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2011 Norway attacks

June 10, 2023

"Oslo bombing" redirects here. For the attack in 1982, see Oslo Central Station bombing.

The 2011 Norway attacks, referred to in Norway as 22 July (Norwegian: 22. juli)[13] or as 22/7,[14] were two domestic terrorist attacks by far right terrorist Anders Behring Breivik against the government, the civilian population, and a Workers' Youth League (AUF) summer camp, in which a total 77 people were killed.

2011 Norway attacks
31 minutes after the explosion in Oslo
Locations of the incidents in the Oslo and Viken counties of Norway
LocationOslo and Utøya, Norway
Coordinates59°54′54″N 10°44′48″E / 59.9149776°N 10.746544°E / 59.9149776; 10.746544 (2011 Oslo explosion)
Date22 July 2011; 11 years ago (2011-07-22)
(UTC+02:00)
TargetLabour Party members[4][5]
Attack type
Car bombing, mass murder, mass shooting
Weapons
Deaths77 (8 by bombing, 67 by gunfire, 2 indirectly)[7][8]
Injured320+ (210+ by bombing, 32 by gunfire, 80+ indirectly)[9][10][11]
TrialNorway v. Breivik
PerpetratorAnders Behring Breivik
MotiveFar-right extremism[12]
VerdictGuilty
ConvictionsCommitting a terrorist attack (2 counts)
Sentence21 years in prison

The first attack was a car bomb explosion in Oslo within Regjeringskvartalet, the executive government quarter of Norway, at 15:25:22 (CEST).[1] The bomb was placed inside a van[15] next to the tower block housing the office of the then Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg.[16] The explosion killed eight people and injured at least 209 people, twelve severely.[9][10][11]

The second attack occurred less than two hours later at a summer camp on the island of Utøya in Tyrifjorden, Viken (former Buskerud). The camp was organised by the AUF, the youth wing of the ruling Norwegian Labour Party (AP). Breivik, dressed in a homemade police uniform and showing false identification,[17][18] took a ferry to the island and opened fire at the participants, killing 67[7][8][19] and injuring 32.[10][11] Among the dead were friends of Stoltenberg, and the stepbrother of Norway's crown princess Mette-Marit.[20] The Utøya attack is the deadliest mass shooting by a lone individual in modern history.

The attack was the deadliest in Norway since World War II.[21][22] A survey found that one in four Norwegians knew someone affected.[23] The European Union, NATO and several countries expressed their support for Norway and condemned the attacks. The 2012 Gjørv Report concluded that Norway's police could have prevented the bombing and caught Breivik faster at Utøya, and that measures to prevent further attacks and "mitigate adverse effects" should have been implemented.[24]

The Norwegian Police arrested Breivik, a 32-year-old Norwegian right-wing extremist,[25] on Utøya island[26] and charged him with both attacks.[27] His trial took place between 16 April and 22 June 2012 in Oslo District Court, where Breivik admitted carrying out the attacks, but denied criminal guilt and claimed the defence of necessity (jus necessitatis).[28] On 24 August, Breivik was convicted as charged and sentenced to 21 years of preventive detention in prison with the possibility of indefinite five year extensions for public safety, the maximum sentence allowed in Norway.

Preparation for the attacks

Breivik claims to have begun the planning of the terrorist acts in 2002, at the age of 23. He had participated for years in debates on Internet forums and spoken against Islam and immigration.[29][failed verification] He was preparing for the attacks from at least as early as 2009, though he concealed his violent intentions.[30][31][32][33]

Failed attempt to buy weapons in Prague

See also: Gun politics in the Czech Republic

Breivik spent six days in Prague in late August and early September 2010. Following his Internet inquiry, Breivik noted that "Prague is known for maybe being the most important transit site point for illicit drugs and weapons in Europe". Despite the fact that Prague has one of the lowest crime rates among European capitals,[34] Breivik expressed reservations about his personal safety, writing that (before his trip there) he believed Prague to be a dangerous place with "many brutal and cynical criminals".[35]

He hollowed out the rear seats of his Hyundai Atos in order to have enough space for the firearms he hoped to buy. After two days, he got a prospectus for a mineral extraction business printed, which was supposed to give him an alibi in case someone suspected him of preparing a terrorist attack.[35] He wanted to buy an AK-47-type assault rifle,[36] a Glock pistol, hand-grenades and a rocket-propelled grenade, stating that getting the latter two would be a "bonus".[33][35]

Breivik had several fake police badges printed to wear with a police uniform, which he had acquired illegally on the Internet, and which he later wore during the attack.[17][18] Contrary to his expectations, he was unable to get any firearms in the Czech Republic, commenting that it was the "first major setback in [his] operation". In the end, he concluded that Prague was "far from an ideal city to buy guns", nothing like "what the BBC reported", and that he had felt "safer in Prague than in Oslo".[33][35][37]

Arming in Norway and through the Internet

See also: Gun politics in Norway

Originally, Breivik intended to try to obtain weapons in Germany or Serbia if his mission in Prague failed. The Czech disappointment led him to procure his weapons through legal channels.[37] He decided to obtain a semi-automatic rifle and a Glock pistol legally in Norway, noting that he had a "clean criminal record, hunting license, and two guns (a Benelli Nova 12 gauge pump-action shotgun and a .308 bolt-action rifle) already for seven years", and that obtaining the guns legally should therefore not be a problem.[33]

 
A .223 calibre Mini-14, manufactured by Sturm Ruger, weapon model purchased by Breivik

Upon returning to Norway, Breivik obtained a legal permit for a .223-caliber Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic carbine, ostensibly for the purpose of hunting deer.[citation needed] He bought it in late 2010 for €1,400. He wanted to purchase a 7.62×39mm Ruger Mini-30 semi-automatic carbine, but decided for unknown reasons to buy the Mini-14.[citation needed]

Getting a permit for the pistol proved more difficult, as he had to demonstrate regular attendance at a sport shooting club.[35] He also bought ten 30-round magazines for the rifle from a United States supplier, and six magazines for the pistol (including four 30-round magazines) in Norway. From November 2010 to January 2011 he went through 15 training sessions at the Oslo Pistol Club, and by mid-January his application to purchase a Glock pistol was approved.[38][39]

Breivik claimed in his manifesto that he bought 300g of sodium nitrate[40] from a Polish shop for €10.[41] The Polish ABW interviewed the company owner on 24 July 2011.[41] Breivik's Polish purchases initially led to him being placed on the watch list of the Norwegian intelligence, which did not act because they did not believe his actions were relevant to their terror concerns.[42]

He had also planned a last religious service (in Frogner Church, Oslo) before the attack.[35]

Breivik Geofarm

On 18 May 2009, Breivik created a sole proprietorship called Breivik Geofarm, a company established under the fictitious purpose of cultivating vegetables, melons, roots and tubers.[43][44] The real purpose was to gain access to chemicals and materials, especially fertiliser that could be used for the production of explosives without arousing suspicion.[citation needed]

The place of business was given as Åmot in Hedmark. On 4 May 2011, Breivik purchased 6 tonnes (13,000 lb) of fertiliser through Geofarm at Felleskjøpet, 3 tonnes (6,600 lb) of ammonium nitrate and 3 tonnes (6,600 lb) of calcium ammonium nitrate. According to neighbours, all the fertiliser was stored in his barn.[45] After conducting a reconstruction of the bomb with equivalent amount of fertiliser on the farm in Åmot, police and bomb experts concluded that the bomb had been 950 kg (2,090 lb),[46] about the same size as the one used in the 2002 Bali bombings. Afterwards there was significant debate in Norway about how an amateur could acquire such substantial amounts of fertiliser and manufacture and place such a lethal weapon in the middle of Regjeringskvartalet all by himself. The conclusion by Felleskjøpet was that there is no legislation to keep agricultural businesses from buying as much fertiliser as they like, and that there was nothing suspicious about Breivik's purchase.[47] This was confirmed by the director of the Norwegian Police Security Service, Janne Kristiansen, who stated "not even the Stasi could have prevented this attack".[48]

The company listed at least two Swedish employees on the social networking site Facebook, but it is uncertain whether these people existed.[49]

In April 2011, he reported moving from Oslo to Vålstua farm in the municipality of Åmot, about 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of the community centre Rena, on the east side of Glomma.[50] His agricultural company was run from the farm, and gave him access to ingredients for explosives.[51]

His 950-kilogram (2,090 lb) car bomb exploded in central Oslo on 22 July 2011, where it killed eight people.[52] He had between 1,000 and 1,500 kilograms (2,200 and 3,300 lb) of additional material that was left on the farm and could be used for construction of a second bomb.[53]

Weapons training

Beside visiting firing ranges and countries with relaxed gun laws to sharpen his skill, Breivik's manifesto says that he made use of the video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 as a training aid while using World of Warcraft as a cover for his extended period of isolation.[54] He also said that he honed his shooting skills using an in-game holographic sight similar to the one he used during the attacks.[55]

Oslo car bombing

 
A graphic that illustrates the placement of the car bomb in Oslo's government quarter on 22 July 2011
  • G – Ministry of Finance
  • H – Office of the Prime Minister and the Ministry of Justice and the Police
  • S – Ministry of Health and Care Services
  • Y – Ministry of Education and Research
  • R4 – Ministries of Petroleum and Energy; Trade and Industry
  • R5 – Ministries of Transport and Communications, etc
 
Volkswagen Crafter vans, similar to the one involved before the bomb was planted

On 22 July 2011, at 15:25:22 (CEST) a bomb detonated in Regjeringskvartalet, central Oslo.[1] The bomb was placed in a white Volkswagen Crafter[15] and parked in front of the H block,[56] housing the Office of the Prime Minister, Ministry of Justice and the Police, and several other governmental buildings, such as the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (R4), Ministry of Finance (G block), Ministry of Education and Research (Y block) and the Supreme Court of Norway (behind the G block).[57][58]

The Crafter was registered by surveillance cameras as entering Grubbegata from Grensen at 15:13:23. The van stopped at 15:13:43, 200 metres (650 ft) before the H block. It stood still with the hazard warning lamps on for 1 minute and 54 seconds. The driver then drove the last 200 metres and parked the van in front of the main entrance of the main government building.[59][60] The van was parked at 15:16:30. The front door of the van opened 16 seconds later and after another 16 seconds the driver stepped out of the van. He stood outside the van for 7 seconds before quickly walking away towards Hammersborg torg, where he had another car parked.[61]

The driver was dressed like a police officer and had a gun in his hand. A police helmet with a face shield was covering his face. Breivik was not positively identified.[62]

The explosion started fires in the H block (H-blokka) and R4, and the shock wave blew out the windows on all floors as well as in the VG house and other buildings on the other side of the square.[63] The blast was caught on many security cameras.[64] The streets in the area were filled with glass and debris. A cloud of white smoke which was reported as a fire continued to burn at the Department of Oil and Energy. The blast was heard at least seven kilometres (4+1⁄2 mi) away.[58]

At 15:26 the police received the first message about the explosion,[63] and at 15:28 the first police patrol reported arriving at the scene.[63] At the same time, news agency NTB was told that the Prime Minister was safe and not hurt.[63]

A witness called police at 15:34 to report a person in a police uniform holding a pistol in his hand, entering an unmarked vehicle, a Fiat Doblò.[65] Information—including the vehicle's licence plate number and description of the suspect—was written on a yellow note, and hand-delivered to the police operations central where it lay for twenty minutes[65] before the witness was phoned back. The licence plate number was not transmitted on the police radio until two hours later.[citation needed]

Following the explosion, police cleared the area and searched for any additional explosive devices.[66] Through media outlets, police urged citizens to evacuate central Oslo.[67]

Police later announced that the bomb was composed of a mixture of fertiliser and fuel oil (ANFO), similar to that used in the Oklahoma City bombing.[68][69]

Impact on transportation

Immediately after the explosion, the area surrounding the damaged buildings was cordoned off and evacuated. People were asked to remain calm and leave the city centre if possible, but there was no general evacuation. The Oslo Metro remained operational, and most of the Oslo tram network was also running, although sporadically, except for the line through Grensen (the street between Prof. Aschehoug's plass and Stortorvet).[70] Buses also continued to run, although at least one articulated bus on the No.37 line, which stops outside the Ministry of Finance, was commandeered to evacuate the walking wounded.[citation needed]

An e-mail communication with the BBC from a traveller indicated that police were conducting searches in suspicious cars on the road to Oslo Airport, Gardermoen,[71] which remained open.[72]

The Gardermoen Line between Lillestrøm and Oslo Airport was shut down after a suspicious package was found close to the tracks.[73] The same happened at the offices of TV 2 which were evacuated after a suspicious package was found outside the building.[74]

Utøya mass shooting

 
Temporary memorial with Utøya in the background

Attack

Approximately one and a half hours after the Oslo explosion,[75] Breivik, dressed in a police uniform and presenting himself as "Martin Nilsen" from the Oslo Police Department,[76] boarded the ferry MS Thorbjørn at Utøykaia in Tyrifjorden, a lake some 32 kilometres (20 mi) northwest of Oslo, to the island of Utøya,[77] the location of the Norwegian Labour Party's AUF youth camp. The camp is held there every summer[78] and was attended by approximately 600 teenagers.[79]

When Breivik arrived on the island, he presented himself as a police officer who had come over for a routine check following the bombing in Oslo. He was met by Monica Bøsei, the camp leader and island hostess. Bøsei probably became suspicious and contacted Trond Berntsen, the security officer on the island, before Breivik killed them both.[80] He then signalled and asked people to gather around him[81] before pulling weapons and ammunition from a bag and firing indiscriminately,[82][83][84] killing and wounding numerous people. He first shot people on the island and later started shooting at people who were trying to escape by swimming across the lake.[85] Survivors on the island described a scene of terror.[82] Survivor Dana Barzingi, then 21, described how several victims wounded by Breivik pretended to be dead, but he came back and shot them again.[82] He spared an 11-year-old boy who had lost his father (Trond Berntsen) during the shooting and stood up against him and said he was too young to die, as well as a 22-year-old man who begged for his life.[86]

Some witnesses hid in undergrowth and lavatories, communicating by text message to avoid revealing their positions.[87] The mass shooting lasted for around an hour and a half, ending when a police special task force arrived and Breivik surrendered, despite having ammunition left, at 18:35.[88] The shooter used hollow-point[89] or frangible bullets[90] which increase tissue damage.[90] Breivik repeatedly shouted "You are going to die today, Marxists!"[76]

Bøsei's husband and one of her daughters, who were also present, survived.[91] The youngest victim, New Zealand-born Sharidyn Svebakk-Bøhn of Drammen, was 14 years old.[92] 16-year-old Andrine Bakkene Espeland of Sarpsborg was the last victim, nearly one hour after the shooting began.[93]

Residents in a flotilla of motorboats and fishing dinghies sailed out to rescue the survivors, who were pulled out shivering and bleeding from the water and picked up from hiding places in the bushes and behind rocks around the island's shoreline. Some survived by pretending to be dead.[94] Several campers, especially those who knew the island well, swam to the island's rocky west side and hid in the caves which are only accessible from the water. Others were able to hide away on the secluded Kjærlighetsstien ("love path").[95] Forty-seven of the campers sought refuge in Skolestua ("the School House") together with personnel from the Norwegian People's Aid. Although Breivik fired two bullets through the door, he did not get through the locked door, and the people inside this building survived.[96][97]

The teenagers said that they had decided that it was too difficult to stop the gunman. They discovered a cave-like opening in a rock where they hid 23 children from Breivik. Dzhamayev, who kept guard outside, also dragged three youngsters from the lake who were close to drowning.[98]

Former prime minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, whom Breivik said he hated and, in a pun on the (more or less ironic) epithet Landsmoderen ("mother of the nation"), referred to in his writings as landsmorderen ("murderer of the nation"),[99] had been on the island earlier in the day to give a speech to the camp. After the attack, Breivik stated that he originally wanted to target her specifically; but because of delays related to the renovation of Oslo Central railway station, he arrived after she had already left.[100][101]

Rescue and emergency response

The first shot was fired at 17:22.[102] The emergency medical services were informed about the shooting two minutes later.[103] One minute after that, the police in Oslo were informed.[104] They immediately tried to reach Utøya as quickly as possible,[104] but did not have a helicopter that could take them straight to the island. By 17:30, Delta, the police tactical unit in Oslo, were on the way to Utøya by automobile.[105]

One of the first to arrive on the scene was Marcel Gleffe, a German resident of Ski staying at Utvika Camping on the mainland. Recognizing gunshots, he piloted his boat to the island and began throwing life-jackets to young people in the water, rescuing as many as he could in four or five trips, after which the police asked him to stop. The Daily Telegraph credited him with saving up to 30 lives.[106] Another forty were saved by Hege Dalen and Toril Hansen, a married couple on vacation in the area. Dalen was helping from land[107] while Hansen and a neighbour camper made several trips to rescue people in the water.[107] Several dozen more were rescued by Kasper Ilaug, who made three trips to the island. Ilaug, a local resident, received a telephone call that "something terrible" was happening on Utøya and requesting help. He initially thought the call was a prank, but acted anyway.[108][109] Altogether, some 150 who swam away from the island were pulled out of the lake by campers on the opposite shore.[citation needed]

Delta reached the meeting point at 18:09, but had to wait a few minutes for a boat to take them across. They reached Utøya at 18:25. When confronted by the heavily armed police on the island, the gunman initially hesitated for a few seconds. When an officer yelled "surrender or be shot" he laid down his weapons.[110]

Breivik called the 112 emergency phone number at least twice to surrender, at 18:01 and 18:26, and continued killing people in between. The police say Breivik hung up both times; they tried to call him back but did not succeed.[111]

When the police arrived at the scene, they were met by survivors begging the officers to throw away their weapons, as they were afraid that the men in uniforms would again open fire on them.[112]

During the attack, 69 people were killed, and of the 517 survivors,[113] 66 were wounded.[114]

Shortage of transport capacity

The Norwegian police did not have helicopters suitable for transporting groups of police for an airdrop. The one they had was useful only for surveillance and the helicopter crew were on leave.[115]

When the local police arrived at Utøykaia, less than 30 minutes after the first shot was fired, they could not find a suitable boat to reach the island. They were then ordered to observe and report.[116]

AUF's own ferry, the 50 passenger MS Thorbjørn, was used by Breivik to go to Utøya.[citation needed] Shortly after the first shot was fired, nine people were leaving the island on the ferry, among them the AUF leader Eskil Pedersen.[citation needed] They feared there might be more terrorists in the area and navigated the ferry 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) to the north. Hence the ferry was not available to the police when they arrived at Utøykaia, the normal ferry landing on the mainland.[citation needed]

The police therefore had to use their own rigid-hulled inflatable boat (RHIB). The day of the event, this boat was located in Hønefoss, and had to be transported to the lake and launched before it could be used. When Delta boarded the RHIB it took on some water and after a few hundred metres, the engine stopped, probably due to water in the fuel. Two minutes later they took over a civilian boat that was sent to assist them. The episode was captured on video.[117] A minute or two after the video ends, a faster civilian boat arrived to help. Four Delta officers boarded the boat. Not wanting to waste any more time, the civilian couple took the police to Utøya.[118]

Some have criticised the police for not using a helicopter, for not immediately getting into small boats, and for endangering the couple who drove the civilian boat.[119]

Arrest of innocent survivor

On arriving in Utøya, the police arrested, in addition to Breivik, Anzor Djoukaev, an innocent 17-year-old survivor who represented the Akershus branch of AUF. The youth was reportedly stripped naked[120] and locked up in a jail cell, located only metres away from the cell housing the self-confessed killer.[121] The victim, who as a child had witnessed mass murders in Chechnya, was suspected of being an accomplice because his haircut was different from that shown on his identity document, and because he did not react to the carnage with the same tears and hysteria as most of the other survivors.[122] He was kept in custody for seventeen hours.[121] Lawyer Harald Stabell criticised the police for failing to contact the youth's family, who feared he was killed, and for interrogating the victim without a lawyer present.[122][123]

Casualties

 
The building housing the Office of the Prime Minister and Ministry of Justice and the Police with blown-out windows shortly after the explosion. The bomb van had been placed behind the people shown.

The attacks were the deadliest in Norway since World War II,[21][22] and a survey found that one in four Norwegians knew someone affected by the attacks.[23] It is also the fifth deadliest terrestrial terrorist attack in Western Europe behind the Bologna bombing in 1980, the Nice attack in 2016, the Paris attacks in November 2015, and the Madrid train bombings in 2004.

Oslo

Eight people were killed in the explosion; the blast, shock wave and debris immediately killed six people, while two others died quickly afterwards from their wounds.[124] Of the 325 people estimated to have been in the government buildings, around them and in the surrounding area, at least 209 people received physical injuries from the blast and debris.[9] While most were relatively minor and could be treated at the local casualty clinic, 12 people received more serious injuries. Ten were sent to Ullevål University Hospital (OUS, Ullevål), four with moderate to serious and six with critical injuries, and two to Aker University Hospital (OUS, Aker).[10][11] A doctor at one of the Oslo University Hospitals (OUS) said the hospital staff were treating head, chest and abdominal wounds.[125]

Oslo, ages of
those killed[126]
Age Deaths
26 1
30 1
32 2
34 1
51 1
56 1
61 1
Total: 8

Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg was at his official residence near the Royal Palace, preparing the speech he was scheduled to give at Utøya the next day.[127] Norway's finance minister, Sigbjørn Johnsen, was on vacation in Denmark at the time.[128]

Fewer people than usual were in the area because the bombing took place during July, the usual holiday month for Norwegians,[129] and since it was Friday afternoon, most government employees had gone home for the weekend.[130]

Utøya

The scope of what happened at the island was initially very confusing, and the first official figures given was that at least 10 people had been killed.[131] As the evening progressed several eyewitness reports put this number in doubt, and at approximately 03:50 (CEST) on 23 July, NRK1 and TV2, the two primary Norwegian television networks, broadcast a live press conference from the "Sentrum politistasjon" in Oslo where Norway's National Police Commissioner Øystein Mæland stated the number of fatalities at Utøya to have reached "at least 80" with the count expected to increase.[57][132]

On 25 July, a police spokesperson revealed that the death toll of the victims on Utøya had been revised downwards to 68 after the casualties had been counted on their return to the mainland.[133] They added that the number of people missing was still high and that the number of casualties could be as high as 86. On 29 July police announced that one of the severely wounded victims from Utøya had died in hospital,[19] bringing the death toll from the island massacre to 69.[citation needed]

On 26 July, the Norwegian police began releasing the names and dates of birth of the victims on their website. By 29 July, the names of all 77 victims (8 from the bomb attack, 69 from Utøya) had been published,[7][8] the last, a shooting victim, having been found on the 28th.[134]

Utøya, age of
those killed[126]
Age Deaths
14 2
15 7
16 8
17 16
18 17
19 5
20 1
21 3
23 2
25 1
27 1
28 1
30 1
43 2
45 1
51 1
Total: 69
Average age: 20

Of the 69 people who died at the attack on the island, 57 were killed by one or more shots through the head.[124][135] In total, 67 people were killed by gunshots, 1 died falling from a cliff trying to escape, and 1 drowned trying to swim away from the island.[135] In total, Breivik fired at least 186 shots,[136] and still had a "considerable amount of ammunition" left.[90]

In the aftermath, of the 564 people on the island at the time,[9] 69 people died and at least 110 people had received various physical injuries.[10][11] An estimated 50 people were treated at the locally set up casualty clinic, and were treated for relatively minor injuries such as cuts, bruises and hypothermia after fleeing and swimming from the island. It was cloudy and rainy on Utøya that day, air temperature was varying between 14–15 °C (57–59 °F), water temperature around the island was 14–15 °C (57–59 °F)[10] and the shortest distance to the mainland was around 600 metres. Sixty people were transported to surrounding hospitals, 55 with serious to critical injuries.[10][11] The chief surgeon who treated the wounds at one of the hospitals said he had never seen similar wounds during his 23 years of practice, and explained that the bullets were extremely fragmented in their path through the body.[90] Thirty-three people had been directly hit by one or more bullets and survived,[9] but one person who was shot died two days later in hospital from the bullet wounds to the head and back.[19]

The 564 people on the island at the time were from all over Norway as well as some visitors from foreign countries. The people who died were from 18 of Norway's 19 counties, and also a woman from Georgia.[137] Wounded people were from the entire country, including Svalbard,[138] and together with the casualties from Oslo, an average of a quarter of Norway's population knew a victim affected by the attacks, according to a survey done.[23] Several of the dead and wounded, or their parents, were personal friends of high-ranking government ministers. Trond Berntsen, an off-duty, unarmed police officer and step-brother of Norway's crown princess Mette-Marit, was the first to be shot dead.[139]

Perpetrator

Main article: Anders Behring Breivik

Public broadcaster NRK and several other Norwegian media outlets identified the suspected attacker as Anders Behring Breivik. He was arrested on Utøya for the shootings and also linked to the Oslo bombing.[140][141] He was charged with terrorism for both attacks.[27] According to his attorney, Breivik acknowledged that he was responsible for both the bomb and the shooting during interrogation but denied culpability, as he asserted that his actions were "atrocious but necessary".[142] At his arraignment on 25 July, Breivik was remanded into custody for eight weeks, the first half to be in solitary confinement.[143] Breivik wanted to have an open hearing, and attend it wearing a uniform of his own design, but both requests were denied by the presiding judge.[144]

Mental health

Following his arrest, Breivik underwent examination by court-appointed forensic psychiatrists, who diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia and concluded he had been psychotic at the time of the attacks and was criminally insane.[145] Although criticised in newspaper debates,[146] the submitted report was approved with no remarks by the Norwegian Board of Forensic Medicine after an extended panel of experts had reviewed it.[147]

According to his defence attorney, Breivik initially expressed surprise and felt insulted by the conclusions in the report. He later stated that "this provides new opportunities".[148] Following the criticism of the psychiatric report, the court in January 2012 approved the conduct of a second psychiatric examination. The report from this examination declared Breivik to be sane in April 2012.[149] Ultimately, the verdict and ruling of the district court's five-judge panel agreed that Breivik was sane.[150]

Political and religious views

Breivik is linked to a 1,518-page compendium entitled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence bearing the name "Andrew Berwick".[31][32][151] The file was e-mailed to 1,003 addresses about 90 minutes before the bomb blast in Oslo.[152][153] Analysts described him as having Islamophobic views and a hatred of Islam,[154][155] and as someone who considered himself as a knight dedicated to stemming Muslim immigration into Europe.[156][157]

The introductory chapter of the manifesto defining cultural Marxism is a copy of Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology by the Free Congress Foundation.[158][159] Major parts of the compendium are attributed to the pseudonymous Norwegian blogger Fjordman.[160] The text has similarities with the Unabomber manifesto, while substituting the words "cultural Marxists" for "leftists" and "Muslims" for "black people".[161] The New York Times described American influences in the writings, noting that the compendium mentions the anti-Muslim American Robert Spencer 64 times and cites Spencer's works at great length.[162] The work of Bat Ye'or[163] is cited dozens of times.[164] Far-right and anti-Islam blogger Pamela Geller,[162] Neo-pagan writer Koenraad Elst and Daniel Pipes are also mentioned as sources of inspiration.[165] The manifesto further contains quotes from Middle East expert Bernard Lewis, Edmund Burke, Mahatma Gandhi, Thomas Jefferson and George Orwell,[166] as well as from Jeremy Clarkson's Sunday Times column and Melanie Phillips' Daily Mail column.[167] The publication speaks in admiration of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Bruce Bawer, Srđa Trifković,[168] and Henryk M. Broder.[169] The compendium advocates a restoration of patriarchy, which it claims would save European culture.[170][171]

The compendium contains his militant far-right ideology and xenophobic worldview, which espouses an array of political concepts; including support for varying degrees of cultural conservatism, right-wing populism, ultranationalism, Islamophobia, far-right Zionism, and Serbian paramilitarism.[172][173] It regards Islam and "cultural Marxism" as the enemy and argues for the annihilation of "Eurabia" and multiculturalism, to preserve a Christian Europe.[31][32][173][174][175][176] He further urged Europeans to restore the historic crusades against Islam as in the Middle Ages.[177] A video Breivik released on YouTube 6 hours before the attack has been described as promoting violence towards leftists and Muslims who reside in Western Europe.[178]

Among other things, in the manifesto he identified the Beneš Decrees, which facilitated the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after the Second World War, as an example for committing that act on European Muslims.[179] In his manifesto he also urges the Hindus to drive Muslims out of India.[180] He demands the gradual deportation of all Muslims from Europe from 2011 to 2083 through repatriation.[181] He blames feminism for allowing the erosion of the fabric of European society.[182]

Breivik's writings mention the English Defence League, claiming that he had contact with senior members of the EDL, and that a Norwegian version of the group was 'in the process of gaining strength'. He wrote that the EDL were 'naïve fools' because in his words the EDL 'harshly condemns any and all revolutionary conservative movements that employ terror as a tool'. EDL leader Tommy Robinson denounced Breivik and the attack on 26 July 2011 and denied any links with the Norwegian.[183][184][185][186][187]

After being apprehended, Breivik was characterised by police officials as being a right-wing extremist.[174] Breivik is described by the newspaper Verdens Gang as considering himself a conservative nationalist.[141] According to The Australian, Breivik was highly critical of Muslim immigration into Christian societies, is pro-Israel and an admirer of the Tea Party movement in the United States.[188] Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that "We have no more information than ... what has been found on [his] own websites, which is that it goes towards the right and that it is, so to speak, Christian fundamentalist."[27][189][190] Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterisation of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist.[191] Furthermore, Breivik stated that "myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God."[192][193] According to the International Business Times, in his manifesto, he "did not see himself as religious", but he did identify as a cultural Christian and wrote about the differences between cultural and religious Christians, but stressed that both were Christians, and shared the same identity and goals.[194] After his imprisonment, Breivik stated he had never personally identified as a Christian, and called his religion Odinism, stating that he would "pray and sacrifice" to Odin.[195][196] He also identified himself as a fascist and a national socialist,[195] stating that he previously exploited counterjihadist rhetoric in order to protect "ethno-nationalists".[197]

He has written many posts on the far-right[198] website document.no.[199] He attended meetings of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the Document.no website.[200] He is a former member of the Progress Party (FrP) and its youth wing FpU. According to the then FpU leader Ove Vanebo, Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but he left the party as his viewpoints became more extreme.[201]

In his online YouTube video, he expressed admiration of past European leaders who fought against Islam and Muslims, naming Charles Martel, Richard the Lionheart, El Cid, Vlad the Impaler, Jacques de Molay, Tsar Nicholas, and John III Sobieski.[202] A social media website created bearing Breivik's name and picture but of unknown authorship refers to him as an admirer of Winston Churchill and Max Manus,[203][204] and also of controversial Dutch politician Geert Wilders, whose political party, the Party for Freedom, is described by the site as "the only true party of conservatives".[205] The music that is played in the video comes off the soundtrack to the video game Age of Conan: Hyborian Adventures.[206]

Unsubstantiated claims of Breivik being assisted

There was suspicion at the time of the attack that there were accomplices,[207][208][209] and the police initially prepared to meet two to five shooters on Utøya.[210][211] Several youths at Utøya reported to be convinced that there was more than one shooter, with some reports of shots fired from the mainland.[212] A second shooter at Utøya was described by several youths as having thick dark hair, about 1.80 metres (5 feet 11 inches) tall who did not wear a police uniform, while carrying a pistol and a rifle.[213][214] During judicial examination, at least two witnesses independently of each other both described two different shooters at Utøya, while a third witness was reported to have swum from the island beside a previously unknown dark-haired man.[215] After his arrest Breivik claimed he acted with accomplices, but later changed his statements to his acting alone, giving several demands for him to tell about accomplices.[4][216][217] On 24 July 2011, six people were arrested in Oslo suspected of having connections with the attacks; all were released.[218] The police later issued a statement that there was only found evidence of one shooter at Utøya, amid "widespread conspiracy theories" of there having been more than one shooter.[212]

In the initial hours after the attacks, the group Ansar al-Jihad al-Alami led by Abu Suleiman al-Naser claimed responsibility for the attacks.[219][220][221]

Reactions

 
Flower march in Sentrum, Oslo, on 25 July 2011 in the aftermath of the attacks. An estimated 200,000 attended the flower march.

Domestic

King Harald V sent his condolences to the victims and their families, and urged unity.[222] He and Queen Sonja personally visited the victims of the attacks, as well as the families of those killed.[citation needed]

At a press conference the morning after the attacks, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Justice Minister Knut Storberget addressed the country. Stoltenberg called the attack a "national tragedy" and the worst atrocity in Norway since World War II. Stoltenberg further vowed that the attack would not hurt Norwegian democracy, and said the proper answer to the violence was "more democracy, more openness, but not naivety".[223] In his speech at the memorial service on 24 July 2011, he opined what would be a proper reaction: "No one has said it better than the AUF girl who was interviewed by CNN: 'If one man can show so much hate, think how much love we could show, standing together.'"[224][225]

 
Flowers laid in front of Oslo Cathedral, 25 July 2011

The leader of the Workers' Youth League, Eskil Pedersen, vowed to "return to Utøya" and urged Norway to continue its tradition of openness and tolerance.[226]

Leaders of Norwegian political parties expressed grief and sent condolences in public statements.[227][228][229][230][231][232][233][excessive citations]

On 1 August 2011, Norway's parliament, nominally in recess for the summer, reconvened for an extraordinary session to honour the victims of the attack. In a departure from parliamentary procedure, both King Harald V and Crown Prince Haakon were present. The president of Norway's Parliament, Dag Terje Andersen, read out loud the names of all 77 victims. The session was open to the public, but due to limited seating, priority was given to relatives of the deceased.[234][235] August 21 in Norway was declared a day of national mourning to commemorate the victims of the terrorist attack.[236]

The seven political parties in the parliament agreed to postpone the electoral campaign for local elections, held in September, until mid-August.[237] School debates were cancelled, though the school elections were not.[238]

Initially, Magnus Ranstorp and other terror experts suspected that foreigners were behind the attacks.[239] In the immediate aftermath of the attack, non-ethnic Norwegians, especially Muslim Norwegians, were subjected to harassment and violence.[240]

On 13 August 2012, Norway's prime minister received the Gjørv Report, which concludes that Breivik could have been stopped from carrying out the Utøya massacre.[241] (The report had been ordered by parliament, in August 2011.)

International

The United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and governments around the world expressed their condemnation of the attacks, condolences, and solidarity with Norway. However, there have also been reports of Western European right-wing populist politicians giving support to the killings or excusing them as a result of multi-culturalism. Interviewed on a popular radio show, the Italian MEP Francesco Speroni, a leading member of the Lega Nord, the junior partner in Berlusconi's conservative coalition, said: "Breivik's ideas are in defence of western civilisation."[242] Similar views were voiced by Italian MEP Mario Borghezio.[243] Werner Koenigshofer, a member of the National Council of Austria, was expelled from the right-wing Freedom Party of Austria after equating the massacre with the death of millions of fetuses through abortion.[244]

On 25 July 2011, at noon (CEST), each of the Nordic countries held a minute of silence to dignify the victims of the two attacks. Norway's minute of silence stretched to five minutes.[245] In Oslo, a city of approximately 600,000 inhabitants, an estimated 200,000 people attended a "flower march".[246][247][248]

The Norwegian media reported criticism against Fox News and its commentator Glenn Beck for their coverage of the attacks.[249] Beck's comparison of the AUF to the Hitler Youth[250] led Frank Aarebrot, a Norwegian professor with political sympathies to the Norwegian Labour Party,[251] to call Beck a "fascist" and "swine".[252]

Memorial ceremonies

A number of memorial ceremonies took place following the attacks. On 25 July 2011, around 200,000 people took part in a "rose march" at Rådhusplassen in Oslo.[253] The NRK memorial concert, titled "Mitt lille land" ("My Little Country") and named for the song "Mitt lille land" which "came to symbolize the sorrow many people went through",[254] took place in Oslo Cathedral on 30 July 2011. A national memorial ceremony took place on 21 August 2011.[254] In September 2011, the Norwegian People's Aid and Sony Music released the memorial album Mitt lille land.[255]

Memorials

National memorials

A national memorial stands at Johan Nygaardsvolds plass at Regjeringskvartalet in Oslo. It was unveiled on 22 July 2016, and is temporary.[256][257][258]

Construction on a memorial in Hole, Viken, is ongoing as of 2022. The memorial is expected to be completed during the first half of 2022.[259][260]

Work started in August 2020 on a national memorial at Utøya-kaia (on the shores of Tyrifjorden) in Hole, Viken. As of 7 December 2020 work is in progress; in January next year a court case is scheduled to continue;[261] the lawsuit's aim is to block further construction.

Previously, in September an injunction from Ringerike District Court blocked further construction on the memorial; in November, a higher court removed the injunction;[262][263][264] on 30 November a trial that was scheduled for two weeks, started in Ringerike District Court and has been discontinued until January;[265] Sixteen[266] neighbours of the construction site are suing to have the work stopped; the litigants are claiming that the memorial will be a [constant] reminder about the terror [of the attack], and they expect that the influx of visitors also will be an added source of strain [on the health of litigants].[267] In December, one neighbour testified in court, that he rescued persons [who had been wounded by the terrorist], and added: "We are again and again reminded about what happened. I will not have the strength to look at the columns [a design element of the memorial]. I will only be able to see the face of the dead"; the witness testified about the continuous gunfire, and the dead and wounded youths, and the repeated shuttling of youths in his boat – from open water to the lake shore at Utøya-kaia, and the sight of the perpetrator at Lovers' Lane, and youths being shot and killed in front of his eyes, and having to leave a critically wounded boy in the lake when bullets were whizzing past his ears. The witness is still haunted by the image of the boy, and by the mangled bodies mauled by the bullets of the terrorist, and by his last trip around the island when only the dead were left and the noise had died down except for the sound and lights from unanswered mobile phones [left in the terrain by the victims of the attack]. Another person to testify in court was the current secretary general of AUF, himself a survivor of the attack; he testified that he does not understand the neighbours' angst in regard to the memorial.[266]

Later that month, in a newspaper article, a licensed psychologist (retired) said that 250 or 300 victims have been estimated to have been helped [, during the attack and immediately after,] by people belonging to the local community, and incomprehensibly many young people were killed, but without the help of these action-oriented and caring people [inhabitants of the local community] then the number would have been higher; who wants this memorial at Utøya-kaia? ... or the rest of us who [merely] were informed through media [reports]? When the saviours don't want the memorial so close to [their community or] themselves, then it's shows an extreme lack of empathy and valuation of the rescue work, in my opinion, when one [... trumphs through the construction of] the memorial; there are already enough memorials [for this attack] at other locations; furthermore if there must be a memorial in the area, then move it up to the main road, so that the local community [at Utøya-kaia] does not get destroyed by an influx of tourists and cars; up there [in the area of the main road] it's not that easy too make it into a place of worship of the mass-murderer.[268]

The cost for a national memorial in Hole municipality has increased more than ten-fold, previously from 40.5 million Norwegian kroner—to more than 700 million.[259][263] The artistic project has been rejected, and the project has been handed over to architects, as of October 2020.[263]

Other memorials and symbols

 
At Utøya, the place of memorial is called ["the clearing"] Lysninga; a part of it is ("the ring") Ringen
 
Utøya – Hegnhuset
 
Newspaper display case that was damaged during the explosion. In 2020 the display case was moved back to where it was in 2011.
 
Newspaper display case with glass that is still fractured from the explosion. The newspaper on display is from the day of the attack. (Photo from 2015)
 
Memorial in Mo i Rana by Nico Widerberg
  • At Utøya, the place of memorial is called ("the clearing") "Lysninga"; a part of it is ("the ring") "Ringen" – a "ring of steel [that] hangs between trees and here the names and age[269] of the majority of those 69 killed are engraved"; "it lies at the highest point of the island";[270] It was unveiled during summer 2015.[271][272]
  • Hegnhuset was inaugurated in 2016.[citation needed]
  • ["the iron roses"] Jernrosene is located at Domkirke-parken in Oslo.[273] The memorial has around 900 [metal] roses; they were donated by persons in various countries; one rose was created by a survivor, and some by others who were bereaved.[274]
  • A newspaper display case that was collaterally damaged has been left unrepaired with its glass fractured but not dislocated by the shockwave of the bomb. In 2020[275] the display case was moved back to where it was located in 2011—outside [the building at] Akersgata 55, the headquarters of Verdens Gang. [The installation] is referred to by the governmental organisation KORO, as «Relocating the past: ruins for the future».[275] Artist Ahmad Ghossein took the initiative to create a memorial from the shattered display.[276] The newspaper edition from the day of the bombing, is still on display.
  • One monolith stands in each municipality. There are memorials created by the artist Nico Widerberg in the 53 affected municipalities in Norway who welcomed the same sculpture, funded by a private donation.[271][272]
  • A minnestein ("memorial stone") to commemorate the attacks at Utøya is located at a roadside rest area with a view[277] of Utøya that is located on E16 at Nes in Hole (municipality).[278]
Proposed memorials

A monument at Stensparken in Oslo has been proposed, including metal roses. It has not been authorised, as its planned dimensions of 34 metres (112 ft) by 20 metres (66 ft), with a height of 3 metres (9.8 ft), were judged to be too overwhelming.[274]

The cancelled national memorial at Sørbråten

As of September 2016,[279] Hole Municipality has stopped case work regarding the request for permission to build a national monument at Sørbråten;[280] media said that the case work could be arrested for around two and a half years or longer. The government is scheduled to be a defendant in court during a three-week trial, starting 25 April 2017;[281][282][283] the underlying lawsuit aims to deny construction at the planned location.

Previously, in March 2016, the location for a planned national place of memorial was moved from Utøya to Sørbråten – located on the mainland 350 m (1,150 ft) from Utvika and 900 m (3,000 ft) from Utøya;[282][284] in September 2014 the Hole municipal council had refused a memorial at Sørbråten.[285] The names of several[282][286] of the victims are reportedly being denied (as of 2016, by next of kin) as inscriptions on the planned monument.

A committee, Kunstutvalget for minnestaden for 22. juli, chose a design by Jonas Dahlberg for the monument, and Karin Moe has called the planned monument at Sørbråten — "Breivik's Memorial Place".[284] Later, in a Klassekampen article Moe said that "Many of the [local] inhabitants have described [..] the design as a violation, even a rape of nature [that is in place] at Sørbråten. Such is the intensity of how the memorial is being felt, that physical pain is felt merely by imagining having to face the memorial every day. The traumatised neighbors re-live the acts of terror through the brutal cut into the mountain slope ... a reminder of who acted: Anders Behring Breivik. Here his misdeed is carved in stone. No wonder that fear lies in the reactions. ... The baffling thing for the locals is this: ... , but we were supposed to be honored – not re-traumatised. Why must this incurable memorial-wound be inflicted on us, so close to [our bodies or our] life".[284] Furthermore, she said that "Long time was needed before the September 11 memorial place on Manhattan was in place. Now an encompassing – in regard to ethics and aesthetics – pause for thinking is needed – both for the placement and the final design of the memorial".[284] A later article suggested that "we create the monument as envisioned, but fill the scar with rock and beautify the surface", inspired by kintsugi.[287] A later article said that "What many of us don't understand is why these plans, apparently not well-considered, now are pushed through. ... Is it [because of] prestige or out of consideration to the artist"?[272]

Minister of Local Government and Modernisation has been criticised for announcing – while Breivik was a plaintiff in a 4-day trial – the [current] decision to construct the monument.[288]

On 14 April 2016, media said that a "report has indicated that the place of memorial will create great mental strains on the persons living in its close proximity";[289] The report, Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk stress a/s, was completed in April 2015.[290] A later newspaper article asked "And why should the little island [sic], [Sørbråten be punished with the jötunn cut – what wrong has the island done?"[291] On 16 April 2016 media quoted board member[292] Anne-Gry Ruud of neighbourhood association, Utstranda Velforening: "I don't think that the work of art honors all who were killed, but symbolizes only pain and open wounds. ... If this work of art gives any associations, then they are to terror, death, pain and the inadequacy of society. ... This is not just a small cut on a point – it is an area of 1.2 decare [that will become surrounded by water] ... . I don't think that the [local] inhabitants have a responsibility to provide a location for a memorial at Sørbråten. Especially in the summer we experience a steady flow of tourists on a pilgrimage to Sørbråten. Some take selfies with Utøya in the background. Others stop the inhabitants and ask what they did that day and how we contributed. ... We have two schoolbuses that drive back and forth every day on the road just above, others pass on their way to the store, leisure activities, work or municipal centre ... 260 inhabitants".[293]

The national convention of the Progress Party decided to say "no" to placing the memorial at Sørbråten.[294]

On 25 April 2016 Hole Municipal Council decided to fund Norwegian kroner 25,000 to Utstranda Velforening, for a proposed lawsuit against the government.[295]

In a 14 May 2016 Aftenposten article Stig Andersen [no], a film director and -producer, said that the monument of the original contest was supposed to have a price limited to Norwegian kroner 20 million; now that the government has estimated the price to 70 million including relevant extra expenses, the contestants that operated within the original price limits have been deceived.[296]

In May 2016 the government wrote that the ongoing lawsuit about [placing] the monument [at Sørbråten], will not change the government's plans; the letter was signed by Minister of Local Government and Modernisation and Minister of Culture.[257]

In an 11 June 2016 Dagbladet article Hans Normann Dahl was quoted, "The monument itself is incomprehensible, and the idea so crass that it contains a negative and destructive material".[297]

An 18 June 2016 Dagbladet article quoted (writings of) one mother (Gunn Rusten) who lost her daughter: "My daughter's name will NOT be displayed on any memorial at Sørbråten, but it is displayed at Utøya".[271] She added that "Why should all the phenomenal persons living there, and who put their lives on the line that day – to save as many as possible of those on Utøya [who were later rescued from the lake] — have this as a lifelong, daily reminder of the fateful Friday when police and those in charge let a crazy man walk around for around an hour and a half – and kill at will – without intervening".[271] Furthermore, another mother (Mai Britt Rogne) who lost her daughter said that: "We already have the grave, [and] Utøya, and one monolith in every municipality. How many places of memorial do we need"?[271]

On 24 June 2016 the government was sued (in Ringerike District Court) with a claim that "The government is being denied construction of the memorial Memory Wound, including a parking lot, a footpath, and auxiliary developments at Sørbråten and Bergli [both] in Hole".[298]

As of September 2016 the government has offered to ditch the "Memory Wound" draft for a monument; the site for a national memorial at Sørbråten, remains unchanged.[283][299]

Swedish psychiatrist Per-Olof Michel said "I have been thinking why the government was in such a hurry. In Sweden one will be unveiling the Tsunami Monument next year – 13 years after the fact. Regarding something that affects so many people, one should let time pass and go thru things again".[300]

Bodil Cappelen said in a Klassekampen article that "Centuries will pass ... Oh, yes. Here they have cut off a point—from the mountain mama. A landscape was not that much worth—then".[301]

Regarding "Memory Wound" possibly being plagiarism of one of 300 candidate proposals for the pre-qualification in the contest for monument design,[302] art historian Tommy Sørbø [no] said that "My first impression was that this is closest [to] plagiarism"; "But when the idea is so similar, I think one should examine the case further";[303] [the final written work for the master's degree,] masteroppgaven, of architect students Kristin Ulrikke Rønnestad og Hildegunn Slotnæs had already been published on NTNU's website, and had been exhibited in Trondheim, and had been mailed to around 200 persons and offices.[302] So far the case has led to: government agency KORO [no] informing Dahlberg and the Department of Culture of potential allegations of plagiarism; Dahlberg denied any knowledge of masteroppgaven; student Rønnestad met with the director of KORO in April 2014.[302] The lawyer (from the architects' trade union) that accompanied Rønnestad there, said that KORO showed "a quite condescending attitude towards her".[302] Other views regarding the case includes the view of Arve Rød, art critic of Dagbladet, saying about the sketches "The likeness is peculiar, and impossible to overlook. It is difficult not to conclude that these are two completely alike ideas, but I can not from that claim that Dahlberg has plagiarized the work of the two students"; he thinks that it is quite remarkable that [two] ideas, so alike, were found in the same contest and situation, in the same place and at the same time.[303]

In November 2016 news broke that case work regarding the request for permission to build the monument at Sørbråten, had been arrested in September; Hole municipality's justification, cited in part the upcoming court case.[279] In June 2017 the government cancelled the project.[263]

Attempts at art creation

A 2016 Norwegian news article said that "Most of those that work in the field of art, probably were aware of the support group's ["the national support group after the 22 July incidents", or Nasjonal støttegruppe etter 22. juli-hendelsene [no] ][304] marked attempts at stopping the Danish playwright Christian Lollike when he wanted to stage a drama based on the terrorist's manuscript. Artists are in fact not as daring, as many like to think". [286]

Legal proceedings

Main article: Trial of Anders Behring Breivik

The police initially kept the choice of counsel secret after request from the attorney. Attorney Geir Lippestad elected to act on behalf of Breivik's defence; Breivik had specifically requested that Lippestad become his attorney.[142][305]

On 25 July 2011, Breivik was arraigned in Oslo District Court. The police feared that Breivik would use the hearing as an opportunity to communicate with possible accomplices.[306] Because of this,[307] the arraignment was held completely closed to the media and all other spectators. Instead, judge Kim Heger held a press conference shortly afterwards where he read the court's decision.[308] The practice of completely closed court hearings is extremely rare in the Norwegian justice system.[309]

The debate over which criminal charges to file was fierce. Many police attorneys wanted high treason or crimes against humanity.[310] The prosecution ended up indicting Breivik on terrorism charges. Breivik admitted to being the gunman at Utøya and the perpetrator behind the Oslo bomb, also admitting all the other actual events. Nonetheless he pleaded not guilty, stating "I do not recognise this justice system".[311] District Attorney Christian Hatlo asked that Breivik be detained for eight weeks without mail or visitation. The judge ruled in favour of the prosecution, stating "the accused is an imminent danger to society and must be confined for the safety of himself and others. It is highly probable that he is guilty of the alleged crimes and imprisonment is necessary to prevent destruction of evidence". In accordance with the prosecution's wishes, Breivik was remanded to eight weeks detention without mail or visitation, four of those in complete isolation, to be renewed no later than 19 September 2011.[312] He was immediately transferred to Ila Landsfengsel, a maximum security prison.[313]

On 13 August 2011 Breivik was taken to Utøya by police to recreate his actions on the day of the massacre. Neither the media nor the public was alerted to the operation. The police explained that the surprise walk-through was necessary because Breivik was to be charged and tried for all 77 murders individually. The police deemed it less offensive to the survivors to do it before rather than during the trial. Despite the many police boats and helicopters, none of the civilians who had come to lay down flowers on the shore that day perceived what was happening just a few hundred metres across the lake from them for eight hours.[314] On the evening of 14 August the police held a press conference about the reconstruction. It was reported that Breivik was not unmoved by his return to Utøya, but that he showed no remorse. Inspector Pål Fredrik Hjort Kraby described Breivik's behaviour and indifference on the island as "unreal", as he had over the course of eight hours willingly showed the police exactly how he had carried out all of the 69 murders.[315]

The trial began on 16 April 2012 and lasted until 19 June 2012.[316] 170 media organisations were accredited to cover the proceedings.[317] Breivik acknowledged that he had committed the offences but pleaded not guilty as he believed the killing was needed.[citation needed] The main issue for Breivik was that he was not to be deemed "insane" or "psychotic", because that would lose the meaning of his message.[citation needed]

On 24 August, Breivik was found to be sane by the panel of five judges. He was sentenced to preventative detention (forvaring), a sentence of 21 years in prison which can be repeatedly extended by 5 years as long as he is considered a threat to society. This is the maximum sentence allowed by Norwegian law, and it is the only way to allow for life imprisonment.[318]

Aftermath

Coop Norway, a chain of retail stores in Norway, removed several games from its shelves as a result of the attack. Some of the titles includes games like Homefront, Call of Duty series, Sniper: Ghost Warrior, Counter-Strike Source and World of Warcraft. Some games were also temporarily removed from the Norwegian WiiWare catalogue, including an on-rails shooter game.[319]

In the days following the attacks, Norway's largest represented political parties noted a significant increase in interest for membership from young people. Both the Norwegian Young Conservatives and the Progress Party's Youth, as well as the Workers' Youth League (AUF) had signed up a significant number of new members after a few days.[320] The mother parties also reported an unusual increase in new member applications, with the Conservative Party and the Progress Party having signed up almost 1,000 new members each by early August,[321] while the Labour Party reported over 6,000 new members at the end of the month.[322]

Far-right groups such as Stop the Islamisation of Norway (SIAN) and the Norwegian Defence League (NDL), as well as the Democrats, had reportedly witnessed a boom in their memberships and interest by mid-August, with the Democrats party having signed up around one hundred new members, and the NDL around three hundred.[323][324]

In the September local elections almost two months after the attacks, gains were made by the Conservative Party (up 9% to 28%), and to a lesser extent the Labour Party (up 2% to 32%). On the other hand, setbacks were witnessed by the Progress Party, the party Breivik had been a member of, (down 6% to 11%) and the Socialist Left Party (down 2% to 4%).[325]

In the Gjørv Report, received by the prime minister in advance of a press conference on 13 August 2012, it was concluded that more actions could have been taken by authorities, to stop Breivik, to track him, or to interrupt his attacks.[326] It also criticised the police action, in stark contrast to an internal report issued by the police earlier. A few days later, national police chief Øystein Mæland submitted his resignation, citing a lack of clear support for his position from his superiors and saying: "If the [justice] ministry and other political authorities do not clarify this matter unequivocally, it will become impossible for me to continue." His resignation was accepted and announced by Justice Minister Grete Faremo.[327]

Vegard Grøslie Wennesland, a survivor of the incident, ran for parliament on a Labour Party ticket in the 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election[328] A further 33 Labour Party candidates in the election were Utøya survivors and of those, Åsmund Aukrust, Stine Renate Håheim and Fredric Holen Bjørdal were also elected.[329] However, the result brought a coalition government of the Conservative party and the right-wing Progress Party, of which Breivik had been a member from 1999 until 2004, to power.[330]

In 2013, former AUF local leader and Labour Party cabinet advisor Ivar Fjeld released the pamphlet Den rødgrønne terrorøya ("The Red-Green Terror Island"), which documented how Utøya over several years had been used to build up support for anti-Israel politics and Palestinian terrorists. In the book he documents among other things that AUF had allowed far-left Red Youth to arrange camps on Utøya, who collected money for and welcomed representatives from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) on the island. Fjeld claimed that his purpose with the book was to warn the Labour Party about the activities of its increasingly radicalised and Islamised youth organisation.[331][332]

Embezzlement from terror attack victims fund

In 2016, one person was sentenced to 120 days in prison for embezzling 300,000 Norwegian kroner from Støttegruppen etter 22. juli, a Norwegian NGO; the money was supposed to have gone to victims of the terror attack. The perpetrator was a steward of the NGO.[14]

Semi-automatic weapon ban for hunting and Mini-14 rifle ban

On 28 February 2018, Peter Frølich of the Norwegian parliament's committee on judicial affairs, said a proposal to ban semi-automatic weapons proposed the year prior now had enough political support to become law by 2021. The law will ban the Ruger Mini-14 rifle model that was used in Utøya massacre and other semi-auto rifles for hunting. However, using semi-automatic firearms for shooting sports is still legal for sportsmen who have permission for practice and competition shooting from Dynamic Sports Shooting Norway (DSSN) or the Norwegian Reserve Officers' Association (NROF).[333]

Potential copycat incidents

Czech copycat

 
Apart from other guns, ammunition and explosives, the Czech police seized a vz. 58 and armour-piercing bullets while searching Vojtěch Mlýnek's flat

On 10 August 2012, the Rapid Reaction Unit (URNA) of the Czech Police, backed up by a local police tactical unit and over 100 other police, arrested a 29-year-old admirer of Breivik, Vojtěch Mlýnek, in Ostrava, the Czech Republic's third largest city. The police suspected that Mlýnek was preparing a copycat attack inspired by the 2011 Norway attacks. He was stockpiling weapons (including a fully automatic assault rifle and armor-piercing bullets)[334] and had converted an aerial bomb in order to be able to remotely detonate it. Mlýnek had the remote control with him while arrested. He had also obtained uniforms of the Czech police and of the Czech prison service and a police ID.[334][335][336]

Mlýnek, who was using the pseudonym Anders Behring Breivik in electronic communication, has had a history of four prior criminal convictions, including a six-month-long suspended sentence for setting off an explosive which demolished an empty wooden cottage.[337]

Mlýnek was initially charged with endangering public and with illegal arming, which carried a penalty from three to eight years in prison.[335][338] He was first held in a remand prison, but was transferred to an isolation unit of prison hospital in Brno following a psychiatric evaluation.[339] On 3 April 2013, a court in Ostrava found Mlýnek criminally insane. At the same time he was found dangerous to the public and ordered psychiatric detention. The reasons for detention will be reviewed by the court periodically every two years. Police determined that Mlýnek, despite being a Breivik sympathiser, was not preparing an actual terrorist attack; however, he suffered from paranoia and was stockpiling the weapons and bombs with the aim of self-defense.[340]

Polish copycat

Breivik and McVeigh made mistakes. I will be better.

— Brunon Kwiecień's statement according to investigators.[341][342]

On 20 November 2012, the Polish authorities announced the arrest of a 45-year-old lecturer in chemical engineering at the Agricultural University of Cracow under suspicion of preparing a similar attack. According to the authorities, Brunon Kwiecień [pl][343] was an admirer of Breivik and was further inspired by the Oklahoma City bombing.[344]

Poland's Internal Security Agency (ABW) first found out about Kwiecień after it launched investigation into Breivik's Polish contacts when it became known that Breivik had ordered some of the chemicals for his bomb from Poland via internet. According to ABW, Kwiecień was preparing an attack against the Sejm, the lower house of the Polish parliament. He wanted to detonate 4 tonnes (3.9 long tons; 4.4 short tons) of explosives in a car bomb parked at the building during deliberation of the next year's budget, as it is the time when all the members of parliament, the Prime Minister as well as the President are all present in the building.[345]

 
Agricultural University of Cracow, where Kwiecień worked as assistant professor for 9 years

Kwiecień tried to arm himself already in 1997, however the authorities refused his application for a firearm permit. He later started arming himself illegally, mostly with weapons bought in Belgium. He bought firearms, ammunition, bulletproof vests with ceramic plates and kevlar helmets. He had visited the Sejm and tested whether it is possible to use radio remote controls in the buildings for the purposes of planned detonation of the car bomb.[342] Being a graduate of Warsaw University of Technology program on explosive manufacturing, Kwiecień was conducting illegal trials of explosives from at least 2000. In some cases, he detonated small explosives on Warsaw bridges, making small dents and holes in their construction.[346] Apart from targeting the parliament, Kwiecień was also preparing murders of Monika Olejnik, an influential journalist, and Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz, the mayor of Warsaw.[347]

Kwiecień intensified his preparations after Breivik's conviction. He conducted an experimental explosion of a 250-kilogram (550 lb) bomb in the Polish countryside in the municipality of Przeginia, which he also filmed.[342] He had recruited four other people for his cause, however at least two of them were actually ABW's secret agents.[347] He was convicted and sentenced to nine years of imprisonment on 19 April 2017. Brunon Kwiecień died in prison on 6 August 2019 from what is believed to have been a suicide.[348]

Christchurch mosque shootings

Main article: Christchurch mosque shootings

Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the perpetrator of two consecutive mass shootings at mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, said in his manifesto "The Great Replacement" (in reference to a far-right theory from France by Renaud Camus) that he was in particular inspired by Breivik and claimed to have been in "brief contact" with him, as well as meeting with his organisation, the Knights Templar.[349][350] The shootings took place at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre during Friday Prayer on 15 March 2019, killing 51 people and injuring 40 more.[351]

Depiction in popular culture

  • The poem [These memories have no time to wait] Desse minna har ikkje tid til å vente (2021), by Frode Grytten[352]

Films

  • [To the Youth] Til ungdommen (2012), directed by Kari Anne Moe[353]
  • Utøya: July 22, directed by Erik Poppe, was released in 2018.
  • 22 July, directed by Paul Greengrass, was released in 2018.
  • [The legacy of 22 July] Arven etter 22. juli, directed by Tommy Gulliksen (Simple English Wikipedia), was released in 2021[354]

Music

 
Laleh performing with the Norwegian Radio Orchestra at the National Memorial Concert 2012 in Vika in Oslo

The 2012 single "Some Die Young" by the Iranian-Swedish musician Laleh became closely associated with the national mourning process, with newspaper articles, university lectures and a number of fan videos to this effect emerging.[355] Laleh was invited to perform as one of only two international artists at the official memorial concert in Oslo on the first anniversary of the event in 2012, and later performed the song at the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Concert.[356][357] The song went on to peak at number one in the Norwegian charts for eight weeks and was certified fourteen times platinum in the country by IFPI Norway.[358][359] In a 2017 episode of Sveriges Television's music documentary series Hitlåtens historia, Laleh is invited to visit Utøya for the first time and meet survivors, reflecting on the significance her song took on as part of remembrance activities.[360]

The Austrian black metal band Harakiri for the Sky released a song titled, "69 Dead Birds for Utøya", on their 2014 album Aokigahara.

Dutch symphonic metal band Epica released a song entitled "Internal Warfare", on their 2012 album Requiem for the Indifferent. Singer Simone Simons stated in an interview that it was about the Breivik attacks in Norway.

Norwegian pop singer Aurora released a song entitled "Little Boy in the Grass", on her 2015 EP Running with the Wolves, which is about the tragedy.

A 2016 song performed by the Norwegian pop-rock band deLillos, "Vi ser dere nå" ("We see you now"), was written about the attacks; one verse says: ".. he set off a bomb, to go to an island, where he gunned down youth, as if it was fun".[361][362]

Television

Season 6 of Seconds from Disaster premiered on the one-year anniversary of the 2011 Norway attacks (aired 22 July 2012), with the episode titled, "Norway Massacre: I Was There".[363]

The Futurama episode "The Cryonic Woman" was briefly changed on some syndicated reruns, including the DVD rerelease, because a moment in the episode included a screen saying "Prime Minister of Norway". This was later changed to "Chainsaw Juggler".

A TV miniseries, 22. juli [no], about the respondents to the attack premiered on NRK 5 January 2020.[364]

See also

References

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June 10, 2023
2011, norway, attacks, oslo, bombing, redirects, here, attack, 1982, oslo, central, station, bombing, referred, norway, july, norwegian, juli, were, domestic, terrorist, attacks, right, terrorist, anders, behring, breivik, against, government, civilian, popula. Oslo bombing redirects here For the attack in 1982 see Oslo Central Station bombing The 2011 Norway attacks referred to in Norway as 22 July Norwegian 22 juli 13 or as 22 7 14 were two domestic terrorist attacks by far right terrorist Anders Behring Breivik against the government the civilian population and a Workers Youth League AUF summer camp in which a total 77 people were killed 2011 Norway attacks31 minutes after the explosion in OsloGovernment quarter Oslo Utoya islandLocations of the incidents in the Oslo and Viken counties of NorwayLocationOslo and Utoya NorwayCoordinates59 54 54 N 10 44 48 E 59 9149776 N 10 746544 E 59 9149776 10 746544 2011 Oslo explosion Date22 July 2011 11 years ago 2011 07 22 Oslo 15 25 1 CEST Utoya 17 22 18 34 CEST 2 3 UTC 02 00 TargetLabour Party members 4 5 Attack typeCar bombing mass murder mass shootingWeaponsOslo Car bomb made using ANFO Utoya Semi automatic rifle Ruger Mini 14 and semi automatic pistol Glock 34 6 Deaths77 8 by bombing 67 by gunfire 2 indirectly 7 8 Injured320 210 by bombing 32 by gunfire 80 indirectly 9 10 11 TrialNorway v BreivikPerpetratorAnders Behring BreivikMotiveFar right extremism 12 VerdictGuiltyConvictionsCommitting a terrorist attack 2 counts Sentence21 years in prisonThe first attack was a car bomb explosion in Oslo within Regjeringskvartalet the executive government quarter of Norway at 15 25 22 CEST 1 The bomb was placed inside a van 15 next to the tower block housing the office of the then Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg 16 The explosion killed eight people and injured at least 209 people twelve severely 9 10 11 The second attack occurred less than two hours later at a summer camp on the island of Utoya in Tyrifjorden Viken former Buskerud The camp was organised by the AUF the youth wing of the ruling Norwegian Labour Party AP Breivik dressed in a homemade police uniform and showing false identification 17 18 took a ferry to the island and opened fire at the participants killing 67 7 8 19 and injuring 32 10 11 Among the dead were friends of Stoltenberg and the stepbrother of Norway s crown princess Mette Marit 20 The Utoya attack is the deadliest mass shooting by a lone individual in modern history The attack was the deadliest in Norway since World War II 21 22 A survey found that one in four Norwegians knew someone affected 23 The European Union NATO and several countries expressed their support for Norway and condemned the attacks The 2012 Gjorv Report concluded that Norway s police could have prevented the bombing and caught Breivik faster at Utoya and that measures to prevent further attacks and mitigate adverse effects should have been implemented 24 The Norwegian Police arrested Breivik a 32 year old Norwegian right wing extremist 25 on Utoya island 26 and charged him with both attacks 27 His trial took place between 16 April and 22 June 2012 in Oslo District Court where Breivik admitted carrying out the attacks but denied criminal guilt and claimed the defence of necessity jus necessitatis 28 On 24 August Breivik was convicted as charged and sentenced to 21 years of preventive detention in prison with the possibility of indefinite five year extensions for public safety the maximum sentence allowed in Norway Contents 1 Preparation for the attacks 1 1 Failed attempt to buy weapons in Prague 1 2 Arming in Norway and through the Internet 1 2 1 Breivik Geofarm 1 3 Weapons training 2 Oslo car bombing 2 1 Impact on transportation 3 Utoya mass shooting 3 1 Attack 3 2 Rescue and emergency response 3 2 1 Shortage of transport capacity 3 3 Arrest of innocent survivor 4 Casualties 4 1 Oslo 4 2 Utoya 5 Perpetrator 5 1 Mental health 5 2 Political and religious views 5 3 Unsubstantiated claims of Breivik being assisted 6 Reactions 6 1 Domestic 6 2 International 6 3 Memorial ceremonies 6 4 Memorials 6 4 1 National memorials 6 4 2 Other memorials and symbols 6 4 2 1 Proposed memorials 6 4 2 1 1 The cancelled national memorial at Sorbraten 6 5 Attempts at art creation 7 Legal proceedings 8 Aftermath 8 1 Embezzlement from terror attack victims fund 8 2 Semi automatic weapon ban for hunting and Mini 14 rifle ban 8 3 Potential copycat incidents 8 3 1 Czech copycat 8 3 2 Polish copycat 8 3 3 Christchurch mosque shootings 9 Depiction in popular culture 9 1 Films 9 2 Music 9 3 Television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13 1 ImagesPreparation for the attacks EditBreivik claims to have begun the planning of the terrorist acts in 2002 at the age of 23 He had participated for years in debates on Internet forums and spoken against Islam and immigration 29 failed verification He was preparing for the attacks from at least as early as 2009 though he concealed his violent intentions 30 31 32 33 Failed attempt to buy weapons in Prague Edit See also Gun politics in the Czech Republic Breivik spent six days in Prague in late August and early September 2010 Following his Internet inquiry Breivik noted that Prague is known for maybe being the most important transit site point for illicit drugs and weapons in Europe Despite the fact that Prague has one of the lowest crime rates among European capitals 34 Breivik expressed reservations about his personal safety writing that before his trip there he believed Prague to be a dangerous place with many brutal and cynical criminals 35 He hollowed out the rear seats of his Hyundai Atos in order to have enough space for the firearms he hoped to buy After two days he got a prospectus for a mineral extraction business printed which was supposed to give him an alibi in case someone suspected him of preparing a terrorist attack 35 He wanted to buy an AK 47 type assault rifle 36 a Glock pistol hand grenades and a rocket propelled grenade stating that getting the latter two would be a bonus 33 35 Breivik had several fake police badges printed to wear with a police uniform which he had acquired illegally on the Internet and which he later wore during the attack 17 18 Contrary to his expectations he was unable to get any firearms in the Czech Republic commenting that it was the first major setback in his operation In the end he concluded that Prague was far from an ideal city to buy guns nothing like what the BBC reported and that he had felt safer in Prague than in Oslo 33 35 37 Arming in Norway and through the Internet Edit See also Gun politics in Norway Originally Breivik intended to try to obtain weapons in Germany or Serbia if his mission in Prague failed The Czech disappointment led him to procure his weapons through legal channels 37 He decided to obtain a semi automatic rifle and a Glock pistol legally in Norway noting that he had a clean criminal record hunting license and two guns a Benelli Nova 12 gauge pump action shotgun and a 308 bolt action rifle already for seven years and that obtaining the guns legally should therefore not be a problem 33 A 223 calibre Mini 14 manufactured by Sturm Ruger weapon model purchased by Breivik Upon returning to Norway Breivik obtained a legal permit for a 223 caliber Ruger Mini 14 semi automatic carbine ostensibly for the purpose of hunting deer citation needed He bought it in late 2010 for 1 400 He wanted to purchase a 7 62 39mm Ruger Mini 30 semi automatic carbine but decided for unknown reasons to buy the Mini 14 citation needed Getting a permit for the pistol proved more difficult as he had to demonstrate regular attendance at a sport shooting club 35 He also bought ten 30 round magazines for the rifle from a United States supplier and six magazines for the pistol including four 30 round magazines in Norway From November 2010 to January 2011 he went through 15 training sessions at the Oslo Pistol Club and by mid January his application to purchase a Glock pistol was approved 38 39 Breivik claimed in his manifesto that he bought 300g of sodium nitrate 40 from a Polish shop for 10 41 The Polish ABW interviewed the company owner on 24 July 2011 41 Breivik s Polish purchases initially led to him being placed on the watch list of the Norwegian intelligence which did not act because they did not believe his actions were relevant to their terror concerns 42 He had also planned a last religious service in Frogner Church Oslo before the attack 35 Breivik Geofarm Edit On 18 May 2009 Breivik created a sole proprietorship called Breivik Geofarm a company established under the fictitious purpose of cultivating vegetables melons roots and tubers 43 44 The real purpose was to gain access to chemicals and materials especially fertiliser that could be used for the production of explosives without arousing suspicion citation needed The place of business was given as Amot in Hedmark On 4 May 2011 Breivik purchased 6 tonnes 13 000 lb of fertiliser through Geofarm at Felleskjopet 3 tonnes 6 600 lb of ammonium nitrate and 3 tonnes 6 600 lb of calcium ammonium nitrate According to neighbours all the fertiliser was stored in his barn 45 After conducting a reconstruction of the bomb with equivalent amount of fertiliser on the farm in Amot police and bomb experts concluded that the bomb had been 950 kg 2 090 lb 46 about the same size as the one used in the 2002 Bali bombings Afterwards there was significant debate in Norway about how an amateur could acquire such substantial amounts of fertiliser and manufacture and place such a lethal weapon in the middle of Regjeringskvartalet all by himself The conclusion by Felleskjopet was that there is no legislation to keep agricultural businesses from buying as much fertiliser as they like and that there was nothing suspicious about Breivik s purchase 47 This was confirmed by the director of the Norwegian Police Security Service Janne Kristiansen who stated not even the Stasi could have prevented this attack 48 The company listed at least two Swedish employees on the social networking site Facebook but it is uncertain whether these people existed 49 In April 2011 he reported moving from Oslo to Valstua farm in the municipality of Amot about 9 kilometres 6 mi south of the community centre Rena on the east side of Glomma 50 His agricultural company was run from the farm and gave him access to ingredients for explosives 51 His 950 kilogram 2 090 lb car bomb exploded in central Oslo on 22 July 2011 where it killed eight people 52 He had between 1 000 and 1 500 kilograms 2 200 and 3 300 lb of additional material that was left on the farm and could be used for construction of a second bomb 53 Weapons training Edit Beside visiting firing ranges and countries with relaxed gun laws to sharpen his skill Breivik s manifesto says that he made use of the video game Call of Duty Modern Warfare 2 as a training aid while using World of Warcraft as a cover for his extended period of isolation 54 He also said that he honed his shooting skills using an in game holographic sight similar to the one he used during the attacks 55 Oslo car bombing Edit A graphic that illustrates the placement of the car bomb in Oslo s government quarter on 22 July 2011 G Ministry of FinanceH Office of the Prime Minister and the Ministry of Justice and the PoliceS Ministry of Health and Care ServicesY Ministry of Education and ResearchR4 Ministries of Petroleum and Energy Trade and IndustryR5 Ministries of Transport and Communications etc Volkswagen Crafter vans similar to the one involved before the bomb was planted On 22 July 2011 at 15 25 22 CEST a bomb detonated in Regjeringskvartalet central Oslo 1 The bomb was placed in a white Volkswagen Crafter 15 and parked in front of the H block 56 housing the Office of the Prime Minister Ministry of Justice and the Police and several other governmental buildings such as the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy R4 Ministry of Finance G block Ministry of Education and Research Y block and the Supreme Court of Norway behind the G block 57 58 The Crafter was registered by surveillance cameras as entering Grubbegata from Grensen at 15 13 23 The van stopped at 15 13 43 200 metres 650 ft before the H block It stood still with the hazard warning lamps on for 1 minute and 54 seconds The driver then drove the last 200 metres and parked the van in front of the main entrance of the main government building 59 60 The van was parked at 15 16 30 The front door of the van opened 16 seconds later and after another 16 seconds the driver stepped out of the van He stood outside the van for 7 seconds before quickly walking away towards Hammersborg torg where he had another car parked 61 The driver was dressed like a police officer and had a gun in his hand A police helmet with a face shield was covering his face Breivik was not positively identified 62 The explosion started fires in the H block H blokka and R4 and the shock wave blew out the windows on all floors as well as in the VG house and other buildings on the other side of the square 63 The blast was caught on many security cameras 64 The streets in the area were filled with glass and debris A cloud of white smoke which was reported as a fire continued to burn at the Department of Oil and Energy The blast was heard at least seven kilometres 4 1 2 mi away 58 At 15 26 the police received the first message about the explosion 63 and at 15 28 the first police patrol reported arriving at the scene 63 At the same time news agency NTB was told that the Prime Minister was safe and not hurt 63 A witness called police at 15 34 to report a person in a police uniform holding a pistol in his hand entering an unmarked vehicle a Fiat Doblo 65 Information including the vehicle s licence plate number and description of the suspect was written on a yellow note and hand delivered to the police operations central where it lay for twenty minutes 65 before the witness was phoned back The licence plate number was not transmitted on the police radio until two hours later citation needed Following the explosion police cleared the area and searched for any additional explosive devices 66 Through media outlets police urged citizens to evacuate central Oslo 67 Police later announced that the bomb was composed of a mixture of fertiliser and fuel oil ANFO similar to that used in the Oklahoma City bombing 68 69 Impact on transportation Edit Immediately after the explosion the area surrounding the damaged buildings was cordoned off and evacuated People were asked to remain calm and leave the city centre if possible but there was no general evacuation The Oslo Metro remained operational and most of the Oslo tram network was also running although sporadically except for the line through Grensen the street between Prof Aschehoug s plass and Stortorvet 70 Buses also continued to run although at least one articulated bus on the No 37 line which stops outside the Ministry of Finance was commandeered to evacuate the walking wounded citation needed An e mail communication with the BBC from a traveller indicated that police were conducting searches in suspicious cars on the road to Oslo Airport Gardermoen 71 which remained open 72 The Gardermoen Line between Lillestrom and Oslo Airport was shut down after a suspicious package was found close to the tracks 73 The same happened at the offices of TV 2 which were evacuated after a suspicious package was found outside the building 74 Utoya mass shooting Edit Temporary memorial with Utoya in the background Attack Edit Approximately one and a half hours after the Oslo explosion 75 Breivik dressed in a police uniform and presenting himself as Martin Nilsen from the Oslo Police Department 76 boarded the ferry MS Thorbjorn at Utoykaia in Tyrifjorden a lake some 32 kilometres 20 mi northwest of Oslo to the island of Utoya 77 the location of the Norwegian Labour Party s AUF youth camp The camp is held there every summer 78 and was attended by approximately 600 teenagers 79 When Breivik arrived on the island he presented himself as a police officer who had come over for a routine check following the bombing in Oslo He was met by Monica Bosei the camp leader and island hostess Bosei probably became suspicious and contacted Trond Berntsen the security officer on the island before Breivik killed them both 80 He then signalled and asked people to gather around him 81 before pulling weapons and ammunition from a bag and firing indiscriminately 82 83 84 killing and wounding numerous people He first shot people on the island and later started shooting at people who were trying to escape by swimming across the lake 85 Survivors on the island described a scene of terror 82 Survivor Dana Barzingi then 21 described how several victims wounded by Breivik pretended to be dead but he came back and shot them again 82 He spared an 11 year old boy who had lost his father Trond Berntsen during the shooting and stood up against him and said he was too young to die as well as a 22 year old man who begged for his life 86 Some witnesses hid in undergrowth and lavatories communicating by text message to avoid revealing their positions 87 The mass shooting lasted for around an hour and a half ending when a police special task force arrived and Breivik surrendered despite having ammunition left at 18 35 88 The shooter used hollow point 89 or frangible bullets 90 which increase tissue damage 90 Breivik repeatedly shouted You are going to die today Marxists 76 Bosei s husband and one of her daughters who were also present survived 91 The youngest victim New Zealand born Sharidyn Svebakk Bohn of Drammen was 14 years old 92 16 year old Andrine Bakkene Espeland of Sarpsborg was the last victim nearly one hour after the shooting began 93 Residents in a flotilla of motorboats and fishing dinghies sailed out to rescue the survivors who were pulled out shivering and bleeding from the water and picked up from hiding places in the bushes and behind rocks around the island s shoreline Some survived by pretending to be dead 94 Several campers especially those who knew the island well swam to the island s rocky west side and hid in the caves which are only accessible from the water Others were able to hide away on the secluded Kjaerlighetsstien love path 95 Forty seven of the campers sought refuge in Skolestua the School House together with personnel from the Norwegian People s Aid Although Breivik fired two bullets through the door he did not get through the locked door and the people inside this building survived 96 97 The teenagers said that they had decided that it was too difficult to stop the gunman They discovered a cave like opening in a rock where they hid 23 children from Breivik Dzhamayev who kept guard outside also dragged three youngsters from the lake who were close to drowning 98 Former prime minister Gro Harlem Brundtland whom Breivik said he hated and in a pun on the more or less ironic epithet Landsmoderen mother of the nation referred to in his writings as landsmorderen murderer of the nation 99 had been on the island earlier in the day to give a speech to the camp After the attack Breivik stated that he originally wanted to target her specifically but because of delays related to the renovation of Oslo Central railway station he arrived after she had already left 100 101 Rescue and emergency response Edit The first shot was fired at 17 22 102 The emergency medical services were informed about the shooting two minutes later 103 One minute after that the police in Oslo were informed 104 They immediately tried to reach Utoya as quickly as possible 104 but did not have a helicopter that could take them straight to the island By 17 30 Delta the police tactical unit in Oslo were on the way to Utoya by automobile 105 One of the first to arrive on the scene was Marcel Gleffe a German resident of Ski staying at Utvika Camping on the mainland Recognizing gunshots he piloted his boat to the island and began throwing life jackets to young people in the water rescuing as many as he could in four or five trips after which the police asked him to stop The Daily Telegraph credited him with saving up to 30 lives 106 Another forty were saved by Hege Dalen and Toril Hansen a married couple on vacation in the area Dalen was helping from land 107 while Hansen and a neighbour camper made several trips to rescue people in the water 107 Several dozen more were rescued by Kasper Ilaug who made three trips to the island Ilaug a local resident received a telephone call that something terrible was happening on Utoya and requesting help He initially thought the call was a prank but acted anyway 108 109 Altogether some 150 who swam away from the island were pulled out of the lake by campers on the opposite shore citation needed Delta reached the meeting point at 18 09 but had to wait a few minutes for a boat to take them across They reached Utoya at 18 25 When confronted by the heavily armed police on the island the gunman initially hesitated for a few seconds When an officer yelled surrender or be shot he laid down his weapons 110 Breivik called the 112 emergency phone number at least twice to surrender at 18 01 and 18 26 and continued killing people in between The police say Breivik hung up both times they tried to call him back but did not succeed 111 When the police arrived at the scene they were met by survivors begging the officers to throw away their weapons as they were afraid that the men in uniforms would again open fire on them 112 During the attack 69 people were killed and of the 517 survivors 113 66 were wounded 114 Shortage of transport capacity Edit The Norwegian police did not have helicopters suitable for transporting groups of police for an airdrop The one they had was useful only for surveillance and the helicopter crew were on leave 115 When the local police arrived at Utoykaia less than 30 minutes after the first shot was fired they could not find a suitable boat to reach the island They were then ordered to observe and report 116 AUF s own ferry the 50 passenger MS Thorbjorn was used by Breivik to go to Utoya citation needed Shortly after the first shot was fired nine people were leaving the island on the ferry among them the AUF leader Eskil Pedersen citation needed They feared there might be more terrorists in the area and navigated the ferry 2 7 kilometres 1 7 mi to the north Hence the ferry was not available to the police when they arrived at Utoykaia the normal ferry landing on the mainland citation needed The police therefore had to use their own rigid hulled inflatable boat RHIB The day of the event this boat was located in Honefoss and had to be transported to the lake and launched before it could be used When Delta boarded the RHIB it took on some water and after a few hundred metres the engine stopped probably due to water in the fuel Two minutes later they took over a civilian boat that was sent to assist them The episode was captured on video 117 A minute or two after the video ends a faster civilian boat arrived to help Four Delta officers boarded the boat Not wanting to waste any more time the civilian couple took the police to Utoya 118 Some have criticised the police for not using a helicopter for not immediately getting into small boats and for endangering the couple who drove the civilian boat 119 Arrest of innocent survivor Edit On arriving in Utoya the police arrested in addition to Breivik Anzor Djoukaev an innocent 17 year old survivor who represented the Akershus branch of AUF The youth was reportedly stripped naked 120 and locked up in a jail cell located only metres away from the cell housing the self confessed killer 121 The victim who as a child had witnessed mass murders in Chechnya was suspected of being an accomplice because his haircut was different from that shown on his identity document and because he did not react to the carnage with the same tears and hysteria as most of the other survivors 122 He was kept in custody for seventeen hours 121 Lawyer Harald Stabell criticised the police for failing to contact the youth s family who feared he was killed and for interrogating the victim without a lawyer present 122 123 Casualties Edit The building housing the Office of the Prime Minister and Ministry of Justice and the Police with blown out windows shortly after the explosion The bomb van had been placed behind the people shown The attacks were the deadliest in Norway since World War II 21 22 and a survey found that one in four Norwegians knew someone affected by the attacks 23 It is also the fifth deadliest terrestrial terrorist attack in Western Europe behind the Bologna bombing in 1980 the Nice attack in 2016 the Paris attacks in November 2015 and the Madrid train bombings in 2004 Oslo Edit Eight people were killed in the explosion the blast shock wave and debris immediately killed six people while two others died quickly afterwards from their wounds 124 Of the 325 people estimated to have been in the government buildings around them and in the surrounding area at least 209 people received physical injuries from the blast and debris 9 While most were relatively minor and could be treated at the local casualty clinic 12 people received more serious injuries Ten were sent to Ulleval University Hospital OUS Ulleval four with moderate to serious and six with critical injuries and two to Aker University Hospital OUS Aker 10 11 A doctor at one of the Oslo University Hospitals OUS said the hospital staff were treating head chest and abdominal wounds 125 Oslo ages ofthose killed 126 Age Deaths26 130 132 234 151 156 161 1Total 8Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg was at his official residence near the Royal Palace preparing the speech he was scheduled to give at Utoya the next day 127 Norway s finance minister Sigbjorn Johnsen was on vacation in Denmark at the time 128 Fewer people than usual were in the area because the bombing took place during July the usual holiday month for Norwegians 129 and since it was Friday afternoon most government employees had gone home for the weekend 130 Utoya Edit Utoya The scope of what happened at the island was initially very confusing and the first official figures given was that at least 10 people had been killed 131 As the evening progressed several eyewitness reports put this number in doubt and at approximately 03 50 CEST on 23 July NRK1 and TV2 the two primary Norwegian television networks broadcast a live press conference from the Sentrum politistasjon in Oslo where Norway s National Police Commissioner Oystein Maeland stated the number of fatalities at Utoya to have reached at least 80 with the count expected to increase 57 132 On 25 July a police spokesperson revealed that the death toll of the victims on Utoya had been revised downwards to 68 after the casualties had been counted on their return to the mainland 133 They added that the number of people missing was still high and that the number of casualties could be as high as 86 On 29 July police announced that one of the severely wounded victims from Utoya had died in hospital 19 bringing the death toll from the island massacre to 69 citation needed On 26 July the Norwegian police began releasing the names and dates of birth of the victims on their website By 29 July the names of all 77 victims 8 from the bomb attack 69 from Utoya had been published 7 8 the last a shooting victim having been found on the 28th 134 Utoya age ofthose killed 126 Age Deaths14 215 716 817 1618 1719 520 121 323 225 127 128 130 143 245 151 1Total 69Average age 20Of the 69 people who died at the attack on the island 57 were killed by one or more shots through the head 124 135 In total 67 people were killed by gunshots 1 died falling from a cliff trying to escape and 1 drowned trying to swim away from the island 135 In total Breivik fired at least 186 shots 136 and still had a considerable amount of ammunition left 90 In the aftermath of the 564 people on the island at the time 9 69 people died and at least 110 people had received various physical injuries 10 11 An estimated 50 people were treated at the locally set up casualty clinic and were treated for relatively minor injuries such as cuts bruises and hypothermia after fleeing and swimming from the island It was cloudy and rainy on Utoya that day air temperature was varying between 14 15 C 57 59 F water temperature around the island was 14 15 C 57 59 F 10 and the shortest distance to the mainland was around 600 metres Sixty people were transported to surrounding hospitals 55 with serious to critical injuries 10 11 The chief surgeon who treated the wounds at one of the hospitals said he had never seen similar wounds during his 23 years of practice and explained that the bullets were extremely fragmented in their path through the body 90 Thirty three people had been directly hit by one or more bullets and survived 9 but one person who was shot died two days later in hospital from the bullet wounds to the head and back 19 The 564 people on the island at the time were from all over Norway as well as some visitors from foreign countries The people who died were from 18 of Norway s 19 counties and also a woman from Georgia 137 Wounded people were from the entire country including Svalbard 138 and together with the casualties from Oslo an average of a quarter of Norway s population knew a victim affected by the attacks according to a survey done 23 Several of the dead and wounded or their parents were personal friends of high ranking government ministers Trond Berntsen an off duty unarmed police officer and step brother of Norway s crown princess Mette Marit was the first to be shot dead 139 Perpetrator EditMain article Anders Behring Breivik Public broadcaster NRK and several other Norwegian media outlets identified the suspected attacker as Anders Behring Breivik He was arrested on Utoya for the shootings and also linked to the Oslo bombing 140 141 He was charged with terrorism for both attacks 27 According to his attorney Breivik acknowledged that he was responsible for both the bomb and the shooting during interrogation but denied culpability as he asserted that his actions were atrocious but necessary 142 At his arraignment on 25 July Breivik was remanded into custody for eight weeks the first half to be in solitary confinement 143 Breivik wanted to have an open hearing and attend it wearing a uniform of his own design but both requests were denied by the presiding judge 144 Mental health Edit Following his arrest Breivik underwent examination by court appointed forensic psychiatrists who diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia and concluded he had been psychotic at the time of the attacks and was criminally insane 145 Although criticised in newspaper debates 146 the submitted report was approved with no remarks by the Norwegian Board of Forensic Medicine after an extended panel of experts had reviewed it 147 According to his defence attorney Breivik initially expressed surprise and felt insulted by the conclusions in the report He later stated that this provides new opportunities 148 Following the criticism of the psychiatric report the court in January 2012 approved the conduct of a second psychiatric examination The report from this examination declared Breivik to be sane in April 2012 149 Ultimately the verdict and ruling of the district court s five judge panel agreed that Breivik was sane 150 Political and religious views Edit Breivik is linked to a 1 518 page compendium entitled 2083 A European Declaration of Independence bearing the name Andrew Berwick 31 32 151 The file was e mailed to 1 003 addresses about 90 minutes before the bomb blast in Oslo 152 153 Analysts described him as having Islamophobic views and a hatred of Islam 154 155 and as someone who considered himself as a knight dedicated to stemming Muslim immigration into Europe 156 157 The introductory chapter of the manifesto defining cultural Marxism is a copy of Political Correctness A Short History of an Ideology by the Free Congress Foundation 158 159 Major parts of the compendium are attributed to the pseudonymous Norwegian blogger Fjordman 160 The text has similarities with the Unabomber manifesto while substituting the words cultural Marxists for leftists and Muslims for black people 161 The New York Times described American influences in the writings noting that the compendium mentions the anti Muslim American Robert Spencer 64 times and cites Spencer s works at great length 162 The work of Bat Ye or 163 is cited dozens of times 164 Far right and anti Islam blogger Pamela Geller 162 Neo pagan writer Koenraad Elst and Daniel Pipes are also mentioned as sources of inspiration 165 The manifesto further contains quotes from Middle East expert Bernard Lewis Edmund Burke Mahatma Gandhi Thomas Jefferson and George Orwell 166 as well as from Jeremy Clarkson s Sunday Times column and Melanie Phillips Daily Mail column 167 The publication speaks in admiration of Ayaan Hirsi Ali Bruce Bawer Srđa Trifkovic 168 and Henryk M Broder 169 The compendium advocates a restoration of patriarchy which it claims would save European culture 170 171 The compendium contains his militant far right ideology and xenophobic worldview which espouses an array of political concepts including support for varying degrees of cultural conservatism right wing populism ultranationalism Islamophobia far right Zionism and Serbian paramilitarism 172 173 It regards Islam and cultural Marxism as the enemy and argues for the annihilation of Eurabia and multiculturalism to preserve a Christian Europe 31 32 173 174 175 176 He further urged Europeans to restore the historic crusades against Islam as in the Middle Ages 177 A video Breivik released on YouTube 6 hours before the attack has been described as promoting violence towards leftists and Muslims who reside in Western Europe 178 Among other things in the manifesto he identified the Benes Decrees which facilitated the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after the Second World War as an example for committing that act on European Muslims 179 In his manifesto he also urges the Hindus to drive Muslims out of India 180 He demands the gradual deportation of all Muslims from Europe from 2011 to 2083 through repatriation 181 He blames feminism for allowing the erosion of the fabric of European society 182 Breivik s writings mention the English Defence League claiming that he had contact with senior members of the EDL and that a Norwegian version of the group was in the process of gaining strength He wrote that the EDL were naive fools because in his words the EDL harshly condemns any and all revolutionary conservative movements that employ terror as a tool EDL leader Tommy Robinson denounced Breivik and the attack on 26 July 2011 and denied any links with the Norwegian 183 184 185 186 187 After being apprehended Breivik was characterised by police officials as being a right wing extremist 174 Breivik is described by the newspaper Verdens Gang as considering himself a conservative nationalist 141 According to The Australian Breivik was highly critical of Muslim immigration into Christian societies is pro Israel and an admirer of the Tea Party movement in the United States 188 Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that We have no more information than what has been found on his own websites which is that it goes towards the right and that it is so to speak Christian fundamentalist 27 189 190 Subsequently others have disputed Andresen s characterisation of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist 191 Furthermore Breivik stated that myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God 192 193 According to the International Business Times in his manifesto he did not see himself as religious but he did identify as a cultural Christian and wrote about the differences between cultural and religious Christians but stressed that both were Christians and shared the same identity and goals 194 After his imprisonment Breivik stated he had never personally identified as a Christian and called his religion Odinism stating that he would pray and sacrifice to Odin 195 196 He also identified himself as a fascist and a national socialist 195 stating that he previously exploited counterjihadist rhetoric in order to protect ethno nationalists 197 He has written many posts on the far right 198 website document no 199 He attended meetings of Documents venner Friends of Document affiliated with the Document no website 200 He is a former member of the Progress Party FrP and its youth wing FpU According to the then FpU leader Ove Vanebo Breivik was active early in the 2000s but he left the party as his viewpoints became more extreme 201 In his online YouTube video he expressed admiration of past European leaders who fought against Islam and Muslims naming Charles Martel Richard the Lionheart El Cid Vlad the Impaler Jacques de Molay Tsar Nicholas and John III Sobieski 202 A social media website created bearing Breivik s name and picture but of unknown authorship refers to him as an admirer of Winston Churchill and Max Manus 203 204 and also of controversial Dutch politician Geert Wilders whose political party the Party for Freedom is described by the site as the only true party of conservatives 205 The music that is played in the video comes off the soundtrack to the video game Age of Conan Hyborian Adventures 206 Unsubstantiated claims of Breivik being assisted Edit There was suspicion at the time of the attack that there were accomplices 207 208 209 and the police initially prepared to meet two to five shooters on Utoya 210 211 Several youths at Utoya reported to be convinced that there was more than one shooter with some reports of shots fired from the mainland 212 A second shooter at Utoya was described by several youths as having thick dark hair about 1 80 metres 5 feet 11 inches tall who did not wear a police uniform while carrying a pistol and a rifle 213 214 During judicial examination at least two witnesses independently of each other both described two different shooters at Utoya while a third witness was reported to have swum from the island beside a previously unknown dark haired man 215 After his arrest Breivik claimed he acted with accomplices but later changed his statements to his acting alone giving several demands for him to tell about accomplices 4 216 217 On 24 July 2011 six people were arrested in Oslo suspected of having connections with the attacks all were released 218 The police later issued a statement that there was only found evidence of one shooter at Utoya amid widespread conspiracy theories of there having been more than one shooter 212 In the initial hours after the attacks the group Ansar al Jihad al Alami led by Abu Suleiman al Naser claimed responsibility for the attacks 219 220 221 Reactions Edit Flower march in Sentrum Oslo on 25 July 2011 in the aftermath of the attacks An estimated 200 000 attended the flower march Domestic Edit King Harald V sent his condolences to the victims and their families and urged unity 222 He and Queen Sonja personally visited the victims of the attacks as well as the families of those killed citation needed At a press conference the morning after the attacks Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Justice Minister Knut Storberget addressed the country Stoltenberg called the attack a national tragedy and the worst atrocity in Norway since World War II Stoltenberg further vowed that the attack would not hurt Norwegian democracy and said the proper answer to the violence was more democracy more openness but not naivety 223 In his speech at the memorial service on 24 July 2011 he opined what would be a proper reaction No one has said it better than the AUF girl who was interviewed by CNN If one man can show so much hate think how much love we could show standing together 224 225 Flowers laid in front of Oslo Cathedral 25 July 2011 The leader of the Workers Youth League Eskil Pedersen vowed to return to Utoya and urged Norway to continue its tradition of openness and tolerance 226 Leaders of Norwegian political parties expressed grief and sent condolences in public statements 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 excessive citations On 1 August 2011 Norway s parliament nominally in recess for the summer reconvened for an extraordinary session to honour the victims of the attack In a departure from parliamentary procedure both King Harald V and Crown Prince Haakon were present The president of Norway s Parliament Dag Terje Andersen read out loud the names of all 77 victims The session was open to the public but due to limited seating priority was given to relatives of the deceased 234 235 August 21 in Norway was declared a day of national mourning to commemorate the victims of the terrorist attack 236 The seven political parties in the parliament agreed to postpone the electoral campaign for local elections held in September until mid August 237 School debates were cancelled though the school elections were not 238 Initially Magnus Ranstorp and other terror experts suspected that foreigners were behind the attacks 239 In the immediate aftermath of the attack non ethnic Norwegians especially Muslim Norwegians were subjected to harassment and violence 240 On 13 August 2012 Norway s prime minister received the Gjorv Report which concludes that Breivik could have been stopped from carrying out the Utoya massacre 241 The report had been ordered by parliament in August 2011 International Edit The United Nations the European Union NATO and governments around the world expressed their condemnation of the attacks condolences and solidarity with Norway However there have also been reports of Western European right wing populist politicians giving support to the killings or excusing them as a result of multi culturalism Interviewed on a popular radio show the Italian MEP Francesco Speroni a leading member of the Lega Nord the junior partner in Berlusconi s conservative coalition said Breivik s ideas are in defence of western civilisation 242 Similar views were voiced by Italian MEP Mario Borghezio 243 Werner Koenigshofer a member of the National Council of Austria was expelled from the right wing Freedom Party of Austria after equating the massacre with the death of millions of fetuses through abortion 244 On 25 July 2011 at noon CEST each of the Nordic countries held a minute of silence to dignify the victims of the two attacks Norway s minute of silence stretched to five minutes 245 In Oslo a city of approximately 600 000 inhabitants an estimated 200 000 people attended a flower march 246 247 248 The Norwegian media reported criticism against Fox News and its commentator Glenn Beck for their coverage of the attacks 249 Beck s comparison of the AUF to the Hitler Youth 250 led Frank Aarebrot a Norwegian professor with political sympathies to the Norwegian Labour Party 251 to call Beck a fascist and swine 252 Memorial ceremonies Edit A number of memorial ceremonies took place following the attacks On 25 July 2011 around 200 000 people took part in a rose march at Radhusplassen in Oslo 253 The NRK memorial concert titled Mitt lille land My Little Country and named for the song Mitt lille land which came to symbolize the sorrow many people went through 254 took place in Oslo Cathedral on 30 July 2011 A national memorial ceremony took place on 21 August 2011 254 In September 2011 the Norwegian People s Aid and Sony Music released the memorial album Mitt lille land 255 Memorials Edit This section contains close paraphrasing of one or more non free copyrighted sources Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please improve this article by re writing it in your own words January 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message National memorials Edit A national memorial stands at Johan Nygaardsvolds plass at Regjeringskvartalet in Oslo It was unveiled on 22 July 2016 and is temporary 256 257 258 Construction on a memorial in Hole Viken is ongoing as of 2022 The memorial is expected to be completed during the first half of 2022 259 260 Work started in August 2020 on a national memorial at Utoya kaia on the shores of Tyrifjorden in Hole Viken As of 7 December 2020 work is in progress in January next year a court case is scheduled to continue 261 the lawsuit s aim is to block further construction Previously in September an injunction from Ringerike District Court blocked further construction on the memorial in November a higher court removed the injunction 262 263 264 on 30 November a trial that was scheduled for two weeks started in Ringerike District Court and has been discontinued until January 265 Sixteen 266 neighbours of the construction site are suing to have the work stopped the litigants are claiming that the memorial will be a constant reminder about the terror of the attack and they expect that the influx of visitors also will be an added source of strain on the health of litigants 267 In December one neighbour testified in court that he rescued persons who had been wounded by the terrorist and added We are again and again reminded about what happened I will not have the strength to look at the columns a design element of the memorial I will only be able to see the face of the dead the witness testified about the continuous gunfire and the dead and wounded youths and the repeated shuttling of youths in his boat from open water to the lake shore at Utoya kaia and the sight of the perpetrator at Lovers Lane and youths being shot and killed in front of his eyes and having to leave a critically wounded boy in the lake when bullets were whizzing past his ears The witness is still haunted by the image of the boy and by the mangled bodies mauled by the bullets of the terrorist and by his last trip around the island when only the dead were left and the noise had died down except for the sound and lights from unanswered mobile phones left in the terrain by the victims of the attack Another person to testify in court was the current secretary general of AUF himself a survivor of the attack he testified that he does not understand the neighbours angst in regard to the memorial 266 Later that month in a newspaper article a licensed psychologist retired said that 250 or 300 victims have been estimated to have been helped during the attack and immediately after by people belonging to the local community and incomprehensibly many young people were killed but without the help of these action oriented and caring people inhabitants of the local community then the number would have been higher who wants this memorial at Utoya kaia or the rest of us who merely were informed through media reports When the saviours don t want the memorial so close to their community or themselves then it s shows an extreme lack of empathy and valuation of the rescue work in my opinion when one trumphs through the construction of the memorial there are already enough memorials for this attack at other locations furthermore if there must be a memorial in the area then move it up to the main road so that the local community at Utoya kaia does not get destroyed by an influx of tourists and cars up there in the area of the main road it s not that easy too make it into a place of worship of the mass murderer 268 The cost for a national memorial in Hole municipality has increased more than ten fold previously from 40 5 million Norwegian kroner to more than 700 million 259 263 The artistic project has been rejected and the project has been handed over to architects as of October 2020 263 Other memorials and symbols Edit At Utoya the place of memorial is called the clearing Lysninga a part of it is the ring Ringen Utoya Hegnhuset Newspaper display case that was damaged during the explosion In 2020 the display case was moved back to where it was in 2011 Newspaper display case with glass that is still fractured from the explosion The newspaper on display is from the day of the attack Photo from 2015 Memorial in Mo i Rana by Nico Widerberg At Utoya the place of memorial is called the clearing Lysninga a part of it is the ring Ringen a ring of steel that hangs between trees and here the names and age 269 of the majority of those 69 killed are engraved it lies at the highest point of the island 270 It was unveiled during summer 2015 271 272 Hegnhuset was inaugurated in 2016 citation needed the iron roses Jernrosene is located at Domkirke parken in Oslo 273 The memorial has around 900 metal roses they were donated by persons in various countries one rose was created by a survivor and some by others who were bereaved 274 A newspaper display case that was collaterally damaged has been left unrepaired with its glass fractured but not dislocated by the shockwave of the bomb In 2020 275 the display case was moved back to where it was located in 2011 outside the building at Akersgata 55 the headquarters of Verdens Gang The installation is referred to by the governmental organisation KORO as Relocating the past ruins for the future 275 Artist Ahmad Ghossein took the initiative to create a memorial from the shattered display 276 The newspaper edition from the day of the bombing is still on display One monolith stands in each municipality There are memorials created by the artist Nico Widerberg in the 53 affected municipalities in Norway who welcomed the same sculpture funded by a private donation 271 272 A minnestein memorial stone to commemorate the attacks at Utoya is located at a roadside rest area with a view 277 of Utoya that is located on E16 at Nes in Hole municipality 278 Proposed memorials Edit A monument at Stensparken in Oslo has been proposed including metal roses It has not been authorised as its planned dimensions of 34 metres 112 ft by 20 metres 66 ft with a height of 3 metres 9 8 ft were judged to be too overwhelming 274 The cancelled national memorial at Sorbraten Edit This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia s inclusion policy June 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message As of September 2016 update 279 Hole Municipality has stopped case work regarding the request for permission to build a national monument at Sorbraten 280 media said that the case work could be arrested for around two and a half years or longer The government is scheduled to be a defendant in court during a three week trial starting 25 April 2017 281 282 283 the underlying lawsuit aims to deny construction at the planned location Previously in March 2016 the location for a planned national place of memorial was moved from Utoya to Sorbraten located on the mainland 350 m 1 150 ft from Utvika and 900 m 3 000 ft from Utoya 282 284 in September 2014 the Hole municipal council had refused a memorial at Sorbraten 285 The names of several 282 286 of the victims are reportedly being denied as of 2016 update by next of kin as inscriptions on the planned monument A committee Kunstutvalget for minnestaden for 22 juli chose a design by Jonas Dahlberg for the monument and Karin Moe has called the planned monument at Sorbraten Breivik s Memorial Place 284 Later in a Klassekampen article Moe said that Many of the local inhabitants have described the design as a violation even a rape of nature that is in place at Sorbraten Such is the intensity of how the memorial is being felt that physical pain is felt merely by imagining having to face the memorial every day The traumatised neighbors re live the acts of terror through the brutal cut into the mountain slope a reminder of who acted Anders Behring Breivik Here his misdeed is carved in stone No wonder that fear lies in the reactions The baffling thing for the locals is this but we were supposed to be honored not re traumatised Why must this incurable memorial wound be inflicted on us so close to our bodies or our life 284 Furthermore she said that Long time was needed before the September 11 memorial place on Manhattan was in place Now an encompassing in regard to ethics and aesthetics pause for thinking is needed both for the placement and the final design of the memorial 284 A later article suggested that we create the monument as envisioned but fill the scar with rock and beautify the surface inspired by kintsugi 287 A later article said that What many of us don t understand is why these plans apparently not well considered now are pushed through Is it because of prestige or out of consideration to the artist 272 Minister of Local Government and Modernisation has been criticised for announcing while Breivik was a plaintiff in a 4 day trial the current decision to construct the monument 288 On 14 April 2016 media said that a report has indicated that the place of memorial will create great mental strains on the persons living in its close proximity 289 The report Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk stress a s was completed in April 2015 290 A later newspaper article asked And why should the little island sic Sorbraten be punished with the jotunn cut what wrong has the island done 291 On 16 April 2016 media quoted board member 292 Anne Gry Ruud of neighbourhood association Utstranda Velforening I don t think that the work of art honors all who were killed but symbolizes only pain and open wounds If this work of art gives any associations then they are to terror death pain and the inadequacy of society This is not just a small cut on a point it is an area of 1 2 decare that will become surrounded by water I don t think that the local inhabitants have a responsibility to provide a location for a memorial at Sorbraten Especially in the summer we experience a steady flow of tourists on a pilgrimage to Sorbraten Some take selfies with Utoya in the background Others stop the inhabitants and ask what they did that day and how we contributed We have two schoolbuses that drive back and forth every day on the road just above others pass on their way to the store leisure activities work or municipal centre 260 inhabitants 293 The national convention of the Progress Party decided to say no to placing the memorial at Sorbraten 294 On 25 April 2016 Hole Municipal Council decided to fund Norwegian kroner 25 000 to Utstranda Velforening for a proposed lawsuit against the government 295 In a 14 May 2016 Aftenposten article Stig Andersen no a film director and producer said that the monument of the original contest was supposed to have a price limited to Norwegian kroner 20 million now that the government has estimated the price to 70 million including relevant extra expenses the contestants that operated within the original price limits have been deceived 296 In May 2016 the government wrote that the ongoing lawsuit about placing the monument at Sorbraten will not change the government s plans the letter was signed by Minister of Local Government and Modernisation and Minister of Culture 257 In an 11 June 2016 Dagbladet article Hans Normann Dahl was quoted The monument itself is incomprehensible and the idea so crass that it contains a negative and destructive material 297 An 18 June 2016 Dagbladet article quoted writings of one mother Gunn Rusten who lost her daughter My daughter s name will NOT be displayed on any memorial at Sorbraten but it is displayed at Utoya 271 She added that Why should all the phenomenal persons living there and who put their lives on the line that day to save as many as possible of those on Utoya who were later rescued from the lake have this as a lifelong daily reminder of the fateful Friday when police and those in charge let a crazy man walk around for around an hour and a half and kill at will without intervening 271 Furthermore another mother Mai Britt Rogne who lost her daughter said that We already have the grave and Utoya and one monolith in every municipality How many places of memorial do we need 271 On 24 June 2016 the government was sued in Ringerike District Court with a claim that The government is being denied construction of the memorial Memory Wound including a parking lot a footpath and auxiliary developments at Sorbraten and Bergli both in Hole 298 As of September 2016 update the government has offered to ditch the Memory Wound draft for a monument the site for a national memorial at Sorbraten remains unchanged 283 299 Swedish psychiatrist Per Olof Michel said I have been thinking why the government was in such a hurry In Sweden one will be unveiling the Tsunami Monument next year 13 years after the fact Regarding something that affects so many people one should let time pass and go thru things again 300 Bodil Cappelen said in a Klassekampen article that Centuries will pass Oh yes Here they have cut off a point from the mountain mama A landscape was not that much worth then 301 Regarding Memory Wound possibly being plagiarism of one of 300 candidate proposals for the pre qualification in the contest for monument design 302 art historian Tommy Sorbo no said that My first impression was that this is closest to plagiarism But when the idea is so similar I think one should examine the case further 303 the final written work for the master s degree masteroppgaven of architect students Kristin Ulrikke Ronnestad og Hildegunn Slotnaes had already been published on NTNU s website and had been exhibited in Trondheim and had been mailed to around 200 persons and offices 302 So far the case has led to government agency KORO no informing Dahlberg and the Department of Culture of potential allegations of plagiarism Dahlberg denied any knowledge of masteroppgaven student Ronnestad met with the director of KORO in April 2014 302 The lawyer from the architects trade union that accompanied Ronnestad there said that KORO showed a quite condescending attitude towards her 302 Other views regarding the case includes the view of Arve Rod art critic of Dagbladet saying about the sketches The likeness is peculiar and impossible to overlook It is difficult not to conclude that these are two completely alike ideas but I can not from that claim that Dahlberg has plagiarized the work of the two students he thinks that it is quite remarkable that two ideas so alike were found in the same contest and situation in the same place and at the same time 303 In November 2016 news broke that case work regarding the request for permission to build the monument at Sorbraten had been arrested in September Hole municipality s justification cited in part the upcoming court case 279 In June 2017 the government cancelled the project 263 Attempts at art creation Edit A 2016 Norwegian news article said that Most of those that work in the field of art probably were aware of the support group s the national support group after the 22 July incidents or Nasjonal stottegruppe etter 22 juli hendelsene no 304 marked attempts at stopping the Danish playwright Christian Lollike when he wanted to stage a drama based on the terrorist s manuscript Artists are in fact not as daring as many like to think 286 Legal proceedings EditMain article Trial of Anders Behring Breivik The police initially kept the choice of counsel secret after request from the attorney Attorney Geir Lippestad elected to act on behalf of Breivik s defence Breivik had specifically requested that Lippestad become his attorney 142 305 On 25 July 2011 Breivik was arraigned in Oslo District Court The police feared that Breivik would use the hearing as an opportunity to communicate with possible accomplices 306 Because of this 307 the arraignment was held completely closed to the media and all other spectators Instead judge Kim Heger held a press conference shortly afterwards where he read the court s decision 308 The practice of completely closed court hearings is extremely rare in the Norwegian justice system 309 The debate over which criminal charges to file was fierce Many police attorneys wanted high treason or crimes against humanity 310 The prosecution ended up indicting Breivik on terrorism charges Breivik admitted to being the gunman at Utoya and the perpetrator behind the Oslo bomb also admitting all the other actual events Nonetheless he pleaded not guilty stating I do not recognise this justice system 311 District Attorney Christian Hatlo asked that Breivik be detained for eight weeks without mail or visitation The judge ruled in favour of the prosecution stating the accused is an imminent danger to society and must be confined for the safety of himself and others It is highly probable that he is guilty of the alleged crimes and imprisonment is necessary to prevent destruction of evidence In accordance with the prosecution s wishes Breivik was remanded to eight weeks detention without mail or visitation four of those in complete isolation to be renewed no later than 19 September 2011 312 He was immediately transferred to Ila Landsfengsel a maximum security prison 313 On 13 August 2011 Breivik was taken to Utoya by police to recreate his actions on the day of the massacre Neither the media nor the public was alerted to the operation The police explained that the surprise walk through was necessary because Breivik was to be charged and tried for all 77 murders individually The police deemed it less offensive to the survivors to do it before rather than during the trial Despite the many police boats and helicopters none of the civilians who had come to lay down flowers on the shore that day perceived what was happening just a few hundred metres across the lake from them for eight hours 314 On the evening of 14 August the police held a press conference about the reconstruction It was reported that Breivik was not unmoved by his return to Utoya but that he showed no remorse Inspector Pal Fredrik Hjort Kraby described Breivik s behaviour and indifference on the island as unreal as he had over the course of eight hours willingly showed the police exactly how he had carried out all of the 69 murders 315 The trial began on 16 April 2012 and lasted until 19 June 2012 316 170 media organisations were accredited to cover the proceedings 317 Breivik acknowledged that he had committed the offences but pleaded not guilty as he believed the killing was needed citation needed The main issue for Breivik was that he was not to be deemed insane or psychotic because that would lose the meaning of his message citation needed On 24 August Breivik was found to be sane by the panel of five judges He was sentenced to preventative detention forvaring a sentence of 21 years in prison which can be repeatedly extended by 5 years as long as he is considered a threat to society This is the maximum sentence allowed by Norwegian law and it is the only way to allow for life imprisonment 318 Aftermath EditCoop Norway a chain of retail stores in Norway removed several games from its shelves as a result of the attack Some of the titles includes games like Homefront Call of Duty series Sniper Ghost Warrior Counter Strike Source and World of Warcraft Some games were also temporarily removed from the Norwegian WiiWare catalogue including an on rails shooter game 319 In the days following the attacks Norway s largest represented political parties noted a significant increase in interest for membership from young people Both the Norwegian Young Conservatives and the Progress Party s Youth as well as the Workers Youth League AUF had signed up a significant number of new members after a few days 320 The mother parties also reported an unusual increase in new member applications with the Conservative Party and the Progress Party having signed up almost 1 000 new members each by early August 321 while the Labour Party reported over 6 000 new members at the end of the month 322 Far right groups such as Stop the Islamisation of Norway SIAN and the Norwegian Defence League NDL as well as the Democrats had reportedly witnessed a boom in their memberships and interest by mid August with the Democrats party having signed up around one hundred new members and the NDL around three hundred 323 324 In the September local elections almost two months after the attacks gains were made by the Conservative Party up 9 to 28 and to a lesser extent the Labour Party up 2 to 32 On the other hand setbacks were witnessed by the Progress Party the party Breivik had been a member of down 6 to 11 and the Socialist Left Party down 2 to 4 325 In the Gjorv Report received by the prime minister in advance of a press conference on 13 August 2012 it was concluded that more actions could have been taken by authorities to stop Breivik to track him or to interrupt his attacks 326 It also criticised the police action in stark contrast to an internal report issued by the police earlier A few days later national police chief Oystein Maeland submitted his resignation citing a lack of clear support for his position from his superiors and saying If the justice ministry and other political authorities do not clarify this matter unequivocally it will become impossible for me to continue His resignation was accepted and announced by Justice Minister Grete Faremo 327 Vegard Groslie Wennesland a survivor of the incident ran for parliament on a Labour Party ticket in the 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election 328 A further 33 Labour Party candidates in the election were Utoya survivors and of those Asmund Aukrust Stine Renate Haheim and Fredric Holen Bjordal were also elected 329 However the result brought a coalition government of the Conservative party and the right wing Progress Party of which Breivik had been a member from 1999 until 2004 to power 330 In 2013 former AUF local leader and Labour Party cabinet advisor Ivar Fjeld released the pamphlet Den rodgronne terroroya The Red Green Terror Island which documented how Utoya over several years had been used to build up support for anti Israel politics and Palestinian terrorists In the book he documents among other things that AUF had allowed far left Red Youth to arrange camps on Utoya who collected money for and welcomed representatives from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine PFLP on the island Fjeld claimed that his purpose with the book was to warn the Labour Party about the activities of its increasingly radicalised and Islamised youth organisation 331 332 Embezzlement from terror attack victims fund Edit In 2016 one person was sentenced to 120 days in prison for embezzling 300 000 Norwegian kroner from Stottegruppen etter 22 juli a Norwegian NGO the money was supposed to have gone to victims of the terror attack The perpetrator was a steward of the NGO 14 Semi automatic weapon ban for hunting and Mini 14 rifle ban Edit On 28 February 2018 Peter Frolich of the Norwegian parliament s committee on judicial affairs said a proposal to ban semi automatic weapons proposed the year prior now had enough political support to become law by 2021 The law will ban the Ruger Mini 14 rifle model that was used in Utoya massacre and other semi auto rifles for hunting However using semi automatic firearms for shooting sports is still legal for sportsmen who have permission for practice and competition shooting from Dynamic Sports Shooting Norway DSSN or the Norwegian Reserve Officers Association NROF 333 Potential copycat incidents Edit Czech copycat Edit Apart from other guns ammunition and explosives the Czech police seized a vz 58 and armour piercing bullets while searching Vojtech Mlynek s flat On 10 August 2012 the Rapid Reaction Unit URNA of the Czech Police backed up by a local police tactical unit and over 100 other police arrested a 29 year old admirer of Breivik Vojtech Mlynek in Ostrava the Czech Republic s third largest city The police suspected that Mlynek was preparing a copycat attack inspired by the 2011 Norway attacks He was stockpiling weapons including a fully automatic assault rifle and armor piercing bullets 334 and had converted an aerial bomb in order to be able to remotely detonate it Mlynek had the remote control with him while arrested He had also obtained uniforms of the Czech police and of the Czech prison service and a police ID 334 335 336 Mlynek who was using the pseudonym Anders Behring Breivik in electronic communication has had a history of four prior criminal convictions including a six month long suspended sentence for setting off an explosive which demolished an empty wooden cottage 337 Mlynek was initially charged with endangering public and with illegal arming which carried a penalty from three to eight years in prison 335 338 He was first held in a remand prison but was transferred to an isolation unit of prison hospital in Brno following a psychiatric evaluation 339 On 3 April 2013 a court in Ostrava found Mlynek criminally insane At the same time he was found dangerous to the public and ordered psychiatric detention The reasons for detention will be reviewed by the court periodically every two years Police determined that Mlynek despite being a Breivik sympathiser was not preparing an actual terrorist attack however he suffered from paranoia and was stockpiling the weapons and bombs with the aim of self defense 340 Polish copycat Edit Breivik and McVeigh made mistakes I will be better Brunon Kwiecien s statement according to investigators 341 342 On 20 November 2012 the Polish authorities announced the arrest of a 45 year old lecturer in chemical engineering at the Agricultural University of Cracow under suspicion of preparing a similar attack According to the authorities Brunon Kwiecien pl 343 was an admirer of Breivik and was further inspired by the Oklahoma City bombing 344 Poland s Internal Security Agency ABW first found out about Kwiecien after it launched investigation into Breivik s Polish contacts when it became known that Breivik had ordered some of the chemicals for his bomb from Poland via internet According to ABW Kwiecien was preparing an attack against the Sejm the lower house of the Polish parliament He wanted to detonate 4 tonnes 3 9 long tons 4 4 short tons of explosives in a car bomb parked at the building during deliberation of the next year s budget as it is the time when all the members of parliament the Prime Minister as well as the President are all present in the building 345 Agricultural University of Cracow where Kwiecien worked as assistant professor for 9 years Kwiecien tried to arm himself already in 1997 however the authorities refused his application for a firearm permit He later started arming himself illegally mostly with weapons bought in Belgium He bought firearms ammunition bulletproof vests with ceramic plates and kevlar helmets He had visited the Sejm and tested whether it is possible to use radio remote controls in the buildings for the purposes of planned detonation of the car bomb 342 Being a graduate of Warsaw University of Technology program on explosive manufacturing Kwiecien was conducting illegal trials of explosives from at least 2000 In some cases he detonated small explosives on Warsaw bridges making small dents and holes in their construction 346 Apart from targeting the parliament Kwiecien was also preparing murders of Monika Olejnik an influential journalist and Hanna Gronkiewicz Waltz the mayor of Warsaw 347 Kwiecien intensified his preparations after Breivik s conviction He conducted an experimental explosion of a 250 kilogram 550 lb bomb in the Polish countryside in the municipality of Przeginia which he also filmed 342 He had recruited four other people for his cause however at least two of them were actually ABW s secret agents 347 He was convicted and sentenced to nine years of imprisonment on 19 April 2017 Brunon Kwiecien died in prison on 6 August 2019 from what is believed to have been a suicide 348 Christchurch mosque shootings Edit Main article Christchurch mosque shootings Brenton Harrison Tarrant the perpetrator of two consecutive mass shootings at mosques in Christchurch New Zealand said in his manifesto The Great Replacement in reference to a far right theory from France by Renaud Camus that he was in particular inspired by Breivik and claimed to have been in brief contact with him as well as meeting with his organisation the Knights Templar 349 350 The shootings took place at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre during Friday Prayer on 15 March 2019 killing 51 people and injuring 40 more 351 Depiction in popular culture EditThis section appears to contain trivial minor or unrelated references to popular culture Please reorganize this content to explain the subject s impact on popular culture providing citations to reliable secondary sources rather than simply listing appearances Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2021 The poem These memories have no time to wait Desse minna har ikkje tid til a vente 2021 by Frode Grytten 352 Films Edit To the Youth Til ungdommen 2012 directed by Kari Anne Moe 353 Utoya July 22 directed by Erik Poppe was released in 2018 22 July directed by Paul Greengrass was released in 2018 The legacy of 22 July Arven etter 22 juli directed by Tommy Gulliksen Simple English Wikipedia was released in 2021 354 Music Edit Laleh performing with the Norwegian Radio Orchestra at the National Memorial Concert 2012 in Vika in Oslo The 2012 single Some Die Young by the Iranian Swedish musician Laleh became closely associated with the national mourning process with newspaper articles university lectures and a number of fan videos to this effect emerging 355 Laleh was invited to perform as one of only two international artists at the official memorial concert in Oslo on the first anniversary of the event in 2012 and later performed the song at the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Concert 356 357 The song went on to peak at number one in the Norwegian charts for eight weeks and was certified fourteen times platinum in the country by IFPI Norway 358 359 In a 2017 episode of Sveriges Television s music documentary series Hitlatens historia Laleh is invited to visit Utoya for the first time and meet survivors reflecting on the significance her song took on as part of remembrance activities 360 The Austrian black metal band Harakiri for the Sky released a song titled 69 Dead Birds for Utoya on their 2014 album Aokigahara Dutch symphonic metal band Epica released a song entitled Internal Warfare on their 2012 album Requiem for the Indifferent Singer Simone Simons stated in an interview that it was about the Breivik attacks in Norway Norwegian pop singer Aurora released a song entitled Little Boy in the Grass on her 2015 EP Running with the Wolves which is about the tragedy A 2016 song performed by the Norwegian pop rock band deLillos Vi ser dere na We see you now was written about the attacks one verse says he set off a bomb to go to an island where he gunned down youth as if it was fun 361 362 Television Edit Season 6 of Seconds from Disaster premiered on the one year anniversary of the 2011 Norway attacks aired 22 July 2012 with the episode titled Norway Massacre I Was There 363 The Futurama episode The Cryonic Woman was briefly changed on some syndicated reruns including the DVD rerelease because a moment in the episode included a screen saying Prime Minister of Norway This was later changed to Chainsaw Juggler A TV miniseries 22 juli no about the respondents to the attack premiered on NRK 5 January 2020 364 See also EditTimeline of the 2011 Norway attacks List of right wing terrorist attacks 22 July Information Centre the government enquiry into the attacks Anders Behring Breivik Oklahoma City bombing a terrorist attack against government offices in Oklahoma City Oklahoma US using similar explosives 2016 Munich shooting a mass shooting that occurred exactly five years after the attacks 2019 Christchurch shootings a mass shooting in New Zealand partly inspired by the Norway attacks 2020 Nova Scotia attacks in Canada where shooter impersonated a police officer 2022 Buffalo shooting a mass shooting in the United States also inspired by the Norway and Christchurch attacks List of rampage killers religious political or ethnic crimes References Edit a b c Eksplosjonen i Oslo sentrum 22 juli 2011 The explosion in Oslo 22 July 2011 in Norwegian 23 July 2011 Archived from the original on 28 March 2012 Retrieved 1 August 2011 Notat Redgjorelse Stortinget PDF in Norwegian Politiet 10 November 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 15 December 2013 Retrieved 10 November 2011 Slik var Behring Breiviks bevegelser pa Utoya Aftenposten in Norwegian 16 April 2012 Retrieved 16 April 2012 a b Norway Anders Behring Breivik claims two more cells BBC News 25 July 2011 Arbeiderpartiet har sveket landet og prisen fikk de betale fredag The Labour Party has betrayed the country and the price they paid on Friday NRK in Norwegian 25 July 2011 Skutt pa kloss hold Shot at close range Dagsavisen in Norwegian 3 May 2012 Archived from the original on 17 May 2012 a b c Terrorofrene pa Utoya og i Oslo Verdens Gang in Norwegian Schibsted ASA Archived from the original on 9 September 2011 Retrieved 29 July 2011 a b c Navn pa alle terrorofre offentliggjort Verdens Gang in Norwegian Schibsted ASA 29 July 2011 Archived from the original on 23 November 2011 Retrieved 27 September 2011 a b c d e Dette er Breivik tiltalt for Breivik s indictment in Norwegian NRK 7 March 2012 a b c d e f g Oslo government district bombing and Utoya island shooting July 22 2011 The immediate prehospital emergency medical service response Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 26 January 2012 a b c d e f Laering for bedre beredskap Helseinnsatsen etter terrorhendelsene 22 juli 2011 in Norwegian 9 March 2012 Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 Norway killer Anders Breivik ruled sane given 21 year prison term CNN 24 August 2012 Journalists and PTSD Is it about guilt Columbia Journalism Review 6 December 2013 a b Ma i retten for underslag av 22 7 penger vg no 26 November 2016 Retrieved 15 December 2016 a b Her er restene av bombebilen Here is the remains of the car NRK in Norwegian 29 October 2011 Ble sett av ti kameraer Was seen by ten surveillance cameras ABC Nyheter in Norwegian 16 September 2011 Archived from the original on 11 December 2011 a b Slik skaffet han politiuniformen How he obtained the uniform NRK in Norwegian 24 July 2011 a b Slik var Behring Breivik kledd for a drepe How Behring Breivik was dressed to kill Dagbladet in Norwegian 20 November 2011 a b c En av de sarede dode pa sykehuset One of the wounded died in hospital Ostlendingen in Norwegian 24 July 2011 Retrieved 25 July 2011 Sanchez Raf 25 July 2011 Norway killings Princess s brother Trond Berntsen among dead The Daily Telegraph London Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 a b Prime minister Norway still an open society despite the horror CNN 25 July 2011 dead link a b Tre timer som forandret Norge Three hours that changed Norway Stavanger 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necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God We do however believe in Christianity as a cultural social identity and moral platform This makes us Christian he wrote Menzie Nicola 26 July 2011 Norway massacre suspect manifesto rejects personal relationship with Jesus Christianity Today Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 Retrieved 28 July 2011 He writes on page 1307 of his online manifesto If you have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God then you are a religious Christian Myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God Anders Breivik Manifesto Shooter Bomber Downplayed Religion Secular Influence Key 25 July 2011 International Business Times Retrieved from Anders Breivik Manifesto Shooter Bomber Downplayed Religion Secular Influence Key International Business Times Archived from the original on 12 April 2012 Retrieved 13 September 2014 Retrieved 25 July 2011 a b Breivik mener Jesus er 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2011 Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 Retrieved 25 July 2011 No one has said it better than the Labour Youth League girl who was interviewed by CNN If one man can create that much hate you can only imagine how much love we as a togetherness can create Ervik Marthe Rosenvinge 23 July 2011 I dag er vi alle AUF ere in Norwegian Faedrelandsvennen Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 Retrieved 23 July 2011 En nasjonal tragedie in Norwegian Conservative Party Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 En nasjonal tragedie in Norwegian Progress Party Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 En ufattelig nasjonal tragedie in Norwegian Christian Democratic Party Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 Ein trist dag for Noreg in Norwegian Centre Party Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 En ufattelig tragedie in Norwegian Socialist Left Party Archived from the original on 15 September 2013 Vare tanker er hos ofrene og de parorende in Norwegian 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07 2011 On harassment of muslims and immigrants after the expolsion in Regjeringskvartalet 22 07 2011 PDF in Norwegian Anti rasistisk senter Retrieved 1 May 2022 Norway police chief quits over Breivik report BBC News 16 August 2012 Retrieved 24 July 2016 John Hooper 27 July 2011 Ex Berlusconi minister defends Anders Behring Breivik The Guardian London Retrieved 16 August 2011 Italy MEP backs ideas of Norway killer Breivik BBC 27 July 2011 Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 Retrieved 29 July 2011 FPO kicks out MP for Norway killing theories Austrian Independent Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 Retrieved 29 July 2011 Olof Svensson Josefin Karlsson 25 July 2011 Hela Norden hedrade offren med tyst minut Aftonbladet in Swedish Retrieved 25 July 2011 More than 200 000 mourn in downtown Oslo Verdens Gang in Norwegian 25 July 2011 Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 Retrieved 25 July 2011 150 000 hedrade terrorns offer in Swedish 25 July 2011 Archived from the original 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hendelsene avduket 24 July 2018 a b 27 juni 2016 kl 08 42 19 May 2016 Regjeringen endrer ikke planer for 22 juli minnesmerke Nrk no Retrieved 24 July 2016 Midlertidig minnested i regjeringskvartalet 16 January 2018 a b Kostnadssmell for minnestedet pa Utoyakaia men til varen blir det ferdig 2 January 2022 Minnestedet pa Utoykaia blir ikke ferdig til tiarsmarkeringen 10 May 2021 https www nrk no nyheter rettssak om utoya minnested utsatt 1 15277342 Naboene har gatt til sak mot Staten og AUF for a stoppe byggingen av et nasjonalt minnested pa kaia ved Utoya Rettssaken startet i forrige uke og vil fortsette i januar AUF og staten fikk medhold i retten byggeprosjektet pa Utoyakaia kan fortsette inntil videre 25 November 2020 a b c d Kostnadene mer enn tidoblet for 22 Juli minnested 6 October 2020 Naboene til planlagt minnested fikk medhold i retten arbeidet ma stanse 25 September 2020 Rettssak om Utoya minnested utsatt 7 December 2020 a b Edel dad 4 December 2020 https www nrk no kultur i dag starter rettssaken om minnestedet etter terroren 22 juli 1 15266564 Staten bygger minnested pa Utoyakaia men naboene mener prosjektet kommer til a pafore dem helseplager og ber derfor retten om a stanse arbeidet Naboene som har gatt til sak er redde for at minnestedet vil gi dem stadige minner om terroren og mener tilstromningen av folk som er forventet vil ogsa vaere en belastning Jeg tror vi ma erkjenne at blant etterlatte overlevende men ogsa redningsmenn og naboer sa er det mange som fortsatt sliter med traumer fra det Det som er viktig for oss a fa frem i rettssaken er at dette ikke er en folge av at man na etablerer et minnested svarer AUF sin advokat Vi er nodt til a lytte til naboene We must listen to the neighbors Gunvor Berge Svenberg 8 December 2020 Klassekampen P 22 Gunvor Berge Svenberg pensjonert psykologspesialist Kjell Erik Nordenson Kallset 1 July 2016 Tar tilbake Utoya Klassekampen p 2 Publisert 1 19 July 2016 50 turer dagen til Utoya pa det meste Nrk no Retrieved 24 July 2016 a b c d e Gabrielle Graatrud 18 June 2016 Etterlatte frykter at 22 juli minnestedet blir en bauta over gjerningsmannen Dagbladet no Retrieved 24 July 2016 a b c No shame in turning around Dagbladet no 4 April 2016 Plassering a b Rosemonument pa vent Nrk no 17 June 2016 Retrieved 24 July 2016 a b Relocating the past Ruins for the future VGs avismonter flyttes og bevares Verdens Gang in Norwegian 24 June 2013 Retrieved 8 August 2018 Av Mette Eriksen 27 March 2016 Ma sta pa en soppeldynge for a nyte den vakre utsikten Ringblad no Moren Anette 2 April 2016 Snu na skrinlegg Sorbraten Klassekampen p 37 a b Hole kommune stopper Statens byggesoknad Retrieved 15 December 2016 NRK 16 November 2016 Lettet over at byggesoknaden er stoppet Rettssak om minnestedet pa Sorbraten til varen 9 November 2016 Retrieved 15 December 2016 a b c AUF nekter oss naboer det samme de onsker for seg selv 16 October 2016 Retrieved 15 December 2016 a b NRK 15 September 2016 Kan forkaste omstridt Sorbraten minnesmerke a b c d Moe Karin 31 March 2016 Minnesaret 22 Juli Klassekampen p 23 15 9 14 Motstand i Hole kommunestyre mot det nasjonale minnestedet pa Sorbraten sender saken tilbake til staten 22juli info Archived from the original on 17 September 2016 Retrieved 24 July 2016 a b Anki Gerhardsen teaterkritiker og journalist Kronikk Hvem eier 22 juli Aftenposten no Retrieved 24 July 2016 Meyer Alexander 1 April 2016 Kintsugiteknikk pa Sorbraten Klassekampen p 19 av Lars Elton The Utoya Memorial The time it takes the doubts we have Dagsavisen no Retrieved 24 July 2016 Malm Mari Sand 14 April 2016 Mayor wanted to support the neighbors Utoya fight against the government I am disappointed Dagbladet no Retrieved 24 July 2016 Psykososiale konsekvenser av nasjonalt minnesmerke i Hole commune Psych social consequences of a national monument in the municipality of Hole PDF regjeringen no in Norwegian Hellum Johannes Block 16 April 2016 Minnesmerket Klassekampen p 56 Nrkkelopplysninger fra Enhetsregisteret Brrnnrysundregistrene W2 brreg no Retrieved 24 July 2016 Braekke Jonas 16 April 2016 Tror seier er mulig Klassekampen p 5 kl 10 31 25 April 2016 AUF om Frp nei Uansvarlig uprofesjonelt og uklokt nyheter Dagbladet no Retrieved 24 July 2016 Mayor It is a symbolic support Nrk no 25 April 2016 Retrieved 24 July 2016 Andersen Stig 31 January 2014 Utoya minnesmerket Memory Wound har bare en losning Det ma avblases Aftenposten no Retrieved 24 July 2016 Graatrud Gabrielle 11 June 2016 Flere protester mot 22 juli minnested Stort naermere kan man ikke komme et plagiat Dagbladet no Lindblad Knut Eirik 27 June 2016 Privatpersoner over hele Norge har sendt pengegaver til soksmalet mot statent Dagbladet no Retrieved 24 July 2016 Regjeringen tilbyr a forkaste 22 juli minnesmerke dagsavisen no Retrieved 15 December 2016 Far kritikk fra forskerne regjeringen no Retrieved 15 December 2016 Cappelen Bodil 1 October 2016 Ikke alltid det vi ser Klassekampen p 40 Hundrearene gar hvorfor minnesmerket kom opp er glemt A ja Her har de hogget los en odde fra moderfjellet Et landskap var ikke sa mye verdt den gang a b c d Sjokkert over likheten NRK no 14 November 2016 Retrieved 15 December 2016 a b Jeg synes det virker merkelig at to personer far en sa lik ide NRK no 14 November 2016 Retrieved 15 December 2016 Archived copy 22juli info Archived from the original on 8 December 2012 Retrieved 17 January 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Vil ikke opplyse navnet til Breiviks forsvarer in Norwegian NO Adresseavisen NTB 23 July 2011 Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 Retrieved 23 July 2011 Politiet ber om lukkede dorer nrk no Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 Retrieved 19 August 2011 Kjennelse Lukking av dorer PDF domstolen no Archived from the original PDF on 17 November 2011 Retrieved 19 August 2011 Anders Behring Breivik varetektsfengsles i atte uker Vgtv no 25 July 2011 Retrieved 25 January 2012 cit, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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