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Office of Strategic Services

February 27, 2023

The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the intelligence agency of the United States during World War II. The OSS was formed as an agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)[3] to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for all branches of the United States Armed Forces. Other OSS functions included the use of propaganda, subversion, and post-war planning.

Office of Strategic Services
OSS insignia[1]
Agency overview
FormedJune 13, 1942
Preceding agency
DissolvedSeptember 20, 1945
Superseding agency
Employees13,000 estimated[2]
Agency executives
Overview: Office of Strategic Services
CIA film describing OSS recruitment, training, and missions during WWII

The OSS was dissolved a month after the end of the war. Intelligence tasks were shortly later resumed and carried over by its successors the Department of State's Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), and the independent Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

On December 14, 2016, the organization was collectively honored with a Congressional Gold Medal.[4]

Origin

Prior to the formation of the OSS, the various departments of the executive branch, including the State, Treasury, Navy, and War Departments conducted American intelligence activities on an ad hoc basis, with no overall direction, coordination, or control. The US Army and US Navy had separate code-breaking departments: Signal Intelligence Service and OP-20-G. (A previous code-breaking operation of the State Department, the MI-8, run by Herbert Yardley, had been shut down in 1929 by Secretary of State Henry Stimson, deeming it an inappropriate function for the diplomatic arm, because "gentlemen don't read each other's mail."[5]) The FBI was responsible for domestic security and anti-espionage operations.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt was concerned about American intelligence deficiencies. On the suggestion of William Stephenson, the senior British intelligence officer in the western hemisphere, Roosevelt requested that William J. Donovan draft a plan for an intelligence service based on the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) and Special Operations Executive (SOE). Donovan envisioned a single agency responsible for foreign intelligence and special operations involving commandos, disinformation, partisan and guerrilla activities.[6] After submitting his work, "Memorandum of Establishment of Service of Strategic Information", he was appointed "coordinator of information" on July 11, 1941, heading the new organization known as the office of the Coordinator of Information (COI).

 
William J. Donovan

Thereafter the organization was developed with British assistance; Donovan had responsibilities but no actual powers and the existing US agencies were skeptical if not hostile. Until some months after Pearl Harbor, the bulk of OSS intelligence came from the UK. British Security Co-ordination (BSC) trained the first OSS agents in Canada, until training stations were set up in the US with guidance from BSC instructors, who also provided information on how the SOE was arranged and managed. The British immediately made available their short-wave broadcasting capabilities to Europe, Africa, and the Far East and provided equipment for agents until American production was established.[7]

The Office of Strategic Services was established by a Presidential military order issued by President Roosevelt on June 13, 1942, to collect and analyze strategic information required by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and to conduct special operations not assigned to other agencies. During the war, the OSS supplied policymakers with facts and estimates, but the OSS never had jurisdiction over all foreign intelligence activities. The FBI was left responsible for intelligence work in Latin America, and the Army and Navy continued to develop and rely on their own sources of intelligence.

Activities

 
General William J. Donovan reviews Operational Group members in Bethesda, Maryland, prior to their departure for China in 1945.
 
OSS missions and bases in East Asia

OSS proved especially useful in providing a worldwide overview of the German war effort, its strengths and weaknesses. In direct operations it was successful in supporting Operation Torch in French North Africa in 1942, where it identified pro-Allied potential supporters and located landing sites. OSS operations in neutral countries, especially Stockholm, Sweden, provided in-depth information on German advanced technology. The Madrid station set up agent networks in France that supported the Allied invasion of southern France in 1944. Most famous were the operations in Switzerland run by Allen Dulles that provided extensive information on German strength, air defenses, submarine production, and the V-1 and V-2 weapons. It revealed some of the secret German efforts in chemical and biological warfare. Switzerland's station also supported resistance fighters in France, Austria and Italy, and helped with the surrender of German forces in Italy in 1945.[8]

For the duration of World War II, the Office of Strategic Services was conducting multiple activities and missions, including collecting intelligence by spying, performing acts of sabotage, waging propaganda war, organizing and coordinating anti-Nazi resistance groups in Europe, and providing military training for anti-Japanese guerrilla movements in Asia, among other things.[9] At the height of its influence during World War II, the OSS employed almost 24,000 people.[10]

From 1943–1945, the OSS played a major role in training Kuomintang troops in China and Burma, and recruited Kachin and other indigenous irregular forces for sabotage as well as guides for Allied forces in Burma fighting the Japanese Army. Among other activities, the OSS helped arm, train, and supply resistance movements in areas occupied by the Axis powers during World War II, including Mao Zedong's Red Army in China (known as the Dixie Mission) and the Viet Minh in French Indochina. OSS officer Archimedes Patti played a central role in OSS operations in French Indochina and met frequently with Ho Chi Minh in 1945.[11]

One of the greatest accomplishments of the OSS during World War II was its penetration of Nazi Germany by OSS operatives. The OSS was responsible for training German and Austrian individuals for missions inside Germany. Some of these agents included exiled communists and Socialist party members, labor activists, anti-Nazi prisoners-of-war, and German and Jewish refugees. The OSS also recruited and ran one of the war's most important spies, the German diplomat Fritz Kolbe.

From 1943 the OSS was in contact with the Austrian resistance group around Kaplan Heinrich Maier. As a result, plans and production facilities for V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks and aircraft (Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet, etc.) were passed on to Allied general staffs in order to enable Allied bombers to get accurate air strikes. The Maier group informed very early about the mass murder of Jews through its contacts with the Semperit factory near Auschwitz. The group was gradually dismantled by the German authorities because of a double agent who worked for both the OSS and the Gestapo. This uncovered a transfer of money from the Americans to Vienna via Istanbul and Budapest, and most of the members were executed after a People's Court hearing.[12][13]

 
OSS 1st Lieutenant George Musulin behind enemy lines in German-occupied Serbia, as a Chetnik, during his first mission in November 1943. His second mission was Operation Halyard.

In 1943, the Office of Strategic Services set up operations in Istanbul.[14] Turkey, as a neutral country during the Second World War, was a place where both the Axis and Allied powers had spy networks. The railroads connecting central Asia with Europe, as well as Turkey's close proximity to the Balkan states, placed it at a crossroads of intelligence gathering. The goal of the OSS Istanbul operation called Project Net-1 was to infiltrate and extenuate subversive action in the old Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires.[14]

The head of operations at OSS Istanbul was a banker from Chicago named Lanning "Packy" Macfarland, who maintained a cover story as a banker for the American lend-lease program.[15] Macfarland hired Alfred Schwarz, a Czechoslovakian engineer and businessman who came to be known as "Dogwood" and ended up establishing the Dogwood information chain.[16] Dogwood in turn hired a personal assistant named Walter Arndt and established himself as an employee of the Istanbul Western Electrik Kompani.[16] Through Schwartz and Arndt the OSS was able to infiltrate anti-fascist groups in Austria, Hungary, and Germany. Schwartz was able to convince Romanian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, and Swiss diplomatic couriers to smuggle American intelligence information into these territories and establish contact with elements antagonistic to the Nazis and their collaborators.[17] Couriers and agents memorized information and produced analytical reports; when they were not able to memorize effectively they recorded information on microfilm and hid it in their shoes or hollowed pencils.[18] Through this process information about the Nazi regime made its way to Macfarland and the OSS in Istanbul and eventually to Washington.

While the OSS "Dogwood-chain" produced a lot of information, its reliability was increasingly questioned by British intelligence. By May 1944, through collaboration between the OSS, British intelligence, Cairo, and Washington, the entire Dogwood-chain was found to be unreliable and dangerous.[18] Planting phony information into the OSS was intended to misdirect the resources of the Allies. Schwartz's Dogwood-chain, which was the largest American intelligence gathering tool in occupied territory, was shortly thereafter shut down.[19]

The OSS purchased Soviet code and cipher material (or Finnish information on them) from émigré Finnish army officers in late 1944. Secretary of State Edward Stettinius, Jr., protested that this violated an agreement President Roosevelt made with the Soviet Union not to interfere with Soviet cipher traffic from the United States. General Donovan might have copied the papers before returning them the following January, but there is no record of Arlington Hall receiving them, and CIA and NSA archives have no surviving copies. This codebook was in fact used as part of the Venona decryption effort, which helped uncover large-scale Soviet espionage in North America.[20]

RYPE was the codename of the airborne unit who was dropped in the Norwegian mountains of Snåsa on March 24, 1945 to carry out sabotage actions behind enemy lines. From the base at the Gjefsjøen mountain farm, the group conducted successful railroad sabotages, with the intention of preventing the withdrawal of German forces from northern Norway. Operasjon Rype was the only U.S. operation on German-occupied Norwegian soil during WW2. The group consisted mainly of Norwegian Americans recruited from the 99th Infantry Battalion. Operasjon Rype was led by William Colby.[21]

The OSS sent four teams of two under Captain Stephen Vinciguerra (codename Algonquin, teams Alsace, Poissy, S&S and Student), with Operation Varsity in March 1945 to infiltrate and report from behind enemy lines, but none succeeded. Team S&S had two agents in Wehrmacht uniforms and a captured Kϋbelwagon; to report by radio. But the Kϋbelwagon was put out of action while in the glider; three tires and the long-range radio were shot up (German gunners were told to attack the gliders not the tow planes).[22]

Weapons and gadgets

 
OSS T13 Beano Grenade and compass hidden in a button, CIA Museum

The OSS espionage and sabotage operations produced a steady demand for highly specialized equipment.[9] General Donovan invited experts, organized workshops, and funded labs that later formed the core of the Research & Development Branch. Boston chemist Stanley P. Lovell became its first head, and Donovan humorously called him his "Professor Moriarty".[23]: 101  Throughout the war years, the OSS Research & Development successfully adapted Allied weapons and espionage equipment, and produced its own line of novel spy tools and gadgets, including silenced pistols, lightweight sub-machine guns, "Beano" grenades that exploded upon impact, explosives disguised as lumps of coal ("Black Joe") or bags of Chinese flour ("Aunt Jemima"), acetone time delay fuses for limpet mines, compasses hidden in uniform buttons, playing cards that concealed maps, a 16mm Kodak camera in the shape of a matchbox, tasteless poison tablets ("K" and "L" pills), and cigarettes laced with tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (an extract of Indian hemp) to induce uncontrollable chattiness.[23][24][25]

The OSS also developed innovative communication equipment such as wiretap gadgets, electronic beacons for locating agents, and the "Joan-Eleanor" portable radio system that made it possible for operatives on the ground to establish secure contact with a plane that was preparing to land or drop cargo. The OSS Research & Development also printed fake German and Japanese-issued identification cards, and various passes, ration cards, and counterfeit money.[26]

On August 28, 1943, Stanley Lovell was asked to make a presentation in front of a hostile Joint Chiefs of Staff, who were skeptical of OSS plans beyond collecting military intelligence and were ready to split the OSS between the Army and the Navy.[27]: 5–7  While explaining the purpose and mission of his department and introducing various gadgets and tools, he reportedly casually dropped into a waste basket a Hedy, a panic-inducing explosive device in the shape of a firecracker, which shortly produced a loud shrieking sound followed by a deafening boom. The presentation was interrupted and did not resume since everyone in the room fled. In reality, the Hedy, jokingly named after Hollywood movie star Hedy Lamarr for her ability to distract men, later saved the lives of some trapped OSS operatives.[28]: 184–185 

Not all projects worked. Some ideas were odd, such as a failed attempt to use insects to spread anthrax in Spain.[29]: 150–151  Stanley Lovell was later quoted saying, "It was my policy to consider any method whatever that might aid the war, however unorthodox or untried".[30]

In 1939, a young physician named Christian J. Lambertsen developed an oxygen rebreather set (the Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit) and demonstrated it to the OSS—after already being rejected by the U.S. Navy—in a pool at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington D.C., in 1942.[31][32] The OSS not only bought into the concept, they hired Lambertsen to lead the program and build up the dive element for the organization.[32] His responsibilities included training and developing methods of combining self-contained diving and swimmer delivery including the Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit for the OSS "Operational Swimmer Group".[31][33] Growing involvement of the OSS with coastal infiltration and water-based sabotage eventually led to creation of the OSS Maritime Unit.

Facilities

At Camp X, near Whitby, Ontario, an "assassination and elimination" training program was operated by the British Special Operations Executive, assigning exceptional masters in the art of knife-wielding combat, such as William E. Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes, to instruct trainees. Many members of the Office of Strategic Services also were trained there. It was dubbed "the school of mayhem and murder" by George Hunter White who trained at the facility in the 1950s.[34]

From these incipient beginnings, the Office of Strategic Services opened camps in the United States, and finally abroad. Prince William Forest Park (then known as Chopawamsic Recreational Demonstration Area) was the site of an OSS training camp that operated from 1942 to 1945. Area "C", consisting of approximately 6,000 acres (24 km2), was used extensively for communications training, whereas Area "A" was used for training some of the OGs (Operational Groups).[35] Catoctin Mountain Park, now the location of Camp David, was the site of OSS training Area "B" where the first Special Operations, or SO, were trained.[36] Special Operations was modeled after Great Britain's Special Operations Executive, which included parachute, sabotage, self-defense, weapons, and leadership training to support guerrilla or partisan resistance.[37] Considered most mysterious of all was the "cloak and dagger" Secret Intelligence, or SI branch.[38] Secret Intelligence employed "country estates as schools for introducing recruits into the murky world of espionage. Thus, it established Training Areas E and RTU-11 ("the Farm") in spacious manor houses with surrounding horse farms."[39] Morale Operations training included psychological warfare and propaganda.[40] The Congressional Country Club (Area F) in Bethesda, Maryland, was the primary OSS training facility. The Facilities of the Catalina Island Marine Institute at Toyon Bay on Santa Catalina Island, Calif., are composed (in part) of a former OSS survival training camp. The National Park Service commissioned a study of OSS National Park training facilities by Professor John Chambers of Rutgers University.[41]

The main OSS training camps abroad were located initially in Great Britain, French Algeria, and Egypt; later as the Allies advanced, a school was established in southern Italy. In the Far East, OSS training facilities were established in India, Ceylon, and then China. The London branch of the OSS, its first overseas facility, was at 70 Grosvenor Street, W1. In addition to training local agents, the overseas OSS schools also provided advanced training and field exercises for graduates of the training camps in the United States and for Americans who enlisted in the OSS in the war zones. The most famous of the latter was Virginia Hall in France.[41]

The OSS's Mediterranean training center in Cairo, Egypt, known to many as the Spy School, was a lavish palace belonging to King Farouk's brother-in-law, called Ras el Kanayas.[42][43][self-published source?] It was modeled after the SOE's training facility STS 102 in Haifa, Palestine.[44][self-published source?] Americans whose heritage stemmed from Italy, Yugoslavia, and Greece were trained at the "Spy School"[45] and also sent for parachute, weapons, and commando training, and Morse code and encryption lessons at STS 102.[46][47][48] After completion of their spy training, these agents were sent back on missions to the Balkans and Italy where their accents would not pose a problem for their assimilation.[49][50]

Personnel

The names of all 13,000 OSS personnel and documents of their OSS service, previously a closely guarded secret, were released by the US National Archives on August 14, 2008. Among the 24,000 names were those of Sterling Hayden, Carl C. Cable, Julia Child, Ralph Bunche, Arthur Goldberg, Saul K. Padover, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Bruce Sundlun, William Colby, René Joyeuse, and John Ford.[51][10][52] The 750,000 pages in the 35,000 personnel files include applications of people who were not recruited or hired, as well as the service records of those who served.[53]

OSS soldiers were primarily inducted from the United States Armed Forces. Other members included foreign nationals including displaced individuals from the former czarist Russia, an example being Prince Serge Obolensky.

Donovan sought independent thinkers, and in order to bring together those many intelligent, quick-witted individuals who could think out-of-the box, he chose them from all walks of life, backgrounds, without distinction to culture or religion. Donovan was quoted as saying, "I'd rather have a young lieutenant with enough guts to disobey a direct order than a colonel too regimented to think for himself." In a matter of a few short months, he formed an organization which equalled and then rivalled Great Britain's Secret Intelligence Service and its Special Operations Executive. Donovan, inspired by Britain's SOE, assembled an outstanding group of clinical psychologists to carry out evaluations of potential OSS candidates at a variety of sites, primary among these was Station S in Northern Virginia near where Dulles International Airport now stands.[54] Recent research from remaining records from the OSS Station S program describes how those characteristics (independent thought, effective intelligence, interpersonal skills) were found among OSS candidates [55]

 
Major league baseball player Moe Berg of the Boston Red Sox was an OSS agent

One such agent was Ivy League polyglot and Jewish American baseball catcher Moe Berg, who played 15 seasons in the major leagues. As a Secret Intelligence agent, he was dispatched to seek information on German physicist Werner Heisenberg and his knowledge on the atomic bomb.[56] One of the most highly decorated and flamboyant OSS soldiers was US Marine Colonel Peter Ortiz. Enlisting early in the war, as a French Foreign Legionnaire, he went on to join the OSS and to be the most highly decorated US Marine in the OSS during World War II.[57]

 
Col. Peter Ortiz, USMC

Julia Child, who later authored cookbooks, worked directly under Donovan.[58]

René Joyeuse M.D., MS, FACS was a Swiss, French and American soldier, physician and researcher, who distinguished himself as an agent of Allied intelligence in German-occupied France during World War II. He received the US Army Distinguished Service Cross for his actions with the OSS, after the war he became a Physician, Researcher and was a co-founder of The American Trauma Society.[59][60]

"Jumping Joe" Savoldi (code name Sampson) was recruited by the OSS in 1942 because of his hand-to-hand combat and language skills as well as his deep knowledge of the Italian geography and Benito Mussolini's compound. He was assigned to the Special Operations branch and took part in missions in North Africa, Italy, and France during 1943–1945.[61][62][63]

 
OSS created this false ID for Joe Savoldi - posing as Giuseppe De Leo while infiltrating the black market in Naples

One of the forefathers of today's commandos was Navy Lieutenant Jack Taylor. He was sequestered by the OSS early in the war and had a long career behind enemy lines.[64]

Taro and Mitsu Yashima, both Japanese political dissidents who were imprisoned in Japan for protesting its militarist regime, worked for the OSS in psychological warfare against the Japanese Empire.[65][66]

Nisei linguists

In late 1943, a representative from OSS visited the 442nd Infantry Regiment looking to recruit volunteers willing to undertake "extremely hazardous assignment."[67] All selected were Nisei. The recruits were assigned to OSS Detachments 101 and 202, in the China-Burma-India Theater. "Once deployed, they were to interrogate prisoners, translate documents, monitor radio communications, and conduct covert operations... Detachment 101 and 102's clandestine operations were extremely successful."[67]

Dissolution into other agencies

On September 20, 1945, President Truman signed Executive Order 9621, terminating the OSS.[68] The State Department took over the Research and Analysis Branch; it became the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, The War Department took over the Secret Intelligence (SI) and Counter-Espionage (X-2) Branches, which were then housed in the new Strategic Services Unit (SSU). Brigadier General John Magruder (formerly Donovan's Deputy Director for Intelligence in OSS) became the new SSU director. He oversaw the liquidation of the OSS and managed the institutional preservation of its clandestine intelligence capability.[69]

In January 1946, President Truman created the Central Intelligence Group (CIG),[70] which was the direct precursor to the CIA. SSU assets, which now constituted a streamlined "nucleus" of clandestine intelligence, were transferred to the CIG in mid-1946 and reconstituted as the Office of Special Operations (OSO). The National Security Act of 1947 established the Central Intelligence Agency, which then took up some OSS functions. The direct descendant of the paramilitary component of the OSS is the CIA Special Activities Division.[71]

Today, the joint-branch United States Special Operations Command, founded in 1987, uses the same spearhead design on its insignia, as homage to its indirect lineage. The Defense Intelligence Agency currently manages the OSS’ mandate to provide strategic military intelligence to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Secretary of Defense and to coordinate human espionage activities across the United States Armed Forces (through the Defense Clandestine Service) and was awarded status as an OSS Heritage organization by the OSS Society.

Branches

  • Censorship and Documents
  • Field Experimental Unit
  • Foreign Nationalities
  • Maritime Unit
  • Morale Operations Branch
  • Operational Group Command
  • Research & Analysis
  • Secret Intelligence[72]
  • Security
  • Special Operations
  • Special Projects
  • X-2 (counterespionage)

Detachments

US Army units attached to the OSS

In popular culture

Comics

  • The OSS was a featured organization in DC Comics, introduced in G.I. Combat #192 (July 1976). Led by the mysterious Control, they operated as an espionage unit, initially in Nazi-occupied France. The organization would later become Argent.
  • The alter ego of the DC Comics superheroine Wonder Woman, Diana Prince, works for Major Steve Trevor at the OSS. In this position, she found herself privy to intelligence on Axis operations in the United States, and many times foiled agents of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy in their attempts to defeat the Allies and achieve world domination.

Films

Games

Tabletop roleplaying games' The OSS also is mentioned in Pelgrane Press The Fall of DELTA GREEN. Player Characters can be ex-OSS agents in other agencies such as the CIA, which can be beneficial due to the claim and carry authenticity, experience and authority due to their past career in the OSS.

Video games

  • In Call of Duty: World at War (2008), Dr. Peter McCain is an OSS spy.
  • In Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine (1999), the main female character, Sophia Hapgood, is an OSS (later CIA) agent.
  • Most games in the Medal of Honor video game franchise feature a fictional OSS agent as the main character.
  • In the 2012 game Sniper Elite V2 and its prequels Sniper Elite III and Sniper Elite 4, the protagonist is an SOE turned OSS agent sniper.
  • In the Wolfenstein series video game series, the main character is a member of a fictional organisation called the OSA (Office of Secret Actions), which is inspired by the OSS.
  • In Tom Clancy's The Division 2, one of the games several hidden side missions, known as The Navy Hill Transmission, has the Agent searching the western part of Washington D.C. for the source of a mysterious encoded transmission which ends up leading him/her to an old underground OSS Bunker.
  • It is featured in Hearts of Iron IV in the 2020 expansion, La Resistance, as the United States' Secret Agency.

Literature

  • Jean Bruce's French pulp fiction series, OSS 117, follows the adventure of Hubert Bonisseur de la Bath, alias OSS 117, a French operative working for the OSS. The original series (four or five books a year) lasted from 1949 to 1963, until the death of Jean Bruce, and was continued by his wife and children until 1992. Numerous films were made from it in the 1960s, and in 2006 a nostalgic comedy was made, celebrating the spy movie genre, OSS 117: Cairo, Nest of Spies, with Jean Dujardin playing OSS 117. A sequel followed in 2009 called OSS 117: Lost in Rio (original title in French: OSS 117: Rio Ne Répond Plus).
  • In Allen Ginsberg's 1975 poem 'Hadda Be Playing on the Jukebox', the OSS is referenced as having employed "Corsican goons" to break the 1948 Marseille dock strike and to have been involved in the smuggling of "Indochina heroin" in the 1960s.[76][77]
  • W.E.B. Griffin's Honor Bound and Men At War series revolve around fictional OSS operations. Some of his characters in The Corps Series also are recruited by the OSS, notably Ken McCoy, Edward Banning, and Fleming Pickering.
  • Roger Wolcott Hall's book, You're Stepping on My Cloak and Dagger (1957), is a witty look at Hall's experiences with the OSS.
  • The OSS also appears in William Stevenson's book Intrepid's Last Case (1986).

Television

  • In the American animated comedy series Archer, the character Malory Archer (mother of the main character Sterling Archer) is a former O.S.S agent.
  • One of the characters in the Ellery Queen episode, "The Adventure of Colonel Niven's Memoirs" (1975), identifies himself as "Major George Pearson, O.S.S."; he offers some Soviet diplomats political asylum.
  • In 1957–1958 Ron Randell starred in the series O.S.S.[78]
  • In Knight Rider, Devon Miles mentions that he served in OSS during World War II.
  • In the X-Files Season 6 episode, "Triangle", the woman from the 1939 scenes portrayed by Gillian Anderson as Scully is a member of OSS.

See also

Notes

  • Paulson, Alan (1995). "Required reading: OSS Weapons". Fighting Firearms. 3 (2): 20–21, 80–81.
  • Brunner, John (1991). OSS Crossbows. Phillips Publications. ISBN 0932572154.
  • Brunner, John (2005). OSS Weapons II. Phillips Publications. ISBN 978-0932572431.

References

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  2. ^ Dawidoff, p. 240
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  10. ^ a b "Chef Julia Child, others part of WWII spy network" August 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, CNN, 2008-08-14
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  40. ^ Chambers II, John Whiteclay (2008). "2" (PDF). OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II. Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service. p. 43. ISBN 978-1511654760.
  41. ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  42. ^ Hueck Allen, Susan (2013), "7", Classical Spies: American Archaeologists with the OSS in World War II Greece, Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan, p. 134, ISBN 978-0472117697
  43. ^ Doundoulakis, Helias; Gafni, Gabriella (2014), "11", Trained to be an OSS Spy, Bloomington, IN: Xlibris, p. 99, ISBN 978-1499059830[self-published source]
  44. ^ Doundoulakis, Helias (2012), "1", I was Trained to be a Spy-Book II, Bloomington, IN: Xlibris, p. 2, ISBN 978-1479716494[self-published source]
  45. ^ , , Morale Operations (MO) May 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ Wilkinson, Peter; Foot, M. R. D (2002). Foreign Fields: The Story of an SOE Operative. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1860647796.
  47. ^ Horn, Bernd (2016). A Most Ungentlemanly Way of War. Toronto: Dundurn. ISBN 9781459732797.
  48. ^ "History" (PDF). www.nps.gov.
  49. ^ William J. Donovan, William Fairbairn, William Stephenson, Frank Gleason, Guy D'Artois, Helias Doundoulakis (2014). World War II Spy School (Film). USA, Canada: YAP Films.
  50. ^ Lineberry, Cate (May 7, 2013). . Hachette+ORM. ISBN 9780316220231. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017 – via Google Books.
  51. ^ Patrick, Jeanette (2017). "The Recipe for Adventure: Chef Julia Child's World War II Service". www.womenshistory.org. National Women's History Museum.
  52. ^ Blackledge, Brett J. and Herschaft, Randy "Documents: Julia Child part of WW II-era spy ring", Associated Press
  53. ^ Office of Strategic Services Personnel Files from World War II – overview page, search links, digital excerpts; National Archives Identifier 1593270: Personnel Files, compiled 1942 - 1945, documenting the period 1941 - 1945, from Record Group 226: Records of the Office of Strategic Services, 1919 - 2002; Personnel database – complete list
  54. ^ Office of Strategic Services Assessment Staff (1948). Assessment of men: Selection of personnel for the Office of Strategic Services. New York: Rinehart.
  55. ^ Lenzenweger, Mark F. (2015). "Factors Underlying the Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics of Office of Strategic Services Candidates: The Assessment of Men Data Revisited". Journal of Personality Assessment. 97 (1): 100–110. doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.935980. PMID 25036728. S2CID 9440624.
  56. ^ Lewin, Ben (Director) (2018). The Catcher Was a Spy (Movie). United States, Japan, Yugoslavia.
  57. ^ Lieutenant Colonel Harry W. Edwards. (PDF). USMC Training and Education Command. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
  58. ^ "Julia Child Dished Out ... Spy Secrets?". ABC. August 14, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  59. ^ "Arlington burial for Saranac Lake WWII spy is March 29 | News, Sports, Jobs - Adirondack Daily Enterprise".
  60. ^ Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero by Anthony Cave Brown
  61. ^ Baminvestor (January 20, 2004). "English: OSS created this false ID for Joe Savoldi - posing as Giuseppe De Leo while infiltrating the black market in Naples". Retrieved February 19, 2017 – via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. ^ Cloak and Dagger: The Secret Story of the Office of Strategic Services Chapter IX "The Saga of Jumping Joe" page 150
  63. ^ Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero by Anthony Cave Brown page 352 and Savoldi's personal notes from July 8–16, 1943 (now in the possession of family members.)
  64. ^ "SEAL History: First Airborne Frogmen - National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum". NavySealMuseum.com. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  65. ^ "Taro Yashima: an unsung beacon for all against 'evil on this Earth' - The Japan Times". The Japan Times. September 11, 2011.
  66. ^ "An unlikely heroine of World War II". SFGate. March 18, 2007.
  67. ^ a b . www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  68. ^ "Executive Order 9621—Termination of the Office of Strategic Services and Disposition of Its Functions". September 20, 1945 – via The American Presidency Project.
  69. ^ George C. Chalou, ed. The Secret War (1992), pp 95-97.
  70. ^ "71. Presidential Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities". U.S. State Department Historian. January 22, 1946.
  71. ^ Waller, Douglas "CIA's Secret Army", Time (2003)
  72. ^ For all branch information: Clancey, Patrick. "Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Organization and Functions". HyperWar. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  73. ^ YAP Films (2014). Camp X: Secret Agent School. History Channel (Canada).
  74. ^ Camp X: Secret Agent School. IMDb. 2014.
  75. ^ YAP Films (2014). World War II Spy School. Smithsonian Channel.
  76. ^ Kirchner, Sheba Imany (January 28, 2014). Mouvement de foule, phénomènes de groupe: Le mouvement hippie et son héritage. Yehkri.com A.c.c. ISBN 9781495373367 – via Google Books.
  77. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (October 27, 2020). The Cold War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440860768 – via Google Books.
  78. ^ O.S.S at IMDb

Further reading

  • Albarelli, H.P. A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments (2009) ISBN 0-9777953-7-3
  • Aldrich, Richard J. Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521641861
  • Alsop, Stewart and Braden, Thomas. Sub Rosa: The OSS and American Espionage (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1946) OCLC 1226266
  • Bank, Aaron. From OSS to Green Berets: The Birth of Special Forces (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1986) ISBN 0891412719
  • Bartholomew-Feis, Dixee R. The OSS and Ho Chi Minh: Unexpected Allies in the War against Japan (Lawrence : University Press of Kansas, 2006) ISBN 0700614311
  • Bernstein, Barton J. "Birth of the U.S. biological warfare program" Scientific American 256: 116 – 121, 1987.
  • Brown, Anthony Cave. The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan (New York: Times Books, 1982) ISBN 0812910214
  • Brunner, John W. OSS Weapons. Phillips Publications, Williamstown, N.J., 1994. ISBN 0-932572-21-9.
  • Brunner, John W. OSS Weapons II. Phillips Publications, Williamstown, N.J., 2005. ISBN 978-0932572431.
  • Brunner, John W. OSS Crossbows. Phillips Publications, Williamstown, N.J., 1991. ISBN 0-932572-15-4.
  • Burke, Michael. "Outrageous Good Fortune: A Memoir" (Boston-Toronto: Little, Brown and Company)
  • Casey, William J. The Secret War Against Hitler (Washington: Regnery Gateway, 1988) ISBN 089526563X
  • Chalou, George C. (ed.) The Secrets War: The Office of Strategic Services in World War II (Washington: National Archives and Records Administration, 1991) ISBN 0911333916
  • Chambers II, John Whiteclay. OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II (NPS, 2008) online; chapters 1-2 and 8-11 provide a useful summary history of OSS by a scholar.
  • Dawidoff, Nicholas. The Catcher was a Spy: The Mysterious Life of Moe Berg ( New York: Vintage Books, 1994) ISBN 0679415661
  • Doundoulakis, Helias. Trained to be an OSS Spy (Xlibris, 2014) OCLC 907008535. ISBN 9781499059830[self-published source]
  • Dulles, Allen. The Secret Surrender (New York: Harper & Row, 1966) OCLC 711869
  • Dunlop, Richard. Donovan: America's Master Spy (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1982) ISBN 0528811177
  • Ford, Corey. Donovan of OSS (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970) OCLC 836436423
  • Ford, Corey, MacBain A. "Cloak and Dagger: The Secret Story of O.S.S." (New York: Random House 1945,1946) OCLC 1504392
  • Grose, Peter. Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994) ISBN 0395516072
  • Hassell, A, and MacRae, S: Alliance of Enemies: The Untold Story of the Secret American and German Collaboration to End World War II, Thomas Dunne Books, 2006. ISBN 0312323697
  • Hunt, E. Howard. American Spy, 2007
  • Jakub, Jay. Spies and Saboteurs: Anglo-American Collaboration and Rivalry in Human Intelligence Collection and Special Operations, 1940–45 (New York: St. Martin's, 1999)
  • Jones, Ishmael. The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture (New York: Encounter Books, 2008, rev 2010) ISBN 9781594032745
  • Katz, Barry M. Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942–1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989)
  • Kent, Sherman. Strategic Intelligence for American Foreign Policy (Hamden, CT: Archon, 1965 [1949])
  • Lovell, Stanley P. (1963). Of Spies and Stratagems. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 79. ASIN B000LBAQYS.
  • McIntosh, Elizabeth P. Sisterhood of Spies: The Women of the OSS (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998) ISBN 1557505985
  • Mauch, Christof. The Shadow War Against Hitler: The Covert Operations of America's Wartime Secret Intelligence Service (2005), scholarly history of OSS.
  • Melton, H. Keith. OSS Special Weapons and Equipment: Spy Devices of World War II (New York: Sterling Publishing, 1991) ISBN 0806982381
  • Moulin, Pierre. U.S. Samurais in Bruyeres (CPL Editions: Luxembourg, 1993) ISBN 2959998405
  • Paulson, A.C. 1989. OSS Silenced Pistol. Machine Gun News. 3(6):28-30.
  • Paulson, A.C. 1995. OSS Weapons. Fighting Firearms. 3(2):20-21,80-81.
  • Paulson, A.C. 2002. HDMS silenced .22 pistols in Vietnam. The Small Arms Review. 5(7):119-120.
  • Paulson, A.C. 2003. WWII vintage silent .22LR [High Standard OSS HDMS pistol]. Guns & Weapons for Law Enforcement. 15(2):24-29,72.
  • Persico, Joseph E. Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage (2001).
  • Persico, Joseph E. Piercing the Reich: The Penetration of Nazi Germany by American Secret Agents During World War II (New York: Viking, 1979) Reprinted in 1997 by Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 076070242X
  • Peterson, Neal H. (ed.) From Hitler's Doorstep: The Wartime Intelligence Reports of Allen Dulles, 1942–1945 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996)
  • Pinck, Daniel C. Journey to Peking: A Secret Agent in Wartime China (Naval Institute Press, 2003) ISBN 1591146771
  • Pinck, Daniel C., Jones, Geoffrey M.T. and Pinck, Charles T. (eds.) Stalking the History of the Office of Strategic Services: An OSS Bibliography (Boston: OSS/Donovan Press, 2000) ISBN 0967573602
  • Roosevelt, Kermit (ed.) War Report of the OSS, two volumes (New York: Walker, 1976) ISBN 0802705294
  • Rudgers, David F. Creating the Secret State: The Origins of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1943–1947 (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2000) ISBN 0700610243
  • Smith, Bradley F. and Agarossi, Elena. Operation Sunrise: The Secret Surrender (New York: Basic Books, 1979) ISBN 0465052908
  • Smith, Bradley F. The Shadow Warriors: OSS and the Origins of the CIA (New York: Basic, 1983) ISBN 0465077560
  • Smith, Richard Harris. OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972; Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005) ISBN 0520020235
  • Steury, Donald P. The Intelligence War (New York: Metrobooks, 2000)
  • Troy, Thomas F. Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency (Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1981) OCLC 7739122
  • Troy, Thomas F. Wild Bill & Intrepid (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996) ISBN 0300065639
  • Waller, John H. The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War (New York: Random House, 1996) ISBN 0679448268
  • Warner, Michael. The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 2001) OCLC 52058428
  • Yu, Maochun. OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996) ISBN 159114986X

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Office of Strategic Services.

February 27, 2023
office, strategic, services, intelligence, agency, united, states, during, world, formed, agency, joint, chiefs, staff, coordinate, espionage, activities, behind, enemy, lines, branches, united, states, armed, forces, other, functions, included, propaganda, su. The Office of Strategic Services OSS was the intelligence agency of the United States during World War II The OSS was formed as an agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff JCS 3 to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for all branches of the United States Armed Forces Other OSS functions included the use of propaganda subversion and post war planning Office of Strategic ServicesOSS insignia 1 Agency overviewFormedJune 13 1942Preceding agencyCoordinator of InformationDissolvedSeptember 20 1945Superseding agencyCentral Intelligence Agency Department of State s Bureau of Intelligence and ResearchEmployees13 000 estimated 2 Agency executivesMG William Joseph Donovan Coordinator of InformationBG John Magruder Director for IntelligenceOverview Office of Strategic Services source source source source source source source source CIA film describing OSS recruitment training and missions during WWII The OSS was dissolved a month after the end of the war Intelligence tasks were shortly later resumed and carried over by its successors the Department of State s Bureau of Intelligence and Research INR and the independent Central Intelligence Agency CIA On December 14 2016 the organization was collectively honored with a Congressional Gold Medal 4 Contents 1 Origin 2 Activities 3 Weapons and gadgets 4 Facilities 5 Personnel 6 Dissolution into other agencies 7 Branches 8 Detachments 9 In popular culture 9 1 Comics 9 2 Films 9 3 Games 9 3 1 Video games 9 4 Literature 9 5 Television 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksOrigin EditPrior to the formation of the OSS the various departments of the executive branch including the State Treasury Navy and War Departments conducted American intelligence activities on an ad hoc basis with no overall direction coordination or control The US Army and US Navy had separate code breaking departments Signal Intelligence Service and OP 20 G A previous code breaking operation of the State Department the MI 8 run by Herbert Yardley had been shut down in 1929 by Secretary of State Henry Stimson deeming it an inappropriate function for the diplomatic arm because gentlemen don t read each other s mail 5 The FBI was responsible for domestic security and anti espionage operations President Franklin D Roosevelt was concerned about American intelligence deficiencies On the suggestion of William Stephenson the senior British intelligence officer in the western hemisphere Roosevelt requested that William J Donovan draft a plan for an intelligence service based on the British Secret Intelligence Service MI6 and Special Operations Executive SOE Donovan envisioned a single agency responsible for foreign intelligence and special operations involving commandos disinformation partisan and guerrilla activities 6 After submitting his work Memorandum of Establishment of Service of Strategic Information he was appointed coordinator of information on July 11 1941 heading the new organization known as the office of the Coordinator of Information COI William J Donovan Thereafter the organization was developed with British assistance Donovan had responsibilities but no actual powers and the existing US agencies were skeptical if not hostile Until some months after Pearl Harbor the bulk of OSS intelligence came from the UK British Security Co ordination BSC trained the first OSS agents in Canada until training stations were set up in the US with guidance from BSC instructors who also provided information on how the SOE was arranged and managed The British immediately made available their short wave broadcasting capabilities to Europe Africa and the Far East and provided equipment for agents until American production was established 7 The Office of Strategic Services was established by a Presidential military order issued by President Roosevelt on June 13 1942 to collect and analyze strategic information required by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and to conduct special operations not assigned to other agencies During the war the OSS supplied policymakers with facts and estimates but the OSS never had jurisdiction over all foreign intelligence activities The FBI was left responsible for intelligence work in Latin America and the Army and Navy continued to develop and rely on their own sources of intelligence Activities Edit General William J Donovan reviews Operational Group members in Bethesda Maryland prior to their departure for China in 1945 OSS missions and bases in East Asia OSS proved especially useful in providing a worldwide overview of the German war effort its strengths and weaknesses In direct operations it was successful in supporting Operation Torch in French North Africa in 1942 where it identified pro Allied potential supporters and located landing sites OSS operations in neutral countries especially Stockholm Sweden provided in depth information on German advanced technology The Madrid station set up agent networks in France that supported the Allied invasion of southern France in 1944 Most famous were the operations in Switzerland run by Allen Dulles that provided extensive information on German strength air defenses submarine production and the V 1 and V 2 weapons It revealed some of the secret German efforts in chemical and biological warfare Switzerland s station also supported resistance fighters in France Austria and Italy and helped with the surrender of German forces in Italy in 1945 8 For the duration of World War II the Office of Strategic Services was conducting multiple activities and missions including collecting intelligence by spying performing acts of sabotage waging propaganda war organizing and coordinating anti Nazi resistance groups in Europe and providing military training for anti Japanese guerrilla movements in Asia among other things 9 At the height of its influence during World War II the OSS employed almost 24 000 people 10 From 1943 1945 the OSS played a major role in training Kuomintang troops in China and Burma and recruited Kachin and other indigenous irregular forces for sabotage as well as guides for Allied forces in Burma fighting the Japanese Army Among other activities the OSS helped arm train and supply resistance movements in areas occupied by the Axis powers during World War II including Mao Zedong s Red Army in China known as the Dixie Mission and the Viet Minh in French Indochina OSS officer Archimedes Patti played a central role in OSS operations in French Indochina and met frequently with Ho Chi Minh in 1945 11 One of the greatest accomplishments of the OSS during World War II was its penetration of Nazi Germany by OSS operatives The OSS was responsible for training German and Austrian individuals for missions inside Germany Some of these agents included exiled communists and Socialist party members labor activists anti Nazi prisoners of war and German and Jewish refugees The OSS also recruited and ran one of the war s most important spies the German diplomat Fritz Kolbe From 1943 the OSS was in contact with the Austrian resistance group around Kaplan Heinrich Maier As a result plans and production facilities for V 2 rockets Tiger tanks and aircraft Messerschmitt Bf 109 Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet etc were passed on to Allied general staffs in order to enable Allied bombers to get accurate air strikes The Maier group informed very early about the mass murder of Jews through its contacts with the Semperit factory near Auschwitz The group was gradually dismantled by the German authorities because of a double agent who worked for both the OSS and the Gestapo This uncovered a transfer of money from the Americans to Vienna via Istanbul and Budapest and most of the members were executed after a People s Court hearing 12 13 OSS 1st Lieutenant George Musulin behind enemy lines in German occupied Serbia as a Chetnik during his first mission in November 1943 His second mission was Operation Halyard In 1943 the Office of Strategic Services set up operations in Istanbul 14 Turkey as a neutral country during the Second World War was a place where both the Axis and Allied powers had spy networks The railroads connecting central Asia with Europe as well as Turkey s close proximity to the Balkan states placed it at a crossroads of intelligence gathering The goal of the OSS Istanbul operation called Project Net 1 was to infiltrate and extenuate subversive action in the old Ottoman and Austro Hungarian Empires 14 The head of operations at OSS Istanbul was a banker from Chicago named Lanning Packy Macfarland who maintained a cover story as a banker for the American lend lease program 15 Macfarland hired Alfred Schwarz a Czechoslovakian engineer and businessman who came to be known as Dogwood and ended up establishing the Dogwood information chain 16 Dogwood in turn hired a personal assistant named Walter Arndt and established himself as an employee of the Istanbul Western Electrik Kompani 16 Through Schwartz and Arndt the OSS was able to infiltrate anti fascist groups in Austria Hungary and Germany Schwartz was able to convince Romanian Bulgarian Hungarian and Swiss diplomatic couriers to smuggle American intelligence information into these territories and establish contact with elements antagonistic to the Nazis and their collaborators 17 Couriers and agents memorized information and produced analytical reports when they were not able to memorize effectively they recorded information on microfilm and hid it in their shoes or hollowed pencils 18 Through this process information about the Nazi regime made its way to Macfarland and the OSS in Istanbul and eventually to Washington While the OSS Dogwood chain produced a lot of information its reliability was increasingly questioned by British intelligence By May 1944 through collaboration between the OSS British intelligence Cairo and Washington the entire Dogwood chain was found to be unreliable and dangerous 18 Planting phony information into the OSS was intended to misdirect the resources of the Allies Schwartz s Dogwood chain which was the largest American intelligence gathering tool in occupied territory was shortly thereafter shut down 19 The OSS purchased Soviet code and cipher material or Finnish information on them from emigre Finnish army officers in late 1944 Secretary of State Edward Stettinius Jr protested that this violated an agreement President Roosevelt made with the Soviet Union not to interfere with Soviet cipher traffic from the United States General Donovan might have copied the papers before returning them the following January but there is no record of Arlington Hall receiving them and CIA and NSA archives have no surviving copies This codebook was in fact used as part of the Venona decryption effort which helped uncover large scale Soviet espionage in North America 20 RYPE was the codename of the airborne unit who was dropped in the Norwegian mountains of Snasa on March 24 1945 to carry out sabotage actions behind enemy lines From the base at the Gjefsjoen mountain farm the group conducted successful railroad sabotages with the intention of preventing the withdrawal of German forces from northern Norway Operasjon Rype was the only U S operation on German occupied Norwegian soil during WW2 The group consisted mainly of Norwegian Americans recruited from the 99th Infantry Battalion Operasjon Rype was led by William Colby 21 The OSS sent four teams of two under Captain Stephen Vinciguerra codename Algonquin teams Alsace Poissy S amp S and Student with Operation Varsity in March 1945 to infiltrate and report from behind enemy lines but none succeeded Team S amp S had two agents in Wehrmacht uniforms and a captured Kybelwagon to report by radio But the Kybelwagon was put out of action while in the glider three tires and the long range radio were shot up German gunners were told to attack the gliders not the tow planes 22 Weapons and gadgets Edit OSS T13 Beano Grenade and compass hidden in a button CIA Museum The OSS espionage and sabotage operations produced a steady demand for highly specialized equipment 9 General Donovan invited experts organized workshops and funded labs that later formed the core of the Research amp Development Branch Boston chemist Stanley P Lovell became its first head and Donovan humorously called him his Professor Moriarty 23 101 Throughout the war years the OSS Research amp Development successfully adapted Allied weapons and espionage equipment and produced its own line of novel spy tools and gadgets including silenced pistols lightweight sub machine guns Beano grenades that exploded upon impact explosives disguised as lumps of coal Black Joe or bags of Chinese flour Aunt Jemima acetone time delay fuses for limpet mines compasses hidden in uniform buttons playing cards that concealed maps a 16mm Kodak camera in the shape of a matchbox tasteless poison tablets K and L pills and cigarettes laced with tetrahydrocannabinol acetate an extract of Indian hemp to induce uncontrollable chattiness 23 24 25 The OSS also developed innovative communication equipment such as wiretap gadgets electronic beacons for locating agents and the Joan Eleanor portable radio system that made it possible for operatives on the ground to establish secure contact with a plane that was preparing to land or drop cargo The OSS Research amp Development also printed fake German and Japanese issued identification cards and various passes ration cards and counterfeit money 26 On August 28 1943 Stanley Lovell was asked to make a presentation in front of a hostile Joint Chiefs of Staff who were skeptical of OSS plans beyond collecting military intelligence and were ready to split the OSS between the Army and the Navy 27 5 7 While explaining the purpose and mission of his department and introducing various gadgets and tools he reportedly casually dropped into a waste basket a Hedy a panic inducing explosive device in the shape of a firecracker which shortly produced a loud shrieking sound followed by a deafening boom The presentation was interrupted and did not resume since everyone in the room fled In reality the Hedy jokingly named after Hollywood movie star Hedy Lamarr for her ability to distract men later saved the lives of some trapped OSS operatives 28 184 185 Not all projects worked Some ideas were odd such as a failed attempt to use insects to spread anthrax in Spain 29 150 151 Stanley Lovell was later quoted saying It was my policy to consider any method whatever that might aid the war however unorthodox or untried 30 In 1939 a young physician named Christian J Lambertsen developed an oxygen rebreather set the Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit and demonstrated it to the OSS after already being rejected by the U S Navy in a pool at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington D C in 1942 31 32 The OSS not only bought into the concept they hired Lambertsen to lead the program and build up the dive element for the organization 32 His responsibilities included training and developing methods of combining self contained diving and swimmer delivery including the Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit for the OSS Operational Swimmer Group 31 33 Growing involvement of the OSS with coastal infiltration and water based sabotage eventually led to creation of the OSS Maritime Unit Facilities EditAt Camp X near Whitby Ontario an assassination and elimination training program was operated by the British Special Operations Executive assigning exceptional masters in the art of knife wielding combat such as William E Fairbairn and Eric A Sykes to instruct trainees Many members of the Office of Strategic Services also were trained there It was dubbed the school of mayhem and murder by George Hunter White who trained at the facility in the 1950s 34 From these incipient beginnings the Office of Strategic Services opened camps in the United States and finally abroad Prince William Forest Park then known as Chopawamsic Recreational Demonstration Area was the site of an OSS training camp that operated from 1942 to 1945 Area C consisting of approximately 6 000 acres 24 km2 was used extensively for communications training whereas Area A was used for training some of the OGs Operational Groups 35 Catoctin Mountain Park now the location of Camp David was the site of OSS training Area B where the first Special Operations or SO were trained 36 Special Operations was modeled after Great Britain s Special Operations Executive which included parachute sabotage self defense weapons and leadership training to support guerrilla or partisan resistance 37 Considered most mysterious of all was the cloak and dagger Secret Intelligence or SI branch 38 Secret Intelligence employed country estates as schools for introducing recruits into the murky world of espionage Thus it established Training Areas E and RTU 11 the Farm in spacious manor houses with surrounding horse farms 39 Morale Operations training included psychological warfare and propaganda 40 The Congressional Country Club Area F in Bethesda Maryland was the primary OSS training facility The Facilities of the Catalina Island Marine Institute at Toyon Bay on Santa Catalina Island Calif are composed in part of a former OSS survival training camp The National Park Service commissioned a study of OSS National Park training facilities by Professor John Chambers of Rutgers University 41 The main OSS training camps abroad were located initially in Great Britain French Algeria and Egypt later as the Allies advanced a school was established in southern Italy In the Far East OSS training facilities were established in India Ceylon and then China The London branch of the OSS its first overseas facility was at 70 Grosvenor Street W1 In addition to training local agents the overseas OSS schools also provided advanced training and field exercises for graduates of the training camps in the United States and for Americans who enlisted in the OSS in the war zones The most famous of the latter was Virginia Hall in France 41 The OSS s Mediterranean training center in Cairo Egypt known to many as the Spy School was a lavish palace belonging to King Farouk s brother in law called Ras el Kanayas 42 43 self published source It was modeled after the SOE s training facility STS 102 in Haifa Palestine 44 self published source Americans whose heritage stemmed from Italy Yugoslavia and Greece were trained at the Spy School 45 and also sent for parachute weapons and commando training and Morse code and encryption lessons at STS 102 46 47 48 After completion of their spy training these agents were sent back on missions to the Balkans and Italy where their accents would not pose a problem for their assimilation 49 50 Personnel EditThe names of all 13 000 OSS personnel and documents of their OSS service previously a closely guarded secret were released by the US National Archives on August 14 2008 Among the 24 000 names were those of Sterling Hayden Carl C Cable Julia Child Ralph Bunche Arthur Goldberg Saul K Padover Arthur Schlesinger Jr Bruce Sundlun William Colby Rene Joyeuse and John Ford 51 10 52 The 750 000 pages in the 35 000 personnel files include applications of people who were not recruited or hired as well as the service records of those who served 53 OSS soldiers were primarily inducted from the United States Armed Forces Other members included foreign nationals including displaced individuals from the former czarist Russia an example being Prince Serge Obolensky Donovan sought independent thinkers and in order to bring together those many intelligent quick witted individuals who could think out of the box he chose them from all walks of life backgrounds without distinction to culture or religion Donovan was quoted as saying I d rather have a young lieutenant with enough guts to disobey a direct order than a colonel too regimented to think for himself In a matter of a few short months he formed an organization which equalled and then rivalled Great Britain s Secret Intelligence Service and its Special Operations Executive Donovan inspired by Britain s SOE assembled an outstanding group of clinical psychologists to carry out evaluations of potential OSS candidates at a variety of sites primary among these was Station S in Northern Virginia near where Dulles International Airport now stands 54 Recent research from remaining records from the OSS Station S program describes how those characteristics independent thought effective intelligence interpersonal skills were found among OSS candidates 55 Major league baseball player Moe Berg of the Boston Red Sox was an OSS agentOne such agent was Ivy League polyglot and Jewish American baseball catcher Moe Berg who played 15 seasons in the major leagues As a Secret Intelligence agent he was dispatched to seek information on German physicist Werner Heisenberg and his knowledge on the atomic bomb 56 One of the most highly decorated and flamboyant OSS soldiers was US Marine Colonel Peter Ortiz Enlisting early in the war as a French Foreign Legionnaire he went on to join the OSS and to be the most highly decorated US Marine in the OSS during World War II 57 Col Peter Ortiz USMC Julia Child who later authored cookbooks worked directly under Donovan 58 Rene Joyeuse M D MS FACS was a Swiss French and American soldier physician and researcher who distinguished himself as an agent of Allied intelligence in German occupied France during World War II He received the US Army Distinguished Service Cross for his actions with the OSS after the war he became a Physician Researcher and was a co founder of The American Trauma Society 59 60 Jumping Joe Savoldi code name Sampson was recruited by the OSS in 1942 because of his hand to hand combat and language skills as well as his deep knowledge of the Italian geography and Benito Mussolini s compound He was assigned to the Special Operations branch and took part in missions in North Africa Italy and France during 1943 1945 61 62 63 OSS created this false ID for Joe Savoldi posing as Giuseppe De Leo while infiltrating the black market in NaplesOne of the forefathers of today s commandos was Navy Lieutenant Jack Taylor He was sequestered by the OSS early in the war and had a long career behind enemy lines 64 Taro and Mitsu Yashima both Japanese political dissidents who were imprisoned in Japan for protesting its militarist regime worked for the OSS in psychological warfare against the Japanese Empire 65 66 Nisei linguistsIn late 1943 a representative from OSS visited the 442nd Infantry Regiment looking to recruit volunteers willing to undertake extremely hazardous assignment 67 All selected were Nisei The recruits were assigned to OSS Detachments 101 and 202 in the China Burma India Theater Once deployed they were to interrogate prisoners translate documents monitor radio communications and conduct covert operations Detachment 101 and 102 s clandestine operations were extremely successful 67 Dissolution into other agencies EditOn September 20 1945 President Truman signed Executive Order 9621 terminating the OSS 68 The State Department took over the Research and Analysis Branch it became the Bureau of Intelligence and Research The War Department took over the Secret Intelligence SI and Counter Espionage X 2 Branches which were then housed in the new Strategic Services Unit SSU Brigadier General John Magruder formerly Donovan s Deputy Director for Intelligence in OSS became the new SSU director He oversaw the liquidation of the OSS and managed the institutional preservation of its clandestine intelligence capability 69 In January 1946 President Truman created the Central Intelligence Group CIG 70 which was the direct precursor to the CIA SSU assets which now constituted a streamlined nucleus of clandestine intelligence were transferred to the CIG in mid 1946 and reconstituted as the Office of Special Operations OSO The National Security Act of 1947 established the Central Intelligence Agency which then took up some OSS functions The direct descendant of the paramilitary component of the OSS is the CIA Special Activities Division 71 Today the joint branch United States Special Operations Command founded in 1987 uses the same spearhead design on its insignia as homage to its indirect lineage The Defense Intelligence Agency currently manages the OSS mandate to provide strategic military intelligence to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Secretary of Defense and to coordinate human espionage activities across the United States Armed Forces through the Defense Clandestine Service and was awarded status as an OSS Heritage organization by the OSS Society Branches EditCensorship and Documents Field Experimental Unit Foreign Nationalities Maritime Unit Morale Operations Branch Operational Group Command Research amp Analysis Secret Intelligence 72 Security Special Operations Special Projects X 2 counterespionage Detachments EditOSS Deer Team Vietnam OSS Detachment 101 Burma OSS Detachment 202 China OSS Detachment 303 New Delhi India OSS Detachment 404 attached to British South East Asia Command in Kandy Ceylon OSS Detachment 505 Calcutta India US Army units attached to the OSS2671st Special Reconnaissance Battalion 2677th Office of Strategic Services RegimentIn popular culture EditComics Edit The OSS was a featured organization in DC Comics introduced in G I Combat 192 July 1976 Led by the mysterious Control they operated as an espionage unit initially in Nazi occupied France The organization would later become Argent The alter ego of the DC Comics superheroine Wonder Woman Diana Prince works for Major Steve Trevor at the OSS In this position she found herself privy to intelligence on Axis operations in the United States and many times foiled agents of Nazi Germany Imperial Japan and Fascist Italy in their attempts to defeat the Allies and achieve world domination Films Edit The Paramount film O S S 1946 starring Alan Ladd and Geraldine Fitzgerald showed agents training and on a dangerous mission Commander John Shaheen acted as technical advisor The film 13 Rue Madeleine 1946 stars James Cagney as an OSS agent who must find a mole in French partisan operations Peter Ortiz acted as technical advisor The film Cloak and Dagger 1946 stars Gary Cooper as a scientist recruited to OSS to exfiltrate a German scientist defecting to the allies with the help of a woman guerrilla and her partisans E Michael Burke acted as technical advisor In the film Charade 1963 Carson Dyle Walter Matthau explains the CIA and OSS to Reggie Lampert Audrey Hepburn In The Good Shepherd 2006 Matt Damon plays Edward Wilson a Skull and Bones recruit who joins the OSS to help with a mission in London He quickly gains rank as the head of the newly formed CIA s counterintelligence service The biographical film Flash of Genius 2008 is about famed American inventor and OSS veteran Robert Kearns In the film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 2008 it is indicated that Indiana Jones worked for the OSS and attained the rank of Colonel In the film Inglourious Basterds 2009 directed by Quentin Tarantino the titular basterds are members of an OSS commando squad in occupied France although no such OSS unit ever actually existed The film Julie amp Julia 2009 includes flashback scenes depicting Julia Child s wartime service with the OSS The Real Inglorious Bastards 2012 a short film documentary directed by Min Sook Lee is about the OSS officers such as Frederick Mayer spy Hans Wijnberg and Franz Weber who volunteered to operate behind enemy lines e g during Operation Greenup to defeat the German armed forces Camp X Secret Agent School 2014 a YAP Films documentary for History Channel Canada portrays the first spy school in North America OSS agents their training at Camp X and their missions behind enemy lines 73 74 World War II Spy School 2014 a YAP Films documentary for the Smithsonian Channel portrays Camp X and the other training sites overseas as well as OSS agents and their missions 75 Games Edit Tabletop roleplaying games The OSS also is mentioned in Pelgrane Press The Fall of DELTA GREEN Player Characters can be ex OSS agents in other agencies such as the CIA which can be beneficial due to the claim and carry authenticity experience and authority due to their past career in the OSS Video games Edit In Call of Duty World at War 2008 Dr Peter McCain is an OSS spy In Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine 1999 the main female character Sophia Hapgood is an OSS later CIA agent Most games in the Medal of Honor video game franchise feature a fictional OSS agent as the main character In the 2012 game Sniper Elite V2 and its prequels Sniper Elite III and Sniper Elite 4 the protagonist is an SOE turned OSS agent sniper In the Wolfenstein series video game series the main character is a member of a fictional organisation called the OSA Office of Secret Actions which is inspired by the OSS In Tom Clancy s The Division 2 one of the games several hidden side missions known as The Navy Hill Transmission has the Agent searching the western part of Washington D C for the source of a mysterious encoded transmission which ends up leading him her to an old underground OSS Bunker It is featured in Hearts of Iron IV in the 2020 expansion La Resistance as the United States Secret Agency Literature Edit Jean Bruce s French pulp fiction series OSS 117 follows the adventure of Hubert Bonisseur de la Bath alias OSS 117 a French operative working for the OSS The original series four or five books a year lasted from 1949 to 1963 until the death of Jean Bruce and was continued by his wife and children until 1992 Numerous films were made from it in the 1960s and in 2006 a nostalgic comedy was made celebrating the spy movie genre OSS 117 Cairo Nest of Spies with Jean Dujardin playing OSS 117 A sequel followed in 2009 called OSS 117 Lost in Rio original title in French OSS 117 Rio Ne Repond Plus In Allen Ginsberg s 1975 poem Hadda Be Playing on the Jukebox the OSS is referenced as having employed Corsican goons to break the 1948 Marseille dock strike and to have been involved in the smuggling of Indochina heroin in the 1960s 76 77 W E B Griffin s Honor Bound and Men At War series revolve around fictional OSS operations Some of his characters in The Corps Series also are recruited by the OSS notably Ken McCoy Edward Banning and Fleming Pickering Roger Wolcott Hall s book You re Stepping on My Cloak and Dagger 1957 is a witty look at Hall s experiences with the OSS The OSS also appears in William Stevenson s book Intrepid s Last Case 1986 Television Edit In the American animated comedy series Archer the character Malory Archer mother of the main character Sterling Archer is a former O S S agent One of the characters in the Ellery Queen episode The Adventure of Colonel Niven s Memoirs 1975 identifies himself as Major George Pearson O S S he offers some Soviet diplomats political asylum In 1957 1958 Ron Randell starred in the series O S S 78 In Knight Rider Devon Miles mentions that he served in OSS during World War II In the X Files Season 6 episode Triangle the woman from the 1939 scenes portrayed by Gillian Anderson as Scully is a member of OSS See also Edit United States portal World War II portalCharles Douglas Jackson Operation Halyard Operation Jedburgh Operation Paperclip OSS Detachment 101 operated in the China Burma India Theater of World War II Paramarines Special Forces United States Army Special Operations Executive X 2 Counter Espionage Branch Central Intelligence Agency History of espionage Art Looting Investigation Unit ALIU Notes EditPaulson Alan 1995 Required reading OSS Weapons Fighting Firearms 3 2 20 21 80 81 Brunner John 1991 OSS Crossbows Phillips Publications ISBN 0932572154 Brunner John 2005 OSS Weapons II Phillips Publications ISBN 978 0932572431 References Edit Emerson William K 1996 51 Encyclopedia of United States Army Insignia and Uniforms University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 9780806126227 Dawidoff p 240 Clancey Patrick Office of Strategic Services OSS Organization and Functions HyperWar Retrieved November 10 2016 US Public Law 114 269 2016 PDF Retrieved February 21 2018 Stimson Henry L On Active Service in Peace and War 1948 per Bartlett s Familiar Quotations 16th ed Spector Ronald H 2007 In the ruins of empire the Japanese surrender and the battle for postwar Asia 1st ed New York p 8 ISBN 9780375509155 The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas 1940 1945 p27 28 G J A O Toole Honorable Treachery A History of U S Intelligence Espionage and Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA pp 418 19 a b Smith R Harris OSS The Secret History of America s First Central Intelligence Agency Berkeley University of California Press 1972 a b Chef Julia Child others part of WWII spy network Archived August 21 2008 at the Wayback Machine CNN 2008 08 14 Interview with Archimedes L A Patti 1981 Peter Broucek Die osterreichische Identitat im Widerstand 1938 1945 2008 p 163 Hansjakob Stehle Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus German The spy from the rectory In Die Zeit 5 January 1996 a b Hassell and McCrae p 158 Hassell and MacRae p 159 a b Hassell and MacRae p 166 Hassell and MacRae p 167 a b Rubin B Istanbul Intrigues page 168 Pharos Books 1992 Hassell and MacRae p 184 Andrew Christopher and Mitrokhin Vasili The Mitrokhin Archive Volume 1 The KGB in Europe and the West 1999 First Run Features THE MAN NOBODY KNEW William Colby firstrunfeatures com Retrieved July 28 2020 Fenelon James M 2019 Four Hours of Fury New York Scribner Simon amp Schuster pp 126 246 ISBN 978 1 5011 7937 2 a b Waller Douglas C Wild Bill Donovan The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage New York Free Press 2011 CIA Library Weapons amp Spy Gear Archived February 21 2014 at the Wayback Machine Historical Document March 15 2007 Brunner John 1994 OSS Weapons Phillips Publications ISBN 0 932572 21 9 The Office of Strategic Services America s First Intelligence Agency Washington D C Public Affairs Central Intelligence Agency 2000 p 33 Hogan David W U S Army Special Operations in World War II Washington D C Center of Military History Dept of the Army 1992 Breuer William B Deceptions of World War II New York Wiley 2002 Lockwood Jeffrey Alan Six Legged Soldiers Using Insects As Weapons of War Oxford Oxford University Press 2009 Lovell Stanley P 1963 Of Spies and Stratagems Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Prentice Hall p 79 ASIN B000LBAQYS a b Vann RD 2004 Lambertsen and O2 beginnings of operational physiology Undersea Hyperb Med 31 1 21 31 PMID 15233157 Archived from the original on June 13 2008 Retrieved April 20 2013 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint unfit URL link a b Shapiro T Rees Christian J Lambertsen OSS officer who created early scuba device dies at 93 Washington Post February 18 2011 Butler FK 2004 Closed circuit oxygen diving in the U S Navy Undersea Hyperb Med 31 1 3 20 PMID 15233156 Archived from the original on June 13 2008 Retrieved April 20 2013 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint unfit URL link Albarelli H A A Terrible Mistake The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA s Secret Cold War Experiments Archived January 28 2011 at the Wayback Machine 2009 p 67 ISBN 0 9777953 7 3 Chambers II John Whiteclay 2008 2 PDF OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II Washington DC U S National Park Service p 40 ISBN 978 1511654760 Chambers II John Whiteclay 2008 Chapter 6 Instructing for Dangerous Missions PDF OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II U S National Park Service pp 195 199 Chambers II John Whiteclay 2008 2 PDF OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II Washington DC U S National Park Service p 40 ISBN 978 1511654760 Chambers II John Whiteclay 2008 2 PDF OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II Washington DC U S National Park Service p 35 ISBN 978 1511654760 Chambers II John Whiteclay 2008 11 PDF OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II Washington DC U S National Park Service p 558 ISBN 978 1511654760 Chambers II John Whiteclay 2008 2 PDF OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II Washington DC U S National Park Service p 43 ISBN 978 1511654760 a b U Chambers OSS Training in WWII with Notes fm PDF Archived from the original PDF on July 7 2010 Retrieved September 26 2018 Hueck Allen Susan 2013 7 Classical Spies American Archaeologists with the OSS in World War II Greece Ann Arbor Michigan The University of Michigan p 134 ISBN 978 0472117697 Doundoulakis Helias Gafni Gabriella 2014 11 Trained to be an OSS Spy Bloomington IN Xlibris p 99 ISBN 978 1499059830 self published source Doundoulakis Helias 2012 1 I was Trained to be a Spy Book II Bloomington IN Xlibris p 2 ISBN 978 1479716494 self published source Secret Intelligence SI Special Operations SO Morale Operations MO Archived May 25 2011 at the Wayback Machine Wilkinson Peter Foot M R D 2002 Foreign Fields The Story of an SOE Operative I B Tauris ISBN 978 1860647796 Horn Bernd 2016 A Most Ungentlemanly Way of War Toronto Dundurn ISBN 9781459732797 History PDF www nps gov William J Donovan William Fairbairn William Stephenson Frank Gleason Guy D Artois Helias Doundoulakis 2014 World War II Spy School Film USA Canada YAP Films Lineberry Cate May 7 2013 The Secret Rescue An Untold Story of American Nurses and Medics Behind Nazi Lines Hachette ORM ISBN 9780316220231 Archived from the original on March 15 2017 via Google Books Patrick Jeanette 2017 The Recipe for Adventure Chef Julia Child s World War II Service www womenshistory org National Women s History Museum Blackledge Brett J and Herschaft Randy Documents Julia Child part of WW II era spy ring Associated Press Office of Strategic Services Personnel Files from World War II overview page search links digital excerpts National Archives Identifier 1593270 Personnel Files compiled 1942 1945 documenting the period 1941 1945 from Record Group 226 Records of the Office of Strategic Services 1919 2002 Personnel database complete list Office of Strategic Services Assessment Staff 1948 Assessment of men Selection of personnel for the Office of Strategic Services New York Rinehart Lenzenweger Mark F 2015 Factors Underlying the Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics of Office of Strategic Services Candidates The Assessment of Men Data Revisited Journal of Personality Assessment 97 1 100 110 doi 10 1080 00223891 2014 935980 PMID 25036728 S2CID 9440624 Lewin Ben Director 2018 The Catcher Was a Spy Movie United States Japan Yugoslavia Lieutenant Colonel Harry W Edwards A Different War Marines in Europe and North Africa PDF USMC Training and Education Command Archived from the original PDF on June 15 2011 Retrieved October 3 2010 Julia Child Dished Out Spy Secrets ABC August 14 2008 Retrieved February 16 2010 Arlington burial for Saranac Lake WWII spy is March 29 News Sports Jobs Adirondack Daily Enterprise Wild Bill Donovan The Last Hero by Anthony Cave Brown Baminvestor January 20 2004 English OSS created this false ID for Joe Savoldi posing as Giuseppe De Leo while infiltrating the black market in Naples Retrieved February 19 2017 via Wikimedia Commons Cloak and Dagger The Secret Story of the Office of Strategic Services Chapter IX The Saga of Jumping Joe page 150 Wild Bill Donovan The Last Hero by Anthony Cave Brown page 352 and Savoldi s personal notes from July 8 16 1943 now in the possession of family members SEAL History First Airborne Frogmen National Navy UDT SEAL Museum NavySealMuseum com Retrieved February 19 2017 Taro Yashima an unsung beacon for all against evil on this Earth The Japan Times The Japan Times September 11 2011 An unlikely heroine of World War II SFGate March 18 2007 a b Japanese Americans in World War II Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency www cia gov Archived from the original on July 13 2012 Retrieved February 22 2017 Executive Order 9621 Termination of the Office of Strategic Services and Disposition of Its Functions September 20 1945 via The American Presidency Project George C Chalou ed The Secret War 1992 pp 95 97 71 Presidential Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities U S State Department Historian January 22 1946 Waller Douglas CIA s Secret Army Time 2003 For all branch information Clancey Patrick Office of Strategic Services OSS Organization and Functions HyperWar Retrieved July 12 2011 YAP Films 2014 Camp X Secret Agent School History Channel Canada Camp X Secret Agent School IMDb 2014 YAP Films 2014 World War II Spy School Smithsonian Channel Kirchner Sheba Imany January 28 2014 Mouvement de foule phenomenes de groupe Le mouvement hippie et son heritage Yehkri com A c c ISBN 9781495373367 via Google Books Tucker Spencer C October 27 2020 The Cold War The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection 5 volumes ABC CLIO ISBN 9781440860768 via Google Books O S S at IMDbFurther reading EditAlbarelli H P A Terrible Mistake The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA s Secret Cold War Experiments 2009 ISBN 0 9777953 7 3 Aldrich Richard J Intelligence and the War Against Japan Britain America and the Politics of Secret Service Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2000 ISBN 0521641861 Alsop Stewart and Braden Thomas Sub Rosa The OSS and American Espionage New York Reynal amp Hitchcock 1946 OCLC 1226266 Bank Aaron From OSS to Green Berets The Birth of Special Forces Novato CA Presidio 1986 ISBN 0891412719 Bartholomew Feis Dixee R The OSS and Ho Chi Minh Unexpected Allies in the War against Japan Lawrence University Press of Kansas 2006 ISBN 0700614311 Bernstein Barton J Birth of the U S biological warfare program Scientific American 256 116 121 1987 Brown Anthony Cave The Last Hero Wild Bill Donovan New York Times Books 1982 ISBN 0812910214 Brunner John W OSS Weapons Phillips Publications Williamstown N J 1994 ISBN 0 932572 21 9 Brunner John W OSS Weapons II Phillips Publications Williamstown N J 2005 ISBN 978 0932572431 Brunner John W OSS Crossbows Phillips Publications Williamstown N J 1991 ISBN 0 932572 15 4 Burke Michael Outrageous Good Fortune A Memoir Boston Toronto Little Brown and Company Casey William J The Secret War Against Hitler Washington Regnery Gateway 1988 ISBN 089526563X Chalou George C ed The Secrets War The Office of Strategic Services in World War II Washington National Archives and Records Administration 1991 ISBN 0911333916 Chambers II John Whiteclay OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II NPS 2008 online chapters 1 2 and 8 11 provide a useful summary history of OSS by a scholar Dawidoff Nicholas The Catcher was a Spy The Mysterious Life of Moe Berg New York Vintage Books 1994 ISBN 0679415661 Doundoulakis Helias Trained to be an OSS Spy Xlibris 2014 OCLC 907008535 ISBN 9781499059830 self published source Dulles Allen The Secret Surrender New York Harper amp Row 1966 OCLC 711869 Dunlop Richard Donovan America s Master Spy Chicago Rand McNally 1982 ISBN 0528811177 Ford Corey Donovan of OSS Boston Little Brown 1970 OCLC 836436423 Ford Corey MacBain A Cloak and Dagger The Secret Story of O S S New York Random House 1945 1946 OCLC 1504392 Grose Peter Gentleman Spy The Life of Allen Dulles Boston Houghton Mifflin 1994 ISBN 0395516072 Hassell A and MacRae S Alliance of Enemies The Untold Story of the Secret American and German Collaboration to End World War II Thomas Dunne Books 2006 ISBN 0312323697 Hunt E Howard American Spy 2007 Jakub Jay Spies and Saboteurs Anglo American Collaboration and Rivalry in Human Intelligence Collection and Special Operations 1940 45 New York St Martin s 1999 Jones Ishmael The Human Factor Inside the CIA s Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture New York Encounter Books 2008 rev 2010 ISBN 9781594032745 Katz Barry M Foreign Intelligence Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services 1942 1945 Cambridge Harvard University Press 1989 Kent Sherman Strategic Intelligence for American Foreign Policy Hamden CT Archon 1965 1949 Lovell Stanley P 1963 Of Spies and Stratagems Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Prentice Hall p 79 ASIN B000LBAQYS McIntosh Elizabeth P Sisterhood of Spies The Women of the OSS Annapolis MD Naval Institute Press 1998 ISBN 1557505985 Mauch Christof The Shadow War Against Hitler The Covert Operations of America s Wartime Secret Intelligence Service 2005 scholarly history of OSS Melton H Keith OSS Special Weapons and Equipment Spy Devices of World War II New York Sterling Publishing 1991 ISBN 0806982381 Moulin Pierre U S Samurais in Bruyeres CPL Editions Luxembourg 1993 ISBN 2959998405 Paulson A C 1989 OSS Silenced Pistol Machine Gun News 3 6 28 30 Paulson A C 1995 OSS Weapons Fighting Firearms 3 2 20 21 80 81 Paulson A C 2002 HDMS silenced 22 pistols in Vietnam The Small Arms Review 5 7 119 120 Paulson A C 2003 WWII vintage silent 22LR High Standard OSS HDMS pistol Guns amp Weapons for Law Enforcement 15 2 24 29 72 Persico Joseph E Roosevelt s Secret War FDR and World War II Espionage 2001 Persico Joseph E Piercing the Reich The Penetration of Nazi Germany by American Secret Agents During World War II New York Viking 1979 Reprinted in 1997 by Barnes amp Noble Books ISBN 076070242X Peterson Neal H ed From Hitler s Doorstep The Wartime Intelligence Reports of Allen Dulles 1942 1945 University Park Pennsylvania State University Press 1996 Pinck Daniel C Journey to Peking A Secret Agent in Wartime China Naval Institute Press 2003 ISBN 1591146771 Pinck Daniel C Jones Geoffrey M T and Pinck Charles T eds Stalking the History of the Office of Strategic Services An OSS Bibliography Boston OSS Donovan Press 2000 ISBN 0967573602 Roosevelt Kermit ed War Report of the OSS two volumes New York Walker 1976 ISBN 0802705294 Rudgers David F Creating the Secret State The Origins of the Central Intelligence Agency 1943 1947 Lawrence KS University of Kansas Press 2000 ISBN 0700610243 Smith Bradley F and Agarossi Elena Operation Sunrise The Secret Surrender New York Basic Books 1979 ISBN 0465052908 Smith Bradley F The Shadow Warriors OSS and the Origins of the CIA New York Basic 1983 ISBN 0465077560 Smith Richard Harris OSS The Secret History of America s First Central Intelligence Agency Berkeley University of California Press 1972 Guilford CT Lyons Press 2005 ISBN 0520020235 Steury Donald P The Intelligence War New York Metrobooks 2000 Troy Thomas F Donovan and the CIA A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency Frederick MD University Publications of America 1981 OCLC 7739122 Troy Thomas F Wild Bill amp Intrepid New Haven Yale University Press 1996 ISBN 0300065639 Waller John H The Unseen War in Europe Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War New York Random House 1996 ISBN 0679448268 Warner Michael The Office of Strategic Services America s First Intelligence Agency Washington D C Central Intelligence Agency 2001 OCLC 52058428 Yu Maochun OSS in China Prelude to Cold War New Haven Yale University Press 1996 ISBN 159114986XExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Office of Strategic Services The Office of Strategic Services America s First Intelligence Agency National Park Service Report on OSS Training Facilities Collection of Documents at the Franklin D Roosevelt Presidential Museum and Library Part 1 and Part 2 The OSS Society OSS Reborn Works by Office of Strategic Services at Project Gutenberg Office of Strategic Services collection at Internet Archive Works by or about Office of Strategic Services at Internet Archive Works by Office of Strategic Services at LibriVox public domain audiobooks Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Office of Strategic Services amp oldid 1137813205, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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