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Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church

May 20, 2023

The veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church encompasses various devotions which include prayer, pious acts, visual arts, poetry, and music devoted to her.[1][2] Popes have encouraged it, while also taking steps to reform some manifestations of it.[note 1] The Holy See has insisted on the importance of distinguishing "true from false devotion, and authentic doctrine from its deformations by excess or defect".[3] There are significantly more titles, feasts, and venerative Marian practices among Roman Catholics than in other Western Christian traditions.[4] The term hyperdulia indicates the special veneration due to Mary, greater than the ordinary dulia for other saints, but utterly unlike the latria due only to God.

Blessed Virgin

Mary
Mother of God
Queen of Heaven
Mother of the Church
Mediatrix of all graces
Our Lady
BornSeptember 8 (Nativity of Mary)
DiedThe Catholic Church teaches that, at the end of her natural life, she was assumed into heaven, body and soul (Assumption of Mary)
Venerated inCatholic Church
CanonizedPre-Congregation
Major shrineSanta Maria Maggiore, others (see Shrines to the Virgin Mary)
FeastSee Marian feast days
AttributesBlue mantle, white veil, Immaculate heart, crown of 12 stars, pregnant woman, halo with 12 stars, roses, woman with child
PatronageSee Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Belief in the incarnation of God the Son through Mary is the basis for calling her the Mother of God, which was declared a dogma at the Council of Ephesus in 431. At the Second Vatican Council and in Pope John Paul II's encyclical Redemptoris mater, she is spoken of also as Mother of the Church.[5]

Growth of Roman Catholic veneration of Mary and Mariology has often come not from official declarations, but from Marian writings of the saints, popular devotion, and at times reported Marian apparitions. The Holy See approves only a select few as worthy of belief, the most recent being the 2008 approval of certain apparitions from 1665.[6][7]

Further pious veneration of Mary encouraged by Popes are exhibited in the canonical coronations granted to popular Marian images venerated in a particular locality all over the world, while Marian movements and societies with millions of members have arisen from belief in events such as Guadalupe, Lourdes, Fátima, Akita, and other reasons.[8]

From Christ to Mary in the Roman Catholic tradition

In Roman Catholic teachings, the veneration of Mary is a natural consequence of Christology: Jesus and Mary are son and mother, redeemer and redeemed.[9] This sentiment was expressed by Pope John Paul II in his encyclical Redemptoris mater: "At the centre of this mystery, in the midst of this wonderment of faith, stands Mary. As the loving Mother of the Redeemer, she was the first to experience it: 'To the wonderment of nature you bore your Creator'!"[5]

In the Roman Catholic tradition Mariology is seen as Christology developed to its full potential.[10] Mary is seen as contributing to a fuller understanding of the life of Jesus. In this view, a Christology without Mary is not based on the total revelation of the Bible. Traces of this parallel interpretation go back to the early days of Christianity and numerous saints have since focused on it.[9]

The development of this approach continued into the 20th century. In his 1946 publication Compendium Mariologiae, Mariologist Gabriel Roschini explained that Mary not only participated in the birth of the physical Jesus, but, with conception, she entered with him into a spiritual union. The divine salvation plan, being not only material, includes a permanent spiritual unity with Christ.[11][12][13] Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) wrote: "It is necessary to go back to Mary if we want to return to that 'truth about Jesus Christ,' 'truth about the Church' and 'truth about man' that John Paul II proposed as a program to all of Christianity," in order to ensure an authentic approach to Christology via a return to the "whole truth about Mary".[14]

From veneration to theology

It is possible that the practice of invoking the aid of the Mother of Christ had become more familiar to the faithful some time before any expression of it in the writings of the Early Church Fathers.[15] Christians' love for Mary intuited, frequently in anticipation, certain aspects of the mystery of the Blessed Virgin, calling the attention of theologians and pastors to them.[16] Venerative and devotional practices have often preceded formal theological declarations by the Magisterium.[17]

The veneration of the Blessed Virgin takes place in various ways. Marian prayers and hymns usually begin with veneration (honor) of her, followed by petitions.[18] The number of Marian titles continued to grow as of the 3rd century, and many titles existed by the 5th century, growing especially during the Middle Ages.[19]

Theological basis for the veneration of Mary

Veneration for Mary is based on the reference in the Gospel of Luke to Mary as the selected handmaid of the Lord who is greeted and praised by both Elizabeth and the angel Gabriel. God's work is further illuminated in the Marian dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church such as the Immaculate Conception and the Assumption, and are, in the Roman Catholic view, part of the apostolic tradition and divine revelation.[20][21] Catholics distinguish veneration from worship.

Mary's role in salvation and redemption

 
The Virgin Mary from the Ghent Altarpiece, 1432

One of the components of the Catholic veneration of Mary is the focus on her participation in the processes of salvation and redemption.[22] This has been explored by such writers as Edward Schillebeeckx and Adrienne von Speyr.[23][24]

John's Gospel records her presence at the beginning and end of Jesus' public life. Particularly significant is Mary's presence at the Cross, when she received from her dying Son the charge to be mother to the beloved disciple. Catholics interpret that through the disciple, Christ is giving care of Mary to all Christians.[16] The Acts of the Apostles expressly numbers the Mother of Jesus among the women of the first community awaiting Pentecost. John Eudes wrote that: "The Virgin Mary began to cooperate in the plan of salvation, from the moment she gave her consent to the Incarnation of the Son of God".[25]

Lumen gentium, the 1964 Dogmatic Constitution of the Church recognized, "all the salvific influence of the Blessed Virgin on men originates, not from some inner necessity, but from the divine pleasure. It flows forth from the superabundance of the merits of Christ, rests on His mediation, depends entirely on it and draws all its power from it."[26] In a singular way she cooperated by her obedience, faith, hope, and burning charity in the work of the Savior in giving back supernatural life to souls. "Wherefore she is our mother in the order of grace."[27]

One of the first scholars to offer theological foundations on the subject of the Immaculate Conception was the Franciscan Duns Scotus who developed the concept that Mary was preserved from sin by the redemptive virtue of Jesus.[28][29][30] Devotions to and the veneration of the Virgin Mary continued to spread, as she came to be seen as the helpful mother of Christians, and by the 15th century these practices had oriented many Catholic devotions.[31]

Veronica Giuliani expressed how Mary's suffering in Calvary united her heart with that of Jesus as she suffered each torment along with him.[32] The joint devotion to the hearts was formalized by Jean Eudes who organized the scriptural and theological foundations and developed its liturgical themes.[33] The venerative aspects of the united nature of the two hearts continued through the centuries and in 1985 Pope John Paul II coined the term Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary, and in 1986 addressed the international conference on that topic held at Fátima, Portugal.[34][35][36]

By the 18th century, the continued growth of Marian veneration had emphasized the role of the Virgin Mary in salvation. The Catholic focus on the role of Mary in salvation and redemption continued with Pope John Paul II's 1987 encyclical Redemptoris mater[5]

Mary as the masterwork of God

The Catechism of the Catholic Church, in paragraphs 721–726, claims that Mary is the first dwelling-place of God in salvation history. As such, she is the masterwork of God and the start of God bringing mankind into communion with Jesus. In Mary's womb, Jesus is the manifestation of God's wonders, the fulfillment of God's plan of loving goodness, and the definitive theophany. As such, Mary is typified by the Burning Bush in the Book of Exodus and by wisdom in the Book of Proverbs.[37]

Mary as protectress and intercessor

See also: Mother of the Church
 
The Virgin of Mercy protecting a group of nuns under her mantle. Sano di Pietro, 15th century.

It was through Mary's intercession, through compassion for the hosts, at the marriage feast of Cana, that Jesus worked his first miracle.[27]

The Catechism of the Catholic Church states: "From the most ancient times the Blessed Virgin has been honored with the title of 'Mother of God,' to whose protection the faithful fly in all their dangers and needs."[38] The Eastern Catholic Churches observe the feast of the Intercession of the Theotokos in October.

Roman Catholic views of the Virgin Mary as refuge and advocate of sinners, protector from dangers and powerful intercessor with her Son, Jesus are expressed in prayers, artistic depictions, theology, and popular and devotional writings, as well as in the use of religious articles and images.[39][40] The earliest known prayer to Mary, the Sub tuum praesidium, ("Under your protection") dates from about the 3rd century.[41]

The artistic depictions of the Virgin of Mercy portray the role of Mary as the protector of Christians, as she shelters them under her mantle. The Virgin of Mercy depictions sometimes include arrows raining from above, with the Virgin's cloak protecting the people.[42]

Catholics have continued to seek the protection of Mary as the Mother of Sorrows and relied on her intercession as the Queen of Heaven since the Middle Ages.[43] Building on that sentiment, popes have entrusted specific causes to the protection of the Virgin Mary. Pope Benedict XV entrusted the protection of the world through the intercession of Mary Queen of Peace during the First World War .[44]

The Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy, also known as the order of Our Lady of Ransom or Order of Captives began in the 13th century in the Kingdom of Aragon (Spain) to ransom captive Christians (slaves) held in Muslim hands. The order now focuses on the role of the Virgin Mary as the protector of captives and prisoners.[45]

The depictions of Our Lady of Navigators arose from the prayers and devotions of Portuguese navigators, who saw the Virgin Mary as their protector during storms and other hazards. Prayers to Our Lady of Navigators are well known in South America, specially Brazil, where its February 2 feast is an official holiday.[46][47] The Virgin of the Navigators, depicting ships under her mantle, is the earliest known painting whose subject is the discovery of the Americas.[48][49]

 
Miguel Hidalgo's 1810 Guadalupan flag.

Both Miguel Hidalgo and Emiliano Zapata flew flags of Our Lady of Guadalupe as their protector, and Zapata's men wore the Guadalupan image around their necks and on their sombreros.[50][51] In 1979 ceremony Pope John Paul II placed Mexico under the protection of the Virgin of Guadalupe.[52]

The prayer, the Memorare begins: "Remember O most gracious Virgin Mary, that never was it known that anyone who fled to Thy protection, implored Thy help or sought Thy intercession, was left unaided."[53]

Louis de Montfort taught that God appointed Mary as "the dispenser of grace", and to receive grace from God, one can receive it through the hands of the Blessed Virgin, as a child receives from a mother.[25] Lumen gentium states: "This, however, is to be so understood that it neither takes away from nor adds anything to the dignity and efficaciousness of Christ the one Mediator."[26]

Pope Francis has said that her "entire life was contained in her song of praise" of the greatness of the Lord. Francis goes on to confide that at Marian shrines he likes to

spend time looking at the Blessed Mother and letting her look at me. I pray for a childlike trust, the trust of the poor and simple who know that their mother is there, and that they have a place in her heart. And in looking at her, to hear once more, like the Indian Juan Diego: “My youngest son, what is the matter? Do not let it disturb your heart. Am I not here, I who have the honour to be your mother?"[54]

Development of Marian doctrines

The theological development of devotion to Mary begins with Justin Martyr (100–165) who articulated Mary's role in salvation history as the Second Eve.[55] This was followed up by Irenæus, whom Herbert Thurston calls "the first theologian of the Virgin Mother".[15]

The Catholic Church's magisterium has identified four teachings about Mary as dogmas of faith. These include belief in her virginal conception of Jesus, taught by the First Council of Nicaea in 325. The Council of Ephesus in 431 applied to her the description "Mother of God", (Theotokos). The perpetual virginity of Mary was taught by the ecumenical Second Council of Constantinople in 553, which described her as "ever virgin", and was expressed also, by the Lateran synod of October 649,[56] The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception states that from the first moment of her existence Mary was without original sin.[57] This doctrine was proclaimed a dogma ex cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854. The dogma of the Assumption of Mary, defined by Pope Pius XII in 1950, states that, at the end of her earthly life, her body did not suffer corruption but was assumed into heaven and became a heavenly body,[58]

Liturgical aspects

In the first three centuries the emphasis was on the veneration of martyrs, as a continuation of the yearly celebrations of their death, e.g. as noted in the early Christian text on the Martyrdom of Polycarp.[59]

In the Eastern traditions Mariology developed through liturgical veneration within the framework of the feasts relative to the Incarnation.[60] In the early part of the 3rd century, Hippolytus of Rome recorded the first liturgical reference to the Virgin Mary, as part of the ordination rite of a bishop.[61] Marian feasts appeared in the 4th century, and the feast of the "Memory of Mary, Mother of God" was celebrated on August 15 in Jerusalem by the year 350.[61][62]

The Roman Catholic liturgy is one of the most important elements of Marian devotions. Many Marian feasts are superior to the feast days of the other saints. The liturgical texts of the Marian feast days all link Mary to Jesus Christ.

History

Early veneration

 
Earliest fresco of the Virgin Mary, Catacomb of Priscilla, 2nd century.[63]

Mary, as the mother of Jesus, is documented in Roman catacombs: paintings from the first half of the 2nd century show her holding the Christ Child.[15] Excavations in the crypt of St Peter's Basilica uncovered a very early fresco of Mary together with Saint Peter.[64] The Roman Priscilla catacombs depict the oldest Marian paintings from the middle of the 2nd century:[65] Mary is shown with Jesus on her lap; they are next to a man in a tunic, his left hand holding a book and his right hand pointing to a star over his head, the latter being an Old Testament symbol of messiahs and/or the Messiah. These catacombs also have a depiction of the Annunciation.[63] The Edict of Milan (AD 313) allowed Christians to worship openly. This new freedom also permitted literary development of the veneration of Mary, Hippolytus of Rome being an early example.[61][66] Ambrose, who lived in Rome before going to Milan as its bishop, venerated Mary as an example of Christian life and is credited with starting a Marian cult of virginity in the 4th century.[67]

Marian veneration was theologically sanctioned with the adoption of the title Theotokos at the Council of Ephesus in 431. The earliest known churches dedicated to Mary were built shortly after that date, among these the Church of the Seat of Mary (Kathisma) near Mar Elias Monastery, between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The first Marian churches in Rome date from the 5th and 6th centuries: Santa Maria in Trastevere, Santa Maria Antiqua and Santa Maria Maggiore.[15] However, the very earliest church dedicated to the Virgin Mary still dates to the late 4th century in Syria,[dubious – discuss] where[clarification needed] an inscription dedicating it to the Theotokos (Mother of God) was found among the ruins.[68]

Growth of Marian culture

 
Santa Maria Maggiore, the first Marian church in Rome, originally built between 430 and 440.[69]

In the early Middle Ages, veneration of Mary was particularly expressed in monasteries, especially those of the Benedictines. Chants such as Ave Maris Stella and the Salve Regina emerged and became staples of monastic plainsong.[70] In the 8th century, The Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary developed from the monks' practice of praying the Canonical hours. The Carolingians encouraged Marian piety by the celebration of Marian feast days and the dedication of churches in her honor.[55] Devotional practices grew in number.

The Romanesque period saw the construction of major Marian churches, such as Speyer Cathedral (also known as the Mariendom) in Speyer, Germany, and Our Lady of Flanders Cathedral in Tournai, Belgium. From the year 1000 onward more and more churches, including many of Europe's greatest cathedrals were dedicated to Mary. Gothic cathedrals, such as Notre Dame de Paris as well as Our Lady of Chartres near Paris, were major masterworks of the time. Construction of Santa Maria Assunta Cathedral in Siena, Italy and Notre-Dame Cathedral, Luxembourg increased the number of churches devoted to the Virgin Mary.

The 12th and 13th centuries saw an extraordinary growth of the cult of the Virgin in Western Europe, inspired in part by the writings of theologians such as Bernard of Clairvaux. The movement found its grandest expression in the French cathedrals, often dedicated to “Our Lady", such as Notre-Dame de Paris and Notre-Dame de Bayeux among others.[71] Walsingham and other places of Marian pilgrimage developed large popular followings. At the height of the pilgrimage movement in the 11th and 12th centuries, hundreds of people were traveling almost constantly from one Marian shrine to the next.[72]

By the 14th century, Mary had become greatly popular as a compassionate intercessor and protector of humanity, and during the great plagues (such as the Black Death) her help was sought against the just judgment of God.[73] The Renaissance witnessed a dramatic growth in venerative Marian art.[74]

By the 16th century, the Protestant Reformation had introduced a tide against Marian venerations in Europe.[75] However, at the same time new Marian devotions were starting in Latin America based on Juan Diego's 1531 reported vision of Our Lady of Guadalupe. The ensuing Marian pilgrimages have continued to date and the Marian Basilica on Tepeyac Hill remains the most visited Catholic shrine in the world.[76] In the 17th and 18th centuries writings by the saints, coupled with papal encouragements, increased the growth of Marian devotions, and gave rise to the definition and declaration of new Marian doctrines.[77]

Marian culture continues to develop within the Catholic Church. In 1974, after 4 years of preparation, Pope Paul VI issued the Apostolic Letter Marialis Cultus. In this document, (which was subtitled For the Right Ordering and Development of Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary) Paul VI not only discussed the history of Marian devotions but also overviewed their rationale and provided suggestions for their future direction, their theological and pastoral value. He called for "preventing any tendency (as has happened at times in certain forms of popular piety) to separate devotion to the Blessed Virgin from its necessary point of reference-Christ"(MC, 4).[78][79] This followed the turn of events at the Second Vatican Council, which followed a century of increased emphasis on devotion to Mary.[80] The Council document Sacrosanctum Concilium, sought to give guidance on the place of devotions in Christian piety:[81] It decreed that "Devotions should be so drawn up that they harmonize with the liturgical seasons, accord with the sacred liturgy, are in some fashion derived from it, and lead the people to it, since, in fact, the liturgy by its very nature far surpasses any of them" (SC, 13).

Catholic saints and veneration of Mary

Main article: Mariology of the saints

Roman Catholic devotions have relied on the writings of numerous saints throughout history who have attested to the central role of Mary in God's plan of salvation.[82]

Early saints included Irenaeus of Lyons in the 2nd century who was perhaps the earliest of the Church Fathers to write systematically about the Virgin Mary, and he set out a forthright account of her role in the economy of salvation.[83][84]Ambrose of Milan (339–397) based the veneration of Mary not only on her virginity but also on her extraordinary courage.[85][86]

In the Middle Ages, Bernhard of Clairvaux highlighted her virginity and humility as the basis for her veneration.[87][88] A particularly significant contribution to Mariology came from John Duns Scotus who in the 13th century defended the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception.[89] Scotus identified the key theological foundations which led to the declaration of the dogma of Immaculate Conception centuries later.[90]

In the 16th century, Ignatius of Loyola instructed the Jesuits to preserve Madonna della Strada, which was later enshrined in the Church of the Gesu in Rome.[91] Filippo Neri, a contemporary of Ignatius, is credited with the innovation of daily Marian devotions during the month of May.[92]

In his classic book The Glories of Mary, Alphonsus Liguori explained how God gave Mary to mankind as the "Gate of Heaven", quoting Bonaventure, "No one can enter Heaven unless by Mary, as though through a door."[93] Louis de Montfort's book True Devotion to Mary synthesized many of the writings of earlier saints. His approach of "total consecration to Jesus Christ through Mary" had a strong impact on Marian devotion both in popular piety and in the spirituality of religious institutes.

Feast days

Main article: Marian feast days

The earliest Christian feasts that relate to Mary grew out of the cycle of feasts that celebrated the Nativity of Jesus. By the 7th century a feast dedicated to Mary was celebrated just before Christmas in the churches of Milan and Ravenna in Italy.[94] Over time, the number of feasts (and the associated titles of Mary) and the venerative practices that accompany them increased and today the Catholic Church has more Marian feasts, titles, and venerative practices than any other Christian body.[4] Marian feasts have continued to be developed in the Catholic Church, e.g. the feast of the Queenship of Mary was declared in the 1954 in the papal encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam by pope Pius XII.[95][96]

 
A Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary procession during October in Bergamo, Italy

Catherine of Siena, adopted the custom of dedicating Saturday to Mary. The month of October was established as the "month of the Rosary" by Pope Leo XIII, who recommended daily Rosary devotions in October.[97][98]

During the month of May, May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary take place in many Catholic regions. These may include the singing of Marian anthems, crowning of statues of Mary with floral wreaths, readings from scriptures, a sermon, and or presentation by local choirs.[99][100] The month is also associated with reflection on the Virgin Mary's role as the ideal disciple who sheds light on the Christian way of life, and theologian Karl Rahner stated: "When we are involved in our May Devotions, we are engaged in a Christian understanding of the human situation."[101]

 
A Feast of Our Lady of Andacollo procession in Chile, 1838

The Roman Catholic Church celebrates three Marian solemnities which are also holy days of obligation in many countries during the liturgical year[102] (in liturgical order):

Among the other prominent Marian feast days and memorials in the General Roman Calendar of the Catholic Church are:[102]

Titles

Main article: Titles of Mary
 
The Blessed Virgin Mary depicted as mother, holding the Child Jesus. Archdiocesan Museum, Wrocław.

A large number of titles to honor Mary or ask for her intercession are used by Roman Catholics.[103] While Mater Dei (i.e. "Mother of God" as confirmed by the First Council of Ephesus, 431) is common in Latin, a large number of other titles have been used by Roman Catholics – far more than any other Christians.[4][104][105]

Titles used to refer to the Virgin Mary throughout history, at times reflect the changing attitudes towards her. Domina (lady), Regina (queen) and Stella Maris (star of the sea) are some of the early titles of Mary, of which Regina is the earliest. Domina and Sella Maris are found in Jerome who perhaps originated the etymology of Mary as Stella Maris in the 5th century. While the early emphasis in Stella Maris was on Mary as the Star that bore Christ, by the 9th century, the attention had focused on Mary herself, as indicated in the hymn Ave Maris Stella. By the 11th century, Mary herself had emerged as the star that acted as a guiding light.[106] By the 13th century, as Mariology was growing, Anthony of Padua had composed Mary Our Queen.[107] Titles continue to be interpreted, e.g. Queen of Heaven was further elaborated in 1954 in the papal encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam by pope Pius XII.[95]

Among the most prominent Roman Catholic Marian titles are:[108]

Music

Main articles: Roman Catholic Marian music and Hymns to Mary
 
Alma Redemptoris Mater
Marian antiphon sung at Compline and Lauds between the First Sunday of Advent and Candlemas
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Antiphons

The Liturgy of the Hours includes several offices to be sung, including Compline. At the close of this office, one of four Marian antiphons is sung. These songs, Alma redemptoris mater, Ave Regina caelorum, Regina caeli, and Salve Regina, have been described as "among the most beautiful creations of the late Middle Ages".[109][110]

One of the earliest Marian compositions is the popular Salve Regina in Latin from a Benedictine monk, which exists in several Gregorian versions. Hermann of Reichenau (July 18, 1013 – September 24, 1054), composed the Alma redemptoris mater and hymns to Mary became part of daily life at monasteries such as the Benedictine Abbey of Cluny in France.[111][112]

While the date of the composition of Ave Regina caelorum is uncertain, conjecture that it antedates the fourth century seems to be without any warrant of external or internal evidence. It is found in the St. Alban's Book of the twelfth century.[113] The Regina Caeli has been traced back to the twelfth century.[114]

It is difficult to trace the beginning of non-Gregorian Marian liturgical music.[115] In 1277 Pope Nicholas III prescribed rules for liturgy in Roman churches.[116][117] In the Graduale Romanum, Kyriale IX and X are both for Marian feasts. Over the centuries, Marian master pieces have continued to appear, e.g. Mozart's Coronation Mass.[118] The list of compositions by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina includes numerous Marian masses: Salve Regina, Alma Redemptoris, Assumpta est Maria, Regina caeli, de beata Virgine, Ave Regina caelorum, Descendit Angelus Domini, and O Virgo simul et Mater.[119] Joseph Haydn wrote several Marian compositions including two famous Marian Masses.[120]

Marian hymns include O Mary, we Crown Thee With Blossoms Today, Hail Queen of Heaven, the Regina Caeli, and the Ave Maria.[121]

Prayers

See also: Marian litanies

Author Emily Shapcote lists 150 Marian poems and hymns in her book Mary the Perfect Woman.[122] Such prayers and poems go as far back as the 3rd century, but enjoyed a rapid growth during the 11th and 12th centuries. Some of the best poetry written in honor of the Blessed virgin comes from this period of the Middle Ages.[18]

"Because of Mary's singular cooperation with the action of the Holy Spirit, the Church loves to pray in communion with the Virgin Mary, to magnify with her the great things the Lord has done for her, and to entrust supplications and praises to her.[123]

The earliest known Marian prayer is the Sub tuum praesidium, or Beneath Thy Protection, a text for which was rediscovered in 1917 on a papyrus in Egypt dated to c. 250.[124][125] The papyrus contains the prayer in Greek and is the earliest known reference to the title Theotokos (confirmed by the Council of Ephesus in 431):[126]

Beneath your compassion, We take refuge, O Mother of God: do not despise our petitions in time of trouble: but rescue us from dangers, only pure, only blessed one.

The Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary probably originated as a monastic devotion around the middle of the eighth century.[127] It is a variation of the Common of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Liturgy of the Hours (Divine Office). It may have originally been put together to be prayed in connection with the Votive Masses of Our Lady on Saturday, which were written by Alcuin, the liturgical master of Charlemagne’s court.[128] The Little Office did not come into general use before the tenth century.

During the 11th century, as the number of monasteries grew, so did Marian prayers. There is little or no trace of the Hail Mary as an accepted devotional formula before about 1050. All the evidence suggests that it took its rise from certain versicles and responsories occurring in the Little Office or Cursus of the Blessed Virgin which just at that time was coming into favour among the monastic orders. Two Anglo-Saxon manuscripts at the British Museum, one of which may be as old as the year 1030, show that the words "Ave Maria" etc. and "benedicta tu in mulieribus et benedictus fructus ventris tui" occurred in almost every part of the Cursus, and though it is not clear that these clauses were at first joined together so as to make one prayer, there is conclusive evidence that this had come to pass only a very little later.[129] As regards the addition of the word "Jesus," it is commonly said that this was due to the initiative of Pope Urban IV (1261) although the evidence does not seem sufficiently clear to warrant positive statement on the point.[15] This was the prayer as known to Thomas Aquinas when he gave a Lenten sermon on the "Salutation of the Blessed Virgin" in 1273.[130] By the fourteenth century it was not uncommon to conclude with an appeal for sinners and especially for help at the hour of death. Official recognition of the Ave Maria in its complete form was finally given in the Roman Breviary of 1568.[15]

 
The Angelus, 1857–1859, Jean-François Millet

Three Hail Marys is a traditional Roman Catholic devotional practice of reciting three Hail Marys as a petition for purity and other virtues. The practice of saying three Hail Marys in the evening somewhere about sunset had become general throughout Europe in the first half of the fourteenth century and it was recommended by Pope John XXII in 1318. The practice was observed by Franciscans and eventually developed into the Angelus prayer.[131]

The Angelus is a prayer commemorating the Incarnation. It originated with the 11th-century monastic custom of reciting three Hail Marys during the evening, or Compline bell. It was traditionally recited in Roman Catholic churches, convents, and monasteries three times daily: 6:00 am, noon, and 6:00 pm and is usually accompanied by the ringing of the Angelus bell, which is a call to prayer.[132]

In the 12th century Bernard of Clairvaux gave sermons (De duodecim stellis), from which an extract has been taken by the Roman Catholic Church and used in the Offices of the Compassion and of the Seven Dolours. Saint Bernard wrote: "Take away Mary, this star of the sea, the sea truly great and wide: what is left but enveloping darkness and the shadow of death and the densest blackness?"[111] There are pious meditations on the Ave Maria and the Salve Regina, usually attributed either to St. Anselm of Lucca (d. 1080) or St. Bernard; and also in the large book "De laudibus B. Mariae Virginis" (Douai, 1625) by Richard de Saint-Laurent.

Other famous Marian prayers include the Magnificat, and the Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

The mostly anonymous Middle English Lyrics of the Later Middle Ages show passionate forms of personal worship, known as affective devotion. The lyrics, reflecting the theology, depict Mary as not just the woman but also the ideal that all humanity should strive for.

Mary's humility is one of the qualities highlighted by in the Middle English Lyrics. The lyric “Gabriel, from hevenë king/ sent to the maidë swetë” is an excellent example of Mary's humility. The lyric's author builds upon this theme throughout the lyric. The second stanza “Mildëliche him gan answere/ The midlë maiden thannë." The theme of humility is fully developed in the third stanza;

When the maiden understood/ And th’angles wordës herdë,/ Mildëliche with mildë mod/ To th’angel she answerdë:/ ‘Our Lordës thew-maiden i-wis/ Ich am, that her-aboven is./ Anentës me/ Fulforthëd be/ Thy, sawë;/ That Ich, sithe His wil is,/ Maiden, withouten lawë,/ Of moder have the blis. [133]

Devotions

Main article: Marian devotions
See also: Rosary, Scapular, Rosary and scapular, and Rosary devotions and spirituality
 
Rosary and scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel

The term "devotions" is commonly understood to refer to those external practices of piety by which the faith of an individual finds expression.[134] Such prayers or acts may be accompanied by specific requests for Mary's intercession with God.[135][136] Devotion to the Virgin Mary does not, however, amount to worship – which is reserved for God.

A wide range of Marian devotions are followed by Catholics ranging from simple Rosary recitations to formalized Novenas to activities which do not involve any prayers, such the wearing of scapulars or maintaining a Mary garden.[137] Two well known Marian devotions are the Rosary recitation and the wearing of the Brown Scapular. Following their joint growth in the 18th and 19th centuries, by the early 20th century the Rosary and the devotional Scapular had gained such a strong following among Catholics worldwide that the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1914 stated: "Like the Rosary, the Brown Scapular has become the badge of the devout Catholic."[138] In his encyclical Rosarium Virginis Mariae Pope John Paul II emphasized the importance of the Rosary. The Mariological basis of the Scapular devotion is effectively the same as Marian consecration, as discussed in the dogmatic constitution Lumen gentium of the Second Vatican Council, namely the role of the Virgin Mary as "the mother to us in the order of grace" which allows her to intercede for "the gift of eternal salvation".[139] The same Council decree clarified that the many ways in which Mary can encourage and assist us "neither takes away from nor adds anything to the dignity and efficaciousness of Christ the one Mediator."[140]

Roman Catholic tradition includes specific prayers and devotions as Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary for insults that she suffers. The Raccolta Roman Catholic prayer book (approved by a Decree of 1854, and published by the Holy See in 1898) includes a number of such prayers. These prayers do not involve a petition for a living or deceased beneficiary, but aim to repair the sins of others against the Virgin Mary.[141][142][143]

Consecration and entrustment to Mary

Main article: Consecration and entrustment to Mary

For centuries, Marian devotions among Roman Catholics have included many examples of personal or collective acts of consecration and entrustment to the Virgin Mary; the Latin terms oblatio, servitus, commendatio, and dedicatio were used in this context.[144]

The Catholic Church makes it clear that "the faithful should be carefully instructed about the practice of consecration to the Blessed Virgin Mary … it is, in reality, only analogously a 'consecration to God,' and should be expressed in a correct liturgical manner: to the Father, through Christ in the Holy Spirit, imploring the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, to whom we entrust ourselves completely, so as to keep our baptismal commitments and live as her children."[144]

Individuals declaring their "entrustment" to Mary seek her intercession before God through her son Jesus Christ, for she herself has no divine power.[145][146] In Catholic teachings, consecration to Mary does not diminish or substitute the love of God, but enhances it, for all consecration is ultimately made to God.[147]

In modern times, Pope John Paul II clarified consecration to Mary in his 1987 encyclical, Redemptoris mater, in which he stated, "Mary's motherhood … is a gift which Christ himself makes personally to every individual."[5]

Catholic view of Marian apparitions

Main article: Marian apparitions
 
In Marpingen, Germany, Our Lady is said to have appeared several times to three groups of visionaries: in 1876–1877, then in 1934–1936, and finally in 1999. The investigation conducted by the Bishop of Trier after the last apparition concluded in 2005 that "the events in Marpingen cannot be confirmed as being of supernatural origin".[148]

Many Marian apparitions have been reported by believers, including Our Lady of Lourdes, Our Lady of Guadalupe, and Our Lady of Fátima.[149][150][151] In some cases (e.g. Alexandrina of Balazar, Padre Pio or Maria Pierina De Micheli) these have involved visions of Jesus and Mary and sometimes include a spoken element.

The official position of the Holy See is that while the Holy Office has approved a few apparitions of the Virgin Mary, Roman Catholics at large are not required to believe them. However, many Catholics express belief in Marian apparitions.[152] This has included popes, e.g. four popes, i.e. Pope Pius XII, Pope John XXIII, Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis have supported the Our Lady of Fátima apparitions as supernatural. Pope John Paul II was particularly attached to Fátima and credited the Blessed Virgin of Fátima with saving his life after he was shot in Rome on the Feast Day of Our Lady of Fátima in May 1981. He donated the bullet that wounded him on that day to the Roman Catholic sanctuary at Fátima, Portugal.[149][153][154]

As a historical pattern, Vatican approval seems to have followed general acceptance of a vision by well over a century in most cases. According to Salvatore M. Perrella of the Mariunum Pontifical Institute in Rome, of the 295 reported apparitions studied by the Holy See through the centuries only 12 have been approved, the latest being in May 2008.[6][7][155][156]

Veneration through Marian art

Main article: Marian art in the Catholic Church

The tradition of honoring Mary by venerating images of her goes back to 3rd-century Christianity.[157] Following the period of iconoclasm, the position of the church with respect to the veneration of images was formalized at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. A summary of the doctrine is included in the current Catechism of the Catholic Church.

The Christian veneration of images is not contrary to the first commandment which proscribes idols. Indeed, "the honour rendered to an image passes to its prototype," and "whoever venerates an image venerates the person portrayed in it." The honour paid to sacred images is a "respectful veneration," not the adoration due to God alone: Religious worship is not directed to images in themselves, considered as mere things, but under their distinctive aspect as images leading us on to God Incarnate. The movement toward the image does not terminate in it as image, but tends towards that whose image it is.[158]

No other image (in either the Western or the Eastern Church) permeates Christian art as much as the image of Madonna and Child.[159] The images of the Virgin Mary have become central icons of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity where Mary remains a central artistic topic.[160] Byzantine images of the Theotokos were adopted in the West, where Byzantine models became widely distributed in by the 7th century. The Virgin Mary has been one of the major subjects of Christian Art, Catholic Art and Western Art since Early Christian art and she has been very widely portrayed in iconic "portraits", often known as Madonnas, with the infant Jesus in the Madonna and Child, and in a number of narrative scenes from her life known as the Life of the Virgin, as well as scenes illustrating particular doctrines or beliefs: from masters such as Michelangelo, Raphael, Murillo and Botticelli to folk art.[161][162]

Some Marian art subjects include the:

Marian art enjoys a significant level of diversity, e.g. with distinct styles of statues of the Virgin Mary present on different continents (as depicted in the galleries in Roman Catholic Marian art). These depictions are not restricted to European art, and also appear in South American paintings.[163] The South American tradition of Marian veneration through art dates back to the 16th century, with the Virgin of Copacabana gaining fame in 1582.[164]

Marian movements and societies

Main article: Roman Catholic Marian Movements and Societies

Throughout the centuries the devotion to and the veneration of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholics has both led to, and been influenced by a number of Roman Catholic Marian Movements and Societies. These societies form part of the fabric of Roman Catholic Mariology.[8][165][166] As early as the 16th century, the Holy See endorsed the Sodality of Our Lady and Gregory XIII issued a papal bull commending it and granting it indulgences and establishing it as the mother sodality, and other sodalities were formed thereafter.[167][168][169]

The 18th and 19th centuries saw a number of missionary Marian organizations such as Company of Mary, the Marianists, the Marist Fathers, and the Marist Brothers. Some of these missionaries, e.g. Peter Chanel, were martyred as they travelled to new lands.[170][171] The 20th century witnessed the formation of Marian organizations with millions of members, e.g. the Legion of Mary and Blue Army of Our Lady of Fatima.[172][173][174][175]

Marian shrines and patronages

Main article: Marian shrines
See also: Roman Catholic Marian churches
 
The Marian Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida, Brazil, the largest church in the Americas.[176]

In the Roman Catholic Church a shrine is a church or sacred place which receives many faithful pilgrims for a specific pious reason. The local ordinary must approve the shrine.[177]

Marian shrines account for major veneration centers and pilgrimage sites for Roman Catholics. According to Bishop Francesco Giogia, at the end of the 20th century, the most visited Catholic shrine in the world was that of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico City. In third place was Our Lady of Aparecida in Brazil, with the non-Marian shrine of San Giovanni Rotondo in second place.[76] The visual effect of Marian pilgrimages can be dramatic, e.g. on May 13 and October 13 of each year close to one million Catholic pilgrims walk the country road that leads to the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima.[178] Around 2 million pilgrims journey up Tepeyac hill on December 12 each year to visit the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe.[179] While in 1968 Aparecida had about four million pilgrims,[180] the number has since reached eight million pilgrims per year.[181]

Major Marian shrines include:

There are other Marian pilgrimage sites such as Medjugorje, which is not considered a shrine by the Holy See, but yet receives a large number of pilgrims every year.[182] The number of pilgrims who visit some of the approved shrines every year can be significant. E.g. Lourdes with a population of around 15,000 people, receives about 5,000,000 pilgrims every year.[183] In 1881 a French priest, Julien Gouyet, led by the visions of Jesus and Mary of Anne Catherine Emmerich (Klemens Brentano, 1852) discovered the House of the Virgin Mary near Ephesus in Turkey.[184][185][186]

A number of countries, cities, and professions consider the Blessed Virgin their patron saint. For a list, see Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Cultural adaptations

Echoing the Byzantine depiction of Christ Pantocrator, the Eastern Church portrayed Mary as the regal Queen of Heaven. As this theme spread to the West, prayers such as the Regina caeli,[18] Ave Regina caelorum, and Salve Regina were composed.

An example of the cultural adaptation of perspective includes the view of the Virgin Mary as a mother with humility (rather than a heavenly queen) as the Franciscans began to preach in China, and its similarity to the local Chinese motherly and merciful figure of Kuanyin, which was much admired in south China.[187][188][189][190][191][192] Another example is the Juan Diego's account of the appearance of the Virgin of Guadalupe in 1531 as a tanned Aztec princess who spoke in his local Nahuatl language. The clothing of the Virgin of Guadalupe image has been identified[by whom?] as that of an Aztec princess.[193][194][195][196][197]

Other views, such as the Virgin Mary as a "miracle worker" have existed for centuries and are still held by many Catholics as of 2015.[198][199][200] Instances include the Black Madonna of Częstochowa which continues to be venerated today as the Patron of Poland, and Our Lady of Lourdes – Lourdes receives millions of pilgrims per year. However, the Vatican has generally been reluctant to approve of modern miracles, unless they have been subject to extensive analysis and scrutiny. [201][202][203][204][205]

See also

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ^ For example, on March 12, 1969, Pope Paul VI reduced and rearranged the number of Marian feast days in Sanctitas clarior. Several of his predecessors did similarly.

References

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Sources

  • Ball, Ann (2003). Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices. ISBN 0-87973-910-X.
  • Bäumer, Remigius; Scheffczyk, Leo (1994). Marienlexikon Gesamtausgabe (in German). Institutum Marianum Regensburg. ISBN 3-88096-891-8. (cited as Bäumer)
  • McNally, Terrence (2009). What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary. ISBN 978-1-4415-1051-8.
  • Pope Paul VI. (November 21, 1964), Lumen gentium §60

Further reading

  • Baldovin, John and Johnson, Maxwell, Between memory and hope: readings on the liturgical year 2001 ISBN 0-8146-6025-8
  • Calkins, Arthur. The Alliance of the Two Hearts and Consecration, Miles Immaculatae XXXI (July/December 1995)
  • de Montfort, Louis Marie. True Devotion to Mary.
  • Liguori, Alphonsus. Discourse IV of the Dolours of Mary
  • Liguori, Alphonsus. The Glories of Mary.
  • O'Donnell, Timothy Terrance. Heart of the Redeemer, 1992 ISBN 0-89870-396-4 page 272
  • O'Grady, John F., Catholic beliefs and traditions: ancient and ever new, 2002 ISBN 0-8091-4047-0
  • Storey, William G., A Beginner's Book of Prayer: An Introduction to Traditional Catholic Prayers, 2009 ISBN 0-8294-2792-9

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virgin Mary.
  • The Mary Page (The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute, University of Dayton)
  • Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The Blessed Virgin Mary" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Immaculate Conception" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

May 20, 2023
veneration, mary, catholic, church, veneration, mary, catholic, church, encompasses, various, devotions, which, include, prayer, pious, acts, visual, arts, poetry, music, devoted, popes, have, encouraged, while, also, taking, steps, reform, some, manifestation. The veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church encompasses various devotions which include prayer pious acts visual arts poetry and music devoted to her 1 2 Popes have encouraged it while also taking steps to reform some manifestations of it note 1 The Holy See has insisted on the importance of distinguishing true from false devotion and authentic doctrine from its deformations by excess or defect 3 There are significantly more titles feasts and venerative Marian practices among Roman Catholics than in other Western Christian traditions 4 The term hyperdulia indicates the special veneration due to Mary greater than the ordinary dulia for other saints but utterly unlike the latria due only to God Blessed VirginMaryMother of GodQueen of HeavenMother of the ChurchMediatrix of all gracesOur LadyBornSeptember 8 Nativity of Mary DiedThe Catholic Church teaches that at the end of her natural life she was assumed into heaven body and soul Assumption of Mary Venerated inCatholic ChurchCanonizedPre CongregationMajor shrineSanta Maria Maggiore others see Shrines to the Virgin Mary FeastSee Marian feast daysAttributesBlue mantle white veil Immaculate heart crown of 12 stars pregnant woman halo with 12 stars roses woman with childPatronageSee Patronage of the Blessed Virgin MaryBelief in the incarnation of God the Son through Mary is the basis for calling her the Mother of God which was declared a dogma at the Council of Ephesus in 431 At the Second Vatican Council and in Pope John Paul II s encyclical Redemptoris mater she is spoken of also as Mother of the Church 5 Growth of Roman Catholic veneration of Mary and Mariology has often come not from official declarations but from Marian writings of the saints popular devotion and at times reported Marian apparitions The Holy See approves only a select few as worthy of belief the most recent being the 2008 approval of certain apparitions from 1665 6 7 Further pious veneration of Mary encouraged by Popes are exhibited in the canonical coronations granted to popular Marian images venerated in a particular locality all over the world while Marian movements and societies with millions of members have arisen from belief in events such as Guadalupe Lourdes Fatima Akita and other reasons 8 Contents 1 From Christ to Mary in the Roman Catholic tradition 2 From veneration to theology 2 1 Theological basis for the veneration of Mary 2 2 Mary s role in salvation and redemption 2 3 Mary as the masterwork of God 2 4 Mary as protectress and intercessor 2 5 Development of Marian doctrines 2 6 Liturgical aspects 3 History 3 1 Early veneration 3 2 Growth of Marian culture 4 Catholic saints and veneration of Mary 5 Feast days 6 Titles 7 Music 7 1 Antiphons 8 Prayers 9 Devotions 9 1 Consecration and entrustment to Mary 10 Catholic view of Marian apparitions 11 Veneration through Marian art 12 Marian movements and societies 13 Marian shrines and patronages 14 Cultural adaptations 15 See also 16 Notes 16 1 Footnotes 16 2 References 17 Sources 18 Further reading 19 External linksFrom Christ to Mary in the Roman Catholic tradition EditIn Roman Catholic teachings the veneration of Mary is a natural consequence of Christology Jesus and Mary are son and mother redeemer and redeemed 9 This sentiment was expressed by Pope John Paul II in his encyclical Redemptoris mater At the centre of this mystery in the midst of this wonderment of faith stands Mary As the loving Mother of the Redeemer she was the first to experience it To the wonderment of nature you bore your Creator 5 In the Roman Catholic tradition Mariology is seen as Christology developed to its full potential 10 Mary is seen as contributing to a fuller understanding of the life of Jesus In this view a Christology without Mary is not based on the total revelation of the Bible Traces of this parallel interpretation go back to the early days of Christianity and numerous saints have since focused on it 9 The development of this approach continued into the 20th century In his 1946 publication Compendium Mariologiae Mariologist Gabriel Roschini explained that Mary not only participated in the birth of the physical Jesus but with conception she entered with him into a spiritual union The divine salvation plan being not only material includes a permanent spiritual unity with Christ 11 12 13 Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger later Pope Benedict XVI wrote It is necessary to go back to Mary if we want to return to that truth about Jesus Christ truth about the Church and truth about man that John Paul II proposed as a program to all of Christianity in order to ensure an authentic approach to Christology via a return to the whole truth about Mary 14 From veneration to theology EditIt is possible that the practice of invoking the aid of the Mother of Christ had become more familiar to the faithful some time before any expression of it in the writings of the Early Church Fathers 15 Christians love for Mary intuited frequently in anticipation certain aspects of the mystery of the Blessed Virgin calling the attention of theologians and pastors to them 16 Venerative and devotional practices have often preceded formal theological declarations by the Magisterium 17 The veneration of the Blessed Virgin takes place in various ways Marian prayers and hymns usually begin with veneration honor of her followed by petitions 18 The number of Marian titles continued to grow as of the 3rd century and many titles existed by the 5th century growing especially during the Middle Ages 19 Theological basis for the veneration of Mary Edit Veneration for Mary is based on the reference in the Gospel of Luke to Mary as the selected handmaid of the Lord who is greeted and praised by both Elizabeth and the angel Gabriel God s work is further illuminated in the Marian dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church such as the Immaculate Conception and the Assumption and are in the Roman Catholic view part of the apostolic tradition and divine revelation 20 21 Catholics distinguish veneration from worship Mary s role in salvation and redemption Edit The Virgin Mary from the Ghent Altarpiece 1432 One of the components of the Catholic veneration of Mary is the focus on her participation in the processes of salvation and redemption 22 This has been explored by such writers as Edward Schillebeeckx and Adrienne von Speyr 23 24 John s Gospel records her presence at the beginning and end of Jesus public life Particularly significant is Mary s presence at the Cross when she received from her dying Son the charge to be mother to the beloved disciple Catholics interpret that through the disciple Christ is giving care of Mary to all Christians 16 The Acts of the Apostles expressly numbers the Mother of Jesus among the women of the first community awaiting Pentecost John Eudes wrote that The Virgin Mary began to cooperate in the plan of salvation from the moment she gave her consent to the Incarnation of the Son of God 25 Lumen gentium the 1964 Dogmatic Constitution of the Church recognized all the salvific influence of the Blessed Virgin on men originates not from some inner necessity but from the divine pleasure It flows forth from the superabundance of the merits of Christ rests on His mediation depends entirely on it and draws all its power from it 26 In a singular way she cooperated by her obedience faith hope and burning charity in the work of the Savior in giving back supernatural life to souls Wherefore she is our mother in the order of grace 27 One of the first scholars to offer theological foundations on the subject of the Immaculate Conception was the Franciscan Duns Scotus who developed the concept that Mary was preserved from sin by the redemptive virtue of Jesus 28 29 30 Devotions to and the veneration of the Virgin Mary continued to spread as she came to be seen as the helpful mother of Christians and by the 15th century these practices had oriented many Catholic devotions 31 Veronica Giuliani expressed how Mary s suffering in Calvary united her heart with that of Jesus as she suffered each torment along with him 32 The joint devotion to the hearts was formalized by Jean Eudes who organized the scriptural and theological foundations and developed its liturgical themes 33 The venerative aspects of the united nature of the two hearts continued through the centuries and in 1985 Pope John Paul II coined the term Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary and in 1986 addressed the international conference on that topic held at Fatima Portugal 34 35 36 By the 18th century the continued growth of Marian veneration had emphasized the role of the Virgin Mary in salvation The Catholic focus on the role of Mary in salvation and redemption continued with Pope John Paul II s 1987 encyclical Redemptoris mater 5 Mary as the masterwork of God Edit The Catechism of the Catholic Church in paragraphs 721 726 claims that Mary is the first dwelling place of God in salvation history As such she is the masterwork of God and the start of God bringing mankind into communion with Jesus In Mary s womb Jesus is the manifestation of God s wonders the fulfillment of God s plan of loving goodness and the definitive theophany As such Mary is typified by the Burning Bush in the Book of Exodus and by wisdom in the Book of Proverbs 37 Mary as protectress and intercessor Edit See also Mother of the Church The Virgin of Mercy protecting a group of nuns under her mantle Sano di Pietro 15th century It was through Mary s intercession through compassion for the hosts at the marriage feast of Cana that Jesus worked his first miracle 27 The Catechism of the Catholic Church states From the most ancient times the Blessed Virgin has been honored with the title of Mother of God to whose protection the faithful fly in all their dangers and needs 38 The Eastern Catholic Churches observe the feast of the Intercession of the Theotokos in October Roman Catholic views of the Virgin Mary as refuge and advocate of sinners protector from dangers and powerful intercessor with her Son Jesus are expressed in prayers artistic depictions theology and popular and devotional writings as well as in the use of religious articles and images 39 40 The earliest known prayer to Mary the Sub tuum praesidium Under your protection dates from about the 3rd century 41 The artistic depictions of the Virgin of Mercy portray the role of Mary as the protector of Christians as she shelters them under her mantle The Virgin of Mercy depictions sometimes include arrows raining from above with the Virgin s cloak protecting the people 42 Catholics have continued to seek the protection of Mary as the Mother of Sorrows and relied on her intercession as the Queen of Heaven since the Middle Ages 43 Building on that sentiment popes have entrusted specific causes to the protection of the Virgin Mary Pope Benedict XV entrusted the protection of the world through the intercession of Mary Queen of Peace during the First World War 44 The Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy also known as the order of Our Lady of Ransom or Order of Captives began in the 13th century in the Kingdom of Aragon Spain to ransom captive Christians slaves held in Muslim hands The order now focuses on the role of the Virgin Mary as the protector of captives and prisoners 45 The depictions of Our Lady of Navigators arose from the prayers and devotions of Portuguese navigators who saw the Virgin Mary as their protector during storms and other hazards Prayers to Our Lady of Navigators are well known in South America specially Brazil where its February 2 feast is an official holiday 46 47 The Virgin of the Navigators depicting ships under her mantle is the earliest known painting whose subject is the discovery of the Americas 48 49 Miguel Hidalgo s 1810 Guadalupan flag Both Miguel Hidalgo and Emiliano Zapata flew flags of Our Lady of Guadalupe as their protector and Zapata s men wore the Guadalupan image around their necks and on their sombreros 50 51 In 1979 ceremony Pope John Paul II placed Mexico under the protection of the Virgin of Guadalupe 52 The prayer the Memorare begins Remember O most gracious Virgin Mary that never was it known that anyone who fled to Thy protection implored Thy help or sought Thy intercession was left unaided 53 Louis de Montfort taught that God appointed Mary as the dispenser of grace and to receive grace from God one can receive it through the hands of the Blessed Virgin as a child receives from a mother 25 Lumen gentium states This however is to be so understood that it neither takes away from nor adds anything to the dignity and efficaciousness of Christ the one Mediator 26 Pope Francis has said that her entire life was contained in her song of praise of the greatness of the Lord Francis goes on to confide that at Marian shrines he likes tospend time looking at the Blessed Mother and letting her look at me I pray for a childlike trust the trust of the poor and simple who know that their mother is there and that they have a place in her heart And in looking at her to hear once more like the Indian Juan Diego My youngest son what is the matter Do not let it disturb your heart Am I not here I who have the honour to be your mother 54 Development of Marian doctrines Edit The theological development of devotion to Mary begins with Justin Martyr 100 165 who articulated Mary s role in salvation history as the Second Eve 55 This was followed up by Irenaeus whom Herbert Thurston calls the first theologian of the Virgin Mother 15 The Catholic Church s magisterium has identified four teachings about Mary as dogmas of faith These include belief in her virginal conception of Jesus taught by the First Council of Nicaea in 325 The Council of Ephesus in 431 applied to her the description Mother of God Theotokos The perpetual virginity of Mary was taught by the ecumenical Second Council of Constantinople in 553 which described her as ever virgin and was expressed also by the Lateran synod of October 649 56 The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception states that from the first moment of her existence Mary was without original sin 57 This doctrine was proclaimed a dogma ex cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854 The dogma of the Assumption of Mary defined by Pope Pius XII in 1950 states that at the end of her earthly life her body did not suffer corruption but was assumed into heaven and became a heavenly body 58 Liturgical aspects Edit In the first three centuries the emphasis was on the veneration of martyrs as a continuation of the yearly celebrations of their death e g as noted in the early Christian text on the Martyrdom of Polycarp 59 In the Eastern traditions Mariology developed through liturgical veneration within the framework of the feasts relative to the Incarnation 60 In the early part of the 3rd century Hippolytus of Rome recorded the first liturgical reference to the Virgin Mary as part of the ordination rite of a bishop 61 Marian feasts appeared in the 4th century and the feast of the Memory of Mary Mother of God was celebrated on August 15 in Jerusalem by the year 350 61 62 The Roman Catholic liturgy is one of the most important elements of Marian devotions Many Marian feasts are superior to the feast days of the other saints The liturgical texts of the Marian feast days all link Mary to Jesus Christ History EditEarly veneration Edit Earliest fresco of the Virgin Mary Catacomb of Priscilla 2nd century 63 Mary as the mother of Jesus is documented in Roman catacombs paintings from the first half of the 2nd century show her holding the Christ Child 15 Excavations in the crypt of St Peter s Basilica uncovered a very early fresco of Mary together with Saint Peter 64 The Roman Priscilla catacombs depict the oldest Marian paintings from the middle of the 2nd century 65 Mary is shown with Jesus on her lap they are next to a man in a tunic his left hand holding a book and his right hand pointing to a star over his head the latter being an Old Testament symbol of messiahs and or the Messiah These catacombs also have a depiction of the Annunciation 63 The Edict of Milan AD 313 allowed Christians to worship openly This new freedom also permitted literary development of the veneration of Mary Hippolytus of Rome being an early example 61 66 Ambrose who lived in Rome before going to Milan as its bishop venerated Mary as an example of Christian life and is credited with starting a Marian cult of virginity in the 4th century 67 Marian veneration was theologically sanctioned with the adoption of the title Theotokos at the Council of Ephesus in 431 The earliest known churches dedicated to Mary were built shortly after that date among these the Church of the Seat of Mary Kathisma near Mar Elias Monastery between Jerusalem and Bethlehem The first Marian churches in Rome date from the 5th and 6th centuries Santa Maria in Trastevere Santa Maria Antiqua and Santa Maria Maggiore 15 However the very earliest church dedicated to the Virgin Mary still dates to the late 4th century in Syria dubious discuss where clarification needed an inscription dedicating it to the Theotokos Mother of God was found among the ruins 68 Growth of Marian culture Edit Santa Maria Maggiore the first Marian church in Rome originally built between 430 and 440 69 In the early Middle Ages veneration of Mary was particularly expressed in monasteries especially those of the Benedictines Chants such as Ave Maris Stella and the Salve Regina emerged and became staples of monastic plainsong 70 In the 8th century The Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary developed from the monks practice of praying the Canonical hours The Carolingians encouraged Marian piety by the celebration of Marian feast days and the dedication of churches in her honor 55 Devotional practices grew in number The Romanesque period saw the construction of major Marian churches such as Speyer Cathedral also known as the Mariendom in Speyer Germany and Our Lady of Flanders Cathedral in Tournai Belgium From the year 1000 onward more and more churches including many of Europe s greatest cathedrals were dedicated to Mary Gothic cathedrals such as Notre Dame de Paris as well as Our Lady of Chartres near Paris were major masterworks of the time Construction of Santa Maria Assunta Cathedral in Siena Italy and Notre Dame Cathedral Luxembourg increased the number of churches devoted to the Virgin Mary The 12th and 13th centuries saw an extraordinary growth of the cult of the Virgin in Western Europe inspired in part by the writings of theologians such as Bernard of Clairvaux The movement found its grandest expression in the French cathedrals often dedicated to Our Lady such as Notre Dame de Paris and Notre Dame de Bayeux among others 71 Walsingham and other places of Marian pilgrimage developed large popular followings At the height of the pilgrimage movement in the 11th and 12th centuries hundreds of people were traveling almost constantly from one Marian shrine to the next 72 By the 14th century Mary had become greatly popular as a compassionate intercessor and protector of humanity and during the great plagues such as the Black Death her help was sought against the just judgment of God 73 The Renaissance witnessed a dramatic growth in venerative Marian art 74 By the 16th century the Protestant Reformation had introduced a tide against Marian venerations in Europe 75 However at the same time new Marian devotions were starting in Latin America based on Juan Diego s 1531 reported vision of Our Lady of Guadalupe The ensuing Marian pilgrimages have continued to date and the Marian Basilica on Tepeyac Hill remains the most visited Catholic shrine in the world 76 In the 17th and 18th centuries writings by the saints coupled with papal encouragements increased the growth of Marian devotions and gave rise to the definition and declaration of new Marian doctrines 77 Marian culture continues to develop within the Catholic Church In 1974 after 4 years of preparation Pope Paul VI issued the Apostolic Letter Marialis Cultus In this document which was subtitled For the Right Ordering and Development of Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary Paul VI not only discussed the history of Marian devotions but also overviewed their rationale and provided suggestions for their future direction their theological and pastoral value He called for preventing any tendency as has happened at times in certain forms of popular piety to separate devotion to the Blessed Virgin from its necessary point of reference Christ MC 4 78 79 This followed the turn of events at the Second Vatican Council which followed a century of increased emphasis on devotion to Mary 80 The Council document Sacrosanctum Concilium sought to give guidance on the place of devotions in Christian piety 81 It decreed that Devotions should be so drawn up that they harmonize with the liturgical seasons accord with the sacred liturgy are in some fashion derived from it and lead the people to it since in fact the liturgy by its very nature far surpasses any of them SC 13 Catholic saints and veneration of Mary EditMain article Mariology of the saints Roman Catholic devotions have relied on the writings of numerous saints throughout history who have attested to the central role of Mary in God s plan of salvation 82 Early saints included Irenaeus of Lyons in the 2nd century who was perhaps the earliest of the Church Fathers to write systematically about the Virgin Mary and he set out a forthright account of her role in the economy of salvation 83 84 Ambrose of Milan 339 397 based the veneration of Mary not only on her virginity but also on her extraordinary courage 85 86 In the Middle Ages Bernhard of Clairvaux highlighted her virginity and humility as the basis for her veneration 87 88 A particularly significant contribution to Mariology came from John Duns Scotus who in the 13th century defended the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception 89 Scotus identified the key theological foundations which led to the declaration of the dogma of Immaculate Conception centuries later 90 In the 16th century Ignatius of Loyola instructed the Jesuits to preserve Madonna della Strada which was later enshrined in the Church of the Gesu in Rome 91 Filippo Neri a contemporary of Ignatius is credited with the innovation of daily Marian devotions during the month of May 92 In his classic book The Glories of Mary Alphonsus Liguori explained how God gave Mary to mankind as the Gate of Heaven quoting Bonaventure No one can enter Heaven unless by Mary as though through a door 93 Louis de Montfort s book True Devotion to Mary synthesized many of the writings of earlier saints His approach of total consecration to Jesus Christ through Mary had a strong impact on Marian devotion both in popular piety and in the spirituality of religious institutes Feast days EditMain article Marian feast days The earliest Christian feasts that relate to Mary grew out of the cycle of feasts that celebrated the Nativity of Jesus By the 7th century a feast dedicated to Mary was celebrated just before Christmas in the churches of Milan and Ravenna in Italy 94 Over time the number of feasts and the associated titles of Mary and the venerative practices that accompany them increased and today the Catholic Church has more Marian feasts titles and venerative practices than any other Christian body 4 Marian feasts have continued to be developed in the Catholic Church e g the feast of the Queenship of Mary was declared in the 1954 in the papal encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam by pope Pius XII 95 96 A Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary procession during October in Bergamo Italy Catherine of Siena adopted the custom of dedicating Saturday to Mary The month of October was established as the month of the Rosary by Pope Leo XIII who recommended daily Rosary devotions in October 97 98 During the month of May May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary take place in many Catholic regions These may include the singing of Marian anthems crowning of statues of Mary with floral wreaths readings from scriptures a sermon and or presentation by local choirs 99 100 The month is also associated with reflection on the Virgin Mary s role as the ideal disciple who sheds light on the Christian way of life and theologian Karl Rahner stated When we are involved in our May Devotions we are engaged in a Christian understanding of the human situation 101 A Feast of Our Lady of Andacollo procession in Chile 1838 The Roman Catholic Church celebrates three Marian solemnities which are also holy days of obligation in many countries during the liturgical year 102 in liturgical order December 8 Feast of the Immaculate Conception January 1 Mary Mother of God August 15 The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin MaryAmong the other prominent Marian feast days and memorials in the General Roman Calendar of the Catholic Church are 102 December 12 Our Lady of Guadalupe February 11 Our Lady of Lourdes May 13 Our Lady of Fatima May 31 Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary Immaculate Heart of Mary Saturday after Sacred Heart of Jesus August 22 Queenship of Mary September 8 Nativity of the Blessed Virgin MaryTitles EditMain article Titles of Mary The Blessed Virgin Mary depicted as mother holding the Child Jesus Archdiocesan Museum Wroclaw A large number of titles to honor Mary or ask for her intercession are used by Roman Catholics 103 While Mater Dei i e Mother of God as confirmed by the First Council of Ephesus 431 is common in Latin a large number of other titles have been used by Roman Catholics far more than any other Christians 4 104 105 Titles used to refer to the Virgin Mary throughout history at times reflect the changing attitudes towards her Domina lady Regina queen and Stella Maris star of the sea are some of the early titles of Mary of which Regina is the earliest Domina and Sella Maris are found in Jerome who perhaps originated the etymology of Mary as Stella Maris in the 5th century While the early emphasis in Stella Maris was on Mary as the Star that bore Christ by the 9th century the attention had focused on Mary herself as indicated in the hymn Ave Maris Stella By the 11th century Mary herself had emerged as the star that acted as a guiding light 106 By the 13th century as Mariology was growing Anthony of Padua had composed Mary Our Queen 107 Titles continue to be interpreted e g Queen of Heaven was further elaborated in 1954 in the papal encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam by pope Pius XII 95 Among the most prominent Roman Catholic Marian titles are 108 Mary Mother of God Mary the Immaculate Conception Mary Queen of Heaven Queen of the Angels Queen of Peace Star of the Sea Stella Maris Mother of All SorrowsMusic EditMain articles Roman Catholic Marian music and Hymns to Mary Alma Redemptoris Mater source source Marian antiphon sung at Compline and Lauds between the First Sunday of Advent and Candlemas Problems playing this file See media help Antiphons Edit The Liturgy of the Hours includes several offices to be sung including Compline At the close of this office one of four Marian antiphons is sung These songs Alma redemptoris mater Ave Regina caelorum Regina caeli andSalve Regina have been described as among the most beautiful creations of the late Middle Ages 109 110 One of the earliest Marian compositions is the popular Salve Regina in Latin from a Benedictine monk which exists in several Gregorian versions Hermann of Reichenau July 18 1013 September 24 1054 composed the Alma redemptoris mater and hymns to Mary became part of daily life at monasteries such as the Benedictine Abbey of Cluny in France 111 112 While the date of the composition of Ave Regina caelorum is uncertain conjecture that it antedates the fourth century seems to be without any warrant of external or internal evidence It is found in the St Alban s Book of the twelfth century 113 The Regina Caeli has been traced back to the twelfth century 114 It is difficult to trace the beginning of non Gregorian Marian liturgical music 115 In 1277 Pope Nicholas III prescribed rules for liturgy in Roman churches 116 117 In the Graduale Romanum Kyriale IX and X are both for Marian feasts Over the centuries Marian master pieces have continued to appear e g Mozart s Coronation Mass 118 The list of compositions by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina includes numerous Marian masses Salve Regina Alma Redemptoris Assumpta est Maria Regina caeli de beata Virgine Ave Regina caelorum Descendit Angelus Domini and O Virgo simul et Mater 119 Joseph Haydn wrote several Marian compositions including two famous Marian Masses 120 Marian hymns include O Mary we Crown Thee With Blossoms Today Hail Queen of Heaven the Regina Caeli and the Ave Maria 121 Prayers EditSee also Marian litanies Author Emily Shapcote lists 150 Marian poems and hymns in her book Mary the Perfect Woman 122 Such prayers and poems go as far back as the 3rd century but enjoyed a rapid growth during the 11th and 12th centuries Some of the best poetry written in honor of the Blessed virgin comes from this period of the Middle Ages 18 Because of Mary s singular cooperation with the action of the Holy Spirit the Church loves to pray in communion with the Virgin Mary to magnify with her the great things the Lord has done for her and to entrust supplications and praises to her 123 The earliest known Marian prayer is the Sub tuum praesidium or Beneath Thy Protection a text for which was rediscovered in 1917 on a papyrus in Egypt dated to c 250 124 125 The papyrus contains the prayer in Greek and is the earliest known reference to the title Theotokos confirmed by the Council of Ephesus in 431 126 Beneath your compassion We take refuge O Mother of God do not despise our petitions in time of trouble but rescue us from dangers only pure only blessed one The Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary probably originated as a monastic devotion around the middle of the eighth century 127 It is a variation of the Common of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Liturgy of the Hours Divine Office It may have originally been put together to be prayed in connection with the Votive Masses of Our Lady on Saturday which were written by Alcuin the liturgical master of Charlemagne s court 128 The Little Office did not come into general use before the tenth century During the 11th century as the number of monasteries grew so did Marian prayers There is little or no trace of the Hail Mary as an accepted devotional formula before about 1050 All the evidence suggests that it took its rise from certain versicles and responsories occurring in the Little Office or Cursus of the Blessed Virgin which just at that time was coming into favour among the monastic orders Two Anglo Saxon manuscripts at the British Museum one of which may be as old as the year 1030 show that the words Ave Maria etc and benedicta tu in mulieribus et benedictus fructus ventris tui occurred in almost every part of the Cursus and though it is not clear that these clauses were at first joined together so as to make one prayer there is conclusive evidence that this had come to pass only a very little later 129 As regards the addition of the word Jesus it is commonly said that this was due to the initiative of Pope Urban IV 1261 although the evidence does not seem sufficiently clear to warrant positive statement on the point 15 This was the prayer as known to Thomas Aquinas when he gave a Lenten sermon on the Salutation of the Blessed Virgin in 1273 130 By the fourteenth century it was not uncommon to conclude with an appeal for sinners and especially for help at the hour of death Official recognition of the Ave Maria in its complete form was finally given in the Roman Breviary of 1568 15 The Angelus 1857 1859 Jean Francois Millet Three Hail Marys is a traditional Roman Catholic devotional practice of reciting three Hail Marys as a petition for purity and other virtues The practice of saying three Hail Marys in the evening somewhere about sunset had become general throughout Europe in the first half of the fourteenth century and it was recommended by Pope John XXII in 1318 The practice was observed by Franciscans and eventually developed into the Angelus prayer 131 The Angelus is a prayer commemorating the Incarnation It originated with the 11th century monastic custom of reciting three Hail Marys during the evening or Compline bell It was traditionally recited in Roman Catholic churches convents and monasteries three times daily 6 00 am noon and 6 00 pm and is usually accompanied by the ringing of the Angelus bell which is a call to prayer 132 In the 12th century Bernard of Clairvaux gave sermons De duodecim stellis from which an extract has been taken by the Roman Catholic Church and used in the Offices of the Compassion and of the Seven Dolours Saint Bernard wrote Take away Mary this star of the sea the sea truly great and wide what is left but enveloping darkness and the shadow of death and the densest blackness 111 There are pious meditations on the Ave Maria and the Salve Regina usually attributed either to St Anselm of Lucca d 1080 or St Bernard and also in the large book De laudibus B Mariae Virginis Douai 1625 by Richard de Saint Laurent Other famous Marian prayers include the Magnificat and the Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary The mostly anonymous Middle English Lyrics of the Later Middle Ages show passionate forms of personal worship known as affective devotion The lyrics reflecting the theology depict Mary as not just the woman but also the ideal that all humanity should strive for Mary s humility is one of the qualities highlighted by in the Middle English Lyrics The lyric Gabriel from hevene king sent to the maide swete is an excellent example of Mary s humility The lyric s author builds upon this theme throughout the lyric The second stanza Mildeliche him gan answere The midle maiden thanne The theme of humility is fully developed in the third stanza When the maiden understood And th angles wordes herde Mildeliche with milde mod To th angel she answerde Our Lordes thew maiden i wis Ich am that her aboven is Anentes me Fulforthed be Thy sawe That Ich sithe His wil is Maiden withouten lawe Of moder have the blis 133 Devotions EditMain article Marian devotions See also Rosary Scapular Rosary and scapular and Rosary devotions and spirituality Rosary and scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel The term devotions is commonly understood to refer to those external practices of piety by which the faith of an individual finds expression 134 Such prayers or acts may be accompanied by specific requests for Mary s intercession with God 135 136 Devotion to the Virgin Mary does not however amount to worship which is reserved for God A wide range of Marian devotions are followed by Catholics ranging from simple Rosary recitations to formalized Novenas to activities which do not involve any prayers such the wearing of scapulars or maintaining a Mary garden 137 Two well known Marian devotions are the Rosary recitation and the wearing of the Brown Scapular Following their joint growth in the 18th and 19th centuries by the early 20th century the Rosary and the devotional Scapular had gained such a strong following among Catholics worldwide that the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1914 stated Like the Rosary the Brown Scapular has become the badge of the devout Catholic 138 In his encyclical Rosarium Virginis Mariae Pope John Paul II emphasized the importance of the Rosary The Mariological basis of the Scapular devotion is effectively the same as Marian consecration as discussed in the dogmatic constitution Lumen gentium of the Second Vatican Council namely the role of the Virgin Mary as the mother to us in the order of grace which allows her to intercede for the gift of eternal salvation 139 The same Council decree clarified that the many ways in which Mary can encourage and assist us neither takes away from nor adds anything to the dignity and efficaciousness of Christ the one Mediator 140 Roman Catholic tradition includes specific prayers and devotions as Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary for insults that she suffers The Raccolta Roman Catholic prayer book approved by a Decree of 1854 and published by the Holy See in 1898 includes a number of such prayers These prayers do not involve a petition for a living or deceased beneficiary but aim to repair the sins of others against the Virgin Mary 141 142 143 Consecration and entrustment to Mary Edit Main article Consecration and entrustment to Mary For centuries Marian devotions among Roman Catholics have included many examples of personal or collective acts of consecration and entrustment to the Virgin Mary the Latin terms oblatio servitus commendatio and dedicatio were used in this context 144 The Catholic Church makes it clear that the faithful should be carefully instructed about the practice of consecration to the Blessed Virgin Mary it is in reality only analogously a consecration to God and should be expressed in a correct liturgical manner to the Father through Christ in the Holy Spirit imploring the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary to whom we entrust ourselves completely so as to keep our baptismal commitments and live as her children 144 Individuals declaring their entrustment to Mary seek her intercession before God through her son Jesus Christ for she herself has no divine power 145 146 In Catholic teachings consecration to Mary does not diminish or substitute the love of God but enhances it for all consecration is ultimately made to God 147 In modern times Pope John Paul II clarified consecration to Mary in his 1987 encyclical Redemptoris mater in which he stated Mary s motherhood is a gift which Christ himself makes personally to every individual 5 Catholic view of Marian apparitions EditMain article Marian apparitions In Marpingen Germany Our Lady is said to have appeared several times to three groups of visionaries in 1876 1877 then in 1934 1936 and finally in 1999 The investigation conducted by the Bishop of Trier after the last apparition concluded in 2005 that the events in Marpingen cannot be confirmed as being of supernatural origin 148 Many Marian apparitions have been reported by believers including Our Lady of Lourdes Our Lady of Guadalupe and Our Lady of Fatima 149 150 151 In some cases e g Alexandrina of Balazar Padre Pio or Maria Pierina De Micheli these have involved visions of Jesus and Mary and sometimes include a spoken element The official position of the Holy See is that while the Holy Office has approved a few apparitions of the Virgin Mary Roman Catholics at large are not required to believe them However many Catholics express belief in Marian apparitions 152 This has included popes e g four popes i e Pope Pius XII Pope John XXIII Pope Paul VI Pope John Paul II Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis have supported the Our Lady of Fatima apparitions as supernatural Pope John Paul II was particularly attached to Fatima and credited the Blessed Virgin of Fatima with saving his life after he was shot in Rome on the Feast Day of Our Lady of Fatima in May 1981 He donated the bullet that wounded him on that day to the Roman Catholic sanctuary at Fatima Portugal 149 153 154 As a historical pattern Vatican approval seems to have followed general acceptance of a vision by well over a century in most cases According to Salvatore M Perrella of the Mariunum Pontifical Institute in Rome of the 295 reported apparitions studied by the Holy See through the centuries only 12 have been approved the latest being in May 2008 6 7 155 156 Veneration through Marian art EditMain article Marian art in the Catholic Church The Glorification of the Virgin c 1490 1495 by Geertgen tot Sint Jans The tradition of honoring Mary by venerating images of her goes back to 3rd century Christianity 157 Following the period of iconoclasm the position of the church with respect to the veneration of images was formalized at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 A summary of the doctrine is included in the current Catechism of the Catholic Church The Christian veneration of images is not contrary to the first commandment which proscribes idols Indeed the honour rendered to an image passes to its prototype and whoever venerates an image venerates the person portrayed in it The honour paid to sacred images is a respectful veneration not the adoration due to God alone Religious worship is not directed to images in themselves considered as mere things but under their distinctive aspect as images leading us on to God Incarnate The movement toward the image does not terminate in it as image but tends towards that whose image it is 158 No other image in either the Western or the Eastern Church permeates Christian art as much as the image of Madonna and Child 159 The images of the Virgin Mary have become central icons of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity where Mary remains a central artistic topic 160 Byzantine images of the Theotokos were adopted in the West where Byzantine models became widely distributed in by the 7th century The Virgin Mary has been one of the major subjects of Christian Art Catholic Art and Western Art since Early Christian art and she has been very widely portrayed in iconic portraits often known as Madonnas with the infant Jesus in the Madonna and Child and in a number of narrative scenes from her life known as the Life of the Virgin as well as scenes illustrating particular doctrines or beliefs from masters such as Michelangelo Raphael Murillo and Botticelli to folk art 161 162 Some Marian art subjects include the Annunciation Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the shepherds Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Art Coronation of the Virgin Christ taking leave of his mother Immaculate Conception PietaMarian art enjoys a significant level of diversity e g with distinct styles of statues of the Virgin Mary present on different continents as depicted in the galleries in Roman Catholic Marian art These depictions are not restricted to European art and also appear in South American paintings 163 The South American tradition of Marian veneration through art dates back to the 16th century with the Virgin of Copacabana gaining fame in 1582 164 Marian movements and societies EditMain article Roman Catholic Marian Movements and Societies Throughout the centuries the devotion to and the veneration of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholics has both led to and been influenced by a number of Roman Catholic Marian Movements and Societies These societies form part of the fabric of Roman Catholic Mariology 8 165 166 As early as the 16th century the Holy See endorsed the Sodality of Our Lady and Gregory XIII issued a papal bull commending it and granting it indulgences and establishing it as the mother sodality and other sodalities were formed thereafter 167 168 169 The 18th and 19th centuries saw a number of missionary Marian organizations such as Company of Mary the Marianists the Marist Fathers and the Marist Brothers Some of these missionaries e g Peter Chanel were martyred as they travelled to new lands 170 171 The 20th century witnessed the formation of Marian organizations with millions of members e g the Legion of Mary and Blue Army of Our Lady of Fatima 172 173 174 175 Marian shrines and patronages EditMain article Marian shrines See also Roman Catholic Marian churches The Marian Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida Brazil the largest church in the Americas 176 The Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in Lourdes France The Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary in Fatima Portugal In the Roman Catholic Church a shrine is a church or sacred place which receives many faithful pilgrims for a specific pious reason The local ordinary must approve the shrine 177 Marian shrines account for major veneration centers and pilgrimage sites for Roman Catholics According to Bishop Francesco Giogia at the end of the 20th century the most visited Catholic shrine in the world was that of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico City In third place was Our Lady of Aparecida in Brazil with the non Marian shrine of San Giovanni Rotondo in second place 76 The visual effect of Marian pilgrimages can be dramatic e g on May 13 and October 13 of each year close to one million Catholic pilgrims walk the country road that leads to the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fatima 178 Around 2 million pilgrims journey up Tepeyac hill on December 12 each year to visit the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe 179 While in 1968 Aparecida had about four million pilgrims 180 the number has since reached eight million pilgrims per year 181 Major Marian shrines include The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes in Lourdes France The Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City Mexico The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fatima in Fatima Portugal The Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health in Vailankanni India The Basilica of the Our Lady of Penafrancia in Naga City Philippines The Basilica of the Holy House in Loreto Italy The Shrine of Black Madonna of Czestochowa in Czestochowa Poland The Basilica of Our Lady Queen of Ireland in Knock Ireland The Basilica of Our Lady of Ta Pinu in Gozo Malta There are other Marian pilgrimage sites such as Medjugorje which is not considered a shrine by the Holy See but yet receives a large number of pilgrims every year 182 The number of pilgrims who visit some of the approved shrines every year can be significant E g Lourdes with a population of around 15 000 people receives about 5 000 000 pilgrims every year 183 In 1881 a French priest Julien Gouyet led by the visions of Jesus and Mary of Anne Catherine Emmerich Klemens Brentano 1852 discovered the House of the Virgin Mary near Ephesus in Turkey 184 185 186 A number of countries cities and professions consider the Blessed Virgin their patron saint For a list see Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary Cultural adaptations EditEchoing the Byzantine depiction of Christ Pantocrator the Eastern Church portrayed Mary as the regal Queen of Heaven As this theme spread to the West prayers such as the Regina caeli 18 Ave Regina caelorum and Salve Regina were composed An example of the cultural adaptation of perspective includes the view of the Virgin Mary as a mother with humility rather than a heavenly queen as the Franciscans began to preach in China and its similarity to the local Chinese motherly and merciful figure of Kuanyin which was much admired in south China 187 188 189 190 191 192 Another example is the Juan Diego s account of the appearance of the Virgin of Guadalupe in 1531 as a tanned Aztec princess who spoke in his local Nahuatl language The clothing of the Virgin of Guadalupe image has been identified by whom as that of an Aztec princess 193 194 195 196 197 Other views such as the Virgin Mary as a miracle worker have existed for centuries and are still held by many Catholics as of 2015 update 198 199 200 Instances include the Black Madonna of Czestochowa which continues to be venerated today as the Patron of Poland and Our Lady of Lourdes Lourdes receives millions of pilgrims per year However the Vatican has generally been reluctant to approve of modern miracles unless they have been subject to extensive analysis and scrutiny 201 202 203 204 205 See also Edit Catholicism portalEcumenical views of MaryNotes EditFootnotes Edit For example on March 12 1969 Pope Paul VI reduced and rearranged the number of Marian feast days in Sanctitas clarior Several of his predecessors did similarly References Edit Santa Maria Time Time Inc March 27 1927 Retrieved June 6 2016 Elders Willem 1994 Symbolic Scores Studies in the Music of the Renaissance Symbola et emblemata studies in Renaissance and baroque symbolism Vol 5 Illustrated ed Leiden Netherlands E J Brill p 151 ISBN 978 9004099708 ISSN 0923 9073 William Baum March 25 1988 La Virgen Maria en la formacion intelectual y espiritual The Virgin Mary in the Intellectual and Spiritual Formation The Holy See in Spanish Rome Congregation for Catholic Education Retrieved June 6 2016 a b c Flinn Frank K 2007 Mary of Nazareth In Melton J Gordon ed Encyclopedia of Catholicism Encyclopedia of World Religions New York Infobase Publishing pp 441 448 ISBN 9780816075652 Retrieved June 6 2016 a b c d Pope John Paul II March 25 1987 Redemptoris mater The Holy See Rome Retrieved June 6 2016 a b Vatican recognizes Marian apparitions in France Catholic News Agency May 5 2008 Retrieved June 6 2016 a b Perrella Salvatore M May 8 2008 Expert explains Church s criteria for confirming Marian apparitions Catholic News Agency Retrieved June 6 2016 a b Hogan Robert Kulkarni Sumithra February 7 2012 1995 Pastoral Marian Organizations in the United States International Marian Research Institute The Marian Library International Marian Research Institute Retrieved June 6 2016 a b Schmaus Michael 2004 1975 Mariology In Rahner Karl ed Encyclopedia of Theology A Concise Sacramentum Mundi Mumbai St Pauls pp 893 905 ISBN 9780860120063 Retrieved June 6 2016 See Pope Pius XII Mystici corporis Christi John Henry Cardinal Newman Mariology is always christocentric in Michael Testa Mary The Virgin Mary in the Life and Writings of John Henry Newman 2001 and Mariology Is Christology in Vittorio Messori The Mary Hypothesis Rome 2005 Perry Tim Abraham William J 2006 Mary for Evangelicals Toward an Understanding of the Mother of Our Lord Illustrated ed Downers Grove Illinois InterVarsity Press p 303 ISBN 9780830825691 Nachef Antoine 2000 Mary s Pope John Paul II Mary and the Church Since Vatican II Franklin Wisconsin Rowman amp Littlefield p 9 ISBN 9781580510776 Retrieved June 6 2016 Schmaus Michael 1955 Mariologie Mariology Katholische Dogmatik Catholic Dogma Vol 5 Hueber p 328 Retrieved June 6 2016 Miravalle Mark I ed 2007 Editor s Introduction Mariology A Guide for Priests Deacons Seminarians and Consecrated Persons Goleta Georgia Seat of Wisdom Books pp xxi xxiii ISBN 9781579183554 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Baumer 597 Haffner Paul The mystery of Mary 2004 ISBN 0 85244 650 0 p 198 Schillebeeckx Edward Mary mother of the redemption 1964 ASIN B003KW30VG pp 82 84 Von Speyr Adrienne Mary in the Redemption 2003 ISBN 0 89870 955 5 pp 2 7 a b Spiritual Theology by Jordan Aumann 1980 ISBN 0 7220 8518 4 pp 62 67 a b Pope Paul VI Lumen gentium 60 21 November 1964 a b Lumen gentium 61 Summa Theologiae Volume 51 Our Lady 3a 27 30 by Thomas Aquinas Thomas R Heath 2006 ISBN 0 521 02959 7 page 114 Encyclopedia of theology a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN 0 86012 006 6 pages 896 898 2 The encyclopedia of Christianity Volume 3 by Erwin Fahlbusch Geoffrey William Bromiley 2003 ISBN 90 04 12654 6 page 407 3 Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages Volume 2 by Andre Vauchez Richard Barrie Dobson Adrian Walford Michael Lapidge 2001 ISBN 1 57958 282 6 page 919 Mariology A Guide for Priests Deacons Seminarians and Consecrated Persons by Raymond Burke et al 2008 ISBN 978 1 57918 355 4 pages 372 373 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Ellies 2010 A new history of ecclesiastical writers Vol 1 2 p 212 ISBN 978 1 171 18698 4 Butler Alban Farmer David Hugh Burns Paul 2000 Butler s lives of the saints Vol 1 p 3 ISBN 0 86012 250 6 Rome by Yvonne Labande Mailfert et al 1961 ASIN B0007E741C page 115 Osborne John L Early Medieval Painting in San Clemente Rome The Madonna and Child in the Niche Gesta 20 2 1981 299 310 and note 9 referencing T Klauser Rom under der Kult des Gottesmutter Maria Jahrbuch fur der Antike und Christentum 15 1972 120 135 Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters The Cult of the Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages The Metropolitan Museum of Art Renaissance and Reformation by William Roscoe Estep 1986 ISBN 0 8028 0050 5 page 7 Daily life during the Black Death by Joseph Patrick Byrne 2006 ISBN 0 313 33297 5 page 86 Mary in Western art by Timothy Verdon Filippo Rossi 2005 ISBN 0 9712981 9 X page 203 Renaissance and Reformation by William Roscoe Estep 1986 ISBN 0 8028 0050 5 pages 140 144 a b Shrine of 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October 4 2010 Maiden and Mother Prayers Hymns Devotions and Songs to the Beloved Beloved Virgin Mary Throughout the Year by M M Miles Margaret R Miles 2001 ISBN 0 86012 305 7 page Handbook of Prayers by James Socias 2006 ISBN 0 87973 579 1 page 483 Truly Our Sister A Theology of Mary in the Communion of Saints by Elizabeth A Johnson 2006 ISBN 0 8264 1827 9 page 97 a b National Calendar of the USA on line PDF Retrieved November 20 2010 Encyclopedia of Catholicism by Frank K Flinn J Gordon Melton 2007 ISBN 0 8160 5455 X pages 443 444 The Canons of the Two Hundred Holy and Blessed Fathers Who Met at Ephesus Ccel org June 1 2005 Retrieved November 20 2010 The Christian theology reader by Alister E McGrath 2006 ISBN 1 4051 5358 X page 273 The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo Saxon England by Mary Clayton 2003 ISBN 0 521 53115 2 pages 249 252 The greatest Marian prayers their history meaning and usage by Anthony M Buono 1999 ISBN 0 8189 0861 0 page 124 Legends of the Madonna by Anna Jameson 2009 1406853380 page 50 Willi Apel Gregorian Chant 1958 ISBN 0 253 20601 4 p 404 Music In Western Civilisation by Craig M Wright Bryan R Simm 2005 ISBN 0 495 00867 2 page 137 a b The Tradition of Catholic Prayer by Christian Raab Harry Hagan 2007 ISBN 0 8146 3184 3 page 234 James Socias 2006 Handbook of Prayers p 472 ISBN 978 0 87973 579 1 Retrieved November 20 2010 Henry Hugh Ave Regina The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 2 New York Robert Appleton Company 1907 11 October 2016 Henry Hugh Regina Coeli Queen of Heaven The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 12 New York Robert Appleton Company 1911 11 October 2016 Harvard dictionary of music by Willi Apel 1944 ISBN 0 674 37501 7 pages 355 356 Baumer 652 Songs of the dove and the nightingale sacred and secular music c 900 c 1600 by Greta Mary Hair Robyn E Smith 1995 ISBN 2 88449 141 4 page 63 Catholic Music Through the Ages by Edward Schaefer 2008 ISBN 1 59525 020 4 page 100 Harvard dictionary of music by Willi Apel 1944 ISBN 0 674 37501 7 pages 29 and 66 Missa in honorem Beatissimae Virginis Mariae No 5 in E flat major also known as the Grosse Orgelmesse Great Organ Mass H 22 4 1766 and Missa Cellensis in honorem Beatissimae Virginis Mariae No 3 in C major H 22 5 1766 73 Geoghegan G P A Collection of My Favorite Prayers 2006 ISBN 1 4116 9457 0 pages 31 45 70 86 127 Mary the Perfect Woman One Hundred and Fifty Rhythms in Honor of the Mystical Life of Our Lady by Emily Mary Shapcote 2009 ISBN 1 103 66388 7 pages xxii xxxiii 4 Catechism of the Catholic Church 2nd ed Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2019 Paragraph 2682 Burke Raymond L et al 2008 Mariology A Guide for Priests Deacons Seminarians and Consecrated Persons ISBN 978 1 57918 355 4 page 178 Mary for evangelicals by Tim S Perry William J Abraham 2006 ISBN 0 8308 2569 X page 142 The encyclopedia of Christianity Volume 3 by Erwin Fahlbusch Geoffrey William Bromiley 2003 ISBN 90 04 12654 6 page 406 5 Toke Leslie Little Office of Our Lady The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 9 New York Robert 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4 pages 667 679 Ann Ball 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 87973 910 X pages 11 and 341 Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Scapular Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Vatican website Lumen gentium No 61 and No 62 6 Lumen gentium 62 Ann Ball 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and PracticesISBN 0 87973 910 X Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Raccolta Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Joseph P Christopher et al 2003 The Raccolta St Athanasius Press ISBN 978 0 9706526 6 9 a b Veneration of the Holy Mother of God item 204 Retrieved November 20 2010 CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA Consecration Mary s Immaculate Heart by John F Murphy 2007 ISBN 1 4067 3409 8 pages 96 103 The Catholicism Answer Book by John Trigilio Kenneth Brighenti 2007 ISBN 1 4022 0806 5 page 325 Louis Justine 2008 La Prudence Comme Mot d Ordre PDF L Eglise catholique face a l extraordinaire chretien depuis Vatican II Memoire de these PhD in French Lyon Universite Jean Moulin 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Brant Smith 1995 ISBN 0 86554 421 2 pages 1 2 Miracles of Our Lady by Gonzalo de Berceo Richard Terry Mount Annette Grant Cash 1997 ISBN 0 8131 2019 5 page 6 7 Miracles of the Blessed Virgin Mary by Johannes Herolt C C Swinton Blandpages 2004 ISBN 1 4191 7308 1 pages 4 6 Piety and charity in late medieval Florence by John Henderson 1997 ISBN 0 226 32688 8 page 196 Lourdes A History of Its Apparitions and Cures by Georges Bertrin 2004 ISBN 1 4179 8123 7 page 181 The encyclopedia of Christianity Volume 3 by Erwin Fahlbusch Geoffrey William Bromiley 2003 ISBN 90 04 12654 6 page 339 David van Biega Greg Burke April 10 1995 Modern Miracles Have Strict Rules Time com Time Magazine Archived from the original on February 17 2007 Retrieved November 20 2010 Pilgrimage to images in the fifteenth century by Robert Maniura 2004 ISBN 1 84383 055 8 page 104 Maximilian Kolbe Saint of Auschwitz by Elaine Murray Stone 1997 ISBN 0 8091 6637 2 pages 7 8Sources EditBall Ann 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 87973 910 X Baumer Remigius Scheffczyk Leo 1994 Marienlexikon Gesamtausgabe in German Institutum Marianum Regensburg ISBN 3 88096 891 8 cited as Baumer McNally Terrence 2009 What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary ISBN 978 1 4415 1051 8 Pope Paul VI November 21 1964 Lumen gentium 60Further reading EditBaldovin John and Johnson Maxwell Between memory and hope readings on the liturgical year 2001 ISBN 0 8146 6025 8 Calkins Arthur The Alliance of the Two Hearts and Consecration Miles Immaculatae XXXI July December 1995 de Montfort Louis Marie True Devotion to Mary Liguori Alphonsus Discourse IV of the Dolours of Mary Liguori Alphonsus The Glories of Mary O Donnell Timothy Terrance Heart of the Redeemer 1992 ISBN 0 89870 396 4 page 272 O Grady John F Catholic beliefs and traditions ancient and ever new 2002 ISBN 0 8091 4047 0 Storey William G A Beginner s Book of Prayer An Introduction to Traditional Catholic Prayers 2009 ISBN 0 8294 2792 9External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virgin Mary The Mary Page The Marian Library International Marian Research Institute University of Dayton Herbermann Charles ed 1913 The Blessed Virgin Mary Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Immaculate Conception Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church amp oldid 1149847731, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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