 20 1859 the first educational charter was granted to Whitman Seminary a high school which opened on October 15 1866 In 1882 the institution s name was changed to Whitman College and the legislature issued a new educational charter as a four year private college 40 The Mullan Road the first wagon road to cross the Rocky Mountains into the Pacific Northwest tied Walla Walla to more mining opportunities and after gold was discovered in 1860 the area became the outfitting point for the Oro Fino Idaho mines 41 42 The nearest part of the road followed the modern approximate path from Spokane to Walla Walla via Interstate 90 U S Route 195 and U S Route 12 43 The population swelled due to the gold rush resulting in an unsuccessful proposal to Congress to split Walla Walla from Washington into its own territory 44 Gold rush and growth Edit Bird s eye view of Walla Walla Washington Territory 1876Walla Walla was incorporated on January 11 1862 45 The first election was held on April 1 1862 and Judge Elias Bean Whitman Marcus Whitman s cousin was elected as the city s first mayor 32 44 46 47 The population exploded over the following decade to 300 its size making it the largest city in the territory slating it to be the capital until cities surpassed it again after it was bypassed by the transcontinental rail lines in the 1880 s 48 44 49 During the 1860 s the city established its first businesses and community gathering spaces a number of which served as the first in Pacific Northwest The city s first newspaper was one of the first between Missouri and the Cascades the Washington Statesman was founded in 1861 50 51 52 The first bank Baker Boyer Bank was the first in the state was founded in 1869 53 by one of the city s first council members 44 Dorsey Syng Baker and his brother in law John Franklin Boyer 49 54 40 55 and as of March 2022 still served as the oldest bank in state 56 The Pioneer Meat Market run by partners John Dooley and William Kirkman was opened during this time and remained there until they sold it to Christopher Ennis in 1882 and founded the Walla Walla Dressed Meat Company 57 58 59 60 One of the first brick buildings in the city was also Walla Walla s first store Schwabacher Brothers Store on Main street which served as the city s grocer builder supply and clothes shop Sigmond Schwabacher one of the brothers also served in the city s council 61 The city s first book store was opened in 1864 and an academic community formed around the city s book collection as the Calliopean Society and later incorporated as the Walla Walla Library Association 62 63 The city also had one of the region s first breweries 64 Emil Meyer s City Brewery 65 that also served as a bakery 66 Downtown also hosted a post office several hotels restaurants a bathhouse and shaving saloon a liquor store a drugstore and several manufactories 66 67 During the gold rush large populations of Chinese settlers arrived in the city from Portland Oregon creating a neighborhood referred to as Chinatown 68 The Chinese settlers mainly worked in commerce mining and railroad contracts After Mullan was unable to lobby the state to make Walla Walla a major railroad stop and a fire in Chinatown destroyed most of the neighborhood the immigrants left to find work elsewhere 69 70 including Eng Ah King who was informally known as the mayor of Chinatown for revitalizing Seattle s Chinatown 71 72 In 1886 while Washington was lobbying for statehood local business man Levi Ankeny donated 160 acres of land to the city to serve as the site of a new prison Legislators approved the site and in 1887 the state began transferring prisoners to the Washington Territorial Prison from Saatco Prison a privately owned facility that was shut down in 1888 because of its poor living conditions 73 74 The first inmate was a local William Murphy who was serving an 18 year sentence for manslaughter 75 There have been many prison escapes attempted in the prison s history 76 77 78 79 In 1887 the prison took in its first woman inmate and had to improvise accommodations until a separate facility was built nearby 73 80 When Washington became a state in 1889 the facility officially became the Washington State Penitentiary but inmates nicknamed it The Hill The Joint The Walls and The Pen 73 Agricultural center Edit Fruit farm and vineyard 1890s As the gold rush died out the city developed into an agricultural center referred to as the cradle of Pacific Northwest history 44 49 and the garden city 67 a popular source for onions apples peas and wine grapes 29 Italian settlers from Lonate Pozzolo and Calabria regions formed the core of the gardening industry and settled in neighborhoods known as Blalock and the South Ninth 32 81 82 One of the main contributions of the Italians to Walla Walla commerce was their vineyards and soon after wine tasting rooms the first two opening in the 1880 s by Frank Orselli and Pasquale Saturno 83 60 The Italian Walla Walla population was also responsible for growing Washington State s official vegetable 84 the Walla Walla sweet onion 32 81 82 Wheat Field Walla Walla Washington 1906 It was the technique of dryland farming though that made Walla Walla the region s breadbasket known for its wheat exports 32 40 The cultivating of grains brought hundreds of Seventh day Adventists SDA to the city building Walla Walla College and the Walla Walla Sanitarium 85 86 The SDA population was followed by hundreds of Volga Germans whose Old Lutheran and Mennonite religions were connected to SDA in Prussia The immigrants had relied on dryland farming of wheat crops in Volgograd Russia 87 The neighborhood built around the Russian German immigrants is known as Germantown or Russische Ecke Russian Corner to locals referring to the creek that runs through it as Little Volga 88 The area around Walla Walla College eventually incorporated as its own city College Place Washington 89 German immigrants also grew hops and the city was home to several breweries 90 65 By the 1890s wine beer liquor and tobacco taxes accounted for 90 of the city s revenue 67 but the alcohol industries died out with Prohibition in the United States 65 91 92 As the city became dependent on its wheat production merchants in the town financed a railroad to Wallula Washington to connect Walla Walla to the Columbia river completed in 1875 93 32 40 20th century Edit Baker Boyer Bank building built in 1911In 1911 Walla Walla adopted a mayor council government referred to as a commission form of government In 1954 after Sunnyside Washington adopted another form of government council manager government voted down a change to council manager but on November 4 1959 the city s residents voted to adopt the government form 44 Walla Walla s second movie theater American Theater opened in 1917 showing The Law of Compensation a Selznick Pictures film starring Norma Talmadge The theater later was sold and renamed to Liberty and eventually became a department store around the 1930s 94 In 1990 became Walla Walla s first privately renovated building as a Bon Macy s 95 96 97 Bon Macy s parent company Federated Department Stores rebranded all of its subsidiaries to Macy s which operated in the Liberty building until 2020 98 99 In 1927 the Real Estate Improvement Company of Seattle invested 300 000 toward the construction of the Marcus Whitman Hotel The 174 room hotel was designed by Sherwood D Ford and opened in 1928 It fell into disrepair in the 1960s until it was restored in 1999 and re opened in 2001 32 100 67 101 As of March 2022 update the hotel was still open 102 Mill Creek overflowed into Walla Walla and College Place on March 31 1931 causing 1 million in damages Community volunteers jury rigged makeshift levees to divert water from buildings during the cleanup which cost roughly 100 000 The United States Army Corps of Engineers built the Mill Creek Dam and Bennington Lake in response to the disaster 32 94 103 The dam and lake were instrumental in preventing damage from flooding in 1964 1996 and 2020 104 During the Great Depression a Canadian import duty cut off the main market for Walla Walla s fresh agriculture John Grant Kelly who owned the Walla Walla Union Bulletin at the time opened the area s first cannery Walla Walla Canning Company In 1939 Walla Walla produced roughly 5 million of the country s 30 million canned green pea industry and TIME magazine referred to Kelly as the Father of Peas 105 32 106 Kelly also owned Church Grape Juice Company a concord grape farm in Kennewick Washington Workers went on strike for better wages in September 1949 and Kelly had two employees arrested for speaking to the Tri City Herald Church was one of four juice companies in the region to be charged with violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 for price fixing grapes Welch s bought Church from Kelly in 1952 107 108 In 1936 Walla Walla and surrounding areas were struck by the magnitude 6 1 State Line earthquake Residents reported hearing a moderate rumbling immediately before the shock There was significant damage in the area and aftershocks were felt for several months following 109 in the 1970s and 1980s Leonetti Cellar Woodward Canyon L Ecole 41 Waterbrook Winery and Seven Hills Winery pioneered a resurgence of Walla Walla s viticulture 32 110 111 In 1997 Gary Johnson founded the first brewery in Walla Walla since prohibition Mill Creek Brewpub 64 21st century Edit In 2001 Walla Walla was a Great American Main Street Award winner for the transformation and preservation of its once dilapidated main street 112 In July 2011 USA Today selected Walla Walla as the friendliest small city in the United States 113 Walla Walla was also named Friendliest Small Town in America the same year as part of Rand McNally s annual Best of the Road contest In 2012 and 2013 Walla Walla was a runner up in the best food category for the Best of the Road 114 115 Downtown Walla Walla was awarded a Great Places in America Great Neighborhood designation in 2012 by the American Planning Association 116 117 In the 2010s Walla Walla s brewery industry experienced a revival 118 The first hops farms since prohibition were planted in 2018 92 119 and in 2019 Washington State Department of Corrections announced a plan to bring a vineyard and hopyard to Washington State Penitentiary along with agricultural science education to prepare inmates for careers in the field The program would offer inmates state wide minimum wages a practice only legally enforced by state law at private institutions 120 121 The city hosted its first beer festival in February 2020 122 In 2017 and annually Walla Walla s mayor signed a proclamation making the third Saturday of September Adam West Day to honor the actor who was born and raised in the city 123 124 125 126 In 2020 the event was cancelled due to the COVID 19 pandemic but the organizers announced that the city approved the erection of a statue in West s honor and a GoFundMe fundraiser to cover the costs of the statue The statue will be placed in Menlo Park on Alvarado Terrace part of Historic Downtown Walla Walla 127 128 Etymology EditTourists to Walla Walla are often told that it is a town so nice they named it twice 129 The slogan was coined by Al Jolson who had visited the city in the early 1900s in The Keylor Grand Theater He had also said the same of New York City 32 The quote referring to Walla Walla was in The Jolson Story a musical about the entertainer s life 130 Some locals and Walla Walla natives often refer to the city in text form with W2 131 Walla Walla is Nez Perce for Place of Many Waters because the original settlement was at the junction of the Snake and Columbia rivers 29 In popular culture EditWalla Walla is humorously mentioned in Pogo in an alternate lyrical version of Deck the Halls a traditional Christmas carol 132 Walla Walla is the location of the treasure in The Three Stooges film Cash and Carry 133 In a Merrie Melodies short Transylvania 6 5000 Walla Walla Washington is a magic word that can transform Count Bloodcount 134 Walla Walla is also the hometown of several fictional companies in other Merrie Melodies shorts including A Mouse Divided The High and the Flighty and This Is a Life 135 136 137 Geography and climate EditWalla Walla is located in the Walla Walla Valley with the rolling Palouse hills and the Blue Mountains to the east of town Various creeks meander through town before combining to become the Walla Walla River which drains into the Columbia River about 30 miles 50 km west of town The city lies in the rain shadow of the Cascade Mountains so annual precipitation is fairly low According to the United States Census Bureau the city has a total area of 12 84 square miles 33 26 km2 of which 12 81 square miles 33 18 km2 is land and 0 03 square miles 0 08 km2 is water 138 139 Walla Walla has a hot summer Mediterranean climate according to the Koppen climate classification system Koppen Csa It is one of the northernmost locations in North America to qualify as having such a climate In contrast to most other locations having this climate type in North America Walla Walla can experience fairly cold winter conditions though they are still relatively mild for its latitude and inland location Climate data for Walla Walla Washington Walla Walla Regional Airport 1991 2020 normalsMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 70 21 75 24 79 26 96 36 100 38 116 47 114 46 114 46 104 40 89 32 80 27 68 20 116 47 Average high F C 41 9 5 5 46 5 8 1 55 8 13 2 62 5 16 9 71 4 21 9 79 0 26 1 90 1 32 3 88 6 31 4 78 5 25 8 63 4 17 4 49 2 9 6 41 0 5 0 64 0 17 8 Daily mean F C 36 3 2 4 39 7 4 3 46 8 8 2 52 5 11 4 60 4 15 8 67 0 19 4 76 3 24 6 75 2 24 0 66 2 19 0 53 9 12 2 43 9 6 6 35 6 2 0 54 3 12 4 Average low F C 30 7 0 7 32 9 0 5 37 8 3 2 42 5 5 8 49 3 9 6 55 1 12 8 62 4 16 9 61 7 16 5 53 9 12 2 43 9 6 6 35 6 2 0 30 2 1 0 44 7 7 1 Record low F C 18 28 16 27 4 16 20 7 26 3 36 2 40 4 42 6 32 0 19 7 11 24 24 31 24 31 Average precipitation inches mm 2 10 53 1 59 40 2 11 54 1 98 50 2 07 53 1 24 31 0 47 12 0 40 10 0 64 16 1 66 42 2 25 57 2 23 57 18 74 476 Average snowfall inches cm 1 0 2 5 2 2 5 6 0 2 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 25 0 3 0 76 2 7 6 9 6 5 16 52 Average precipitation days 0 01 in 13 0 10 5 12 3 10 2 9 6 7 3 3 2 2 7 3 9 7 8 13 9 13 2 107 6Average snowy days 0 1 in 2 5 1 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 3 9 3Mean monthly sunshine hours 50 4 83 4 173 8 221 7 288 5 326 3 384 5 344 4 268 8 199 2 67 8 40 3 2 449 2Percent possible sunshine 18 0 28 6 47 0 54 4 62 1 69 1 80 7 78 7 71 6 59 0 24 0 15 0 50 7Source 1 NOAA 140 141 Source 2 Weather com citation needed Demographics EditHistorical populationCensus Pop 18701 394 18803 588157 4 18904 70931 2 190010 049113 4 191019 36492 7 192015 503 19 9 193015 9763 1 194018 10913 4 195024 10233 1 196024 5361 8 197023 619 3 7 198025 6188 5 199026 4783 4 200029 68612 1 201031 7316 9 202034 0607 3 2021 est 33 927 3 0 4 U S Decennial Census 142 2020 Census 2 2020 census Edit As of the census of 2020 there were 34 060 people and 12 414 householders residing in the city The population density was 2 478 1 inhabitants per square mile 956 8 km2 143 2010 census Edit As of the census of 2010 there were 31 731 people 11 537 households and 6 834 families residing in the city The population density was 2 477 0 inhabitants per square mile 956 4 km2 There were 12 514 housing units at an average density of 976 9 per square mile 377 2 km2 The racial makeup of the city was 81 6 White 2 7 African American 1 3 Native American 1 4 Asian 0 3 Pacific Islander 9 1 from other races and 3 6 from two or more races Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22 0 of the population 143 There were 11 537 households of which 30 4 had children under the age of 18 living with them 42 6 were married couples living together 12 0 had a female householder with no husband present 4 7 had a male householder with no wife present and 40 8 were other forms of households 33 4 of all households were made up of individuals and 14 2 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 2 43 and the average family size was 3 10 143 The median age in the city was 34 4 years 22 of residents were under the age of 18 14 5 were between the ages of 18 and 24 26 2 were from 25 to 44 23 1 were from 45 to 64 and 14 were 65 years of age or older The gender makeup of the city was 51 9 male and 48 1 female 143 2000 census Edit As of the census of 2000 there were 29 686 people 10 596 households and 6 527 families residing in the city The population density was 2 744 9 people per square mile 1 059 3 km2 There were 11 400 housing units at an average density of 1 054 1 per square mile 406 8 km2 The racial makeup of the city was 83 79 White 2 58 African American 1 05 Native American 1 24 Asian 0 23 Pacific Islander 8 26 from other races and 2 85 from two or more races Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17 42 of the population 143 There were 10 596 households of which 30 6 had children under the age of 18 living with them 46 4 were married couples living together 11 0 had a female householder with no husband present and 38 4 were other forms of households 31 9 of all households were made up of individuals and 15 1 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 2 44 and the average family size was 3 08 143 In the city the population was spread out with 21 8 under the age of 18 14 2 from 18 to 24 26 5 from 25 to 44 17 5 from 45 to 64 and 20 1 who were 65 years of age or older The median age was 34 years For every 100 females there were 108 4 males For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 109 1 males 143 The median income for a household in the city was 31 855 and the median income for a family was 40 856 Men had a median income of 31 753 versus 23 889 for women The per capita income for the city was 15 792 About 13 1 of families and 18 0 of the population were below the poverty line including 22 8 of those under the age of 18 and 10 5 of those aged 65 and older 143 Economy and infrastructure EditAgriculture Edit A wheat field in Walla Walla WashingtonThough wheat is still a big crop vineyards and wineries have become economically important over the last three decades 144 In summer 2020 there were over 120 wineries in the greater Walla Walla area Following the wine boom the town has developed several fine dining establishments and luxury hotels The Marcus Whitman Hotel originally opened in 1928 was renovated with original fixtures and furniture It is the tallest building in the city at 13 stories Walla Walla Farmers Market The Walla Walla Sweet Onion is another crop with a rich tradition Over a century ago on the Island of Corsica off the west coast of Italy a French soldier named Peter Pieri found an Italian sweet onion seed and brought it to the Walla Walla Valley Impressed by the new onion s winter hardiness Pieri and the Italian immigrant farmers who comprised much of Walla Walla s gardening industry harvested the seed 81 145 146 The sweet onion developed over several generations through the process of selecting onions from each year s crop targeting sweetness size and round shape The Walla Walla Sweet Onion is designated under federal law as a protected agricultural crop In 2007 the Walla Walla Sweet Onion became Washington s official state vegetable 147 There is also a Walla Walla Sweet Onion Festival held annually in July Walla Walla Sweet Onions have low sulfur content about half that of an ordinary yellow onion and are 90 percent water Walla Walla currently has two farmers markets both held from May until October The first is located on the corner of 4th and Main and is coordinated by the Downtown Walla Walla Foundation The other is at the Walla Walla County Fairgrounds on S Ninth Ave run by the Walla Walla Valley Farmer s Market 148 Wine industry Edit Main article Walla Walla Valley AVA Walla Walla has experienced an expansion in its wine industry in recent decades culminating in the area being named Best Wine Region in USA Today s Reader Choice Awards in both 2020 and 2021 149 150 Several local wineries have received top scores from wine publications such as Wine Spectator The Wine Advocate and Wine and Spirits Although most of the early recognition went to the wines made from Merlot and Cabernet Syrah is fast becoming a star varietal in this appellation 151 Overall there are more than 120 wineries in the Walla Walla area which collectively generate over 100 million for the valley annually 152 153 Walla Walla Community College offers an associate degree AAAS in winemaking and grape growing through its Center for Enology and Viticulture which operates its own commercial winery College Cellars 154 One challenge to growing grapes in Walla Walla Valley is the risk of a killing freeze during the winter On average these happen once every six or seven years the penultimate occurrence in 2004 destroyed about 75 of the wine grape crop in the valley In November 2010 the valley was again hit with a killing frost leading to a 28 decline in Cabernet Sauvignon production a 20 decline in red grape production and an overall decline in production of 11 red and white varietals 155 Corrections industry Edit Main article Washington State Penitentiary The second largest prison in Washington after nearby Coyote Ridge Corrections Center in Connell is the Washington State Penitentiary WSP located in Walla Walla at 1313 North 13th Originally opened in 1886 it now houses about 2 000 offenders 156 In addition there are about 1000 staff members In 2005 the financial benefit to the local economy was estimated to be about 55 million through salaries medical services utilities and local purchases In 2014 the penitentiary underwent an extensive expansion project to increase the prison capacity to 2 500 violent offenders and double the staff size 157 Until October 11 2018 Washington was a death penalty state and occasional executions took place at the state penitentiary the last execution took place on September 10 2010 158 159 Washington was also one of the last two states to allow hanging as a choice when sentenced to death 160 the other being New Hampshire there has not been a hanging since May 1994 the default method of execution was changed to lethal injection in 1996 Washington was the last state with an active gallows 161 80 executions were carried out at the prison between 1904 to 2010 162 The most notable inmate has been Gary Ridgway a serial killer known as the Green River killer who was still incarcerated there as of November 2021 163 Healthcare Edit Walla Walla is served by two health care institutions St Mary Medical Center part of the Catholic Providence Health System and the Jonathan M Wainwright Veteran s Affairs Medical Center on the grounds of the old Fort Walla Walla and World War II training facility Transportation Edit Transportation to Walla Walla includes service by air through Walla Walla Regional Airport several railroads and highway access primarily from U S Route 12 The Washington State Department of Transportation is engaged in a long term process of widening this road into a four lane divided highway between Pasco and Walla Walla with major portions scheduled to be complete in 2022 164 The highway also acts as the main gateway to Interstates 82 and 84 which run to the west and south respectively 165 State Route 125 runs through the city north to State Route 124 in Prescott and south to Milton Freewater Oregon becoming Oregon Highway 11 at the state line citation needed There are four major bus services in the area connecting the region s cities Walla Walla and nearby College Place are served by Valley Transit a typical multi route city bus service The city of Milton Freewater OR has a single line bus service with several stops in town with two stops in College Place and five in Walla Walla Travel Washington s Grape Line is a 104 mile 167 km intercity service between Walla Walla and Pasco that runs three times a day Finally Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation operates a Kayak bus to Pendleton with four trips each weekday and two trips each Saturday via its Walla Walla Whistler route 166 Whitman Hotel at Rose and Second in the Great Neighborhood Sterling Bank in one of the renovated buildings in the Great Neighborhood Walla Walla Tours Edit Walla Walla Hot Air Balloon Tours Seattle Ballooning Walla Walla has tours for adults and kids Seattle Ballooning provides hot air balloon rides and tours over Walla Walla s most famous vineyards There are also a variety of wine tours for tourists to enjoy Walla Walla Festivals Edit The Walla Walla Balloon Festival or otherwise known as the Walla Walla Balloon Stampede is one of the oldest hot air balloon events in the US The date changes each year but is either on Mother s Day Weekend or in Mid October Sports EditWalla Walla is home of the Walla Walla Sweets a summer collegiate baseball team that plays in the West Coast League The league comprises college players and prospects working towards a professional baseball career Teams are located in British Columbia Oregon Washington and Alberta Sweets home games have been played at Borleske Stadium in Walla Walla since their first season in 2010 In only their second season the Sweets played in the WCL Championship game ultimately losing to the Corvallis Knights In 2013 the Sweets won their first North Division title with the second best win loss record in the WCL The Sweets lost their North Division playoff series to the Wenatchee Applesox that year Walla Walla Drag Strip is an 1 8 mile dragstrip west of the Walla Walla Regional Airport The dragstrip is located on an old runway of the airport There also is a women s flat track roller derby league called the Walla Walla Sweets Rollergirls their practices and games are played at the Walla Walla YMCA Walla Walla is the location of Tour of Walla Walla a four stage road cycling race held annually in April The races are held in Walla Walla and in the Palouse hills of nearby Waitsburg The stages include two road races a time trial and a criterium race 167 The annual Walla Walla Marathon takes place in October and includes a full marathon half marathon and 10k race The full marathon is a Boston Marathon Qualifier 168 The race route winds through the streets of the city of Walla Walla and the country roads outside of town often running past several of the region s many estate vineyards Fine and performing arts EditThe Walla Walla Valley boasts a number of fine and performing arts organizations and venues The Walla Walla Valley Bands were formed in 1989 and currently boasts a Concert Band of more than 70 and two Jazz Ensembles The group rehearses weekly on Tuesday nights at the Walla Walla Valley Adventist Academy in nearby College Place The Walla Walla Symphony began in 1907 169 and performs six to eight concerts from October May Its primary performance venue is Cordiner Hall on the campus of Whitman College Other performance venues include the Gesa Power House Theatre and Walla Walla University Church The Walla Walla Chamber Music Festival is held twice a year and features guest musical ensembles playing classical chamber music in various small venues throughout town The summer festival includes performances for almost the whole month of June The winter festival is a small scale version of the summer program it is held in mid January 170 Shakespeare Walla Walla is a non profit organization that hosts a summer Shakespeare festival in Walla Walla They often bring Shakespeare troupes from Seattle and elsewhere to perform about four plays per year In the past this was done at the Fort Walla Walla Amphitheater but more recently at the GESA Powerhouse Theatre 171 The GESA Powerhouse Theatre opened in 2011 in Walla Walla it was originally the Walla Walla gas plant hence its name Its dimensions closely resemble the Blackfriars Theatre once used by William Shakespeare 172 The venue is used by Shakespeare Walla Walla as well as host to various concerts and other performing arts events throughout the year The Little Theatre of Walla Walla began in 1944 and moved into its current building on Sumach St in 1948 where it has performed various plays to this day 173 The Walla Walla Choral Society began in 1980 and performs a season of three or four concerts per year in various locations around the Walla Walla Valley Fort Walla Walla Amphitheater is a disused open air stage with bench seating on the grounds of the Fort Walla Walla Park next to Fort Walla Walla Museum It formerly hosted Shakespeare Walla Walla productions and the Walla Walla Community College Summer Musical The Walla Walla Foundry was founded in 1980 174 In addition the area s three colleges Whitman College Walla Walla University and Walla Walla Community College as well as its largest public high school Walla Walla High School stage theater and music performances Education Edit Whitman College Administration Building in fall 2010 Walla Walla is primarily served by Walla Walla Public Schools which includes seven elementary schools one is in Dixie six of them are K 5 with one of these being PreK 5 two middle schools one traditional high school colloquially Wa Hi and two alternative high schools Lincoln and Opportunity There is also Homelink an alternative K 8 education program which is a hybrid of homeschooling and public school programs 175 There are several private Christian schools in the area These include The Walla Walla Catholic Schools Assumption K 8 School and DeSales High School Liberty Christian School non denominational Rogers Adventist School and Walla Walla Valley Academy in nearby College Place both of Seventh day Adventist affiliation Saint Basil Academy of Classical Studies K 8 In addition to these there are three colleges in the area Walla Walla Community College co winner of the 2013 Aspen Prize for Community College Excellence 176 Whitman College an independent liberal arts college Walla Walla University in nearby College Place Washington affiliated with the Seventh day Adventist denominationSister cities EditIn 1972 Walla Walla established a sister city relationship with Sasayama now named Tamba Sasayama Japan The two cities have since named roads after their counterpart sister city Walla Walla has also hosted exchange students from Tamba Sasayama since 1994 for a two week home stay experience Yearlong high school student exchanges between the cities have occurred several times in the past Cultural art exchanges involving music dance and various art mediums have also occurred The Walla Walla Sister City Committee has been the recipient of the Washington State Sister City Association Peace Prize in 2011 and 2014 for their involvement in promoting peace cultural understanding and friendship 177 178 179 Notable people EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Walla Walla Washington news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Burl Barer broadcaster and author Drew Bledsoe NFL quarterback Hunter Hillenmeyer former Chicago Bears player Richard Arthur Bogle businessman and rancher Walter Brattain Nobel Prize winner and co inventor of the transistor Evelyn Evelyn baroque pop duo created by Amanda Palmer and Jason Webley Robert Brode physicist Wallace R Brode scientist Robert Clodius educator and university administrator Alex Deccio Politician Former member of Washington House of Representatives and Washington State Senate 180 181 Eddie Feigner softball player Bert Hadley actor and makeup artist Alan W Jones US Army major general 182 183 Charly Martin NFL player 184 Edward P Morgan television and newspaper journalist Walt Minnick U S Congressman Mikha il Na ima writer and philosopher David R Nygren physicist inventor of the Time Projection Chamber Eric O Flaherty MLB player 185 Charles Potts poet and publisher Cher Scarlett software engineer and labor activist 186 Hope Summers actress Connor Trinneer actor Jonathan Wainwright U S general Ferris Webster film editor Adam West television and film actor 123 Hamza Yusuf Islamic scholar Tonya Cooley Real World Chicago housemateSee also EditList of reduplicated place names Blue Mountain Mall 1936 State Line earthquakeNotes Edit Some sources say that Flathead Bitterroot Salish delegates were sent but the Nez Perce tribe has claimed all four delegates as belonging to their tribes It has been suggested that Flathead was being used to describe the Nez Perce appearance rather than the tribe 11 12 References Edit 2019 U S Gazetteer Files United States Census Bureau Retrieved August 7 2020 a b c Explore Census Data United States Census Bureau Retrieved June 23 2022 a b c City and Town Population Totals 2020 2021 United States Census Bureau June 23 2022 Retrieved June 23 2022 US Board on Geographic Names United States Geological Survey October 25 2007 Retrieved January 31 2008 Find a County National Association of Counties Retrieved June 7 2011 Official Population Estimates Washington State Office of Financial Management Retrieved December 24 2013 a b Paulus Michael J Jr February 7 2008 Town of Walla Walla is named on November 17 1859 HistoryLink Retrieved February 21 2022 a b The Many Fort Walla Wallas Whitman Mission National Historic Site National Park Service Retrieved February 20 2022 a b c Colt Denfeld Duane July 9 2011 Fort Walla Walla HistoryLink Retrieved February 20 2022 a b Wilma David February 14 2003 Dr Marcus Whitman establishes a mission at Waiilatpu on 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1931 Mill Creek flood articles photos Walla Walla Union Bulletin Retrieved March 20 2022 Flom Eric L December 23 2005 American Theater in Walla Walla opens on August 25 1917 HistoryLink Retrieved March 19 2022 Eveland Annie Charnley September 5 2017 Main Street s once great Liberty Theater 100 years old Walla Walla Union Bulletin Retrieved March 20 2022 Downtown Walla Walla Walla Walla Washington American Planning Association Retrieved March 20 2022 A history of the Bon Marche in downtown Seattle KIRO TV January 30 2020 Retrieved March 20 2022 Hillhouse Vicki January 7 2020 Macy s closing Walla Walla store Walla Walla Union Bulletin Retrieved March 20 2022 Walker Catie McIntyre 2018 Lost Restaurants of Walla Walla Chicago Arcadia Publishing Inc ISBN 978 1 4396 6499 5 OCLC 1145596678 Franklin Robert R January 15 2019 Marcus Whitman Hotel Society of Architectural Historians Retrieved March 14 2022 Charnley Eveland Annie March 13 2022 Organizers The 57th AAUW book sale is at Walla Walla 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Retrieved March 18 2021 O Boyle Robert Knutson Kathleen October 23 1987 WW s remoteness poses problem Walla Walla Union Bulletin p 2 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on October 19 2016 Retrieved October 17 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Tour of Walla Walla Retrieved January 2 2014 Walla Walla Multisports webpage Retrieved January 2 2014 Our History Walla Walla Symphony Retrieved November 29 2021 Walla Walla Chamber Music Festival Schedule Retrieved January 3 2014 Past Performances Retrieved January 1 2014 History of the Powerhouse Theatre Archived from the original on August 7 2012 Retrieved January 1 2014 History of the Little Theatre Cipolle Alex V October 20 2021 In Washington a Beloved Birthplace for Artistic Giants The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved March 26 2022 Walla Walla Public Schools Website Retrieved January 2 2014 Aspen Institute 2013 Aspen Prize Retrieved January 2 2014 Walla Walla Sasayama Sister Cities Inc Retrieved January 8 2014 WW Union Bulletin Article on the 2012 Exchanges Walla Walla Union Bulletin Archived from the original on January 9 2014 Retrieved January 8 2014 Walla Walla sister city Tamba Sasayama benefit through connection Walla Walla Union Bulletin Retrieved January 17 2020 Former state Sen Alex Deccio dies at 89 seattletimes com October 25 2011 Retrieved September 19 2021 Mourners honor Alex Deccio nbcrightnow com November 3 2011 Archived from the original on September 19 2021 Retrieved September 19 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Alan W Jones is Promoted The Spokesman Review Spokane WA August 28 1918 p 2 via Newspapers com Morelock J D 1994 Generals of the Ardennes American Leadership in the Battle of the Bulge Washington DC National Defense University Press p 279 ISBN 978 0 16 042069 6 via Internet Archive 404 Error Archived from the original on November 19 2009 Retrieved August 19 2009 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Cite uses generic title help Eric O Flaherty Baseball Reference August 16 2006 Retrieved April 11 2015 Cher Principal Software Engineer cher dev Retrieved February 25 2022 Further reading EditMacGibbon Elma 1904 Leaves of knowledge Shaw amp Borden Co Available online through the Washington State Library s Classics in Washington History collection Elma MacGibbon s reminiscences of her travels in the United States starting in 1898 which were mainly in Oregon and Washington Includes chapter Walla Walla and southeastern Washington Bennett Robert A Walla Walla Portrait of a Western Town 1804 1899 Walla Walla Frontier Press Books c 1980 Gilbert Frank T Historic Sketches Walla Walla Columbia and Garfield Counties Washington Territory Portland Oregon A G Walling PrintingExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walla Walla Washington Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Walla Walla City of Walla Walla Walla Walla Valley Chamber of Commerce Walla Walla Tourism Walla Walla Community Indicators Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Walla Walla Washington amp oldid 1131125396, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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